■
y . .
THE
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
OF
THE REVOLUTION
OR,
ILLUSTRATIONS, BY PEN AND PENCIL, OF THE HISTORY, BIOG-
RAPHY, SCENERY, RELICS, AND TRADITIONS OF THE
W\R FOR INDEPENDENCE.
BY BENSON J. LOSSING.
WITH ELEVEN HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD, BY LOSSING AND BARIUTT.
CHIEFLY FROM ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY THE AUTHOR.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
Vol. II.
NE W V 0 I.' K :
HARPER & BROTH E R S, P U P. L I S H E R S,
FRAN K LIN SQCAR E.
I-.".!'.
1\
J'1,
n
v,
'Cfl
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and fifty, by
Harper & Brothers,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District
of New York.
•6
ILLUSTRATIONS
-Vol. II.
I. Initial Letter
8. Friends' Meeting-house 12
3. Great Bridge at M'l i rry 14
4. White's Tavern I '
5. Portrait of Charles Lee Id
6. Plan of the Battle of Trenton 23
7. Rail's Head-quarters ... 21
untile ol Signatures of Hessian Officers ... 23
9. Washington's v isil to I olonel Hall 24
10. Trenton Bridge and Vicinity 28
11. Frieinl-i' Mi ■■ tm- -hniise, near Princeton 27
12. Plan of the Battle of Princeton... ^ 2H
13. View of the Battli u Prini i ton 29
it Monument to General Mercer 80
IS Nassau Hall, Princeton College 31
16. Bridge at Worth's Mills 31
mature of John Fitzgerald 32
i- Signature ol in Morgan 33
nature of James tr.uk 31
30. Morven 35
21. Peale's Washington 37
88. Portrait of General ten 37
23. White Hall 37
84. Initial Letter 41
25. Christ Church, Philadelphia 43
86. Portrait of William Penn 47
j" Treaty Monument 48
28. Penn's Seal and Signature
j i it- smule of tin- Pennsylvania Journal ami Weekly
Advertiser in 1763 53
30. Portrait of James Pemberton 56
II. Carpenters' Hall 57
32. Congress Hall 58
33. Portrait of Peyton Randolph 61
34. Portrait Of Charles Thomson 61
35. Thomson's Result ii.' 61
36. Signature of Joseph Galloway 64
17. Initial Letter 65
38 Antique Chair '
39. The state House as it appeared in 1771 66
10 Liberty Bell c6
II. Allegorical Picture- tinted.
42. Far smule of Draft of Declaration of Independents
43. Fa Signatures to the Declaration B0, 81
44. Walnut Street Front Ofthe State House ,n 177l't 82
15 Localities at Red Bank 84
16. Donop's Grave 84
17. Whitall's House 84
48. Old Cannon at It. 85
19, i lievaux de frisc 86
><t signature of Central Yarnuni 86
51. Monument at Red Bank
52. Portrait of Lieutenant-colonel Smith 90
53. Plan of Fort Mifflin
54. Map of Operations on the Delaware 92
55. Initial Letter 94
56. Pi nn's Houst 95
57. Loxley's House 95
58. Howe's Quarters 96
59. Likeness of Sir John Wrottlcsly 07
schianza Ticket 98
61. Fortran of Captain Csthcart 99
f.2. Head dress for tb Mischiauza 100
r.3. The Walnut Street Pnson Ill
nature of Du Ponceau 102
ortraitorMrs Esther Reed I|ir'
rtrait of Mrs. Sarah Bache 106
67. Chew's House IJjj
68 Signature of John Armstrong , 109
69 Map ofthe Battle ofCermantown II"
70 Signature of Gt neral Agnew .113
71. Washington's B near Whltemarsh ll-r'
72. St. Peter's Church, Barren Hill 116
73. Portrait of La Fayette ""
74. Devices for La Fayette's Sword-guard 119
75. I.a Fayette's Tomb [20
"6. Devices on his Swortl Handle
77. Map of Barren 11, 11
78. Signature of Briira.lnT-ireneral Poor
79. Signature of Baron De Woedtke '5:!
so. Initial Letter Page
SI. Washington's lit ml quarters
B2. Observatory at Valley Forge
S3. Plan of Encampment at Valley Forgo
84. Redoubt
s.rt. Signature of General Conway
96 Portrait of Baron De Steuben
•: si. uben's Lul- House
88. S(euben's rural Monument
s'.t. Signature of General North
90. SBauben's mural Monument
91. Plan of Affair at quintan's Bridge .
92. Hancock's House
\93. Plan of Ail.ur at Hancock's Bridge..
ti i iiMii.ni, Monument-, Westi ster Abbey
95. Signature of Dr. Li Ferguson
96. Signatures of 4 ommlssloners tb Congress
|.I7. Fortran of General Joseph Recti
98, Fac simile of Oath ol \ rJ Stirling —
99, Signature Df Brigadier-general Scott
100. Plan ofthe Battle ol Monmouth
101, Signature of Colonel Eleazer ' Iswald
102, Signature of James Wesson
103. signature of William Maxwell
in I. Freehold Meeting-house
105. The Ficlil of Monmouth
106 Battle-gr 1 at Monmouth
In7. Colonel M ikton'a Monument
lOg signature of William Woodford
109. Woodbull'a Monument
i in Hnddy's Residence
111. Initial Letter
112. Portrait of Reverend David Jont
113. Paoli Monument
114. Wayne's Residence
115. View at J.-tli-ris's Ford
110. Stone House at Jelb ris's Fttr.l
117. Birmingham Meeting house
I [8. Signature ol I ral Thomas Proctor
119, Flan ofthe Battle ofBrandywlne
120 IIihvi-'s Head-quarters
121. La Fayt ttt Qui i
122. View at Chad's Ford
123. Signature of I olont I Moses Hazen
124. - ignatnn ol ' olom I 'I hi odon Mland. .
125. Signature of General Muhlenberg...
126. Signature of DifCoudray
127. I fuel's House
128. Washington's Head-quarters
129. Map ofthe Region of Military Opi rations In Pennsyl-
vania and fit « h rsej
130. Initial Letter
131. Washington Monument at Baltimore..
132. Pulaski's Banner
133. The Congress linns.
134. Portrait ofLor I Bsltlmore
135. Portrait of Lord I amdi n
136. The state House at Annapolis
137. Initial Letter
Portrait of Mrs. Hamilton
139. Washington's Camp I in si
1 10, vi ashington's Vt riling-case
l ii. Sword and stall
1 12 Franklin's Press
143. Signature of Charles Wilson I
111 Greenough's Statuo of Washington
l is Medallion ofWashington am
146 View ol tin two Hessian Flag
1 17 VVaahlngton'a Bier
148. Mount Vernon
I ofthe Basilic
150. Washington's old Familj Vault
151. Washington's new Family Vault
152. Tin Sar ishmgtnn
1 1. I.i. I
154. Mount Vernon, Vt
. r Plate mi Brst t offln
i .. Pohick Church
157. Portrait ofReverend Mason L.Wccms
125
126
127
128
1 29
131
135
136
Fit',
137
138
139
139
142
143
111
145
140
147
ISO
151
152
152
153
1 55
156
157
157
159
II
166
168
168
169
169
171
172
172
173
174
174
177
179
180
162
B4
164
187
187
190
194
196
198
200
201
2H2
103
■jiii
806
•JII7
■Jlls
!l ,
2IU
211
211
212
212
212
213
211
1 1, LT ST RAT IONS.
159
Signatures of Mason and FairAu Page ¥15
255
urn
. 215
. 216
■|,h
161.
Hum- t,l Potomac i liurrli
257
182.
Site *.i w ashington'e Birth-place
. 218
25-
IDS.
Arm- mi iii.. Washington Pamlrj/
. 218
259
Ill 4
Eleaid mce .u the \\ aahington Family. .
. 219
260
11.5.
Tomb <>t 111.' Mollltr 01 Washington
. 221
11,1.
The Ol.iiisk
222
261
I"7
223
»(>•>
||,S
263
169.
225
264
ITll
226
227
■'.,,
171.
Scene on the James River, at Richmond
266
172
Plan of the Skirmish at Richmond ...
. 229
267
171
229
. 230
232
232
. 233
268
174
•'69
17 i
270
I7fi
"71
177.
Portrail of Patrick Henry
272
17-
Seal "I Patrick Hcnr\
•j:<4
273.
ir».
. 234
274.
180
Berkeley
. 235
275.
i~i
236
. 236
276
189
"77
183
Signature of Mrs. Jenerson
278.
184
Ji ili . son's Marriage License-bond
. 237
979
IRS.
. 238
280.
186
240
2M.
1-7
241
. 243
"H?
I--
Form of Raleigh's Ships
283.
189
Portrait of Captain John Smith
. 247
2S4
190.
Portrait of Pocahontas
. 248
285.
I'M
Signature of Berkeley
. 253
2H6.
192.
initial Letter
. 257
287.
193.
Artiixi ;il Sji.mc.T'.s Ordinary
. 258
288.
194.
Signature of ArinaniJ
. 260
■js,|
195.
Remains of Dunmore's Palace
. 263
291).
196
Brenton t Ihurch
. 263
291.
197.
The old Magazine
. 264
292.
198
The old Capitol
. 264
293.
199.
Signature of Braddock
. 271
294.
Villi
Signature of Loudon
. 273
295
201.
Signature of Forbes
. 274
296.
VD'»
276
2H3.
The Apollo Room .......
. 278
298.
2114.
Seal and Signature of Dunmore
. 279
299.
21)5.
Raleigh Tavern
2NI
300.
2116.
The Shawnee Towns
2-2
301.
207.
Portrait of Daniel Boone
. 285
3(19.
208.
Boone's Fort
. 280
303.
309.
Portrait of George Rogers Clarke
282
304.
2111.
Portrait of Simon Kenton
288
.105.
211
Great Seal of Virginia
299
306
212.
Culpepper Flag
. 299
307.
¥11
301
302
¥14.
215
. 302
300
216
Present Appearance of British Works at Yorklown
. 303
310.
VI 7
3114
218.
Portrait of Count De Barras
. 305
312
¥19
305
920
3116
221.
315.
'.';'•'
. 307
. 307
116
223.
Portrait of De Chastellitx
317
224
308
318
225.
Portrait of De Lauzun
. 308
319
226.
Place h here Scammeli was killed
. 309
320
227.
Signature of Scammeli
. 309
3<> 1
22-
Portrail <>i \ Escount Viomenil
. 310
3"?
.,.„,
310
. 310
3"?
2311
Portrail <»i" Deuxponts
324
231
311
232.
Portrail of ' tounl I astine
396
213
312
234.
313
3¥fl
235
View from the site of Redouht on the River
313
314
1°9
236.
330
237.
315
311
23-.
Signature <>!' 1 '■• Noailles
. 316
339
239.
Far simile of the Capitulation at Yorktown
. 317
333
240
. 319
334
241
322
326
¥49
I'ti- British Flag
116
243
House
137
211
11-
21.'.
St. Paul's i bur. ti. Norfolk . .
327
339
¥46
' :.i Bridge
. 327
140
247
Wind-mill
. 328
341
248
itureofGi ti .-ns
329
••1 ,
Signature ol I lew r .i i.i« Is
.131
34?
¥50
334
'Ill
251
Initial Letl r
315
316
318
145
952
253
Pi i lie- Skirmish ai Petl rsl.nrf.'
:ii7
254
BoUingbrook.
339
11-
Plan of the Action at Osborne's Page 339
Signature of General Phillips . 340
Montieello 341
Jefferson's Seal . 342
Signatures of three Hessian Olliiers 34 5
Encampment of Convention Troops ut < liarioites-
ville .346
Pocahontas's Wash-basin 347
Gee's Bridge 349
Tobacco Press 350
Signature of John Locke , .. , 354
Initial Letter. . 359
Tryon's Seal and Signature .. 361
Signature of Moses J. De Rosset . . 362
Ruins of St. Philip's Church ... 362
Front View of Tryon's Palace . 364
Signature of Judtre. Moore miy,
Autograph of Colonel Fanning 36i
Autograph of a Regulator 368
Portrait of Colonel Fanning .. 868
Signature of Joseph Leech . . 369
Signature of Christopher Neale . . 369
Regulator Battle-ground 37 1
Signature of James Hasell 373
Signature of John Harvey 373
Signature of Thomas RiBpess 375
Signature of L. De Rosset 375
Harnett's House 376
Signature of Harnett 376
Signature of Colonel Moon- :C*
Signature of Governor Caswell . . 380
Lillington Hall Sri
Silver Crescent 361
Signature of Colonel Lillington 381
Signature of Governor Martin 362
Seal of North Carolina 383
Signature of Thomas Person 383
Comwallis's Office . 384
Cornwallis's Head-quarters 384
Portrait of Major Henry Lee 365
Pyie's Pond 367
Initial Letter 388
Portrait of General Greene . . 369
Signature of General Rutherford 391
Cowan's Ford 392
Signature of General Davidson 394
Trading Ford 395
Portrait of Colonel O. H. Williams 395
Signature of Captain Armstrong . 397
Signature of Colonel Carrington 398
Portrait of Tarleton 4<il
Plan of the Battle at Guilford 402
View of Guilford Battle-ground 405
New Garden Meeting-house . . 407
Autographs of twenty-three of the Mecklenburg Pa-
triots 413
Portrait ofGeneral W. R. Davie 41*
Signature ofGeneral Gates 41*
Signature of Isaac Huger 41H
Signature of Allen Jones 418
Signature of John Butler 418
Initial Letter 421
View at Tuckesege Ford 421
View at King's Mountain Battle-ground 423
Portrait of Colonel Shelby 42.'.
Signature of Major Winston 427
Signature of Captain Depeyster 42t*
Signature of Colonel Cleaveland 428
Signature of Colonel Shelby 428
Signature of Colonel Campbell 428
Monument on King's Mountain 428
Scene at the < ow pens 430
Portrait of General Morgan 431
Flac of Morgan's Rifle Corps 431
Gold Medal awarded to Morgan . 432
Portrait of Colonel Howard 433"
Silver Medal awarded to Colonel Howard 433
Portrait of Colonel Washington 435
Silver Medal awarded to Colonel Washington 435
Portrait ofGeneral Sumter 445
Initial Letter .... 448
View at the Cherokee Ford 448
Mountain Gorse near the Cherokee Ford 448
Great Falls of the catawha 451
View at Rocky Mount 452
Road near the Catawba 455
Anvil Rock 455
Hanginc Rock 456
Signature of Ruford 458
\ i> w ;it the Site of Rugeley'e Mill 459
View at Rngeley's 460
View at Gum Swamp 460
View at Sander's I reek 461
Portrait of PeKalh 461
Signature of William Clajon 462
De Kalb's Monument 462
1 I. I.I ST RATION s
349. Portrait of General Gates Page \
350 i '.'Mr. ut mi t ., neral Gisl
'A,')] . I'lun of Rattle ii' ai ' null n
352. Portrait ol General Smallwood
353. Signature of Governor Nasb
■ ■• neral Nash's Monument
:0."> Sinualnr.' ol t oloiiel I til lli-oii ttn-
356 \ tew ai the Spring on Hohkirk's Mill
357 Parole and Countersign
358. Portrait of Lord Rawdon .
359 Plan ol Battle on Hohkirk's Hill
3tJ0 initial Lettei
361 Scene in .i ^l m 1 1 Ihtti Swamp
362. View at Fort Moth-
363. Vestige of a Battery
3(H Portrait oi General Marion
365. Portrait of Rebecca Motte
366. Fort Gran by
387. Plan oi the Siege of Ninety-Six
368. Arrest of Emil) Geiger
369. < Hd Court-house at < irangeburg
370. Signature of General Sumner
3T| \ Southern School-house
372. Eutaw .Sprniiz
373 Signature of Colonel Malmedy
374. Portrait of Colonel William Polk
375 signature of Captain Rudulph
876 Gold Medal awarded to Greene
377. View at Nelson's Fi rry
378. sue of Fort Watson
379. Marion's Residence
380. Initial Fetter
3M Signature of Colonel Few
382 Signature of General Ashe
3^3. View from the Site of Fort Cornwallls.
384 Portrait ol General Pickens
3V. signatiiM ot < aittain Fuili\
386 i ireene and Pulaski Monument
:ts? I'ortrait of General t iglethorpe
388 Ruins ol Oglethorpe's Barracks at Frederics
380 Map of Savannah and \ Icimty
3',)n Portrait of Joseph Hahersliam
391. Tort rait of General M'Intoab
392. Portrait of Robert Howe
393. Signature of Governor Houston
394 Portrait of General Lincoln
395 Portrait of Count Pulaski ........
3 ffi Pulaski's Seal
3,'7 Plan of the si.gr of Savannah
398 Remains of the French Works
399 Portrait of Governor Jackson
100. Signature of I leneraJ Clarke
liil Dwelling of Gi neral M* In tosh
402 Initial Letter
103 View at Jasper Spring
104. Map of Charleston Harbor
405 Signature ofChristophei Gadsd< n
106 Portrait ol I ieneral Moultrie
407. south Carolina Flag
408 Fort Sullivan
409. Plan of Fort Sullivan
410. Portrait of Governor Rutledge
41 1. Portrait of sir Peter Parker
413. Sullivan's Island and British Fleet
413. View at Fort Moultrie
414. Portrait of Thomas Pinckney
415. Charleston in 1780
416. Initial Letter
417. Fortran ol sir Hi ni\ Clinton
418 Portrait of C. C. Pinckney
n ■ nan of the Siege of Charleston
420 Portrait of Admiral Arbuthnot.
421. Signature of Governor Burke
422. The Counctl Tree
423. Signature of Major ' Iraig
421 Church at Wilmington
425 Cornwallis's Head-quartern at Wilmington
426. Initial Letter
427. Portrait ol Governor Stuyvesant
428 Stuyvesant's Pear-tree
[gnature of Leister
430 Portrait of Governor Colden
431. Fort George, from the Hay
432. Remains of Pitt's Statue
433 Caricature of Pitt
434. Portrait ol John Lamb
43J. View at Turtle Bay
436. Old Store-house. Turtle Bay....
437 Newspaper Vignette
i tfi Portrait of Rivington
439. signature of Scars
440. View at the root of Broadway
441 . Fort George
442 Independent Battery
1 13 Washington's Head-quarters
t ( 1 Rose and Crown Tavern
445.
IK.
1 16.
117.
167
448.
169
449.
■HW
450.
169
451.
■1711
452.
470
453.
471
454,
473
455.
ITli
450.
I7li
457.
17"
458.
477
459.
17-
Kill
479
401.
482
402.
4B5
403.
l-',i
464.
4911
405.
491
466
492
•107.
493
Hit-
49 1
469
I'.H
470.
496
471.
r<s
472.
499
473.
.'
474
r.n-j
475,
5(13
470.
505
477.
■Mf
178
509
479.
511
l-n
512
1M
514
482.
515
483.
5111
484.
5'JII
485.
:,-:n
180
522
487.
523
488.
523
489.
527
490.
529
491.
.'.-.".l
492.
530
493.
531
494.
534
495.
490.
535
497.
530
498.
530
499,
537
500.
512
501.
515
502.
545
503.
5111
504.
5 10
505.
517
500.
51-
507.
548
508.
551
509.
552
510.
55 1
511.
550
512.
550
513.
557
514.
559
515.
5011
510.
571
517.
574
518.
574
519.
575
520
575
521.
570
522.
577
523.
578
524.
579
525.
581
520.
5RS
527
583
528.
584
529
-
530.
586
531.
589
532.
590
533.
591
53 1
591
535
592
530.
593
537.
593
538.
59 1
53' I
594
510.
Kip's lions.- p
initial Letter
\ lew ai Gravesend Bay
Putnam's Tomb
Signature of John Mono Scott
Fortran oi General Putnam 61 0
Plan ol ! ortifl ■ I oklyn. * 00
Drawing h> Lord Stirling 609
i| Lord Stirling ... 603
PI ii title near Brooklyn ...... 603
Cortelyou's Bouse
Brewer's Mill 604
Signature of General Woodhull .. 605
Woodhull's Grave 605
Church at Jamaica 605
Bouse in v> bicb Woodhull died
Howe's Quarters, Newtown. 607
Portrait of Lord Howe 61 s
Signature ol Gi ni r.ii Howe 60fl
Signature ol I olom 1 1 Hover <'■<".'
Itiilop's House 600
Beekman'a Green bouse 60 I
Morris's House 610
Fort Washington 610
Beekman's Mansion 61 1
Harlem Plains 612
Portrait of Earl Percy, . CI 3
Ruins of Trinity Church 613
View at Baufiet's Point 614
Signature of t lolonej Prescott 614
Howe's Head quarti rs 614
signature of William Heath ...... 614
Washington's Head-quarters, w bite Plains 615
Signature of Sir William Erekine 616
Place where the British crossed the Bronx 616
Signature of Ritzema . ... 616
Howitzer 616
Chatterton's Hill, from ihr Rail-way Station ... 017
Map of Operations in West Chester Count) 618
Signature of K nyphaiiseu 619
Signature of t'nlom-l < nilw alailer . . 620
View nt Fort Washington 620
Flag-starT, Fori w ashington 620
Portrait of John Battin 621
Works at Paulua's Hook 622
View at King's Bridge f»2H
Medal awarded to Lee 623
Van Cortlandt's House 623
Van fort la ml t's Vault , ... ... 623
Signature of Colonel Waterbery ..... 626
PhUlipse Manor-house ....... 626
Portrait of Mary Phillips.' ... 626
Portrait of Major Tallmadge 627
Townsend's House, Oyster Baj . 627
Fortifications at Oyster Bay . . 628
Signature of Major Trescott - 626
Fori George, Mastic 626
Middle Dutch Church, New i'ork 629
French Church 829
Hessian Hospital 629
Counterfeit Continental it'll e3°
Signature of Dehorre 630
Washington's Quarters, Rocky Hill <:;i
Signature of Guy Carleton 632
Portrait of Governor » linton . — 632
Fri se's Tavern .... 633
Portrait of General Knox 633
Signature of Luzerne
Portrait oi Washington
Portrait of Mrs. Washington 034
Portrait of General Mifflin ' ■
Washington resigning tils i ommission f»3<j
Autograph of John Brow n ,",:!:
Admiralty Seal C>W
Portrait of Commodore Hopkins
First Naval Flans
Portrait of ' lommodore Biddli
Autographs of Mauley and M'Neil I 10
iiiinri. m's Monument 640
Portrait of Commodore Barrj 641
Autograph of Landals 64 [
portrait of < lommodore Dale 642
\ utograph of Paul Jones 642
Gold Mi dal awardi d to .1 * . 643
Portrait "i i ommodore Tall ol J43
Portrait of Comi lore Harn-y 644
Autograph ol ' aptafn '■ 644
Autograph of Cofoni I Simcoe 646
Judge Jones's Mansion 646
Ancient House 646
Portrait Ol 1 tlOm 647
Paine's Monument 647
Autographs of American < ommlssioners
Portrait of Vergennea ^
ib ol R Izard . 64fl
Portt til of Louis xvi 646
ILL U ST RATIO N S.
611. Medallion Likeness of Dr. Franklin Page 049
549. Portrait of Gerard 649
043. I'urlnut of John Jay 650
544. John Jay's Frank 650
r-i;>. Portrait of Henry Laurens 651
546, Autograph of George 111 652
547. Autograph of Marbois .' 652
.ril" Portrait of It. It. Livingston 650
549. Tin' Foreign Office 656
550. Portrait ofGouverneur Morris 658
551. Portrait of Alexander Hamilton 658
552. The Federal Hall 658
55,1. Van Cnrtlandl's Sugar-house 659
55 1. Autograph of Freneau 659
555 The Provost Jail 659
556. Liherty Street Sugar-house Page 660
557. Tho Jersey Prison Ship 660
558. Antechamber to Martyr's Tomb 661
559. Seal ofthe Board of War 669
560. Autograph of Richard Peters 662
561. Residence of John Adams 662
562. Philip Livingston's Monument 603
563. Hooper's Residence 666
564. Reception ofthe Loyalists in England 667
565. Autograph of General Mercer. 668
566. Portrait of Colonel Hugh Mercer B6S
567. Autographs of Washington's Life Guard 0611, 670
568. Continental Lottery Ticket 67 1
509, 570. Two English Stamps 671
571. Major Andre's Autograph— Cow-chase 686
P 1 C'T 0 R I AL FIE L 1MJ 0 0 K
01
THE REVOLUTIO A.
CHAPTER I.
"Thou desolate and dying year!
Prophetic of oui final fall;
Thy buds are gone, thj leaves are sere,
Thy beauties Bhrouded in the pall;
And all the garniture that shed
A brilliancy upon thy prime,
Hath like a morning vision lied
Unto the expanded grave of time."
James G. Brooks.
. N the 22d of November, 1848, I left New-
York to visit the Southern portions of the
old Thirteen States, made memorable by
the events of the War for Independence. A u
of the lack of public facilities for travel below
'the Potomac, and not doubting that many of the localities
which 1 intended to visit were far distant from public high-
ways, 1 resolved to journey with my own conveyance, with an
:c' independence and thoroughness not vouchsafed bysteam orsl
%%2- drivers. I purchased a strong, good-natured horse, harness I
3**- him to a light dearborn wagon, stowed my luggage under the seat,
uid. taking the reins, on a bright and balmy afternoon departed on
idrive of nearly fourteen hundred miles. The wisdom oi i
solve was a hundred times made manifest, for, in some portions of th
South horse, mule, or ox could not have been procured to convey me 1
places of interest, lying scores of miles apart, and scores of miles awaj
from stage-routes, 'it was a lonely journey ; sometimes n
ains sometimes through swamps, sometimes through vasl pine I
and over sandy plan... and sometimes amid the most interesbngn,
scenery, even in mid-winter. It was 1 ^f
and the dreary days passed in riding from one hallowed locality to an
after leaving the Lp, utttox. we*
in hand, fc Ob nuto of some arena consecrated by patriot** and ■
,,,,,,,,,-y. Then glorious associations would crowd thickly upon the memory, weariness
privations would be forgotten, and the truthful heart would chant.
■• Great God ! we thank thee for this home—
This bounteous birth-land of the fret
Where wanderers from afar may come
And breathe the air of liberty !
iay her flowers untrampled spring,
ll, r i, irveste wave, her cities rise ;
And vet. till Time shall fold his wing,
Remain earth's loveliest paradise!"
■\V J. Pibodik
10 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
IVrlh Aralwy. Ita original Settlement and Prospects. Governor William Franklin
In succeeding pages I shall endeavor to impart to my readers some of the pleasures and
profits of this Southern journey, extended, after leaving my horse and wagon at Camden.
in South Carolina, to nearly fourteen hundred miles further.
I left New York at three o'clock in the afternoon in the steam-boat Transport, of the
Camden and Amboy Rail-road Company. We passed out at the Narrows at four o'clock
between Forts Hamilton and La Fayette, and, traversing Raritan Bay, on the southeast
side of Staten Island, reached South Amboy at twilight, where I remained until morning
This little village is situated upon the bay, at the mouth of the Raritan, and is the terminus
of the rail-way from Philadelphia. On the north side of the Raritan is Perth Amboy,1 u
pleasant place, a port of entry, and a locality of considerable historic interest. It is about
twenty-five miles from New York, and ten from New Brunswick ; the latter lies at the head
of steam-boat navigation on the Raritan. Upon this point the first proprietors of New Jer-
sey intended to build a city. " If the Lord permit," they said, in their published account
of the beauty and fertility of that region, " we intend, with all convenient speed, to erect and
build our principal town, which, by reason of situation, must, in all probability, be the most
considerable for merchandise, trade, and fishing in those parts. It is designed to be placed
upon a neck or point of land called Ambo Point, lying on Raritan River, and pointing to
Sandy Hook Bay, and near adjacent to the place where ships in that great harbor com-
monly ride at anchor." It was called " a sweet, wholesome, and delightful place ;" and
William Penn said, on taking a view of the land, " I have never seen such before in my
life." The town was laid out into one hundred and fifty lots, many buildings were erected,
and for a time it was the commercial rival of New York. A city charter was obtained for
it in 1718. William Eier was the first mayor, and James Alexander — the father of Lord
Stirling, of the Continental army — was the first recorder. Barracks for soldiers were built
there in 1758—9, and were first occupied by the English troops on their return from Ha-
vana in 1761.
Perth Amboy was the place of residence of Governor Franklin when the Revolution
broke out, and was the scene of many stirring events during that war.1 It was in posses-
' This point, when first mentioned in the East Jersey records, bears the Indian name of Ompage, of which
Ambo or Amboy is a corruption. The white settlement there was for some time called Perth, in honor of
the Earl of Perth, one of the proprietors ; but the name of Ambo was so often mentioned, that at last it was
called Perth Amboy.
- William Franklin, the royal governor of New Jersey, was the only son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. He
was born in 1731. He was postmaster of Philadelphia for a short time, and served as clerk of the House
of Representatives of Pennsylvania. He was a captain in the French and Indian war, and fought bravely,
under Abercrombie, at Ticonderoga. He visited England, with his father, toward the close of the war.
In Scotland he became acquainted with the Earl of Bute, who recommended him to Lord Fairfax. That
nobleman appointed him governor of New Jersey, and for a time he was very popular with the people. He
was a decided monarchist, and from the beginning of the disputes with Great Britain he took sides against
his father. He involved himself in quarrels with the Legislature of New Jersey, and the people became
very hostile to him before the close of his administration in 1776. On the 23d of May of that year, the
first Provincial Congress of New Jersey commenced their session at Trenton, and the royal government
soon afterward ceased to exist. A constitution was adopted in July, 1776. William Livingston was elected
governor in place of Franklin, and that deposed servant of royalty, declared by the Congress of New Jersev
| an enemy to liberty, was seized in his own house at Perth Amboy, and conveyed a prisoner to Wind-
ham, Connecticut, at which place, and also in Litchfield jail, he was confined for some time. [See p. 436,
vol. i] When Sir Henry Clinton took chief command in America in 1778, Governor Franklin was exchanged
for some American prisoners, and released. He went to New York, where be served for a short period
as president of the Board of Directors of the Associated Loyalists. In West's picture of the Reception of
the American Loyalists by Great Britain, in the year 1783, Governor Franklin is a prominent personage
represented. A copy of this picture will be found in another part of this work. Franklin went to England
at the close of the war. where he resided until his death in November, 1813, enjoying a pension of §4000
per annum. He and his father were reconciled in 1784, after an alienation often years. The doctor, how-
1 ' er ■ ould not forget his political delinquency. In his will, after devising to his son all the books and pa-
pers of his in possession of the governor, and also all debts standing against him on his account-books, he
says, " The part he acted against me in the late war, which is of public notoriety, will account for my leav-
ing him no more of an estate he endeavored to deprive me of."* Governor Franklin's wife died in 1778,
* Sparta's Life of Franklin, 599.
OF Til E R I'. VOI.I'TI (i \ j !
Dunlap's Recollection of military Affaire at Perth Amboy. Journey to Crosswicks. HImIoh inathera
sion of the British much of the time; and one of the many pictures of life of varied hue
there presented, is given by "William Dunlap (who was born there), in his History of the
Arts of Design. "Here were centered," he says, "in addition to those cantoned in the
place, all those [troops] drawn in from the Delaware, Princeton, and Brunswick ; and the
flower and pick of the army, English, .Scotch, and German, who had at that time been
brought in from Rdiode Island. Here was to be seen a party of forty-second Highlanders,
in national costume, and there a regiment of Hessians, their dress ami arms a perfect con-
trast to the first. The slaves of Anspach and Waldeck were there — the first somber as
night, the second gaudy as noon. Here dashed by a party of the seventeenth dragoons, and
there scampered a party of Yagers. The trim, neat, and graceful English grenadier ; the
careless and half-savage Highlander, with his flowing robes and naked knees, and the im-
movably stiff German, could hardly be taken for parts of one army. Here might be seen
soldiers driving in cattle, and others guarding wagons loaded with household furniture, in-
stead of the hay and oats they had been sent for.
" The landing of the grenadiers and light infantry from the ships which transplanted the
troops from Rhode Island ; their proud march into the hostile neighborhood, to gather the
produce of the farmer for the garrison ; the sound of the musketry, which soon rolled back
upon us ; the return of the disabled veterans who could retrace their steps, and the heavy
march of the discomfited troops, with their wagons of groaning wounded, in the evening, are
all impressed on my mind as pictures of the evils and the soul-stirring scenes of war. These
lessons, and others more disgusting, were my sources of instruction in the winter of 1 77G— 7."'
November 23, I left Amboy for Trenton, by the way of Crosswicks, before sunrise the next
184a morning. The air was clear and frosty ; the pools by the road side were skimmed
with ice, and fields and fences were white with hoar frost. The deep sand of the road made
the traveling heavy, yet, before the sun was fairly up, my strong horse had taken me half
the way to Spottsvvood, ten miles distant. I passed through Spottswood, Old Bridge, Hights-
tovvn, and Cranberry, to Allentown, twenty-eight miles from Amboy, where I dined. These
villages have a neat and thrifty appearance. Over the level, sandy country through which
the road passes, extensive peach orchards are spread out, covering hundreds of acres. Cross-
wicks,3 the scene of some stirring events in the Revolution, is situated upon a ridge on the
left hank of Crosswicks Creek, four miles from Allentown, and the same distance from the
Delaware River. The creek is in a deep ravine, here spanned by a fine latticed bridge.
erected upon the site of the old one of the Revolution. It was settled by the Quakers in
1681, and was a place of sufficient importance in colonial times to be once a meeting-place
of the Provincial Assembly. Among the Indians at Crossweeksung, Brainerd and Ten
nant labored successfully,3 and the influence of the Quakers upon that tribe was sensi-
bly felt. Here a small detachment of the American army was stationed after the first en-
gagement at Trenton, where the Hessians were captured ; and here one division of the Brit-
ish troops, marching from Philadelphia toward Monmouth, in June, 1778, were pretty se-
verely handled by a party of Americans. The troops of the enemy marched in three di-
visions from Philadelphia : one by Mount Holly, one through Columbus, and the third by
Bordcntown, on the Delaware, near the mouth of Crosswicks Creek. Near the latter place
was a draw-bridge, and as the British attempted to repair it for the purpose of crossing, the
militia regiments of Colonels Frelinghuysen,' Van Dyke, and Webster, stationed near, rushed
just before his release from imprisonment. On a monumental tablet in St. Paul's Church, New ^ <.rk, it is
inscribed that, "compelled to part from the husband she loved, and at lcriL'th despairing ol the soothing hope
of his return, she sunk- or accumulated distresses," &c. His son. William Temple franklin, who edited his
grandfather's works, died at Paris in May, 1823
1 History of the Arts of Design, vol. ii.
2 This name is derived from the Indian appellation of the place, Crossweeksung, signifying a separation.
The creek separates into two branches not far from the village.
3 In less than one year after Brainerd commenced preaching among them, he baptized no less than sev-
entv-seven persons, of whom thirty-eight were adults,— Allen- .-linn. Biog, Hut Di'i tionary.
4 Frederic Frelinghuysen was "the son of Reverend John Frelinghuysen, of Raritan. New Jersey He
12
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Skirmish at Crosswicks.
The Friends' Meeting-house.
Mrs. Idell.
Bordentown.
Friends' Meeting-house.3
upon them, killed four and wounded several. The enemy left the bridge at Bordentown,
and. marching up to Crosswicks. attempted to repair the bridge there, which the Americans
had almost destroyed.1 The alert provincials were ready
to receive them ; and from their station on the Wood-
wardsville side of the creek, they poured upon the Brit-
ons volleys of musketry, which, with a well-aimed shot
occasionally from an old six-pounder, effectually kept
them at bay. Being re-enforced the next day, the ene-
my repaired the bridge, crossed it, and pursued their
march toward Allentown. During the skirmish, one of
the cannon-balls fired by the Americans struck the north
wall of the meeting-house and lodged therein, where it re-
mained until the building was repaired a few years ago.
The hole made by the ball is yet visible ; the dark spot
between the sills of the two upper windows, on the right of the picture, marks the place.
The American troops at Crosswicks, after the battle of Trenton, used the meeting-house
for barracks ; yet, unlike the British soldiers who occupied churches for a similar purpose,
they neither defaced the building, nor disturbed the society in their public religious duties.
Every Wednesday and Sunday the soldiers withdrew, the benches were properly arranged,
and worship was held as usual.
During my brief tarry of an hour and a half at Crosswicks, I visited the venerable Mrs.
Idell, who was eighty-three years old. She clearly remembered the advent of the Amer-
icans there, after the battle of Trenton. She lived with her brother, two or three miles
from the meeting-house. Twelve American officers, on horseback, took possession of his
house while himself and family were in meeting. The parlor was filled with equestrian
accouterments, and she and two other children " almost lost their wits by fright." The old
lady was strong in mind but feeble in body when I saw her, yet she was able to sit in their
plain old house of worship every meeting-day.
I left Crosswicks at four o'clock, and arrived at Trenton at sunset. It was a pleasant
drive of eight miles through a fertile country ; the well-filled barns and barracks, and the
numerous haystacks, denoting bountiful harvests. I passed a little northward of Borden-
town, and had an occasional glimpse of its spires above the brown tree-tops. As we may
not, in the course of our journey, approach so near this pleasant village again, let us slacken
our pace a little as we go over the crown of the hill, from whence the vane of the Episco-
pal church is visible, and consider its Revolutionary history.
Bordentown is " a city upon a hill," and " can not be hid." It is at the elbow of the
Delaware River, seven miles below Trenton, and from the brow of the eminence on which
it stands there is an extensive view of that noble stream and the surrounding country. It
derives its name from Joseph Borden, an early settler. Here both the Americans and Brit-
ish had military stores ; and hither both parties, at different times, dispatched small detach-
ments to surprise and capture, or destroy them. Here a strong body of Hessians, under
graduated at Princeton in 1770, and when the Revolution broke out he entered the military service of his
country. He was a captain of a militia company at the battle of Trenton, December 26, 1776, and. it is
s:iiil. was the man who shot Colonel Rail, the commander of the Hessians. He was afterward promoted to
the rank of colonel, which office he held during the war. He was a member of the old Congress, and, un-
der the administration of Washington, was a senator from New Jersey, lie was for a number of years
one of the trustees of Princeton College. He died in April, 1804, aged about fifty-two years. Theodore
Frelinghuysen, late United States senator from New Jersey, and Chancellor of the University of New York,
i^ his son.
1 An American named Clevenger, who had cut away the last sleeper of the bridge when the enemy ap-
proached, was shot in the back of the head and killed while retreating. He was the only man whom the
Americans lost in the skirmish.
* This view is from the shed in the yard, looking southeast. The building stands in the center of a large
square, is of imported brick, and very spacious. The Quakers were numerous in this vicinity in (he time
of the and a large number of the present inhabitants are members of that sect.
OF THE REV OH" Tin \ 13
Revolutionary Events at Bordentown. Joseph Bonaparte. Trenton.
Count Donop, was stationed at the time of the battle at Trenton. One of the several ex-
peditions sent out from Philadelphia by the enemy, in the spring of 177 S, was for the pur-
pose of destroying vessels which were lying iu Barnes's and Crosswicks Creeks at this place.
Six or seven hundred troops left Philadelphia about ten in the evening on the 7th oi May.
and went up the Delaware in a flotilla consisting of two row-galleys, three other armi
sels, and twenty-four flat-bottomed boats. They had fair winds for ten miles of the way,1
when a calm ensued, and they were obliged to row the remainder of the distance. They
expected to reach Bordentown and perform their destructive work before dawn, but they did
not arrive there until late in the forenoon. Before lauding, they burned two frigates at the
White Hills, a little below the village, and afterward destroyed several smaller vessels.
They lauded without much opposition, burned the residence of Joseph Borden, committed
some petty malicious trespasses, and then re-embarked. The next day they proceeded up
the river as far as Bile's Island, intending to make a descent upon Trenton : but General
Dickinson,5 and the troops under his command, gave them such a warm reception, that they
hastily turned their prows southward. On their way down they landed at Colonel Kirk-
bride's farm, on the Pennsylvania side, burned his buildings, and seized considerable prop-
erty. A party of militia, whom General Dickinson sent down the river, succeeded in cap-
turing a sloop which the enemy had filled with plunder, and took prisoners six men wiio
were on board. The marauders returned to Philadelphia with very little booty, and not a
particle of glory.3
At Bordentown, from 1816 until 1842, Joseph Bonaparte, the ex-king of Spain, and
brother of Napoleon, resided. His park and grounds comprised about fifteen hundred acres
of land, which his taste and well-directed expenditure of money redeemed from almost bar-
renness, and made beautiful. His mansion was enriched with the most exquisite works ot
art in painting and sculpture, for the gratification of himself and friends ; and while he was
ever willing to display these for the pleasure of the poor, his hand was open to their wants
The sun was vailed, at its setting, when I arrived at Trenton,' by an ominous red vapor
that betokened a storm. True to the " sign," the morning following was lowery, and a
chilly east wind made sketching in the open air any thing but pleasant. I was busy with
rny pencil until the rain began to fall at noon. At two o'clock the sun peeped out for a
moment, and smiled so pleasantly (yet deceptively) that I ordered my horse, and, accompa-
1 The distance from Philadelphia to Bordentown is twenty-six miles.
- Philemon Dickinson was a gallant officer of the Revolution. He was a Whig of the truest dye, and
entered the Revolutionary army at the outset of the contest. Although possessed of an ample fortune, he
lv hazarded it for the f>ood of his country, preferring poverty with liberty, to wealth with slavery.
- at the head of the Jersey militia in the battle of Monmouth, where he displayed the srreatest brav-
erv. He was a member of Congress from his state after the establishment of the present Federal s
merit, and in various civil and military stations he discharged his duty faithfully. Twelve years of the latter
part of his life were passed in domestic retirement at his seat near Trenton, where he died on the 4th ol
Februarv, 1809, at the age of sixty-eight
3 Howe, in the Historical Collections of Xcw Jersey, page 101, records one or two incidents of this incur-
sion which were related to him bv a person who was a resident there at the time. He said the Briti-h offi-
cers dined at the house of Francis ilopkinson, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who.
with his family, was absent at the time. A young lady, eighti Mary Comely, pro-
vided the dinner for them. While they were dining, she was informed that the soldiers were robbing the
houses of her mother and srandmother. on the opposite side of the street. She went in. and stealthily cut
a piece from the skirt of one of the soldiers' coats. This she handed to the ( in I by it he de-
tected the thief. Bv this means the property of her relations and some neighbors was restored. A Whia.
in order to save his property, slew a sheep, and made a cood dinner for the soldiers : but. before the meal
was ready, the bugle sounded for the troops to form in line. The dinner was partaken of by Colonel Bay-
lor and his light horse, who arrived toward eve _
4 Trenton is the capital of New Jersev, situated upon the east bank of the Delaware, at the Falls, thirty
miles from Philadelphia. The first settlements were made by Quakers. ,„, both sides of the river, about
1679. The region in the vicinity of the Falls was called by the Delaware Indians, Sankhican, a name sig-
nifying gwi or firelock, from the circumstance that a tribe of Mohawks, who used guns,
A purchase of a large tract of land lvin<j on both sides of the A-sanpink was made by Colonel William
Trent, of Philadelphfa. in 1714, and from him Trent Town or Trenton derives its name.
14
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
M'Conkey's Ferry, where Washington crossed the Delaware. Long Bridge. Capture of Forts Washington and Lcc.
nied by the Honorable G. W. Smyth, of Belvidere, started for M'Conkey's Ferry (now Tay-
lorsville), eight miles above Trenton, the place where
i: On Christmas day, in seventy-six,
Our gallant troops, with bayonets fixed,
To Trenton marched away,"
and, with Washington, crossed the Delaware, on the memorable night of that festival. We
had ridden scarcely a mile before the rain came pattering down upon our wagon-top, and
when we returned at evening the storm had increased in violence to that of a drenching
summer shower. The road passes along the bank of the Delaware, and on a bright sum-
mer day it must be one of the pleasantest drives imaginable. There are several beautiful
country-seats on the way, with grounds tastefully laid out and shaded. Two miles from
Trenton is the State Lunatic Asylum, an immense building, having nine quadrangles, and
presenting a front of four hundred and eighty feet. The feeder for the Delaware and Hud-
son Canal, and the artificial channel made along the river bank for the production of water
power at Trenton, are crossed and paralleled by the road all the way to Yardleyville, be-
tween which and Taylorsville the great dam constructed to supply these streams stretches
across the Delaware. Taylorsville is on the Pennsylvania side, at M'Conkey's Ferry. A
noble bridge, six hundred feet
long, here spans the river. It
is supported by eight piers, eight-
een feet above the water when
the stream has its usual depth.
The bridge is of timber, the piers
of solid masonry, with an ice-
breaker on the upper side. The
view here given is from below
the bridge on the Pennsylvania
side, looking northeast, and ex-
hibits the Jersey shore at the
precise point where the Ameri-
can army landed, an event which
we shall consider presently. Mr. Taylor, an old resident of the place, pointed out the spot,
on each side of the river, where a log-house stood at the time. The one on the Pennsyl-
vania side was upon the site of the Tempei'Mice House, in Taylorsville ; that upon the Jer-
sey shore was exactly at the end of the bridge.
It was very dark when we reached Trenton in the midst of the storm. With the feel-
ings of the silly mortal who thought a brook would soon run dry because the stream was so
swift, I hoped for a bright morning because the rain came down deluge-like. Let us turn
from the present and commune an hour with the past.
Fort Washington, on the east bank of the Hudson, near New York city, fell into the
hands of the enemy on the 16th of November, 1776, and the garrison of nearly three thou-
sand men became prisoners of war. The skirmish at White Plains had recently October 28
occurred, and Washington, penetrating the design of the enemy to pass into New m6-
Jersey and march to the capture of Philadelphia, had already crossed the Hudson with the
main body of the American army, after securing some positions on the east bank, between
Kingsbridge and the Highlands. He encamped at Hackensack, in the rear of Fort Lee
where General Greene was in command. Lord Cornwallis crossed the Hudson at Dobbs's
Ferry, with six thousand men, on the 20th, and landing at Closter, a mile and a Norember,
half from English Neighborhood, proceeded to attack Fort Lee. The garrison 1776-
made a hasty retreat, and joined the main army at Hackensack, five miles distant. All the
baggage and military stores at Fort Lee fell into the hands of the enemy. It was an easy
conquest for Cornwallis ; and had he followed up this successful beginning with energy,
Great Bridge at M'Conkey's Ferry.
OF THE REVOI.l'TI" •. ] 5
Retreat of the Americans across New Jersey. Decrease of the Army. Timly Movements of I
there is every probability that he would have captured Washington and his army. The
latter commenced a retreat toward the Delaware when Cornwallis approached, hoping to
be sufficiently re-enforced by the New Jersey and Pennsylvania militia to be enabled to make
a successful stand against the invaders at some intermediate point. But late reverses had
dispirited the militia, and Washington found his army diminishing at every step rather than
augmenting. By the last of November scarcely three thousand troops remained in the
American army. For three weeks he fled before Cornwallis across the level districts of
Xew Jersey. Newark, New Brunswick, Princeton, and Trenton were successively evacu-
ated by the Americans and occupied by the enemy. Often the music of the pursued and
the pursuers would be heard by each other, yet no action occurred. Arrived at Trenton, on
the 2d of December Washington and his army crossed the Delaware in boats. The last
one had reached the Pennsylvania shore just as one division of Cornwallis's army, with all
the pomp of victors, marched into Trenton. This was about twelve o'clock at night. The
British commander, with the main body of the troops, halted within six miles of Trenton.
Washington had hoped to make a stand at New Brunswick, but was disappointed. The
service of the Jersey and Maryland brigades expired on the day he left that place, and nei-
ther of them would remain longer with the army. General Lee had been left at White
Plains in command of a detachment of the army, consisting of nearly three thousand men.
Washington wrote to him from Hackensack, requesting him to lead his division into New
Jersey immediately to re-enforce his melting army. Lee did not heed the request, and the
commander-in-chief finally sent him a positive order to that effect. This order was repeated,
and yet he delayed ; and so tardy was his inarch in the rear of the royal army, that it was
three weeks before he reached Morristown. It is evident from Lee's conduct, and the tenor
of his letters at that time, that it was not so much a spirit of determined disobedience which
governed his actions, as a strong desire to act independent of the commander-in-chief, and
perform some signal service which would redound to his personal glory.' lie was as am-
bitious as he was impetuous and brave. He had endeavored, but in vain, to induce Gen-
eral Heath, who was left in command at Peekskill, to let him have a detachment of one or
two thousand men, with which to operate. Heath refused to vary from his instructions,
and it was well he did. Washington continued to urge Lee to form a junction with him ;
yet, as late as the 1 1 th of December, two days after the passage of the Delaware, a letter
written by Lee to Washington, at Morristown, hinted at various contemplated movements,
not one of which referred to a junction offerees. This was the last
letter Washington received from Lee during his march. Two days
afterward, while pursuing his slow and reluctant progress toward
the Delaware, Lee was taken prisoner. His troops lay at a place
called Vealtown, while he lodged at Basking Ridge, nearly three
miles distant, at the inn of a Mrs. White, now a private dwelling,
situated upon rising ground at the southeast entrance of the village.
Colonel Harcourt, at the head of a scouting party of British cav-
alry, apprised of the position of General Lee,a made a furious charge upon his quarters on
1 It was at this time that the close and confidential intimacy which existed between Washington and Col-
onel Joseph Reed was disturbed by a letter from Lee to the latter. It will be remembered that Reed was
Mill, Washington at Cambrid2e during the siege of Boston, and was the most confidential friend of the com-
mander-in-ehief. On the 2fst of November he wrote a letter to Lee, from Hackensack, in which, pointedly
alluding to Washington, he complained of the indecision of officers, at the same time complimenting Lee
for his opposite quality. This letter was answered in a tone and spirit little calculated to command the
respect of Washington for eilher partv. Reed had left camp before its arrival, and, as usual, his letters
were opened bv the commander-in-chief. In this way the latter became acquainted with its contents tree
explanations w'cre made, and mutual confidence was afterward restored, which continued through life.
» Following the account of Wilkinson, in his Memoirs (who was with Lee at the t.me), historians saj
that a Tory communicated the fact of Lee's presence at White's Tavern to Colonel Harcourt There is no
positive evidence that such was the fact ; on the contrary, it is asserted. ... the Historical Collection, of New
Jersey, that one of the compilers of that work was informed by Colonel J. W. Drake, of Mcndham, that the
individual was a Mr. Mackelwraith, an elder of a Presbyterian church, who was surrounded in the road by
16
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Capture of General Lee. Longevity of the Captor's Horse. Biography of Lee. His Division commanded by Sullivan
the morning of the 13th of December, dispersed the guard, and captured the com-
mander.' Lee had just finished a letter to General Gates when the dragoons appeared.
So sudden was the arrest, and so quick was
the departure, that he was hurried away on
horseback, bare-headed, nothing but slippers on
his feet, and a blanket coat on his back, and
conveyed in safety to New York. General
Sullivan, who was taken prisoner at the battle
on Long Island, in August previous, had been
exchanged, and was now with Lee's division
of the army. On the capture of Lee the com-
mand devolved on Sullivan, and he soon after-
ward crossed the Delaware and joined Wash-
ington.
General Lee was an able and efficient offi-
cer, and his loss, at that time, was very severe-
ly felt. The estimation in which the enemy
held his services may be understood by the
declaration, " We have taken the American
palladium." His disobedience is indefensible ;
yet, viewing subsequent events in their various rela-
tions, that very disobedience was probably instrument-
al in working out greater good than compliance would
Harcourt and his men, pressed into service, and compelled to show them Lee's quarters. When the assail-
ants arrived, the guard were sunning themselves on the south side of the house, and were suddenly sepa-
rated from their arms ; hence the feebleness of their resistance.
1 Mr. James, the English novelist, now (1851) residing in this country, informed a friend of the writer
that he possesses a manuscript drawing of Colonel Harcourt, and of the horse which he rode on that occa-
sion. The horse lived to the extraordinary age of fifty years.
- Charles Lee was born in Wales in 1731. He was the son of General John Lee of the British army.
He was a commissioned officer in the army of George II. at a very early age (some say eleven years), and
ardently pursued military knowledge. He acquired many of the Continental languages. He came to Amer-
ica in 175(3, and distinguished himself in the wars with the French and Indians. He dwelt, for a time, with
the Mohawks, and was made a chief of the tribe, under the name, in the Mohawk dialect, of Boiling Wain-.
In 1762 he bore a colonel's commission, and served under Burgoyne in Portugal. After engaging for a
while in political strife in England, he went to the Continent, and during three years, from 1770, he ram-
bled all over Europe. He was received with favor by the great, and finally became aid to Poniatowski,
king of Poland. For two years he basked in that monarch's favor, and then went, with the king's embas-
sador, to Turkey. From Constantinople he went to Paris, and in 1773 again came to America. He be-
came acquainted with General Gates, and, through his persuasions, purchased a tract of land in Berkley
county, Virginia. Resigning a commission which he held in the British army, he accepted one from Con-
gress when the Continental army was organized in the summer of 1775. He accompanied Washington to
Cambridge, and from that period until his capture in December, 1776, he was engaged in very active serv-
ice, particularly at the South. In May, 1778, he was exchanged for General Prescott, who was captured
on Rhode Island, and within a month afterward he was engaged in the fierce battle of Monmouth. In that
conflict he was disobedient to the commands of the chief, and was arrested for his misconduct. His trial
resulted in his suspension, a verdict which gave general satisfaction, for it was believed that he was aim-
ing at supreme command. The verdict was confirmed by Congress in 1780, and he left the army. He
lived a while at Berkley, morose and secluded. He finally went to Philadelphia, and took lodgings in a
house now known as the " Slate-roof House," once the residence of William Penn, where he died, soon aft-
erward, in poverty and obscurity. His death occurred on the 2d of October, 1782, at the age of fifty-one.
General Lee wis a brilliant man in many things, but his life exhibited a most perfect specimen of antithe-
ses of character. He was bad in morals and manners, profane in language, and neither feared or loved God
or man. Ho wrote bis will a few days before his death, in which he bequeathed his soul to the Almighty,
and bis body to the earth, saying, " I desire most earnestly that I may not be buried in any church or church-
yard, or within a mile of any Presbyterian or Anabaptist meeting-house ; for, since I have resided in this
country, I have kept so much bad company when living, that I do not choose to continue it when dead."
His list words on his death-bed were, "Stand by me, ray brave grenadiers .'" Ho was buried in Christ
Church-yard, Philadelphia, with military honors. Quito a large concourse of citizens attended his funeral.
OF C II E REVOLUTION. 1 7
The Delaware between Washington and Cornwallis. ness of the American Army. Gloomy Aipect of Affair*
have done. Let us return to the consideration of the movements of the two armies upon
the Delaware.
Washington took the precaution, when he crossed the river, to secure every boat and ba-
teau, so that Cornwallis had no means for continuing an immediate pursuit. The latter
had intended to cross a portion of troops early the next morning between M Conkey's and
Coryell's Ferry, for the purpose of capturing a number of boats which the Americans had
collected on the Pennsylvania side. But these had been taken away, and he had no al-
ternative but to construct boats, or wait for the freezing of the Delaware, so that he might
pass his troops over on the ice.
Washington had but twenty-two hundred men under his command when he crossed the
river; and two days afterward, in consequence of the expiration of the term of service of a
portion ol these, he had but seventeen hundred — indeed, not more than one thousand on
whom he could rely. The proclamation of General Howe, mentioned on patre 308, vol. i.,
November 30, had been circulated freely in the Jerseys since the day of its publication, and
had produced wide-spread disaffection to the patriot cause.' New Jersey was
now in possession of a victorious enemy, and nothing but the feeble barrier of the Delaware
lay between Cornwallis and his well-disciplined army, and Philadelphia, the Federal capital,
where Congress was in session. The public treasury was exhausted, and the Congress bills
of credit were beginning to be looked upon with suspicion and disfavor. Hourly the Amer-
ican army was melting away, and despondency was brooding over every patriot's mind
Clouds and darkness were gathering thick on every side. The campaign had been little
else than a series of discomfitures,' and the inefficient provisions made by Congress for keep-
ing up an army were manifest to all. Distrust of Congress and of the army began to pre-
vail in all minds, and the sun of American liberty seemed about to set amid the clouds of
hopeless despair. Yet Washington was firm and undaunted. His faith in the ultimate
triumph of the Americans seems never to have burned with a brighter and steadier light
than at this dark moment. Although December frosts were rapidly preparing a bridge over
which the enemy might cross the Delaware and march triumphantly to the conquest of Phil-
adelphia and all Pennsylvania, vet he was calm, determined, hopeful. When asked what
he would do if Philadelphia should be taken, he replied, "We will retreat beyond the Sus-
quehanna River, and thence, if necessary, to the Alleghany Mountains." While there was
a shadow of an army in the field — while Congress maintained its sittings and unity — while
a single ray of hope for success remained, no thought of abandoning the righteous cause was
harbored in the mind of that great and good man. Already, in the very darkest hour, he
Mrs. Mercy Warren seems to have formed a correct estimate of Lees character from her own observa-
tions on the occasion of his dining with herself and husband at Watertown, while the array was at Cam-
bridge. In a letter to Samuel Adams, ^he speaks of hira as " plain in bis person to a degree of ugliness;
careless even to impoliteness ; his garb ordinary ; bis voice rough ; hismannersrathermoro.se; yet sensi-
ble, learned, judicious, and penetrating.'' Such is the character of Lee which I received from the lips of
Mr-. Hamilton, who expressively called him "a crabbed man.''
1 Araonj the prominent men who had espoused the Republican cause at the commencement and now
abandoned it. was Tinker, president of the New Jersey convention which had sanctioned the Declaration "I
Independence, and Joseph Galloway, a member of the first Continental Congress. For ten days 'after the
issuins of the proclamation, two or three hundred persons a day came in to take the oath of allegiance to
the British crown. Their disappointment is mentioned on page 308, vol. i.
3 Although the Americans had generally suffered defeat, yet. from a summary of prisoners taken by each
party, during 1776. given in Sparks's Lift and Writing! of Washington (iv., 5471. the Americans were
quite successful in making captures. The number of M'< in prisoners taken by the British was 4854;
the number of British taken by the Americans, 2860; making a difference in favor of the enemy of 1994.
In this statement is not included the 431 Americans captured at the Cedars, but includes the Hessians taken
at Trenton. The number of American officers taken was 301 — staff 25; privates, 4101 : total, 4430.
In addition to men, the Americans lost, according to Gordon (ii., 131), 12 mortars and cannons ol brass
and 235 of iron ; 23,979 empty shells, and 17.122 filled; 2684 double-headed shot; a large quantity of
grape-shot; 2800 muskets ; 400,000 cartridges; 1 6 barrels of powder ; a quantity of bar iron ; 500 in-
trenching tools ; 4 covered wasons ; 200 hand-barrows, carts, crows, mantelets, chevaux-de-frizc, &c. ;
4000 barrels of flour, at Forts Washington and Lee ; baggage, tents, and a large quantity of other stores.
II. B
18 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Putnam in Command at Philadelphia. Reorganization of the Army. Adjournment of Congresa to Baltimore. The Quakers.
had conceived the masterly stroke of military skill which presently brought forth such a ra-
diant spark of hope and joy upon the frozen banks of the Delaware.1
After passing the Delaware, the salvation of Philadelphia became the object of Washing-
ton's greatest solicitude. He dispatched General Putnam thither, who, with General Mif-
flin, commenced the erection of defenses at different points around the city. Congress, now
alive to the necessity for the most energetic action, put forth all its powers. It resolved to
defend Philadelphia to the last extremity. A stirring appeal to the people was adopted and
sent forth, and a thorough organization of the army was begun, in accordance December 11
with a plan matured by Washington and a committee of Congress, while the 1776-
American army was upon Harlem Heights, a few months previous. According to this plan,
all the hitherto scattered Continental forces were to be embraced in one grand army, con-
sisting of eighty battalions of.seven hundred and fifty men each, to be raised in the severa'
states. Massachusetts and Virginia were each to furnish fifteen battalions ; Pennsylvania,
twelve ; North Carolina, nine ; Connecticut, eight ; South Carolina, six ; New York and
New Jersey, four each ; New Hampshire and Maryland, three each ; Rhode Island, two,
and Georgia, one. As an inducement for men to enlist and supply the places of those whose
term of service was about expiring, liberal bounties were offered." A loan of five millions
of dollars at four per cent, interest was authorized.
On the 1 2th of December, Congress invested General Putnam with almost unlim-
ited power in Philadelphia, placing under his control all the munitions of war in the
city, and also authorizing him to employ all the private armed vessels in that harbor for the
defense of the place. On the same day, under the advice of Putnam and Mifflin, Congress
resolved to retire to Baltimore, because Philadelphia, now being made the seat of war, could
not furnish that quiet so necessary to wise and dispassionate legislation.3 A committee of
three, consisting of Robert Morris, George Clymer, and George Walton, was appointed to
remain in Philadelphia, to act in behalf of Congress, during its absence. That body, pur-
suant to adjournment, reassembled in Baltimore on the 20th. The Whigs in Philadelphia
were in great consternation when Congress left. They feared the Loyalists in their midst
quite as much as the approaching enemy. On the departure of Congress, the active Loy-
alists assumed a bold tone ; and General Putnam, who was sent thither to fortify the city,
was in daily expectation of an insurrection in favor of the royal cause. Nearly the whole
body of Quakers, though passive, belonged to that party.
1 In a letter to Governor Trumbull, of Connecticut, written on the 14th of December, six days after he
crossed the Delaware, lie said, alluding to the approach of Gates with a considerable force, " They may, in
conjunction with my present force and that under General Lee, enable us to attempt a stroke upon the
forces of the enemy, who lie a good deal scattered, and to all appearance in a state of security. A lucky
blow in this quarter would be fatal to them, and would most certainly rouse the spirits of the people, which
are quite sunk by our late misfortunes." — Writings of Washington, iv., 220, 221.
General Greene, to whom Washington communicated his plans, wrote to Governor Cooke, of Rhode Isl-
and, on the 21st, "We are now on the west side of the Delaware. Our force is small when collected to-
gether ; but, small as it is, I hope we shall give the enemy a stroke in a few days. Should fortune favor
the attack, it may put a stop to General Howe's progress." Colonel Reed wrote to Washington on the
21st, " Will it not be possible, my dear general, for your troops, or such part of them as can act with ad-
vantage, to make a diversion, or something more, at or about Trenton ?" — Ibid., 542, 543.
2 Each soldier was to have a bounty of twenty dollars, besides an allotment of land, at the end of the war,
to all who survived, or to the families of those who should fall in the service. The allotment of a common
soldier was to be one hundred acres ; of an ensign, one hundred and fifty ; of a lieutenant, two hundred ; a
captain, three hundred ; a major, four hundred ; a lieutenant colonel, four hundred and fifty ; and a colonel,
live hundred. This allotment was to be extended only to those who enlisted "during the war."
3 A rumor having gone abroad that Congress was about {<> ilis/icyse, that body resolved that Washington
should be desired to contradict "the false and malicious report spread by the enemies of America," in his
general orders. The commander-in-chief, in a letter to the President of Congress from Trenton Falls,
written on the 12th, wisely declined publishing such refutation, and gave good reasons for his course. "It
was a fortunate circumstance," says Sparks {Washington, iv., 210), "that General Washington did not
publish this resolve to the army, for, the next day after it was passed, Congress actually adjourned from
Philadelphia, to assemble again in Baltimore." The resolution was transmitted to Washington by the sec-
relary of Congress, but it does not appear among the published proceedings of that body.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 19
Howe's Plans. Injudicious Disposition of the British Troops. Augmentation of Washington's Forces.
In the mean while, Washington was preparing to strike the enemy. General Howe, the
commander-in-chief of the British forces, remained in New York, and the operations in New
Jersey were under the control and direction of Lord Cornwallis. It appears from Howe's
dispatches' that he did not contemplate pursuing the Americans further than the Delaware,
but designed Bending a strong force up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne, who was to penetrate
the country from Canada. Cornwallis urged the capture of Philadelphia as a paramount
measure, and Howe consented. Yet, with all his vigilance and skill, the arrangement of
the British army in the Jerseys was not creditable to the sagacity of Cornwallis. It was
scattered in detachments along an extended line. A body of Hessians, under Colonel Rail,
was stationed at Trenton, and another, under Count Donop, was posted at Bordentown.
The English troops were divided into a chain of cantonments, extending from New Bruns-
wick to the Delaware, and down that river to a point below Burlington. Small detach-
ments were also stationed at Black Horse and .Mount Holly. Cornwallis looked with such
contempt upon the weak and scattered forces of Washington, and was so certain of an easy
victory beyond the Delaware, where, rumor informed him, the people were almost unani-
mous in favor of the king, that he did not regard <rreat vigilance as necessary. He had re-
turned to head-quarters at New York ; and so confident were the British generals that the
contest would be ended by taking possession of Philadelphia, that Cornwallis had prepared
to sail for England on leave of absence.' His military stores were chiefly at New Bruns-
wick, and there was his strongest detachment.
Lee's division, under Sullivan, and the regiments from Ticonderoga, united with Wash-
December, ington on the 21st. The increased pay of officers, the proffered bounties to the
1776. soldiers, and the great personal influence of the commander-in-chief, had the elleet
to retain in the service, for a few weeks at least, more than one half of the old soldiers.
The militia of Pennsylvania turned out with considerable alacrity ; and on the 24th, be-
tween five and six thousand Americans were gathered around the standard of Washington.3
The commander-in-chief's head-quarters were at Newtown, a little village on a small branch
of the Neshaming, two miles northeast from Bristol.'
There were about fifteen hundred Hesssians and a troop of British light horse at Tren-
ton ; these Washington determined to surprise. The posts at Mount Hollv, Burlington.
Black Horse, and Bordentown were to be attacked, at the same time, by the Pennsylva-
nia militia, under Generals Cadwalader s and Ewins, the former to cross near Bristol, the
latter below Trenton Falls ; while Washington, leading the main body of the Continental
troops in person, assisted by Generals Sullivan and Greene, and Colonel Knox of the ar-
1 Parliament, mi Fillister, xi., p. 260, 362.
- Ramsay says that Colonel Rail, being under some apprehension for the safety of Trenton, applied To
General Grant for a re-enforcement. That officer, partaking of the confidence of others, said to the mes-
senger, " Tell the colonel he is very safe. I will undertake to keep the peace in New Jersey with a cor-
poral's guard-"
3 By the adjutant's return on the 22d of December, the army of Washington amounted to ten thousand
one hundred and six men. Of this number, five thousand three hundred and ninety-nine were sick, on com-
mand elsewhere, or on furlough, leaving an effective force of four thousand seven hundred and seven. To
these must be added the effective men of Lee's division and the Pennsylvania militia.
* Washington occupied the house now (1848) owned by Dr. Lee, "ii the west side of the creek ; Genera]
Greene was at the large brick house, now Hough's Hotel ; and Genera] Mercer was at Mr. Keith's, a little
out of the town. It is related that on the morning of the day when the Americans marched to M'Conkey's
Ferry, General Mercer told Mrs. Keith that he dreamed, the previous night, that he had been attacked and
overpowered by a huge black bear. Mercer was killed by the British and Hessians at Princeton a few
davs afterward, and those who knew of his dream superstitiouslv regarded it as a premonition of his fate.
5 John Cadwalader was a native of Philadelphia. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Convention in
1775, and was twice appointed brigadier by Congress, but declined the honor. He participated in the bat-
tles of Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth He fought a duel with General Conway.
the quarrel which led to it growing out of the intrigue of that officer with Gates and others against ^ . Isl-
ington. Conway was badly but not mortally wounded. Cadwalader removed to Maryland after the war.
and became a member of its State Legislature. He died on the 10th of February, 1786, aged forty-three
years. He was a gentleman of large fortune, and dispensed its blessings with a liberal hand. He has many
descendants in Philadelphia and vicinity.
20 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Successful Diversion, by Putnam, in favor of Washington. The American Army cross the Delaware on Christmas Night
tillery, was to cross the Delaware at M'Conkey's Ferry, and march down upon the enemy
at Trenton. The river yet remained quite free from ice, and every thing seemed auspi-
cious. Unknown to General Washington, Putnam, who had been made acquainted with
the design of attacking Trenton, sent Colonel Griffin, with a body of four hundred and
fifty militia, across from Philadelphia into New Jersey, to make a diversion in favor of the
Trenton expedition. Griffin was instructed to proceed to Mount Holly, for the purpose of
attracting the attention of Colonel Donop at Bordcntown. He was ordered not to fight, but
to retreat down the river when the enemy should appear. This movement had the desired
effect. Donop, who should have been near enough to support Colonel Rail,1 moved against
Griffin with his whole force of two thousand men; and so dilatory was he in his marches
after the retreat of the Americans, that it was two days before he returned to his post.2
Christmas night was selected by Washington for the execution of the enterprise. Ho
well knew the German habit of celebrating that day with feasting and drinking, and rea-
soned wisely on the probability of a large portion of the Hessians being half disabled by in-
temperate indulgence.
The division with which Washington was to cross the Delaware consisted of two thou-
sand four hundred men, with twenty pieces of artillery. At dusk they paraded December^
at M'Conkey's Ferry (now Taylorsville), expecting to reach Trenton by mid- 1776-
night. The cold weather of the twenty-four hours preceding put serious obstacles in the
way. The river was so full of floating ice that at first it was doubtful whether a crossing
could be effected at all. A storm of sleet and snow had just commenced, and the night be-
came excessively dark and dreary. The perilous voyage began early in the evening, in
boats and bateaux, but it was nearly four o'clock in the morning before the little army was
mustered on the Jersey shore.3 Washington there separated his troops into two divisions,
one to march by the lower, or river road, the other by the upper, or Pennington road. The
distance to Trenton by each highway was about equal. The commander-in-chief ordered
both divisions, immediately on forcing the out-guards, to push directly into the town, that
they might charge the enemy before they had time to form. To surprise them before day-
light was out of the question ; sudden movements and physical force must supply the place
of strategy. Washington, accompanied by Generals Lord Stirling, Greene, Mercer, and
Stephen, commanded the division on the upper road ; Sullivan led that upon the river road.
Both divisions marched so silently that they were not discovered by the enemy until within
a short distance of the picket-guards on the outskirts of the village. Each encountered the
out-guards at the same time, and a brisk skirmish ensued; the pickets of the enemy firing
from behind houses while retreating to the main body into the town, closely pursued by the
Americans. The Hessian drums beat to arms, and in a kw moments the disordered ranks
were marshaled into battle order by the brave Colonel Rail. Part of Washington's division
pushed down King (now Warren) Street, and a part down Queen (now Greene) Street.
Sullivan's division entered by the mansions of Colonels Dickinson and Rutherford, through
Second and Front Streets. By this disposition of the patriot forces at the time of the at-
tack, the enemy were hemmed in by the Assanpink, or Assumpink (a considerable stream
running through the town), on the south, and the invading troops. At the head of King
Street, Captain Forest opened a six-gun battery, which commanded the avenue. Captain
William Washington and Lieutenant James Monroe,1 perceiving that the enemy were
1 The name of this officer is spelled, try different writers, Rohl,* Ralle,t Ro)l,t Rhalle,, Rhal,|| Rahl,l
Rawle,** Rall.tt
* Gordon, ii., 152. Stedman, i., 231.
3 Among the most prominent and active men engaged in ferrying the army, tradition has preserved the
names of Uriah Slack, William Green, and David Laning.
4 Captain Washington was afterward greatly distinguished as colonel of a corps of cavalry in the cam-
•- of the South. James Monroe was afterward President of the United States. Both otfieers were
slightly wounded while performing this exploit.
* Washington. I ISuttn. J Gordon. § Stedman.
U Mrs. Warren. ' -ip-.rks. * Marshall. (I Manuscript parole.
OF THE REVOLUTION
21
The Battle in Trenton.
Colonel Rail mortally Wounded.
Capture of the Hessian?
endeavoring to form a battery in the same street, near where the canal feeder now crosses
the way, rushed forward with a small party, drove the artillery-men from their guns, and
captured two of the
piecesjust as Ihe gun-
ners were about to
fire. These were the
first decided move-
ments of the belliger-
ents at the moment
of surprise.
When Colonel Rail
had formed his men
for action, he attempt-
ed to advance and
repel his assailants ;
but, being completely
hemmed in, and his
troops panic-stricken,
all was confusion.
The Americans were
pressing closer and
closer, and with dead-
ly aim were thinning
the Hessian ranks.
At length a bullet
mortally wounded
Colonel Rail, and he
fell from his horse,
pale and bleeding.
His aids and servant
bore him to his quar-
ters at the house of a
Quaker named Stacey Potts, while Lieutenant-colonel Sohefier, his next in command, took
his place at the head of the troops. But all order was at an end. Seeing their commander
fall, the Hessians fled in dismay, the main
body attempting to escape by the road to
Princeton. Their retreat was cut off by Col-
olonel Hand, with a body of Pennsylvania ri-
flemen. The fugitives, ignorant of the small-
ness of the force that stood in their way, and
having the enthusiasm of only the mercenary
soldier, threw down their arms and implored
mercy.' The light horse and some infantry,
in all about six hundred, fled, at the first
alarm, to Bordeutown. These would have
fallen into Washington's hands, had not the Roll's head-o.cabt*rs\>
Explanation of the plan. — This map shows the country around Trenton, and the military operations
there at the close of 1776 and commencement of 1777. A shows the position of Hand's rifle corps on the
26th of December, where they stopped the retreat of the HessiaitS; i. the Virginia troops; £, the Hes-
sians, m, m, m, skirmishes, January ;iu , n, n, Cornwallis, January 3d.
1 The warmest of the conflict took place near the junction of Warren and Perry Streets, and the Pres-
byterian church in Second Street. The enemy laid down their arms on the field between the Presbyterian
church and Park Place, then called the Old Iron-works.
* This is a frame building standing upon Warren Street, opposite Perry, near the corner of Bank Alley.
22 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Complete Victory of the Americans. Washington's Visit to the dying Rail. Parole of Honor Bigned by the Hessian Officers.
ice and high wind prevented General James Irvine1 from crossing the Delaware at Trenton
as previously arranged. The troops at Bordentown, under Donop, might also have been
captured it Cadwalader could have crossed, with his force, at Bristol. He succeeded in
landing a battalion of infantry, but the ice on the margin of the river was in such a con-
dition that it was impossible to get the artillery across. The infantry were ordered back,
and the design was abandoned.
The victory of the Americans at Trenton was complete. They lost in the engagement
only two privates killed, and two others who were frozen to death. The enemy lost six
officers and between twenty and thirty men killed, and twenty-three officers and eight hund-
red and eighty-six non-commissioned officers and privates made prisoners. In addition to
these, many others were found concealed in houses and secured, making the whole number
of prisoners about one thousand. The trophies were six brass field-pieces, a thousand stand
of arms, twelve drums, and four colors. Among the latter was the splendid flag of the An-
spachers."
As the enemy were in the vicinity in greatly superior numbers and appointments, Wash-
ington thought it prudent to recross the Delaware, with his prisoners and spoils, into Penn-
sylvania. At evening they all marched to M'Conkey's Ferry, and reached the place of the
American encampment on the other side before midnight of the day of victory.3 Just be-
fore leaving Trenton, Washington and Greene visited the dying Hessian commander at his
quarters, and, with a heart overflowing with generous emotions in that hour of splendid tri-
umph, the American chief offered the brave Rail those consolations which a soldier and a
Christian can bestow. This kindness and attention from his conqueror soothed the agonies
of the expiring hero. The remembrance of the deed seems to play like an electric spark
around the pen of the historian while recording it.
Well-attested tradition says that Colonel Rail and his troops were, as Washington sup-
posed they would be, yet under the influence of a night's carousal after the Christmas holi-
day. On the morning of the battle, Rail was at the house of Abraham Hunt, who traded
with friend and foe. Hunt was sometimes suspected of being a Tory, but never of being a
The buildings on the left are also of ante-Revolutionary origin. This house was a tavern at the time, kept
by Stacey Potts, the grandfather of Staeey G. and Joseph C. Potts, Esqrs., of Trenton. In a pane of glass,
in the front window on the left of the front door, lower story, may be seen a hole made by a bullet, shot
during the battle. Colonel Rail died in the front room in the second story, immediately over this window.
It is related that a daughter of Mr. Potts, who was at a neighbor's when the firing commenced, was run-
ning toward her father's house, when a musket-ball struck her comb from her head and slightly injured
her scalp.
1 The name of this officer is variously given. Washington, in his dispatch to the President of Congress,
wrote it Ewing ; Marshall, in his Life of Washington, spells it Irvine; Wilkinson, in his Memoirs, has it
Irvin ; Botta, Irwin ; and Gordon, Erwing.
Ewing is the correct name. He was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in 1736. He commenced
his military career under Braddock in 1755, and was with that general when he was slain. He was a
brigadier general of the Pennsylvania militia at the commencement of the Revolution, but did not enter the
regular army. He was vice-president of the commonwealth, under President Dickinson, in 1782, and was
several times member of the State Legislature. He died at his country-seat, in Hellam township in March,
1806, aged seventy years.
' The regiments which surrendered were those of Anspach, Knyphausen, and Rail. The flag here al-
luded to is in the possession of George Washington Parke Custis, Esq., of Arlington House, Virginia, who
has deposited it, with the flag surrendered at Yorktown, and other relics, in the museum at Alexandria,
Virginia. Drawings, with descriptions of these flags, will be found in another part of this work.
3 At the head-quarters of Washington, at Newtown, the captive Hessian olfieers signed the following pa-
role of honor. I copied it, with the accompanying signatures, from the original among Gates's papers, in
the collections of the New York Historical Society.
" We, the Subscribers, Hessian Officers, made Prisoners of War by tho American Army, under Command
of his Excellency, General Washington, at Trenton, on the 26th inst., being allowed Our Liberty, under
such Restrictions as to place as may be from time to time appointed, do give Our parole of Honour, that
we B ill remain at the place, and within the limits appointed for us by his Excellency the General, the Hon-
orable Congress, Council of Safety, or Commissary of Prisoners of War, Peaceably behaving ourselves, and
by no way Send or give Intelligence to the British or Hessian Army, or speak or do any thing disrespectful
or Injurious !o the American States while we remain Prisoners of War.
OF Til F. K EVOLUTION.
23
Colonel Rail's fatal CarousaL
Names and Signatures of the Hessian Officers attached to the Parole.
true Whig, lie had invited Colonel Rail and others to a Christmas supper at his house.
Cards were introduced, and play continued throughout the night, accompanied with wine-
drinking. A negro servant was kept as a sort of porter and warden at the door. Just at
dawn, a messenger came in haste with a note to Colonel Hall, sent by a Tory on the Pen-
nington road, who had discovered the approach of the Americans. The negro refused ad-
mittance to the messenger, saying, " The geriuneu can't he disturbed." The bearer knew the
importance of the note, and, handing it to the negro, ordered him to carry it immediately to
Colonel Rail. Excited by wine, and about to "deal," the colonel thrust the note into his
pocket. Like the Theban polemareh, who. in the midst of a convivial party, on receiving
dispatches relative to a conspiracy, refused to open them, saying, " Business to-morrow," Rail
did not look at the message, but continued his amusement. Soon afterward, the roll of the
American drums fell upon his drowsy ear. The rattle of musketry, the rumble of heavy gun-
carriages, and the tramp of horses aroused his apprehensions, and by the time he could fly to
his quarters and mount his horse, the Americans were driving his soldiers before them like
chart' " Business to-day — pleasure to-morrow," is the motto of all vigilance and thrift.
<~T=
" We will also restrain our Servants anJ Attendants who are allowed to remain with us, as far as in our
power, to the same Conditions.
" Newtown. December 30th, 1776."
M^%d
\jJ>eju&M
Kac Simile of the Signatures.
The following are the names, in English, in the order in which they were signed : F. Scheffer, lieutenant
colonel ; J. A. Von Hanstein, major ; A. C. Steding, captain ; Keller, lieutenant ; Piel, lieutenant ; Graebe,
ensign'; Von Zengen, ensign; Von Hobc, ensign ; J. J. Malthaus, major; Von Biesenrodt, captain; Von
Loewenstein, captain ; Brubaeh, captain; Fobbe, lieutenant ; Kinen, lieutenant ; F. Fisher, lieutenant of
artillery; Fleck, ensign ,■ Von Drack, ensign ; Kleinsmith, ensign; Schroeder, ensign ; Carl. Fried. Fiierer,
ensign, regiment Knyphauten ; Brethaur, lieutenant colonel Rail grenadiers. The last two officers signed
each a separate parole, dated at Trenton Falls, one on the 27th, and the oilier on the 30th of December,
1776. Kleinsmith and Fiierer afterward joined the Americans, and were hung in effigy by the British in
New York.
1 Stedman (a British officer) says that the Hessians felt themselves so secure at Trenton that they neg-
lected almost every service necessary for security. ''When Rhalle," he says, "endeavored to collect his
troops, many of his'men were absent on pillaging parties ; and those who were on the spot were more busily
employed in securing their plunder in wagons than in putting the town in a proper state of defense." —
History of the American War, i., 332.
24
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ketrcat ol the Enemy from Bordentown.
Their Line of Posts broken up.
Good Effect, of the Victory at Trentin.
When the British and Hessians at Bordentown heard of the disaster at Trenton, most of
them retreated to Princeton, while a few fled toward South Amboy and Brunswick. Gen-
Washington's Visit to Colonel Kall.1 (See page 22.J
erals Cadwalader and Miflfin crossed over into New Jersey, with a considerable torce, and
the whole line of the enemy's cantonments along the Delaware was broken up and driven
into the interior. This bold stroke, resulting in brilliant success, was the hinge upon which
the cause of the Americans seemed to turn. The English, who had regarded the patriots
with contempt, and believed their power to be utterly broken, were overwhelmed with as-
tonishment. The Tories and pliant Whigs, lately so exultant and loyal, were greatly alarm-
ed and silent ; while the friends of liberty, rising from the depths of despondency, stood erect
in the pride and strength of their principles, and confident of ultimate complete success. The
prestige of the Hessian name was broken, and the terror which they inspired, as foes invinci-
ble, passed away. The faltering militia flocked with eagerness to the standard of Washing-
ton ; and many of the soldiers of the campaign, who were about to leave the army with dis-
gust, joyfully enlisted. Cornwallis, who was on the eve of departure for England, believing
the rebellion virtually at an end, was ordered back to New Jersey. General Grant, who was
with the main army at New Brunswick, advanced to Princeton, and the British forces in the
Jerseys were as much concentrated in the direction of Trenton as circumstances would allow.
While Washington was achieving the victory at Trenton, the Continental Congress, sit-
ting in Baltimore, were taking measures to strengthen his hands. The extreme jealousy of
a military ascendency, which had hitherto restrained the majority in Congress from giving
the commander-in-chief such ample powers as necessity manifestly demanded, now yielded
' Tin", is a copy, by permission, of a picture by Flag;:, in the possession ol Joseph C. Potts. Esq., of
Trenton. On the left is seen Generals Washington and Greene; in the center is Mrs. Potts, and near her
stands her husband. On the left Colonel Rail reclines upon a couch, and behind him, supporting his pillow,
is his servant. I was informed that the portrait of Rail was painted from a description given by a person
who knew him, and who pronounced the likeness good, as he remembered him.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 25
Washington made a military Dictator. He Re-crosses the Delaware to Occupy Trenton. Efficient .Aid l>y Robert Mom;.
to expediency, and, by a resolution adopted on the 27th of December, before they could
"^ possibly have heard of the affair at Trenton, they constituted Washington, in all re-
spects, a Dictator, in the old Roman sense of the term.1
Inspirited by his success at Trenton, the panic of the enemy, and their retirement from
the Delaware ; his army strengthened by new recruits ami the junction of the militia who
had guarded the lower posts on the river, Washington determined to recross the Delaware
and occupy Trenton, and then make such offensive movements against the British as pru-
Decembcr, dence should dictate. This he accomplished on the 30th. The term of service
177°- of a large portion of the Eastern militia was now about expiring. He prevailed
on them to remain six weeks longer, by promising to each soldier a bounty of ten dollars
The military chest was not in a condition to permit him to fulfill his promise, and he wrote
to Robert Morris, the great patriot financier of the Revolution, for aid, pleading the urgent
necessity of the case. It was necessary to have hard money, and the sum was large. The
requirement seemed almost impossible to meet. Government credit was low, but confidence
in Robert Morris was unbounded. In a desponding spirit, unusual for him, Morris left his
counting-room at a late hour, musing upon the probabilities of meeting the demand. On
his way he met a wealthy Quaker, and made known his wants. " Robert, what security
canst thou give ?" asked the Quaker. •• My note, and my honor," promptly replied Morris.
■■ Thou shalt have it," was the answer ; and the next morning Robert Morris wrote to
Washington, " I was up early this morning to dispatch a supply of fifty thousand dollars to
your excellency. It gives me great pleasure that you have engaged the troops to continue ;
and if further occasional supplies of money are necessary, you may depend on my exertions
either in a public or private capacity."5 Washington, on reaching Trenton, and advised
January a, °f tne approach of Comwallis with a strong force from Princeton, encamped on
the south side of the Assanpink (now in South Trenton), upon the high ground
extending eastward from a small bridge that spanned the stream. He took this position in
order to place the stream between himself and the advancing enemy. The American force,
one half of which was composed of undisciplined militia, was only about five thousand strong :
while that of the enemy was equally large, composed almost exclusively of British regulars.
1 The following is the preamble and resolution :
"This Congress, having maturely considered the present crisis, and having perfect reliance on the wis-
dom, visor, and uprightness of General Washington, do hereby
lire, That General Washington shall be, and he is hereby, vested with full, ample, and complete
powers to raise and collect together, in the mo-[ speedy and effectual manner, from any or all of these
United State- 'talions of infantry, in addition to those already voted by Congress ; to appoint "di-
cers for the said battalions of infantry ; to raise, officer, and equip three thousand light horse, three regi-
ments of artillery, and a corps of engineers, and to establish their pay; to apply to any of the states for
such aid of the militia as he shall judge necessary ; to form such magazines, and in such places, as he shall
think proper; to displace and appoint all officers under the rank of brigadier general, and to fill up all va-
cancies in every other department in the American army ; to take, wherever he may be, whatever he may-
want for the use of the army, if the inhabitants will not sell it, allowing a reasonable price for the same ;
to airest and confine persons who refuse to take the Continental currency, or are otherwise disaffected to
the American cause, and return to the states of which they are citizens their names, and the nature ol their
offenses, together with the witnesses to prove them.
"That the foregoing powers be vested in General Washington for and during the term of' six months
from the date hereof, unless sooner determined by Congress." — Journals of Congress, ii., 47>.
This resolve was transmitted to Washington by the committee of Congress who remained in Philadelphia
when that body adjourned to Baltimore. " Happy is it for this country." they wrote to Washington, l: that
the general of their forces can safely be intrusted with the most unlimited power, and neither personal se-
curity, liberty, nor property be in' the least degree endangered thereby." — MS. teller, Dec. 3\st, 177H.
quoted by Sparks, iv . 652. When Congress adjourned, on the 12th, they gave Washington equal powers,
but did not define them.
- Morris had sent Washington a small s-m of money two days before, and these transactions ere douls
less those alluded to by the writer of the life of Robert Morris, in the fifth volume of the Biography of the
Signers of the Declaration of Independence, who erroneously says, that "it (the money) enabled General
Washington to gain the signal yjctory over the hireling Hessians at Trenton," &e. The sum sent on the
28th of "December was 410 Spanish dollars, two English crowns, half a French crown, and ten and a half
English shillings.
26
P I C T O R I A L FIELD-BOOK
Approach of Cornwallis toward Trenton.
Battles at Trenton Bridge and the Ford.
The Americans in Peril.
Trenton Bridge and Vicinity.3
thoroughly disciplined. Washington sent out strong parties, under General Greene, to har-
ass the enemy on their inarch, and it was almost sunset before Comwallis reached Trenton.
The Americans retreated before him, and
it was with difficulty that they passed over
the bridge to the main army.1 The bridge,
and the ford above, where the rail-way now
crosses, were strongly guarded by artillery.
Cornwallis drew up his army in solid col-
umn, and, marching down Queen (now
Greene) Street, attempted to force the
bridge, but was three times repulsed by the
American cannon. A strong detachmem
also attempted to cross the ford, and get ir.
the rear of the patriots ; but they, too, were
forced back by the vigorous action of can-
non and small-arms. The Americans kept
up a heavy cannonade until dark, when the
British fell back in confusion, having lost
many men.2 At each repulse, the Amer-
icans raised a loud shout along their lines ;
and at last, Cornwallis, believing their force
to be much greater than it really was,
ceased hostilities, lighted his camp-fires, and awaited the morning for further movements.
Washington and his army were now in a most critical situation. It was evident that a
general engagement must take place the next day, and, in such a conflict, the result in favor
of the enemy could hardly be considered doubtful. The commander-in-chief, as usual, called
a council of war. The alternative first proposed was a retreat down the Delaware and a
passage across the river at Philadelphia, or a battle on the spot. Both were considered ex-
tremely hazardous. Washington then proposed a stealthy withdrawal from the Assanpink,
and a circuitous march to Princeton, to get in the enemy's rear, beat up his quarters at that
place, and, if circumstances should be favorable, to fall upon his stores at New Brunswick.
This proposition was approved ; but the ground, on account of a thaw, was too soft to per-
mit an easy transit of their forty pieces of cannon. This was a serious difficulty. While
the council was in session, the wind changed to the northwest, and became so exceedingly
cold that within two hours the ground was as hard as a pavement : the great difficulty
was overcome by a power mightier than that of man. The favorable moment was speedily
improved. Along the front of his army Washington lighted numerous camp-fires, made of
the fences in the neighborhood. These were evidence to the enemy that his antagonist was
encamped for the night ; and Cornwallis assured Sir William Erskine, who urged him to
make an attack that evening, that he would certainly " catch the fox [meaning Washing-
1 See a notice of Mr. Howland, of Providence, in connection with this event, on page 631, vol. i.
- I have not met with any official account of the number killed on this occasion. A writer in the Con-
necticut Journal of January 22, 1777, says the enemy were " obliged to retreat and give over the attempt,
after suffering great loss, supposed at least 150 killed." In a minute account by an eye-witness, published
in the Princeton Whig of November 4, 1842, the writer says "the creek was nearly filled with their dead."
3 This view is from the north side of the Assanpink, a few rods above the bridge, iooking south. The
bridge, seen upon the right, is built of stone, and very strong, and is upon the site of the old one. The creek
is curbed by a dam near the bridge, and forms the sheet of water seen in the picture. The old " Slaeey
Mill" of the Revolution, the largest building in the sketch, was quite dilapidated from the effects of fire
and II 1, when I was there. The two old houses on the left of it are of stone, covered with stucco, and
were there at the time in question. On the bank, between them and the house of Mr. Timothy Abbott, seen
on the extreme left, was a building used as a tavern, in the Revolution. It was demolished a few years ago.
Along the high bank, from the mill eastward to the rail-way, now covered with houses and gardens, and
also westward, some distance toward the Delaware, the Americans were encamped. The bank was being
terraced when I visited Trenton, and will, in time, be a beautiful spot.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
27
Cornwallis Out-generated.
March of the Americans toward Prir
Their Approach discovered hy the Enemy.
ton] in the morning." Great was his astonishment and alarm at dawn to find the patriot
camp-fires still burning, but not a man. nor hoof, nor tent, nor cannon there All was silent
and dreary on the south side of the Assanpink ; and no man of the British army knew
whither the Americans had fled, until the din of battle in the direction of Princeton came
faintly upon the keen morning air at sunrise. Cornwallis heard the booming of cannon,
and, although mid-winter, he thought it was the rumbling of distant thunder. The quick
cur of Erskine decided otherwise, and he exclaimed, "To arms, general! Washington has
o\xl-generaled us. Let us fly to the rescue at Princeton !"
At one o'clock in the morning Washington had silently withdrawn bis army from Tren-
ton, and made his way, along a new road,' toward Princeton, ten miles distant. This cir-
cuitous route was taken to avoid a detachment of the enemy lying at Maidenhead, on the
direct road to Princeton. The baggage was sent down to Burlington. The commander-
in-chief ordered his camp-fires to be kept burning, and the patrols to march their accustomed
rounds until near daylight, when those who fed the flames, and also the patrols, were di-
rected to retreat hastily to the main body. The movement was made with great skill and
order, for the pickets o'f both armies on the Assanpink were within speaking distance of each
other when the fires were lighted and the guards set.
Proceeding by the way of Sandtown (see map on page 21), Washington reached the
upper bridge over Stony Brook, near Princeton, a little
before sunrise, and arranged his column near the Quaker
meeting-house. A brigade of the enemy, under Lieuten-
ant-colonel Mawhood, consisting of the seventeenth, for-
tieth, and fifty-fifth regiments, with three troops of dra-
goons, had quartered in Princeton the previous night :
and at the moment of Washington's arrival, two of the
regiments had commmenced their march for Trenton, to
re-enforce Cornwallis. The main body of the Ameri-
cans, after crossing Stony Brook, wheeled to the right.
and advanced cautiously along a by-road, through low
grounds, directly for Princeton. General Mercer, hav-
ing under him Captains Stone, Fleming, Neal and others, with about three hundred and
fifty men, many of them youths belonging to the first families in Philadelphia, was detached
to take possession of the lower bridge at Worth's Mill, on the old highway to Trenton.
This movement had a three-fold object ; the securing of the bridge, the interception of fu-
gitives from Princeton, and the checking of any retrograde movement of the rear of Corn-
wallis's army.
It was an exceedingly clear, cold, and brilliant morning ; every thing was jeweled with
the hoar frost. As the Americans emerged from behind a piece of woods a little south of
the Quaker meeting-house, their arms glittering in the bright sun, they were discovered by
the seventeenth regiment of the enemy, then under march upon a hill (now Millett's) on
the old Trenton road. Washington observed the enemy at the same moment, and both
commanders prepared for an encounter. Mawhood wheeled both his regiments and recrossed
the bridge, just as Mercer, by a quick movement, reached it. Both parties, by' rapid evo-
Fbiends' Meeting-house.3
1 The venerable Mr. Howland, of Rhode Island, already mentioned, who was with the army in this re-
treat informed me that their process was verv much retarded by the stumps of trees in this new road.
Many were bruised by stumbling over them, and some of the wheels of the baggage-trains were broken.
This'is known as the 'Quaker Road. But for this necessary slowness of march, the Americans would have
reached Princeton before dawn, and very probably been able to push on and capture the British stores at
New Brunswick. ,
s This ancient slone building (1 on the map of the Princeton battle, page 2«) is yet standing, and used
by the Quakers as a place of worship. This sketch is from the yard in front, looking north. I he woods
behind which the Americans marched, after crossing the bridge, yet remain ; and Stony Brook, made sub-
servient to the wants of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, as a feeder, is but little ohanged since its music
was mingled with the din of battle.
28
PICTORIAL FIET.D-BOOK
First Skirmish near Princeton. Effect of British Bayonets. Dispersion of the Americans. Washington on the Field.
lutions, endeavored to get possession of the high ground on the right, toward Princeton, and
Mercer, with his troops, soon reached the house
westward of the house of William Clark
and orchards of Clark, a little
eastward of the present turnpike,,
when, perceiving the British line
approaching from the opposite side
of the height, he pushed through
the orchard to a hedge fence,
from behind which his riflemen
discharged a deadly volley. It
was quickly returned by the ene-
my, who instantly charged. The
Americans were armed only with
rifles, and could not withstand the
furious attack of British bayonets.
After the third fire, they aban-
doned the fence, broke, and fled
in disorder. The enemy pursued
the flying patriots until they came
to the brow of the slope, near
Clark's, when, for the first time,
they discovered the American col-
umn of regulars, and the Penn-
sylvania militia, commanded by
Washington in person, advancing
to the support of Mercer. The
flying Americans were checked
and speedily arranged in battle
order. Captain Moulder's artil-
lery formed in battery on the right
of Thomas Clark's house, about
a quarter of a mile south of the
scene of the first conflict. Maw-
hood discovered the commanding
form of Washington passing from
column to column, and bringing
order out of confusion. lie imme-
diately ceased pursuit, and, draw-
ing up his artillery, attempted to charge and take Moulder's battery. The effort was vain.
Being dreadfully galled by the grape-shot of the patriots, and perceiving Hitchcock's and an-
other Continental regiment advancing from behind the American column, Mawhood wheeled,
and retreated toward the high ground in the rear, leaving his artillery upon the field. These
the Americans were unable to carry off, on account of a want of horses. The action con-
Note. — This plan of the battle of Princeton I copied from a large drawing in the library of Princeton
ii.'liL"'. made i'huii surveys by Professor Albeit B. Dod, and drawn by W. A. Dud and S. B. Alexander.
Explanation of the References. — a, head of the American column when first seen by the British; b, head
of column after Mercer's engagement; o, retreat of the British; **, pursuit of the Americans; 1 Qua-
ker meeting-house; 2, Clark's house, where .Mercer died; 3, 4, the British seventeenth regiment; 5, 6
Mercer beginning the battle; 7 8, the seventeenth attempting to dislodge Moulder: 9, '0. I'ennsvl-ania
militia under Washington; 11, Hitchcock's regiment; 13, display ol Continentals ; 14, Nassau Hall, or
Princeton College, in the village; 15, Richard Stockton's residence, and Cornwallis's head-quarters for a
time; 16, Worth's Mill, on Stony Brook; 17, Milieu's, the position of the seventeenth regiment at sun-
rise; 18, the fortieth and fifty-filth regiments of the British retreating, after the action, toward Rocky Hill.
The rail-way station is seen upon the Delaware and Raritan Canal, southeast of Princeton village
OF THE RE VOL ITU i\
2 9
General Mercer mortally Wounded by Bayonets. His Bravery till the Last Place of his DeaUi. View of the Battleground
tinued only about fifteen minutes, but was very severe. Washington was exposed to the
hottest fire, while encouraging the militia by voice and example. General Mercer dis-
mounted after the first fire, the gray horse he was
riding having been disabled by a musket-ball that
wounded his fore leg ; and while on foot, endeavoring
to rally his broken troops, he was felled to the ground
by a blow from a musket dealt by a British soldier.
When his rank was discovered, the enemy, believing {-
it to be Washington, raised an exulting shout, and -
cried, " The rebel general is taken !" Several rushed A "■ Js
to the spot, exclaiming, " Call for quarters, you d — d C~V| n
rebel !" " I am no rebel," cried Mercer, indignantly,
while half a dozen bayonets were at his breast ; and, j
View of the Battle-ground near Princeton.1
instead of calling for quarter, he determined to die fighting. He struck several blows at
his enemies with his sword, when they bayoneted him and left him for dead." Upon the
retreat of the British, General Mercer was conveyed to the house of Thomas Clark (now
John Clark's), then a new building, where he was tenderly nursed by the late Miss Sarah
Clark, of the Society of Friends, and a colored woman belonging to the family. He January,
languished in great pain until the 12th, when he expired in the arms of Major n"
1 This view, looking north, is from the carriage gate of Mr. John Clarke, owner of the house in which
General Mercer .lied, which is situated about seventy rods from the Trenton turnpike. Thai dwelling is
represented in the foreground of the picture, on the extreme right. The distant view includes almost the
whole field of action. Near the center of the 'picture, over the head of the dark figure, is scon the house
of William Clark, and his out-boildings. The barn, a little move to the left, with a tree in front, is upon
the spot from whence Mercer rushed forward to the hedge-fence. That fence was upon the line of the
present turnpike, denoted in the sketch by the fence passing down the slope beyond the large tree on the
extreme left. The " high ground" for which both parties were aiming, to sei are advantage, is seen in
the extreme distance The dark spot between the tree in the second field and the barn denotes the spot
where Mercer fell. The house of William Clark, in the distance, is about a quarter of a mile from the one
in the foreground, where Mercer died. The hollow between the twe houses was the space between the
belligerents when Washington advanced to the support of Mercer. The place of conflict is about a mile
and a quarter south of Princeton. The turnpike passes directly through it.
2 The story went abroad, at that time, lhat General Mercer was cruelly bayoneted after he had delivered
up his sword ; but his dying assertion that he did not give up his weapon until he was powerless to wield
it, exonerates the British soldiery from this foul accusation.
30
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Loss of the Americans.
Death of General Mercer.
His Monument
Skirmish near Nassau Hall in Princeton.
George Lewis, a nephew of Washington, and captain of the horse guards.1 Dr. Benjamin
Rush was also with him until he died.2
The loss of the Americans in this engagement was about thirty, among whom, besides
General Mercer, were Colonels Haslet and Potter, Major Morris, Captains Shippen, Flem-
ing, and Neal, all officers of much promise. The loss of General Mercer was irreparable.
He had been a companion in arms with Washington in the campaign against the French
and Indians in 1755, and was greatly beloved by all. Highly educated, patriotic, brave,
and noted for strict integrity, he was regarded as one of the most promising of the general
officers with whom the chief was associated. He fell at the moment of victory, for the next
instant the shout of success from American lips greeted his ear. Among those of the en-
emy, mortally wounded, was Captain William Leslie, a son of the Scotch Earl of Levin, of
whom mention is made in the note on page 332, vol. i.
The broken and routed seventeenth regiment fled to the Trenton road, crossed the bridge,
and hastened to join Cornwallis, who had been brought forward with great haste by the
firing. Washington pushed on to Princeton, and in a ravine near the college encountered
a sharp resistance from the fifty-fifth regiment. This corps was also routed, and fled to-
ward Brunswick, accompanied by the fortieth, which took little part in the action. In the
college buildings at Princeton (which, with the Presbyterian church, had been used for bar-
1 Washington first heard that Mercer was killed on the battle-field, and it was not until he reached Som-
erset Court-house that he was apprised of the true situation of that officer. He immediately dispatched
young Lewis, with a flag, to Cornwallis, requesting that every possible attention might be paid to the
wounded general, and asking permission for Lewis to remain with him. Cornwallis cheerfully complied
with the request.
2 On the 14th of January, 1777, the body of General Mercer was conveyed to Philadelphia, and buried
in Christ Church-yard. Over it was placed a plain marble slab, with the simple inscription, " In memory
of Gen. Hugh Mercer, who fell at Princeton, Jan. 3d, 1777." There his dust reposed until 1840, when
his countrymen of the St. Andrew's and the Thistle Society
removed his remains to Laurel Hill Cemetery, and erected a
beautiful marble monument to his memory, near the chapel.
The funeral ceremonies took place on the 26th of November.
William B. Reed, Esq., pronounced a eulogium on the oc-
casion. The pall was borne by Commodores Read, Biddle,
and Stewart, and Colonel Miller. The First Troop of City
Cavalry, which took part in the battle of Princeton, com-
posed the guard of honor. There are no survivors of the
original corps. The monument was made by John Struth-
ers and Son, Philadelphia, and bears the following inscrip-
tions, which give the most important incidents of his public
life. East side, or principal front : " Dedicated to the Mem-
ory of General Hugh Mercer, who fell for the Sacred
Cause of Human Liberty, and American Independence, in
the Battle of Princeton. Ho poured out his blood for a Gen-
erous Principle." West tide: "General Mercer, a Phy-
sician of Fredericksburg, in Virginia, was distinguished for
his skill and learning, his gentleness and decision, his refine-
ment and humanity, his elevated honor, and his devotion to
the great cause of Civil and Religious Liberty." North side .
"General Mercer, a native of Scotland, was an assistant
Surgeon in the Battle of Culloden, and the companion of
Washington in the Indian Wars of 1755 and 1756. He received a Medal from the Corporation of Phila-
delphia, for his courage and conduct in the Expedition against the Indian Settlement of Kittaning."* South
side : " The St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia offer this humble tribute to the memory of an illustrious
Bbothek. When a grateful posterity shall bid the trophied memorial rise to the martyrs who sealed with
their blood the charter of an Empire's liberties, there shall not be wanted a monument to him whom
H bingtoh mourned as the worthy and brave Mercer." General Mercer was about fifty-six years of
age when he was slain.
Monument to General Mercer.
* Dr. Mercer resided at Fredericksburg when the Revolution broke out. He espoused the cause, left his profession, com
mended time regiments of minute-men in 1773, and in 1776 drilled and organized large bodies of Virginia militia. On the 5th
of June, 177G, Congress gavo him the commission of a brigadier. Congress resolved (see Journals, iii., 98) that a monument
should bo erected to his memory at Fredericksburg, and that his youngest son should be educated at the expense of the [to-
public The monument layel to tn i rected The Bon (Colonel Hugh Mercer, of Fredericksburg) was educated, and vet (1854)
survives, at the age of about fourscore
OF TH E R EVOLUTION.
31
Nassau Hall, Princeton College.
Destruction of tho King's Portrait in Nassau Hall. Prisoners taken. Skirmish nt Worth's Mills. Cornwallid at Princeton.
racks by the enemy) there remained a portion of a regiment. Washington drew up some
cannon within a short distance of these buildings, and commenced firing upon them. The
iirst ball, it is said, entered the pray-
er hall, a room used as a chapel, and
passed through the head of a portrait
of George the Second, suspended in a
large frame upon the wall. After a
few discharges, Captain James Moore,
of the Princeton militia, with a few
others of equal daring, burst open a
door of Nassau Hall, and demanded the
surrender of the troops within. They
instantly complied, and, with several
invalids, were made prisoners.
At the close of" the action at Clark's,
where Mawhood, with the seventeenth,
was routed, Washington detached a
small party, under Major Kelley, of the
Pennsylvania militia, to destroy the
bridge over Stony Brook, at Worth's
Mills. They had scarcely begun the work of destruction when the van of the British
troops, advancing from Trenton upon Princeton, appeared upon the hill at Millett's. Corn-
wallis heard the firing in the direction of Princeton, and suspecting the object of his enemy
to be the seizure of his stores at New Brunswick, he made a forced march in pursuit, and
arrived near Stony Brook just after the first and decisive battle had been fought. When
the British discovered the party engaged in demolishing the bridge, they opened upon them
a discharge of heavy round-shot, which drove them away ; not, however, until the loose
planks were thrown into the stream, and the bridge was rendered impassable for the artil-
lery and baggage. Delay was dangerous, perhaps fatal, and Comwallis ordered the troops
to dash into and ford the swollen stream.'
It was almost breast-deep, and half filled
with ice ; yet the soldiers obeyed, and, in
their mail of frozen clothes, hastened on to-
ward Princeton. When near the town, the
advanced guard was brought to a halt by
the discharge of an iron thirty-two-pounder,
which the enemy had left on a temporary
breast-work at the west end of the village.2
Comwallis, apprehending that Washington
had determined to make a stand at Prince-
ton, halted his column, and sent out recon-
noitering parties of horsemen. In the mean
while, a large detachment approached the
itiuDGE at Worth's Mills. ^
' Major Kelley continued cutting away a portion of the bridge while the balls of the enemy were men-
acing his life. He was cutting away a log on which some of the timbers p-stril. when it l'-ivo way sooner
than was expected, and he was precipitated into the stream. His men, supposing him to be lost, fled to
Princeton. He got out of the water; but his frozen clothes and exhaustion so retarded his progress, that
he was made a prisoner by the enemy.
3 This cannon is now in the center of the Campus, in the rear of the College of New Jersey, at Prince-
ton. It was one of the pieces which Washington was unable to carry away with him.
3 This substantial stone bridge, over Stony Brook, is upon the site of the wooden one destroyed on the
3d of January, 1777. The old mill on the left is now owned by Josiah S. Worth, a son of the proprietor
during the Revolution. This sketch was made from the road on the bank of the stream, along which Mer-
cer and his detachment marched to secure the bridge.
32 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Disappointment of the Enemy. The Loss sustained. Washington's Pursuit. Fatigue of the Americans.
battery cautiously, intending to take it by storm. These movements delayed them an hour,
and when they arrived at the breast-work and the village, great was their astonishment and
chagrin to find both deserted, and not a rebel in sight ! Washington, with his little army
and prisoners, was far on his way toward the Millstone River, in hot pursuit of the fortieth
and fifty-fifth regiments.
The battle at Princeton and its results, following closely upon the brilliant affair at Tren-
ton, produced a strong impression upon the public mind favorable to the commander-in-chief
and the patriot cause. Considering the numbers engaged, it was one of the severest con-
flicts of the war, and in no engagement did the skill and bravery of both parties appear mora
conspicuously. The enemy lost about one hundred in killed, and three hundred in wound-
ed and prisoners. The loss of the Americans was about one hundred, including severa'
valuable officers. Never was a general more exposed to death than was Washington,
when leading the troops to the support of Mercer's riflemen ; yet he escaped without a
wound.1
Washington pursued the fugitive regiments as far as Kingston, beyond the Millstone Riv-
er, three miles northeast of Princeton. There he held a council of war with his officers, on
horseback. The rich prize at New Brunswick was very tempting, and a wish was gener-
ally expressed to continue the march thither and secure the British stores. Such a step
would have been fatal ; for Cornwallis, with fresh troops, and superior in numbers, was in
close pursuit ; while the Americans, who had fought at Trenton on the 2d, marched all
night before the battle of Princeton on the 3d, and had not slept for thirty-six hours, were
completely exhausted. More than half of them had not been able to procure breakfast or
dinner ; many were destitute of shoes or stockings, and in every way were utterly unable to
contend with an enemy. To save his army, Washington filed off on the left, at Kingston,
along a narrow road running to Rocky Hill. He destroyed the bridge at Kingston, which
checked the progress of Cornwallis for some time, and, after having crossed the Millstone
twice, he reached Pluckemin that evening. On the way, overcome by fatigue, many sol-
diers lay down and slept on the frozen ground. Washington remained no longer at riuck-
emin than to give his troops rest and refreshments, and then advanced to Morristown, where
he established his winter quarters. His subsequent movements, by which New Jersey was
soon purged of the enemy, are mentioned on page 307, vol. i.
Cornwallis repaired, and then crossed the bridge at Kingston, and, believing Washington
to be on the road to New Brunswick, pushed eagerly forward — so eagerly, over the rough
1 Mr. Custis, in his Recollections nf the Life and Character of Washington, gives a graphic picture of
the scene when the commander-in-chief brought the militia and riflemen into action. " The discomfited
Americans rally on the instant, and form into line. The enemy halt, and dress their line. The American
chief is between the adverse posts, as though he had been placed there a target, for both. The arms of
both are leveled. Can escape from death be possible ? Fitzgerald (Washington's aid), horror-struck at
the death of his beloved commander, dropped the reins upon his horse's neck, and drew his hat over his
face, that he might not see him die. A roar of musketry succeeds, and then a shout. It was the shout of
victory. The aid-de-camp ventures to raise
his eyes. Oh, glorious sight ! the enemy are
broken and flying ; while dimly, amid the
glimpses of the smoke, is seen the chief alive,
unharmed, and without a wound, waving his
hat, and cheering his comrades to the pur-
suit. Colonel Fitzgerald, celebrated as one
of the finest horsemen in the American army,
now dashed his rowels in his charger's flanks,
and, heedless of the dead and dying in his
way, flew to the side of the chief, exclaiming,
'Thank God! your excellency is safe!' while the favorite aid, a gallant and warm-hearted son of Erin, a
man of thews and sinews (and albeit unused to the melting mood), gave loose to his feelings, and wept
like a child, for joy. Washington, ever calm amid scenes of the greatest excitement, affectionately grasped
the hand of hi> aid and friend, and then ordered, ' Away, my dear colonel, and bring up the troops ; the
day is our own !' ''
OF Til E If EVOLUTIO S .-,.;
Capture of British Baggage-wagons. Evacuation of New Jersey by the British. Estimate of Washington's Character in Europe.
and frozen roads, that several of liis baggage-wagons were broken down. Leaving them in
charge of a detachment of between two and three hundred men,' he pressed onward, and
reached New Brunswick at sunset. Again the Americans had eluded his pursuit ; yet he
rejoiced in the safety of his stores.
The armed parties frequently sent out by Washington from his hill-quarters were gener-
ally successful, and the people, incensed at the had faith of the English and the depreda-
tions of the Hessians, joined the Americans in all their expeditions. The British quarters
were straitened, their supplies were cut off, and in a short time New Jersey was evacuated
by the enemy. Alluding to these results, the eloquent Charles Botta observes, " Achieve-
ments so stirring gained for the American commander a very great reputation, and were re-
garded with wonder by all nations, as well as by the Americans. The prudence, constancy,
and noble intrepidity of Washington was admired and applauded by all. By unanimous
consent he was declared to he the savior of his country ; all proclaimed him equal to the
most renowned commanders of antiquity, and especially distinguished him by the name of
the American Fabtos. His name was in the mouths of all ; he was celebrated by the pens
jf the most distinguished writers. The most illustrious personages of Europe lavished upon
him (heir praises and their congratulations.2 The American general, therefore, wanted nei-
ther a cause full of grandeur to defend, nor occasion for the acquisition of glory, nor genius
to avail himself of it, nor the renown due to his triumphs, nor an entire generation of men
perfectly well disposed to render him homage."
Washington exercised the dictatorial powers which Congress had conferred upon him
with energy and great circumspection, and with a single eye to the good of his country. His
recommendations were promptly seconded by Congress, and soon great vitality was visible
every where. He took care to provide for meritorious officers in his appointments, when or-
ganizing the sixteen battalions authorized by Congress. At that time public clamor was
strong against Dr. Morgan,3 the successor of the traitor, Church, as head of the medical de-
1 A small company of fifteen or twenty militia, having learned the situation of this baggage, resolved to
capture it. After dark, they arranged themselves among the trees, in a semicircular form, around the place
where the soldiers were guarding their wagons, and, on a concerted signal, they set up a tremendous shout,
and commenced firing. The British, believing the assailants to be as strong in numbers as themselves, and
taken completely by surprise, retreated with a few of the wagons that were fit for traveling, and tied to
Xew Brunswick. Those left behind were taken to the American camp, and found to contain, what the
army greatly needed, woolen clothes.
- It is said that Frederic the Great of Prussia declared that the achievements of Washington and his little
band of compatriots, between the 25th of December and the 4th of January, were the most brilliant of any-
recorded in the annals of military achievements.
3 Morgan afterward procured an inquiry into his conduct by a committee of Congress, and was honora-
ry acquitted. Doctor John Morgan was born in Philadelphia in 1735. He completed Ins medical stud-
ies under Dr. Redman, and entered the army as surgeon and lieutenant during the French and Indian war
He went to Europe, to prosecute his studies, in 1760, where
he attended the lectures of the celebrated Hunter. He was
admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1764. lb-
returned to Philadelphia in 1765, and was elected professor
(jf the theory and practice of medicine in the medical school
founded bv Dr. Shippen and others. He was ever active in
literary and scientific projects. He was appointed by Congress director general and physioian-in-chiel to
the general hospital in 1775. in place of Dr. Church, and immediately repaired to bead-quarters ;it Cam-
bridge. He was removed from office, without just cause, in 1777.* lie died October 15. 1789, aged
about fifty-four years. Dr. Benjamin Rush was his successor in the professor's chair.
* The following are the names of the principal officers in the medical department, appointed on the 11th of April, 1777: Will-
iam Shippen, Jan., director general : Waller Junes, physician general of the hospital in the middle department; Benjamin Rush,
surgeon general of the hospital in the middle department ; John Cochran, physician and surgeon general of the army in the
middlcdepartment; Isaac Forster, deputy director general of the hospital in the eastern department ; Amini Ruhannah Cutter
physician general of the hospital in the eastern department; PhUip Turner, I I 1 of the same ; William Burnet, phy-
sician and surgeon general of the army in the eastern department; Jonathan Polls, deputy director general of the hospital in
the northern department; Malaehi Treat, physician genera! of the same; Dr. Forque, surgeon general of the same; John Bart
lett, physician and surgeon general of the army in the northern departni Dl
H. c
;;4 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Appointment of general Officers for the Continental Army. Ita Reorganization. Visit to the Princeton Battleground
partment, and he was dismissed by Congress, and Dr. Shippen,' of Philadelphia, j„mmry9
was appointed in his place, with Dr. Craik" as his assistant. 1777-
On the 19th of February, Stirling, St. Clair, Lincoln, Mifflin, and Stephen were
commissioned as major generals ; while Arnold, on account of his conduct at Mont-
real, where he obeyed the injunction " put money in thy purse," at the expense of honor
and honesty, was overlooked. This soured him, and doubtless planted the first noxious seed
of treason in his heart. During the spring, eighteen new brigadiers3 were commissioned.
Four regiments of horse were enlisted, under Colonels Bland, Baylor, Sheldon, and Moylan.
Cadwalader and Reed were both, in turn, offered the general command of the horse, but
declined. Timothy Pickering was appointed adjutant general in the place of Joseph Reed,
who had resigned. Mifflin remained at the head of the quarter-master's department, which
was regulated, and more thoroughly organized by the appointment of subalterns. Congress
attempted to reorganize the commissary department, and claimed the right to make subor-
dinate appointments. So much did this new arrangement interfere with the efficiency of
the department, that Joseph Trumbull, Jun., commissary general, resigned. The meddling
of Congress with the smaller appointments and the minute affairs of chief officers in the
various departments of the army, was very mischievous in effect ; for the personal friends
of members of that body, often incompetent, were appointed to places requiring talent, en-
ergy, and honesty. On the whole, however, the army was upon a better footing in the
spring of 1777 than it had ever been.
I visited Princeton and the battle-grounds subsequently to my tarry at Trenton when on
my way south. It was a very cold evening in December when I arrived there December is,
from Philadelphia, the snow about ten inches deep upon the ground. Early 1849-
the next morning, in company with Colonel Cumming of Princeton, who kindly offered to
accompany me, I rode first to the battle-ground and Clark's house, where General Mer-
cer died, and made the sketch on page 29. The air was very keen, and the snow half
knee-deep, circumstances which were quite unfavorable to deliberate sketching in the open
fields. 1 persevered, however, and was successful in delineating such objects as I desired
From Clark's house we crossed the fields to the Quaker meeting-house, and then rode to
the bridge at Worth's Mills, where I made the sketch on page 31. Returning to Prince-
ton on the old Trenton road, we met Mr. Worth, an aged man, and present proprietor of
1 William Shippen was a graduate of the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, in the class of 1754.
He completed his medical education at Edinburgh. He delivered the first lectures on anatomy ever pro-
nounced in America, at Philadelphia, in 1764; and on the finishing of the medical school in that city, he
was appointed its first professor of anatomy, in 1765. He first addressed ten students;* he lived to ad-
dress two hundred and fifty at one time. He was appointed director general of the medical department
on the 11th of April, 1777. He resigned his professorship in the medical college, in 1806, into the hands
of his colleague, Dr. Wistar. Dr. Shippen died at Germantown, July the 11th, 1808, aged seventy-four
years.
* James Craik was a native of Scotland. He accompanied Wash-
ington in the expedition against the French and Indians i
in 1755 was with Braddock, and assisted in dressin
He was director general of the hospital at the siege <
1781. After the war, Washington invited him to settle i
Vernon, and he was the physician of the patriot chief until his death.
He died in Fairfax county, Virginia, February 6, 1814, aged eighty-three years.
3 These were Poor, of New Hampshire ; Glover, Paterson, and Learned, of Massachusetts ; Varnum, of
Rhode Island ; fedediah Huntington, of Connecticut ; George Clinton, of New York ; Wayne, De Hoax, Cad-
walader, Hand, and Reed, of Pennsylvania ; Weeden, Muh/enhirg, Woodford, and Scott, of Virginia ; Nash,
of North Carolina; and Conway, an Irishman by birth, but a Frenchman by education.
' Dr. Shippen experienced a great deal of persecurion when he first commenced his lectures on anatomy, a good deal of feel-
ing against him having been excited by the utterance of horrid tales respecting his dissections. The public mind was filled
with ideas such as made the burden of the Ghost's Complaint
" The body-snatchers ! they have come Don't go to weep upon my grave,
And made a snatch at mc ; And think that there I be ;
It's very hard them kind of men They haven't left an atom there
Won't let a body be! i M my anatomy !"
ompanied Wash- ^ A /I ' J
ms in 1754; and £ «^ // \ - . /,
!ing his wounds. /fPL/ * \ SJ/£stJ~\J
; ol'Yorktown, in /I \*S s^S
ettle near Mount //
<H' THE REVOLUTION.
35
Morven, Stockton's 1
DieolHted l>y thl ' '
Suffering! And Death of the Owner.
Annia Stockton
the mill, who gave me a narrative of events there, substantially as related. We Btopped
at Morven. in the suburbs of Princeton. This is the homestead estate of Commodore Stock-
ton, and the residence, during the Revolution, of his paternal grandfather, Richard Stockton,
one of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence. There, affluence and
taste lent its power in dispensing its
blessings to the poor, and in creating
the joys of social intercourse, before
tin- Revolution ; there, suffering and
woo held terrible rule after Cornwaliis
and his artnv swept over the plains of
Now Jersey. Like others of the sign-
ers of the great Declaration, Mr. Stock-
ton was marked for peculiar vengeance
by the enemy. So suddenly did the
flying Americans pass by in the au-
tumn of 177G, and so soon were the
Hessian vultures and their British com-
panions on the trail, that he had barely time to remove his family to a place of safety before
his beautiful mansion was filled with rude soldiery. The house was pillaged ; the horses
and stock were driven away ; the furniture was converted into fuel ; the choice old wines
in the cellar were drunk ; the valuable library and all the papers of Mr. Stockton were com-
mitted to the flames, and the estate was laid waste. The plate had been hastily buried in
the woods, in boxes. A treacherous servant revealed their place of concealment, and two
}f the boxes were disinterred and rifled of their contents ; the other was saved.2 Mr. Stock-
ton and his family took refuge with a friend in Monmouth county. His place of conceal-
ment was discovered by a party of refugee Loyalists, who entered the house at night, drag-
ged him from his bed, and, treating him with every indignity which malice could invent,
hurried him to Amboy, and from thence to New York, where he was confined in the loath-
some provost jail. There he suffered dreadfully ; and when, through the interposition of
Congress, he was released, his constitution was hopelessly shattered, and he did not live to
see the independence of his country achieved. He died at Morven, in Princeton, in Feb-
ruary, 1781, blessed to the last with the tender and affectionate attentions of his Annis,
whom he called " the best of women."1 Night and day she was at his bed-side, and when
his spirit was about to depart, she wrote, impromptu, several verses, of which the following
is indicative of her feelings :
" Oh, coulil I take the fate to him assign'd,
And leave the helpless family their head,
How pleased, how peaceful to my lot rcsign'd.
I'd quit the nurse's station for the bed !"
Morven is a beautiful spot, and, hallowed by such associations, it is exceedingly attractive
to the resident and stranger.
1 This sketch is from the lawn in front, which is shaded by venerable pines and other ornamental trees.
The mansion stands upon level grounds, beautifully laid out, having carriage entrances from the street.
Every thing was covered with snow when I was there, and dreariness prevailed where summer charms
delight the visitor.
; Mrs. Elicit, in an interesting biography of Annis Stockton, the wife of the signer, says that Mrs. Field,
her daughter, now residing in Princeton, has several pieces of silver that were in this box. She also re-
lates that when Mrs. Stockton (who was quite a literary lady) heard of the destruction of the library, she
remarked that there were two books in it she would like to have saved — the Bible, and Young's Night
Thoughts. Tradition says that these two books were the only ones left. Mrs. Field has in her possession
the original portraits of her father and mother. Both were pierced with bayonets. — Women of the Revo-
lution, iii., 16.
3 A biographical sketch of Mr. Stockton may be found among those of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence, printed in the Supplement. His portrait is in the frontispiece of this volume
3fi PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Nassau Hall. Governor Belcher's Donation. Rittenhouse's Planetarium. Life of its Inventor.
Nassau Hall, the principal edifice of the College of New Jersey, is a spacious building,
one hundred and seventy-six feet long, fifty wide, and four stories high, built of stone. It
was erected in 1757. The college was commenced by Jonathan Dickinson, in Elizabeth-
town, and was first incorporated in 1756. Governor Belcher was one of its earliest and
most efficient patrons. He made " generous donation of his library of books,' with other val-
uable ornaments," to the college ; and, upon his recommendation, Nassau Hall was so called
in memory " of the glorious King William the Third, who was a branch of the illustrious
house of Nassau." The Hall stands in the center of spacious grounds, fronting on the prin-
cipal street in Princeton. The edifice on the left of Nassau Hall, containing the college
library and the philosophic hall, was erected after a conflagration in 1802. The library
contains about eight thousand volumes, and the libraries of two societies of the institution
about four thousand more, making twelve thousand volumes. There is also a mineralogical
cabinet, a museum of natural history, and a fine collection of drawings made for the pur-
pose of elucidating lectures on astronomy and architecture. There is also a good collection
of philosophical apparatus there, which includes that wonderful piece of scientific mechan-
ism, the planetarium of Doctor David Rittenhouse.2 Through the politeness of Professor
MacLean, I was permitted to examine its construction, and view the wonderful precision
with which the machinery performed its difficult functions. On the front is inscribed, ■• In-
vented by David Rittenhouse, A.D. 1768 ; repaired and extended by Henry Voigiit.
1806 ; both of Philadelphia." Dr. Gordon, writing in 1790, says of this planetarium,
" There is not the like in Europe. An elegant and neatly-ornamented frame rises perpen-
dicular near upon eight feet, in the front of which you are presented, in three several apart-
ments, with a view of the celestial system, the motions of the planets around the sun, and
the satellites about the planets. The wheels, Sea., that produce the movement are behind
the wooden perpendicular frame in which the orrery is fixed. By suitable contrivances, you
in a short time tell the eclipses of the sun and moon for ages past and ages to come ;'the
like in other cases of astronomy." It is said that it was Lord Cornwallis's intention to carry
this planetarium away, and take it to England with him ; but the Americans kept him too
busily engaged in affairs of greater personal moment, while in Princeton, to permit him to
plunder the college of this great treasure. This intention on the part of an enemy was not
as reprehensible as the proposition which Silas Deane, the American commissioner, made,
who suggested the propriety of presenting it to the French government as a bonus for its
good will !
I have mentioned that the first cannon-ball which entered Nassau Hall, when Washing-
ton opened u. fire upon it, passed through the portrait of George the Second, and destroyed
it. The frame was uninjured, and left suspended upon the wall. It is alleged that Wash-
1 It consisted of four hundred and seventy-four volumes, many of them very rare and of great value. The
Hall bein;; used alternately by the American and British troops during the war, a large portion of the books
were purloined or destroyed. The few that remained were destroyed by fire in 1800, when the Hall was
burned, leaving nothing but the strong walls, which were not materially injured by the fire.
J David Rittenhouse was born near Germantown, Pennsylvania, on the 8th of April, 1 732. His ancestors
were from Holland. His early life was spent in agricultural pursuits, and was marked by a love of math-
ematical studies. Feeble health would not allow him to pursue the labor of a farm, and he became, by
self-instruction, a proficient clock and mathematical instrument maker. It was while working at his trade
he planned and executed his orrery, a piece of mechanism far superior, for its intended purposes, to any
thing before constructed. It was purchased by the College of New Jersey. Another was made by him,
after the same model, for the Colleue of Philadelphia. He pursued his trade in that city for several years.
His first philosophical publication was an account of his calculations of the transit of Venus, as it was to
happen on the 3d of June, 1769. He observed the phenomenon, a spectacle never seen but twice before
by an inhabitant of earth, and he was so much affected by its proof of the accuracy of his calculations, that
he fainted. He was encaged in Government surveys, fixing territorial boundaries, ecc, during the Revo-
lution, and became one of the leading practical philosophers of the day. On the death of Franklin in 1791,
he was chosen president of the Philosophical Society, which ollice he held by annual election until his death
He was treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1789. In 1792 he was appointed director of the Mint of
the United States, but his ill health compelled him to resign the office in 1795. He died on the 26th ol
June, 1796. aged sixty-four years. His birth-place is yet standing, a mile west of Germantown
OF Til i: l; i: v OLUTION.
37
Portraits of Washin^non ami Mercer by Peale.
Character of the College of A
itigton, in order to make good to the college the damage sustained by the cannonade, made
the trustees a present, from his private purse, of two hundred and fifty dollars, which sum
they expended in procuring a full-length
portrait of the commander-in-chief. It
was painted by Charles Wilson Peale,
and occupies the identical frame in which
hung the king's portrait. The annexed
sketch is an outline of this interesting pic-
ture. In the back-ground i- >••■■][ Xassau
Hall, anil in the middle and fore-ground
a sketch of the battle of Princeton, in
which the death of Mercer is represented.
The portrait of Mercer there given was
painted from his brother, who sat for it,
and who greatly resembled him. It was
considered a good likeness by those who
knew the general. The portrait given
below I copied from Peale's picture., in
which I have preserved the languid ex-
pression of a wounded man, as given him
by the artist. On the left is seen a por-
tion of the skirt of Washington's coat, and
his chapean. Many pleasing memories
crowd upon the mind of the visitor to this
ancient seat of learning, whine so large a
number of the active young men of the
Revolution who lived in the Middle States
were educated. Under the guidance of
the learned and patriotic Dr vVitherspoon,
who in the pulpit, academic hall, or leg
islative forum, was the champion of good,
it was the nursery of patriots. He was a lineal descendant of John Knox, the noble Scotch
reformer ; and, like that bold ancestor, he never shrank from
the post of danger, if called to it by duty. Like Yale under
Daggett, and Harvard under Langdon, (In- GoUege nf ,V« w
Jersey, under Witherspoon, made its influence felt in the coun-
cil ami the field during the war lor independence.
Of the meetings of Congress at Princeton in 1783, and
the Farewell Address of General Washington to the armies
KorcmberS, of the United States, written at Rocky Hill, a
1783. few miles distant, I shall hereafter write. Let
us now return to Trenton.
As I hoped and anticipated, the storm that came down
so furiously, on my return from M'Conkey's Ferry, subsid-
ed during the night, and the
morning sun came forth, only half hidden by broken clouds.
Accompanied by Mr Smythe, my companion on the previous
day when I visited the ferry. I went out early to view and
sketch localities of interest about Trenton, all of which are
given in preceding pages, except " White Hall," a large stone
building, standing on the south side of Front Street. This
was used for barracks by the Hessians during their occupancy
of Trenton in 177G.
I'eale's Washington.
General Mercer.
'White Hai.
3 8 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Floral Arch in Honor oi Washington. Hi • triumphal Journey.
I called upon Stacey (i. Potts, Esq., who kindly permitted me to copy a picture in his pos-
session, painted by G. W. Flagg, and illustrating the interesting scene of the capture of Emily
Gieger, an incident of one of Greene's Southern campaigns. The picture and narrative will
be found in another pan ot this work. Mr. Potts informed me that the floral arch erected in
honor of Washington, while on his way from Mount, Vernon to New York City to take the
oath of office as President of the United Slates, was erected upon the bridge over the Assan-
pink, close by the " Stacey Mill." seen in the picture on page 26. The arch was preserved
on the premises of the Misses Barnes, near the Episcopal church in Warren Street, until 1824,
when it was placed in front of the State House to grace the reception of La Fayette. Re-
mains of the arch, when I visited Trenton, were in the possession of Dr. Francis Ewing of
that city, and supported the branches of a venerable rose-bush in his garden. With a notice
of the events connected with that arch we will close the historic volume, and bid adieu to
Trenton.
The journey of Washington from Mount Vernon to New York was like a triumphal march.
He had hardly left his porter's lodge when he was met by a company of gentlemen from Al-
exandria, who escorted him to that town.1 Every where the people gathered to see him as
1 As the address delivered to Washington on that occasion may be considered as the heartfelt sentiments
of his neighbors and friends, its insertion here, with his reply, seems appropriate. The address was in the
following words :
•■ A g tin your country commands your care. Obedient to its wishes, unmindful of your ease, we see you
again relinquishing the bliss of retirement, and this, too. at a period of life when nature itself seems to au-
thorize a preference of repose '
•' Not to extol your glory as a soldier ; not to pour forth our gratitude for past services ; not to acknowl-
edge the justice of the unexampled honor which has been conferred upon you by the spontaneous and unan-
imous suffrages of three millions of freemen, in your election to the supreme magistracy, nor to admire the
patriotism which directs your conduct, do your neighbors and friends now address you. Themes less splen-
did, but more endearing, impress our minds. The lirst and best of citizens must leave us ; our aged must
lose their ornament ; our youth their model ; our agriculture its improver ; our commerce its friend ; our
infant academy its protector ; our poor their benefactor : and the interior navigation of the Potomac (an
event replete with the most extensive utility, already, by your unremitted exertions, brought into partial use)
its institutor and promoter.
" Farewell ! go, and make a grateful people happy . a people who will be doubly grateful when they con-
template this recent sacrifice for their interest
"To that Being who maketh and unmaketh at his will, we commend you, and. after the accomplishment
of the arduous business lo which you are called, may he restore to us again the best of men and the most
beloved fellow-citizen!"
To this touching address, Washington, with faltering voice — filtering with emotion — returned the follow-
ing answer :
" Gentlemf.n. — Although I ought not to conceal, yet I can not describe the painful emotions which I
felt in being called upon to determine whether I would accept or refuse the presidency of the United States.
The unanimity in the choice. Ihe opinion of my friends communicated from different parts of Europe, as well
as America, the apparent wish of those who were not entirely satisfied with the Constitution in its present
form, and an ardent desire on my own part to be instrumental in cementing the good-will of my country-
men toward each other, have induced an acceptance. Those who know me best (and you, my fellow-citi-
zens, are, from your situation, in that number) know better than any others my hoe of retirement is so
great that no earthly consideration short of a conviction of duty could have prevailed upon me to depart
fro n my resolution never more to take airy share in transactions of a public nature ; l'o, at my age, and in
my circumstances, what prospects or advantages could I propose to myself from embarking again on the
1 -i is and uncertain ocean of public life !
" I do not feel myself under the necessity of making public declarations in order to convince you, gentle-
men, of my attachment to yourselves and regards for your interests. The whole tenor of my life has been
open to your inspection, and my past actions, rather than my present declarations, must be the pledge of my
future conduct.
" In lie- mean time, I thank you most sincerely for the expressions of kindness contained in your vale-
dictory address It is true, just after having bid adieu to inv domestic connections, this tender proof of your
friendship is but too well calculated still further to awaken my sensiblity, and increase my regret at parting
from the enjoyments of private life.
" All tint now remains for nic is to commit myself and you to the protection of that beneficent Being
who, on a former occasion, hath happily brought us together after a Ion;; and distressing separation. Per-
OF THE REVOLUTION
Mngtou's Reception by tin 1 ton.
he passed along tlio road, and every town sent out its first citizens to meet him on his ap-
proach. Entertainments were given in Ins honor, and public addresses were received by him
and answers returned. Militia companies escorted him from place to place, and his approach
to the principal cities was announced by the firing of cannon and the ringing of hells. At
Trenton, his reception was of a peculiar nature, full of pure sentiment and the most loyal pa-
triotism. There, a little more than twelve years before, one of his most brilliant military feats
was achieved, and it was a fitting place for an unusual display of respect and reverence. The
ladies took the matter in hand, and upon Trenton Bridge they caused to be erected an arch,
which they adorned with laurel Leaves and tinners from the forests and their hot-houses, and
the first spring contributions from their gardens. Upon the crown of the arch, in large letters,
formed of leaves and flowers, were the words, "December 26th, 1776 ;" and on the sweep be-
neath was the sentence, also formed of flowers, " Tut: Defender of the Mothers wn.t. be
the Protector of the Daughters." Beneath this arch the president elect was obliged to
pass on entering Trenton. There he was met by a troop of females. On one side a row of
little eirls, dressed in white, and each hearing a basket offlowers, were arranged ; en the other
side stood a row of young ladies similarly arrayed, and behind them were the married ladies.
The moment Washington and his suite approached the arch, the little girls began to Btrew
(lowers in the read, and the whole company of the lair sang the following ode, written lor the
occasion by Governor Howell :'
• Welcome, mighty chief, once more
Welcome to this grateful shore
Now tu> mercenary tic
Aims again the fatal blow —
Ajms :it THEE the fatal blow.
■• Virgins tor and matrons grave.
Those thj conquering arm did save,
Iluild tor THEE triumphal bowers.
Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers —
Strew your hero's way with flowers '."
Alter passing; the arch, the general turned his horse's head toward the choir, and listened to
this tribute of sweet voices with much emotion. Alter receiving the salutations of the citi-
zen-. Washington handed to the Reverend J. F. Armstrong a note acknowledging his obliga-
tions to the ladies of Trenton.3 The whole scene was one i f exceeding interest. A hundred-
haps the sale' uiil again indulge me. Unutterable sensations mu t. then, In- loft to
more cxprcssi\o silence, while from an aching heart I hid von all, my affectionate friends an. I kind neigh-
bors, farewell !"
In the afternoon of the same day, Washington, accompanied by his neighbors, pro ded from Alexandria
to Georgetown, where a number of citizens from the State of . Maryland had assembled to receive him ; and
thus he went with escort after escort, formed at different points on his journey. Cray's Bridge, oxer the
Schuylkill, at Philadelphia, was splendidly decorated with a triumphal arch of laurel, with laurel shrubbery,
at each end. As Washington passed under it. a civic crown, unpeiceived by him, was let down upon his
head bv a vouth decorated with sprigs of laurel, and crowds of people lined the avenue to the city through
which he passed to a grind reception in Independence Hall.
1 Governor Richard Howell was a native of Delaware. He commanded a New Jersey regiment from
1776 to 1779. when, in consequence of a new arrangement of the army, be resumed the profession of the
law. In 17-ts! he was appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, which office In' held until June,
1793. when he was chosen governor of the state. To this office he was elected light years successively.
He died April 28th, 1S02, aged forty-seven years.
2 The following is a copy of the note
•• General Washington can not leave tins place without expressing his acknowledgments to the matrons
and young ladies who received him in so novel and grateful a manner at the triumphal arch in Trenton, and
for the exquisite sensation he experienced in that affecting moment. The astonishing contrast between his
former and actual situation at the same spot, the elegant taste with which it was adorned for the present oc-
casion, and the innocent appearani f the u hill wb it him with the congratulatory song, has
made such an impression upon his remembrance as, he assures them, will never be effaced.
"Trenton. April ':1st. 1789"
This note was read to the ladies, who were called together at the house of Judge Smith, and then depos-
ID PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Inscription on Armstrong's Monumi til I. ;i.-r ofa Uessian Prince.
fold more glorious was. thai arch, erected by such hands, to greet the presence' of such a hero,
than the gorgeous triumphal arches under which passed the blood-stained Roman conquerors,
with their pageants of misery, and the rich spoils of desolated kingdoms. It was the tribute
of the pure in heart to the truly great —
" Great, not like Caesar, stain'd with blood,
But only great as he was good.*'
ited in the hands of tli.it gentleman's wile. It passed into the hands of Miss Lydia Inlay, his adopted
daughter, who preserved it with great care until just before her death, when she gave it to the late Chief-
justice Ewing. It was placed in a handsome frame, and is now a precious relic in possession of his family.
The grave of Mr. Armstrong is in the old burial-ground of the Presbyterian church at Trenton. Upon
his plain monument is the following inscription :
" S icred to the memory of the Rev. James Francis Armstrong, thirty years a pastor of the church at
Trenton, in union with the church at Maidenhead. Born in Maryland, of pious parents, he received the
elements of his classical education under the Rev John Wu/r. finished his collegiate studies in the ( 'ollege
of New Jersey, under the Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, and was Licensed to preach the Gospel in the year 1777.
An ardent patriot, he served through the War of Independence as chaplain. In 1790 he was chosen a
trustee of the College of New Jersey. A warm and constant friend, a devout Christian, a tender husband
and parent, steady in his attentions on the judicatories of the Church, throughout life he was distinguished
as a fervent and affectionate minister of the Gospel, and resigned his soul to his Creator and Redeemer on
the 19th of January, 1816. ' Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord.' Amen 1 Even so come, Lord
Jesus.1'
Noti-:. — Since the preceding pages were printed, I have been put in possession ofa translation ofa letter
written by the Electoral Prince of Hesse Cassel after the battle 3t Trenton. That prince was the grand-
father of the present sovereign of that little realm, and one of the thirty-nine petty tyrants who now rule
Germany. The letter is dated April 10th, 1777, and is as follows :
■• Vou can not think h JW much pleased I was to hear that, out of the nineteen hundred and fifty-five Hes-
sians who took part in the battle, no more than three hundred and forty-live remain. There are, accord-
ingly, sixteen hundred and ten dead — no more and no less, and so the Treasury owes me, according to our
contract, 634.000 florins. The Court of London says, it is true, that some hundred of them are only wound-
ed, who can not he paid for like the dead; hut I hope that, remindful of my instructions given to you at
Cassel, you have not tried to save, with inhuman help, those poor fellows, who could have bought life only
at the sacrifice of a leg or an arm. That would lie a sad present to them ; and I am sure they prefer to
die gloriously rather than live lamed and unlit for my service. Remember that out of the three hundred
Spartans but one remained in life. Oh ! how happy would I he if I could say the same of my brave Hes-
sians."
OK Til E REVOLUTION \ \
Decsrturc from Trenton. Buck's County. St Tammany. Old Villages. Frnr.Werd
CHAPTER II.
" Th' autumnal glories all have pass'd away !
Tin forest leaves no more in hectic red
Give glowing tokens of their brief decay,
But soatter'd lie, or rustle to the tread,
Like whisper'd warnings from the mohlering dead
The naked trees stretch out their arms all day.
And each bald hill-top lilts its reverend head
As if lor some new covering to pray."
Mrs. E. C. Kinney.
HE sun was shining in its noontide glory when 1 crossed the great
Trenton Bridge over the Delaware to Morrisville, and reined my horse
to the right into the Falsington road, for Philadelphia, twenty-eight
miles distant. Unlike a summer rain, the storm developed no new
beauties in the fields and orchards, but " a mantle dun" continued to
overspread the landscape, and a cold north wind was heralding the
approach of winter. I was now in the fertile region of " old Bucks'"
in Pennsylvania, and with a loose rein traversed the gentle undulating
country over which the Continental battalions often marched and coun-
termarched. It was the anniversary of the evacuation of New York
by the British — the departure of the last hostile foot from November 25-
our free shores. The mind, laden with the associations 1783-
of the place and hour, its soul-stirring thoughts kept me such enter-
taining company, that the sun went down, and I entered the suburban
district of Kensington, in the " Northern Liberties" of Philadelphia,
before I was fairly conscious that a dozen miles had been traveled. It was but little more
than four hours' journey with my strong and vigorous horse.
After leaving Falsington, the traveler obtains frequent glimpses of the Delaware and its
white sails, on the left. The several -mall villages on the way (Falsington, Hulmeville,
and Frankford being the largest) bear marks, in their dwellings, of considerable antiquity,
if that word may properly be applied to American edifices. Many of them are small, steep-
roofed stone houses, with little windows and wide doors, built before the war of the Revo-
lution broke out, and presenting a great contrast with the New England villages, which
seem as if just finished, with the white paint scarcely dry. It was almost sunset when I
arrived at Frankford, quite a large town upon the Tacony Creek, five miles northeast of
1 Tradition currently reports that the renowned Indian chief Tumcne, or St. Tammany, was buried near
a spring about three and a half miles west of Doylestown, in this county. He was an unequaled chief
amonij the Dclawares. Heckewelder says that when Colonel George Morgan, of Princeton, visited the
Western Indians, by order of Congress, in 1776, he was so beloved for his goodness, that the Dclawares
conferred upon him the name of their venerated chief. Morgan brought hack to the whiles such glowing
accounts of the qualities of that ancient chief, that in the Revolutionary war he was dabbed a saint, and his
name was placed on some calendars. He was called by politicians, St. Tammany, and established as the
patron saint of republican America. Tammany societies were organized, and Tammany halls dedicated,
and on the 1st of May (the festival of the saint), meetings of the societies were held. " On that day," says
Heckewelder, " numerous societies of his votaries walked together in procession through the streets of Phil-
adelphia, their hats decorated with bucks' tails, and proceeded to a handsome rural place out of town, which
they called the wigwam, where, after a long talk, or Indian speech, lid been delivered, and the calumet of
peace and friendship had been duly smoked, they spent the day in festivity and mirth." The Tammany
Society of New York is yet in existence. Its meetings are held regularly at Tammany Hall, on the east
side of the City Hall Park.
42 PICTORIAL FIELD- BOO K
Revolutionary Events at Frankford. Kensington. Arrival in Philadelphia. Christ Church and ita SouiuUng-boaril.
Philadelphia. Here the Americans kept quite a strong picket, during the occupation of
Philadelphia by the British in 1777—8, after the battles of Brandywine and Germantown
Near here was stationed the fine corps of light infantry guards under Colonel Twistleton
(afterward Lord Say and Sele) ; and here, also, the active partisan corps called the Queen's
Rangers, under Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe (afterward Governor of Canada), was recruited,
and disciplined by actual service.
In November, 1777, the Rangers, in concert with Major Gwyn, attempted to surprise
the American post at Frankford. They approached the town cautiously, and rushing in, ex-
pected to secure prisoners and booty ; but the patriots had temporarily withdrawn. Some
days afterward, another attempt to take the post was made. An American officer and
twenty men were made prisoners. They were raw and undisciplined militia. Each man
had the countersign, Richmond, written with chalk in his hat that he might not forget it.
Soon after capturing these men, a patrol of cavalry, under Major Gwyn, which had pursued
a party toward Bristol, came retreating in great confusion. They had been attacked, both
in front and rear, by a troop of horsemen under Count Pulaski. Thoroughly alarmed, the
whole British force at Frankford crossed the Tacony, and returned in haste to Philadelphia.
Parties of the Queen's Rangers were almost every day at Frankford, where the Amer-
icans did not keep a fixed post. Simcoe had trained his men to quick and energetic move-
ments with the bayonet, and his standing order was, " Take as many prisoners as possible,
but never destroy life unless absolutely necessary." On one occasion, a patroling party of
the Rangers approached Frankford undiscovered by an American sentinel at the bridge.
They were so near that they might easily have killed the guard, but a boy was sent to
warn him to run for his life. He did so, and no more sentinels were posted there afterward ;
" a matter of some consequence," says Simcoe, " to the poor people of Philadelphia, as they
were not prevented from getting their flour ground at Frankford Mills. '"
Passing through a portion of the Kensington suburb of Philadelphia, its mud and wretch-
edness, its barking dogs and squalling babies, where society seems in a transition state from
filth to cleanliness, and consequently from vice to godliness, I wheeled down Second Street,
amid its glowing shops, and reined up at Congress Hall, just as the last hue of daylight
faded away. It was Saturday night, a season as welcome to the traveler as a "cross day"
in the calendar to the faithful. I was in Philadelphia, the city of brotherly love ; the quiet
Sabbath near ; a glorious harvest of Revolutionary reminiscences spread out around me, in-
viting the pen-sickle to reap for my garner ; and the broad and sunny South, its chivalry
and its patriotism, beckoning me onward. Busy thought kept sleep at bay until midnight.
The Sabbath morning dawned brilliant and frosty. As I went up to worship in the ven-
erable CJirist Church, around which cluster so many interesting associations of the past, I
felt that it was a two-fold sanctuary — a sanctuary of religion and of patriotism. The ex-
terior is the same as it was when the later colonial governors and officers of state — when
Washington and Franklin — when Congress and the officers of the Continental army went
there to worship ; but the interior has been greatly changed by that iconoclast, improve-
ment— that breaker of the images which patriotism delights to worship ! One vestige of
the olden time remained untouched, but a Vandal taste has since removed it. I refer to the
pulpit sounding-board, the indispensable canopy of the old pastors.
"That sounding-board, to me it seem'd
A cherub poised on high —
A mystery I almost deem d
Quite hid from vulgar eye;
And that old pastor, rapt in prayer,
Look'd doubly awful 'neath it there." — E. Oakes Smith.
' Simooe's Military Journal, page 28. At that time the Philadelphians were dependent chiefly upon the
Frankford Mills for their flour. It was with the pretense of going thither for flour, that Lydia Darrah left
Philadelphia and hastened to the American camp at Whitcmarsh. apprised Washington of an intended at-
tack upon him, and, by her patriotic vigilance, doubtless saved the American army, under the commander-
in-chief, from destruction or captivity. This circumstance is noted on pages 95 and 96.
OF THE REVOLUTION
i.;
The Grave of Dr. Frairtlm, and others.
irly-wrilten Epitaph.
Description of Christ Chuieh.
Within its
grave-yard, on Fifth and Arch Streets, rests the dust of many of the early and dis-
tinguished citizens of Philadelphia, the most renowned of whom
was Dr. Benjamin Franklin. II is grave is beside that of his
wife, and daughter (Mrs. Bache), in the northwest corner of the
yard. " I wish," he said in his will, "to be buried by the side
of my wife, if it may be, and that a marble stone be made by
Chambers, six feet long, four feet wide, plain, with only a small
molding round the upper edge, and this inscription :
" Benjamin )
and > Franklin.
Deborah )
178—."
His wishes were complied with. The date on the stone is 1 790.'
In the same inclosure General Mercer, who was killed at Prince-
ton, was first buried ; also Major-general
Charles Lee, whose aversion to burial with
Dissenters has been noticed. Standing amid
its graves, and overshadowed by the venera-
ble church, the American feels that he is
upon consecrated ground indeed — consecrated
by something holier than the voice of man
setting it apart as a resting-place for the dead.
Here, wide open, is a broad page of our
national history ; let us sit down this still
Sabbath afternoon and peruse a portion of it
preparatory to a ramble on the morrow.
On the beautiful banks of the Delaware"
— the Indian's Meick-er-isk-iskan — dwelt for
ages the powerful tribes of the Lenni Lkna-
pes3 — the Original People. They claimed
the broad laud from the Hudson to the Poto-
1 As early as 1727, when Franklin was only twenty-two years of age, he wrote the following epitaph
lur hiaiself :
The Body
of
Benjamin Franklin,
Printer,
Like the cover of an old Book.
Its contents torn out
(And stripped of its lettering ami gilding),
Lies here, food for worms.
But the work shall not be lost,
For it will (as he believed) appear once more
In a new and more elegant edition,
Revised and corrected
by
The Author.
This epitaph was first printed in a Boston newspaper (the New England Courant), established and prime.:
by Dr Franklin.
2 This name was given to the bay and river in honor of Lord De la Ware, who was Governor of Vir-
ginia in lfil 1.
3 This has been sometimes used as a generic term, and applied to all the tribes of the Algonquin family
4 This view is from Second Street, looking northwest. It was built at various periods. The first (west-
ern) end was erected in 1727: the eastern or front portion was raised in 1731 ; and a small steeple was
reared in 1753-4. A small church edifice was built upon its site in 1695, and the later edifice wa^ raised
around the old one while worship continued in it. The bell of the old church was hung in the crotch of
I I PICTORIALFIELD-BUUi;
The Natives on the Delaware and Schuylkill. The Delawares. Their Character portrayed by William Pcnn.
mac as their grand council-house. While they called themselves the original people, they
repeated the tradition that at some remote age their ancestors came from beyond the Mis-
sissippi, conquering, on their way, the more civilized nations, whose monuments are so pro-
fusely scattered over the rich valleys westward of the Alleghany Mountains. They were
divided into three principal tribes, the Turtle, the Turkey, and the Wolf. The two former
occupied the northern portions of New Jersey north of the Raritan, extending from the Hud-
son across the Delaware into Pennsylvania, and are known to the whites as the M/nsi di-
vision ; the latter, known as the Delaicares, inhabited the southern portions of New Jersey
and the entire valley of the Schuylkill.1 Their settlement extended up the Susquehanna
and Delaware Rivers, and they had a local council-fire at the Minisink flats, above the Del-
aware Water-gap. When these tribes first became known to the English, they were trib-
utary to the Five Nations of New York, who applied to them the scornful epithet of" wom-
en." They were forbidden to sell lands or make war without the consent of their conquer-
ors, and were reduced to absolute vassalage. In the course of time, however, the
Delawares were enabled to throw off the yoke of the conquerors. At Tioga, in 1756,
the great Teedyuscung extorted from the chiefs of the Six Nations an acknowledgment of
the independence of his people.
When the whites first visited the Delaware with a view to settlement, the Lenni Lena-
pes, broken into many small tribes, were scattered along the shores of the river on either
side.2 They received the whites with open-handed hospitality. " In liberality they excel,"
wrote William Penn. " Nothing is too good for their friend. Give them a fine gun, coat,
or other thing, it may pass twenty hands before it sticks. Light of heart, strong affections,
but soon spent. The most merry creatures that live ; feast and dance perpetually. They
never have much, nor want much. Wealth circulates like the blood — all parts partake ;
and, though none shall want what another hath, yet exact observers of property." Penn
drew a charming picture of their hospitality, their liberal distribution of presents when re-
ceived, and the universal happiness that prevailed among them ; and then, with the hand of
a tree near by. The new church was furnished with an organ in 1729. The design of the church was
made by Dr. John Kearsley, an eminent physician of Philadelphia. In 1752—3 it was proposed to build
a fine steeple upon the church, and, in order to raise funds for the purpose, a lottery was established — "a
scheme to raise «£1012 10s. to finish the steeple to Christ Church, and to purchase a ring of bells, and a
clock." The " Philadelphian Steeple Lottery" was successful, and the structure, as it now appears, was
finished in 1754. A chime of bells, weighing eight thousand pounds, was purchased in England, at a cost
of $4500. These bells were taken down from the steeple by the commissary general, on the approach of
the British to Philadelphia in 1777, and conveyed to Trenton for safety. They were returned, and hung
again after the enemy evacuated the city. Watson, in his Jlnnals of Philadelphia, says that these bells
were first tolled on the occasion of the funeral of Governor Anthony Palmer's wife, the mother of twenty-
one children, all of whom died of consumption. On the lop of the steeple is a miter, bearing the following
inscription: "The Right Reverend William White, D.D., consecrated Bishop of the Episcopal Church of
Pennsylvania, February 4th, 1787." The miter is four feet in circumference at the bottom, and has thirteen
holes in it, indicative of the number of the original states. Bishop White was one of the first chaplains of
the Continental Congress, and the first bishop of Pennsylvania. It is related that when he was a boy, living
next door to a Quaker family in Market Street, he used to play with their little daughter. She often said,
when she grew up, that Billy White was horn for a bishop, for she never could persuade him to play any
thing but church. He would tie her apron around his neck for a gown, and stand behind a chair for a pul-
pit, while she, seated before him on a low bench, was to bo the congregation.
1 The two most noted chiefs of the Delawares at the time of our Revolution, was Captain White Eyes
and Captain Pipe. The former became chief sachem in 1776, and espoused the patriot cause. He was
a firm friend to the missionaries, and earnestly desired the conversion of his people to Christianity, and the
enjoyment of the accompanying blessings of civilization. He died of the small-pox, at Philadelphia, in 1780.
Captain Pips secretly favored the British at the opening of the Revolution, but the vigilant White Eves
frustrated all his plans for a while. The Delawares at length became divided, and most of them, undei
Captain Pipe, joined the British. Wo have met these chiefs oneo before (page 264, vol. i.), and shall meet
their followers again when we consider the Indian war of the Revolution, beyond the rYUeghanies.
'' Tin' I iw»|«l Indians wire at. the falls oftbe Delaware (Trenton) ; the Raniokas and Andastakas at
Christina Creek, near Wilmington ; the Nishaminies near Bristol ; the Shackamaxons about Kensington;
the Manias, or Frills, near Burlineaon , tin- Mmxn/.i, or Muitsia/.s, at the forks of the Delaware ; ami three
or four other tribes were in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. A few Mingocs were among these.
'»!' THE REVOLUTION. I .',
t - ttlemcnta on the Delaware by the Dutch ami Swedes. Troubles with the [n Gufitaru* Adolphus
truth, holds up this record of the curse which boasted civilization carries with it as contin-
ually as its own shadow : ■« Since the Europeans came into these parts, they are grown
great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially, and for it exchange the richest of their skins
and furs. If they are heated with liquors, they are restless till they have enough to sleep ;
that is their cry, ' Some more, and I will go to slerji ;' hut, when drunk, one of the most
wretched spectacles in the world."
In 1609, Captain Henry Hudson, then in the service of the Dutch East India Company,
touched near Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, but, finding shoal water, put to
sea, and soon afterward sailed through the Narrows into New York Bay. The Dutch es-
tablished a trading-post on Manhattan Island, now New York. The establishment increased
and in 1G21 the Dutch West India Company was formed. In 1623, this company took
formal possession of the country discovered by Hudson, including the Delaware, or South
River, as they called it, in contradistinction to the North River \\ the Hudson. The
foundation of New Amsterdam was laid, and Captain Jacobus May was scut to take pos-
session and colonize in the most southern part of New Jersey. He gave Cape May the
name it still bears. Near where Gloucester, in New Jersey, now stands, he built Fort
Nassau. This was the first white settlement on the shores of the Delaware, but it was not
permanent. In 1631, Captain David Pieterson de Vries entered the Delaware River with
two ships and about thirty colonists. He was associated with Godyn, Blocmart, and Van
Rensselaer, wealthy Dutch pat room? in establishing a permanent settlement on the Dela-
ware for the purpose of cultivating tobacco and grain, and prosecuting the whale and seal
fishing. He built Fort Oplandt, near Lewiston, Delaware. De Vries returned to Holland.
and when he came back, in 1632, his colony was destroyed. The arms of Holland, em-
blazoned on a piece of tin, had been raised upon a pole. An Indian stole the metal to make
a tobacco-box of it. Osset, the commander, quarreled with the Indians, and the latter fell
upon the colonists, while at work in the fields, and butchered every one of them. De Vries
made peace with the tribe, but, finding Fort Nassau deserted, and the whole settlement a
desolation, he left the bay forever ; for, before the Dutch could re-establish their power, the
patent granted to Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Maryland, gave them an English com-
petitor for the lower portions of the territory on the west side of the Delaware.
The discoveries of the Dutch in the New World soon attracted the attention of the en-
lightened Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden. He conceived a scheme for planting a
Swedish colony in America, an idea suggested and heartily seconded by William Usselinx.
a wealthy and enterprising Netherlander. A commercial company was formed ; the stock
was open to all Europe, and Gustavus pledged four hundred thousand dollars to the enter-
prise. Slavery was repudiated as a disadvantage to the proposed colony. " Slaves," they
said, " cost a great deal, labor with reluctance, and soon perish from hard usage. The
Swedish nation is laborious and intelligent, and surely we shall gain more by a free people
with wives and children." America seemed to them a paradise, and Gustavus siiLr:_r',sted
that the proposed colony might prove an advantage to all oppressed and persecuted Chris-
tians. At that moment Germany, and indeed Protestant Christendom, was menaced with
a total subversion of the principles of the Reformation ; and against the increasing power of
the pope — a power composed of religious influence and imperial soldiers — Gustavus took the
field. All other considerations were, for the moment, absorbed by this one movement ; and
yet the idea of planting a free colony in the New World Held a conspicuous place in the
mind of the Swedish monarch. At Nuremberg, only a few days before the battle of Liit-
zen, where he lost his life, he recommended the great scheme, " the jewel of his kingdom,'
to the Germans. His views were warmly seconded by Oxenstiem, the eminent statesman,
who controlled the political affairs of Sweden during the minority of Queen Christina.
In 1638, a colony of Swedes from Gottenburg, under the command of Peter Minuits, a
former governor of New Amsterdam, arrived in the Delaware, and lauded at Cape Henlo-
Sce page 391. vol. i.
46 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Extension of Swedish Settlements. Opposition of the Dutch. Stuyvcsant'a Conquests
pen. Charmed with the beauty of the place, they called it Paradise. They approached
the Indians with kindness, and purchased from them their lands upon the Delaware from
Cape Henlopen to the falls at Trenton, and named the region New Sweden. They built
a church and fort on the Minquaas, or Mingoes (now Christiana) Creek, where Wilming-
ton now stands, and there laid out a town. The Dutch claimed a title to all this region
by virtue of prior discovery and settlement, and Governor Keift protested against this in-
trusion. Other emigrants came ; some from Maryland, who settled near the Schuylkill,
and others from New Haven, who established themselves on the Jersey shore. These Keift
promptly expelled, but did not disturb the Swedes.
John Printz succeeded Minuits as governor in 1613. With him came John Campanius,
from Stockholm, as chaplain for the colony. They came in the ship Fame, accompanied by
two war vessels, the Swan and the Chantas. Governor Printz selected Tinicum Island,'
at the mouth of Darby Creek, for a residence. There he built a strong fort of hemlock logs,
and a church, and beautified the neighborhood with orchards and pleasure-grounds. Quite
a village of fine houses, for the times, sprung up, and New Gottenburg, as it was called,
was for some years the metropolis of New Sweden. Emigrants continued to arrive in con-
siderable numbers from Old Sweden, and they scattered neat dwellings and cultivated acres
all along the Delaware, from the present Wilmington to Philadelphia.
In 1651, the Dutch determined to maintain their power on the Delaware, and erected
Fort Kasimer, on the south of Minquaas Creek, now the site of New Castle, in Delaware.
Printz protested, and also built Fort Elsinberg on the Jersey shore, near the mouth of Salem
Creek. The garrison was soon put to flight by a foe more numerous and annoying than
Indians or Dutch, and the place was significantly named Mosquitoesburg.
John Claudius Rising, or Risingh, succeeded Printz in 1652. Risingh was more bellig-
erent than his predecessor, and captured Fort Kasimer, either by storm or stratagem, in
1654, hoisted the Swedish flag over it, and called it Fort Trinity. Sven Schute, a bold
Swedish warrior, was appointed to the command of its garrison. This act excited the ire
of the Dutch at New Amsterdam, and in 1 655 Governor Sluyvesant, with seven ships, and
six or seven hundred men, went up the Delaware, took all the Swedish forts, and desolated
New Gottenburg, on Tinicum Island. The Swedes obtained honorable terms of capitula-
tion, and the settlers prospered under the Dutch rule. The Indians remained the firm
friends of the Swedes ; aird when the Dutch attempted to prevent a Swedish ship with em-
igrants from passing up the Delaware in 1656, the natives interfered, and the Mercurius
sailed up unmolested. The Dutch and Swedes continued to occupy the Delaware in com-
mon for nine years, the former possessing the political authority. In 1664, Charles the
Second, of England, having granted a charter to his brother James, the Duke of York, for the
whole of the New Netherlands, including the Dutch and Swedish settlements on the Dela-
ware, the English conquered the whole country, and changed the name of New Amsterdam
to New York. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret obtained a grant of the province of
New Jersey from the Duke of York in 1665. The latter was appointed governor, and
Bergen and other portions of East Jersey began to be settled. That province was divided
into East and West Jersey in 1676. Lord Berkeley transferred his half of West Jersey, in
1677, to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Billinge, both of them Quakers. Becoming
embarrassed, Billing** transferred his interest to> trustees, for the benefit of his creditors.
William Penn was one of those trustees, and thus he became interested in the settlements
in the New World. Between 1676 and 1680, the eastern shore of the Delaware, from
Burlington to Salem, became quite populous with Quakers, who came chiefly from York-
shire in England.
Admiral Sir William Penn, the father of the founder of Pennsylvania, left, at his death,
claims to a considerable amount against the crown, for his services. His son, with the two-
' This is the islnml upon which the lazaretto now stands, and is not the low, sandy island in the middle
if the I'elaware above.
OF THE REVOLUTION
47
Jlmrter granted to William Perm.
Emigrations. Arrival of Penn.
His Biography.
Annexation of Delaware
fold motive ol" settling these claims and providing an asylum for his persecuted Quaker breth-
ren, applied to King Charles the Second for a grant of land in the New World. He was
successful, and on the 4th of March, 1681,
a charter was granted. The assent of the
Duke of York on the north, and of Lord
Baltimore on the south, was obtained to the
provisions of the charter, and a province on
the west side of the Delaware, three de-
grees of latitude in breadth by five degrees
of longitude in length, was named by the
. ., „,, king's proclamation, as well as
Apnl.1631. . , ,
in the charter, Pennsylvania, in
honor of the illustrious Admiral Penn. The
proprietor immediately published " certain
conditions or concessions" to adventurers ;
and an association, composed principally of
Quakers, was formed at London and Bris-
tol, called " The Free Society of Traders,"
who emigrated to America to purchase
lands in the new province. William Mark-
ham, a kinsman of Penn's, had been sent
forward as his deputy to take possession of
the country and prepare for the colonists.
On the 30th of August, 1682, Penn, and quite a large number of emigrants, chiefly
Quakers, sailed in the Welcome, from England. They arrived at New Castle on the 7th
of October. The settlers of every kind received the new proprietor with great joy, for the
fame of his noble and excellent character had preceded him. At Upland (now Chester) he
convened an assembly, where he made known his plans and benevolent designs. His words
were heard with delight, and the people flocked around him with the affectionate feelings
of children. The Swedes said, "It was the best day they ever s.»\v." At this assembly
an Act of Union was adopted, conformable to a deed which he had obtained, by which the
" three lower counties," New Castle, Kent, and Sussex (now the State of Delaware), were an-
nexed to Pennsylvania. A few days afterward, Penn pr eded to Shackamaxon (now Ken-
sington, in Philadelphia), where he entered into a treaty with the Indians, and established with
them an everlasting covenant of peace and friendship. This was the memorable treaty held
William I'enn.i
From an Englisl, PnnL
1 William Penn was born in London, October 14th, 1644, and in his fifteenth year entered, as a gentle-
man commoner, a college in Oxford. Brilliant talents and unaffected goodness characterized his earli
youth. While at Oxford, he heard an itinerant Quaker preach, and was so impressed with the doctrines
which he taught, that he joined, with other students similarly impressed, in withdrawing from the established
worship and holding meetings by themselves. He was fined lor non-conformity and expelled from college
when he was sixteen years of age. Parental discipline attempted to reclaim him, but in vain. He was
sent to France, where he passed two years, and became a very polished young gentleman. He studied law
in Lincoln's Inn until the breaking out of the plague in London in 1665. He was sent to Ireland- in 1666,
to manage an estate for his father, but, associating with Quakers there, he was recalled. He could not be
persuaded to take off his hat in the presence of his father or the king, and for this inflexibility he was ex-
pelled from his father's house. He became an itinerant Quaker preacher, and made many proselytes. He
suffered much " for conscience' sake," sometimes by revilings, sometimes by imprisonments. He wrote
inueh. and preached with daily increasing fervor. In 1668 he wrote his Ifo Cross, no Crown ; and in 167(1
lie was tried at the Old Bailey, but acquitted by the jury. His father died soon afterward, leaving him a
■.. i\ luge estate, but he continued to travel, preach, and write as usual. Having obtained a charter for
a province in America, and settled his government on a sure basis, he formed a plan lor a capital city, and
named it Philadelphia — brotherly lore. Two years after it was founded it contained two thousand inhabit-
ants. On returning to England in 1684, he obtained the release of thirteen hundred Quakers then in prison
He resided mostly in England, but visited his colony occasionally. He was seized with a paralytic disordet
in 1712, which terminated his life on the 30th of July, 1718, at the age of seventy- four. His posterity
held his possessions t'll the Revolution His last surviving son. Thomas Penn. died in 1775.
18
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Pcnn's just Dealings with the Native".
Effect of his Justice.
Treaty Monument
" Under the shelter of the forest, now
Penn proclaimed to the men of the A\
Treat* Monument.1
beneath the wide-spread branches of a huge elm.
leafless by the frosts of autumn," says Bancroft, "
gonquin race, from both banks of the Delaware —
from the border of the Schuylkill, and, it may have
been, from the Susquehanna — the same simple mes-
sage of peace and love which George Fox had pro-
fessed before Cromwell, and Mary Fisher had borne
10 the Grand Turk. The English and the Indian
should respect the same moral law, should be alike
secure in their pursuits and their possessions, and
adjust every difference by a peaceful tribunal, com-
posed of an equal number of men from each race."
" We meet," said Penn, " on the broad pathway of
good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be
taken on either side, but all shall be openness and
love. I will not call you children, for parents
sometimes chide their children too severely ; nor
brothers only ; for brothers differ. The friendship
between me and you I will not compare to a chain ;
for that the rains might rust, or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one
man's body were to be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and blood."
" ' Thou'lt find,' said the Quaker, ' in me and mine,
But friends and brothers to thee and to thine,
Who abuse no power and admit no line
'Twixt the red men and the white.'
And bright was the spot where the Quaker came
To leave his hat, his drab, and his name,
That will sweetly sound from the trump of Fame
Till its final blast shall die.
The city he rear'd from the sylvan shade.
His beautiful monument now is made ;
And long have the rivers their pride display'd
In the scenes that are rolling by."
Hannah F. GotiLD.
The children of the forest were touched by the sacred doctrine which the " Quaker king'"
avowed. They received the presents of Penn in sincerity, and in hearty friendship they
gave the belt of wampum. " ' We will live,' said they, ' in love with William Penn and
his children as long as the moon and the sun shall endure.' "
Thus was established the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, its foundations laid deep and
broad upon the sacred rules of truth and justice, the cardinal principles of the Quakers, who
formed the prime element of the new state. That sect stood out in bold relief as exemplars
of moral purity in an age and among a people eminently licentious. The court, the fount-
ain-head of example, was wholly impure in morals, skeptical in religion, and unscrupulous
in politics. Unlike the other Puritan sects, which gave royally so much trouble, the Quak-
ers taught morality more by example than by precept ; yet they were ever bold in the
1 This monument stands near the intersection of Hanover and Beach Streets, Kensington, cm the spot
where the celebrated Treaty Tree stood. The tree was blown down in 1810, when it was ascertained '<■
be 283 years old. When the British were in possession of Philadelphia, during the winter of 1778, their
■_ iiil' parties were out in every direction for fuel. To protect this tree from the ax, Colonel Simcoe, of
the Queen's Rangers, placed a sentinel under it. Of its remains, many chairs, vases, work-stands, and other
irticles have been made. The commemorative monument was erected by the Penn Society. Upon it are
ii<' following inscriptions :
Not ru [Di — "Treaty ground of William Penn and the Indian nation. 1682. Unbroken Faith."
South side. — "William Penn, born 1044. Died. 1718."
West side. — "Placed by the Penn Society, AD. 1827, to mark the site of the great Elm Tree."
.East side. — " Pennsylvania founded, 1681, by deeds of Peace."
OF THE REVOLUTION. 1"
Character and Influence of the Quakers. Founding of the Pennsylvania Commonwealth, and of the City of Philadelphia.
avowal of their principles. Their henevolence was as extensive as the round world ; their
plans designed no less than the establishment of universal religion. No station was too ex-
alted for their faithfulness to reach. George Fox spoke boldly, face to face, to the king, as
did Paul before Agrippa ; and he did not fail to catechise, by letter, even Pope Innocent
XI. No station was too low for their paternal care, and no instrument too humble to be
made useful as a preacher of righteousness. "Plowmen and milk-maids, becoming itiner-
ant preachers, sounded the alarm throughout the world, and appealed to the consciences
of Puritans and Cavaliers, of the pope and the Grand Turk, of the negro and the savage.
Their apostles made their way to Rome and Jerusalem, to New England and Egypt ; and
some were even moved to go toward China and Japan in search of the unknown realms of
Prester John.'" Democracy, in its largest sense, was their political creed. " We lay a
foundation," said Penn, " for after ages to understand their liberty as Christians and as men,
that they may not be brought into bondage but by their own consent ; for we tut the
power in the people." With such views he framed his government ; with the simplicity
of honest truth and love he made the treaty with the Indians. This treaty was not con-
firmed by oath, nor ratified by signatures and seals ; no written records were made, " and
its terms and conditions had no abiding monuments but on the heart. There they were
written like the laws of God, and were never forgotten."2 Kindness was more powerful in
subduing than the sword, and justice had greater weight with the Indian warrior than gun-
powder. " New England had just terminated a disastrous war of extermination ; the Dutch
were scarcely ever at peace with the Algonquins ; the laws of Maryland refer to Indian
hostilities and massacres which extended as far as Richmond. Penn came without arms ;
he declared his purpose to abstain from violence ; he had no message but peace ; and not a
drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian."3 They themselves were conscious of
the power of rectitude. " We have done better," they said, in the Planters Speech, in
1G64, "than if, with the proud Spaniards, we had gained the mines of Potosi. We may
make the ambitious heroes whom the world admires blush for their shameful victories. To
the poor dark souls round about us we teach their rights as men."
Near the close of 1682 Penn purchased lands lying between the Delaware and the Schuyl-
kill, at their confluence, for the purpose of founding a capital city. Already the Swedes had
built a church there ;* and the situation was " not surpassed," in the estimation of Penn,
" by one among all the many places he had seen in the world." With great joy and brill
iant hopes they marked the boundaries of streets on the trunks of the chestnut, maple, ash,
and walnut trees of the original forest, and gave them names derived from these natural
landmarks. They called the city Philadelphia — brotherly love — and with unexampled ra
pidity the forest disappeared, and pleasant houses uprose upon the " virgin Elysian shore."
In March, 1683, the second Assembly of the province convened in the infant city, and,
at the suggestion of Penn, the original " form of government" was so amended, that the
" charter of liberties" signed by him at that time rendered the government of Pennsylvania,
August, a" Dut in name, a representative democracy. Penn soon afterward returned to En-
1'"> gland, having first appointed five commissioners, with Thomas Loyd as president,
to administer his government during his absence. Every thing went on prosperously, and
nothing occurred to disturb the quiet of the new state until 1691, when the "three lower
' Bancroft, ii., 337. " Ibid., ii., 382. 3 Ibid., ii. 383.
* Several years before the arrival of Penn, the upper Swedish settlement on the Delaware erected a block-
house at Wicaco, now the district of Southwark. The block-house was converted into a church for the
convenience of the settlement, the port-holes serving for windows. The first sermon was preached in it in
1677. This edifice stood upon a pleasant knoll sloping to the river. North of it, where Christian Street
is, was an inlet, and beyond this was another knoll, on which was erected the house of three Swedish broth-
ers. Sven, Oele, and Andries Swenson [Swanson], from whom Penn purchased the site of Philadelphia
This building was noticed by Kalm in 1748; and Mr. Watson, in his Jlnnah of Philadelphia, (i., 148)
says, "the original log-house 'was standing nntil the British occupied Philadelphia, when it was taken down
and converted into fuel." A brick church was built upon the site of the old block-house in 1700, and is
still standing on Swanson Street, a little distance from the navv vard.
II. ■ D
50
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Secession of Delaware.
Perm's Difficulties.
His liberal Concessions.
Pennsylvania Charter.
Penn's Heirs
counties on the Delaware" already mentioned, withdrew from the Union on account of some
dissatisfaction with the proceedings of a majority of the council. With the reluctant con-
sent of Penn, a deputy governor was appointed over them.
Charles the Second died in 1685, and his brother James, the Duke of York, ascended
the throne. The bad private character of James, his duplicity, and his known attachment
to the Roman Catholics, made him detested by a majority of the people of England, and,
three years after his accession, he was driven into exile. His scepter passed into the hands
of his daughter Mary and her husband William, prince of Orange. William Penn was sus-
pected of adherence to the cause of the fallen monarch, and of secret efforts to effect his res-
toration. For this he was imprisoned ; and in 1692 his provincial government was taken
from him by Gov. Fletcher,
of New York, under a royal
commission. These suspicions
were speedily removed, and in
1694 Penn's proprietary rights
were restored to him.
Penn again visited his colo-
ny in 1699, but he did not find
that prevailing peace which
gladdened his heart when he
left it. Discontents had aris-
en among the people, and they
were clamorous for further pop-
ular concessions. Ever intent
upon the happiness of the peo-
ple, he presented them with a
more liberal charter than the.
former ones. It conferred great-
er powers upon the people, and
the Assembly declared, in sign-
ing it, that " they thankfully
received the same from the
proprietor and governor, this
twenty-eighth day of October,
1701." This charter remain-''
ed unaltered until the separa-
tion of the province from Great
Britain, and the adoption of a
\i>'
Penn's Seal and Signatuhk.1
constitution in 1776. The
delegates from the lower coun-
ties had withdrawn from the
general Assembly, and refused
allegiance to the new charter
of the Union with Pennsyl-
vania. Penn labored to bind
them harmoniously together,
but without success, and in
1703 a total separation was
agreed upon. From that pe-
riod, Pennsylvania and the
"three lower counties," or Del-
aware, had separate Legisla-
tures, although the same gov-
ernor continued to preside over
both. A scheme was now
elaborating in the British cabi-
net to abolish all of the propri-
etary governments in America,
and Penn hastened back
to England to oppose it.
He never returned to America,
but died in England in 1718,
leaving his interest in Pennsyl-
vania and Delaware to his three
sons, John, Thomas, and Rich-
ard Penn (then minors), who
1 This is a representation of the seal and signature of William Penn attached to the Pennsylvania charter.
The names of the subscribing witnesses to the instrument are James Clavpoole, Francis Plumsted, Thomas
Barker, Philip Ford, Edward Pritchard. Andrew Soule, Christopher Taylor, Charles Lloyd, William Gib-
son, U. More, George Rudyard, Harbt. Springett.
4 The parting message of Governor Penn to the Assembly is a pattern of brevity, and miijht be studied
OF THE REVOLUTION. 51
Perm's Successors hostile to the Indians. Popular Feeling against the Proprietaries. Dr. Franklin.
continued to administer the government — by deputies, most of the time — until the Revolu-
tion. The commonwealth of Pennsylvania then purchased all their interest in the province
for five hundred and eighty thousand dollars.'
It would be a pleasant and profitable task to trace the history of Pennsylvania in detail.
from the period of Penn's death to the commencement of the war for independence, but our
plan and limits forbid it. Having taken a general view of the settlement and establish-
ment of the province, we must be content with a consideration of leading events bearing
directly upon the Revolutionary struggle.
John, a grandson of William Penn, and son of Richard, then one of the proprietors
living in England, was lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania when the Stamp Act and kin-
dred measures of government stirred up a rebellious spirit in the colonies. The province
was then engaged in hostilities with the Delawares, Shawanese, and Seneca Indians, who
were committing dreadful atrocities on the western frontier. It seemed necessary for Gov-
ernor Penn to assume the attitude of an enemy toward the people with whom his grand-
father lived so affectionately ; and it is painful to contemplate the fact that he offered, by
proclamation, in the city of Philadelphia, a bounty for the capture of Indians or
their scalps !3 The war was successful ; and in the autumn of 1764 the hostile
Indians sued for peace.
Internal commotions now became more frequent, and ominous of political disruption. For
years the province had been agitated by quarrels between the Assembly and the proprietors
on the subject of prerogatives. The popular mind was led by Dr. Franklin and his asso-
ciates, who contended that the proprietary estates should be taxed in common with other
property. The proprietors, resting upon the privileges of their charter, resisted the meas-
ure, and in John Penn they had a powerful, because interested, champion. All hope of a
reconciliation through concession being at an end, Franklin and others had previously pro-
posed to petition the king to purchase the jurisdiction of the province from the proprietors,
and vest the government directly in the crown. The proposition was favorably considered
by the people at large, and the petition was accordingly drawn up by Franklin. It set forth
the increasing property, and, as a consequence, the increasing power of the proprietaries, and
the danger to be apprehended from the influence of such a power in the state intervening
between the crown and the people. This was the first great step toward revolution in Penn-
sylvania— an attempt to crush feudal power and remove all barriers between the supreme
governor and the governed. Many leading men, whose relationship to the proprietaries, and
attachment to things made reverend by age, opposed the petition ; but the Quakers, whose
principles had been set at naught by the successors of William Penn, were in favor of the
measure. Several successive Assemblies favored the proposition, and Dr. Frank- No
lin was appointed provincial agent to urge the measure before the king. This
with profit by some of our chief magistrates. It was communicated just before his departure for England,
and was as follows :
"10th month, loth, 1708.
" Friends. — Your union is what I desire ; hut your peace and accommodating one another is what I
must expect from you ; the reputation of it is something — the reality much more. I desire you to remem-
ber and observo what I say. Yield in circumstances to preserve essentials ; and being sale in one another,
you will always he so in esteem with me. Make me not sad now I am going to leave yon ; smeejt is foi
you. as well as for your friend, and proprietor, and governor, 'N ii.i.ia.m Penn.
Just before leaving. Penn granted a city elmrter to Philadelphia, and Edward Shippen was appointed the
first mayor. He appointed Andrew Hamilton, of New Jersey, lieutenant governor of his province, and
James Lotjan secretary.
1 The founder of Pennsylvania, by the expenses incident to the establishment of his government, together
with many acts of private benevolence, so impaired his paternal estate as to make it necessary I" borrow
830,000, the most of which was secured by a mortgage on his province. This was the commencement
of the state debt of Pennsylvania, now amounting to about. 810,000,000.
2 The bounties were as' follows : " For every male above tho age of ten years captured, Sl.r>0 ; scalped,
heinr; killed, 8134 ; for every female Indian enemy, and every male under ten years, captured, $130 ; for
every female above the age of ten years, scalped, 850 I
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Stamp Act. Spirit of the People. Party Rancor. Franklin Lampooned. William Bradford
was the beginning of the system of colonial agencies which so efficiently aided the progress
of the Revolution.
In Philadelphia, as in other commercial towns, opposition to the Stamp Act was a pre-
ailing sentiment. Intelligence of its enactment, and the king's assent, produced great ex-
citement ; and, as the day on which it was to go into effect approached, open hostility be-
came more and more manifest. Party spirit, at that time, was peculiarly rancorous in
Pennsylvania, and the political opposers of Dr. Franklin asserted that he was in favor of the
odious act. The fact that he had procured the office of stamp-master for Philadelphia for
his friend John Hughes (as he did for Ingersoll of Connecticut), gave a coloring of truth to
the charge, and his family and property were menaced with injury.1 He was lampooned
by caricatures1 and placards ; but they had little effect upon the great mass of the people,
by whom he was admired and confided in.
The store-keepers of Philadelphia resolved to cease importing British goods while the
Stamp Act was in force ; the people resolved to abstain from mutton, so that wool for the
purpose of domestic manufacture might be increased ; and among other resolves concerning
frugality in living, they determined to restrain the usual expenses of funerals. Benjamin
Price, Esq., was buried in an oaken coffin and iron handles ; and Alderman Plumstead was
conveyed to the grave without a pall or mourning-dresses. When the commission for Hughes
and the stamps arrived, all the bells were muffled and tolled ; the colors were hoisted half
mast, and signs of a popular outbreak appeared. The house of Hughes was guarded by his
friends ; but the current of popular feeling ran so high and menacing that he resigned his
office. As in New York, the odious act was printed and hawked about the streets, headed
The Folly of England, and the Ruin of America.3 The newspaper of William Brad-
ford,4 the leading printer in Philadelphia, teemed with denunciations of the act ; and on the
1 His wife, in a letter written on the 22d of September, 1765, from "near Philadelphia," informs him
that a mob was talked of; that several houses were indicated for destruction ; and that she was advised to
remove to Burlington for safety. "It is Mr. S. S.," she said, "that is setting the people mad, by telling
them that it was you that had planned the Stamp Act, and that you are endeavoring to get the Test Act
brought over here." The courageous woman declared she would not stir from her dwelling, and she re-
mained throughout the election (the immediate cause of excitement at that time) unharmed.
8 In one of these, called The Mallei/, Franklin is represented among the electors, accompanied by the
Devil, who is whispering in his ear, " Thee shall be agent, Ben, for all my realm." In another part of the
caricature is the following verse :
"All his designs concenter in himself,
For building castles and amassing pelf.
The public ! 'tis his wit to sell for gain,
Whom private property did ne'er maintain."
3 Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, ii., 271.
4 William Bradford was a grandson of William Bradford, the first printer who settled in the colony.*
He went to England in 1741, and the next year returned with printing materials and books. In December,
1742, he published the first number of the Pennsylvania Journal, which was continued until about the
close of the century, when his son Thomas, who was his business partner, changed its name to the Trut
American. While carrying on the printing business, he opened, in 1754, at the corner of Market and Front
Streets, "The London Coffee-house," and in 1762 a marine insurance office, with Mr. Kvdd. His repub-
lican bias was manifested during the Stamp Act excitement ; and when the war of the Revolution began, he
joined the Pennsylvania militia. As a major and colonel, he fought in the battles of Trenton and Princeton,
and was at Fort Mifflin, below Philadelphia, when it was attacked. After the British army left Philadel-
phia, he returned with a broken constitution and a shattered fortune. A short time before his death, a par-
alytic shock gave him warning of its approach. To his children he said, "Though I bequeath you no es-
tate. I leave you in the enjoyment of liberty." He died on the 25th of September, 1791, aged seventy-
two years.
* Ilia son, Andrew, was also a printer, and carried on business in Philadelphia after his fnther had retired to New York on a
pension from government of sixty pounds a year. In a poetic effusion printed by Keimer, the first employer of Dr. Franklin,
in 1734. is the following allusion to the Bradtords :
" In Penn's wooden country type feels no disaster,
The printers grow rich ; one is made their postmaster.
His father, a printer, is paid for his work,
And wallows in plenty, just now, in New York.
Though quite past his labor, and old as my gran'num,
The government pays him pounds sixty per annum."
OF THE REVOLUTION.
53
The Pennsylvania Journal.
Repeal of the Stamp Act.
Rejoicings.
Dickenson's Loiters.
day preceding the one- in which the law was to go in force, it contained the emblematic
head and " doleful" communication seen in the engraving.'
| ThfTIMESarc
Etare&Mul
TDoWtol
Dju.ae.ixss
Tl mfc ., OOzitr^i. 1-J65 THE KL'MB 110c
PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL;
AND
WEEKLY ADVERTISER.
E XP I R 1 X G : In Hope: of a Rshzrrectiontc Lite agair
□ am forry to be
obliged to ac-
qaaint my read-
ers that as the
Stamp Act is
feared to bo obligatory
upon us after the Jirft of
\ tuber ensuing (The
Fatal To-morrow), The
publifherofthis paper, un-
able to bear the Burthen,
has thought it expedient
to ftop awhile, in order to
deliberate, whether any
methods can be found to
elude the chains forged for
us, and efcape the infup-
portable flavery, which it
is hoped, from the laft
reprefentation now made
againft that act, may be
effected. Mean while I
muft earneftly Requeft
every individual of my
Subfcribers, many of
whom have been long be-
hind Hand, that they
would immediately dil-
charge their refpective
Arrears, that I may be
able, not only to fupport
myfelf during the Inter-
val, but be better prepar-
ed to proceed again with
this Paper whenever an
opening for that purpofo
appears, which I hope
will be foon.
WILLIAM BRADFORD.
The repeal of the Stamp Act the following year produced great rejoicing in Philadelphia.
The intelligence of the repeal was brought by Captain Wise. He was invited to drini;
punch at the Coffee-house,3 where a gold-laced hat was given him, and presents were dis-
tributed among his crew. The punch was made common ; and many of the " first men
played hob-and-nob over their glasses with sailors and common people." The city was brill-
iantly illuminated at night ; a large quantity of wood was given for bonfires ; many barrels
of beer were distributed among the populace ; and the next day the governor and mayoralty
gave a feast to three hundred persons at the State House gallery. At that feast it wa=
unanimously resolved by those present to dress themselves, at the approaching birth-day of
the king, in new suits of English manufacture, and to give their homespun garments to the
poor. The anniversary of the king's birth-day, in June, was also celebrated with great dis-
plays of joy and loyalty ; and the people, in the plenitude of their good feelings, did not heed
the advice of Franklin and Richard Penn, " not to exult as at a great victory."
When the British Parliament devised other schemes for taxing the Americans, Pennsyl-
vania, like Massachusetts and all the other colonies, was aroused, and the rights of the Amer-
ican people were every where freely discussed. John Dickenson sent forth his powerful
"Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer,"3 and the circular letter from Massachusetts, recapitu-
1 This is one third the size of the original, and gives a fac simile, in appearance, of the device.
3 The London Coffee-house, established, as we have seen, by William Bradford ten years before, on the
corner of Front and Market Streets, was the daily resort of the governor and other public functionaries,
and there vendues were generally held. John Pemberton, a Quaker, owned the house in 1780 ; and in his
lease to Giflbrd Dally, he stipulated that smearing should be discouraged there, and that the house should
be closed on " (Ac first day of the iceek.'' This would be an excellent clause in like leases at the present
day. 3 See page 476, vol. i.
.-> I PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Finnnese of Pennsylvania. Tea Ships. Destruction of Tea at Greenwich. Revolutionary Movements
lating arguments against taxation, was received with loud acclaim. Alarmed at the prog-
ress of opposition in the colonies, Hillsborough, the colonial secretary, sent forth his counter-
vailing circulars. Governor Penn was instructed to enjoin the Assembly to regard the Mas-
sachusetts circular as seditious and of a dangerous tendency, and to prorogue the Assembly
if they should countenance it. The Assembly, firm in the right cause, practically asserted
their privilege to correspond with the other colonies, and they heartily seconded the propo-
sition of Virginia for a union of the provinces in a respectful petition to the king for a re-
dress of grievances. Leagues, non-importation agreements, committees of correspondence,
and other revolutionary machinery, such as were zealously engaged in New England, were
equally active in Pennsylvania ; and when the British government poured all its wrath upon
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, in word and deed, stood up as the bold champion and sympa-
thizing friend of the New Englanders. Its course was more temperate than its sister col-
ony, but not less firm. While a convention at Philadelphia recommended the people of
Boston to try all lenient measures for relief, they assured them that " the people of Penn-
sylvania would continue firmly to adhere to the cause of American liberty."
In December, 1773, two of the "detested tea-ships" sailed up the Delaware as far as
Gloucester Point. There they were ordered to anchor, and to proceed no further, at their
peril. The authority acting on the occasion was a committee from a meeting of full eight
thousand persons, then congregated in the State House yard. They allowed the captain of
one of the ships (the Polly) to go up to the city and witness the manifested feelings of the
people, by which he might determine which was the wiser course to pursue, to persist in
landing the tea, or to weigh anchor for Europe. He chose the latter, and in the mean time
the consignees of the tea were all forced to resign. In November, the following year, the
brig Greyhound, bound to Philadelphia with a cargo of tea, landed at Greenwich, on the
Jersey shore. There the cargo wa's discharged, and placed in the cellar of a house stand-
ing in front of the market grounds. On the evening of the 22d, about fifty men, dis-
1774. . . . ...
guised as Indians, took the chests from the cellar, piled them in a neighboring field,
and burned them. Suits were brought against some of the leading young men who were
engaged in this transaction, but the war breaking out, and courts of justice being abolished
or suspended, they were abandoned.1
On the 18th of June, 1774, another meeting of at least eight thousand persons convened
in Philadelphia. The governor had been requested to call a special session of the Assembly,
but refused.2 John Dickenson and Thomas Willing were appointed chairmen of the meet-
ing : the whole proceedings were revolutionary. They recommended a Continental Con-
gress ; formed a committee to correspond with the counties and with the other colonies in
relation to the appointment of deputies to a general Congress, and to solicit subscriptions for
the sufferers at Boston. A convention of deputies from all parts of the province was rec-
ommended, and, as peaceably as it convened, the mass meeting adjourned.
___ A meeting of deputies from the several counties was held on the 15th of July, in
which the kindred sentiments of loyalty and patriotism glowed with intensity. They
resolved " that they owed allegiance to George the Third ; that they ardently desired the
restoration of their ancient harmony with the mother country on the principles of the Con-
stitution ; that the inhabitants of the colonies were entitled to the same rights and liberties
1 The following are the names of the leading young men who composed this New Jersey Tea-party : Dr.
Ebenezer Elmer, Richard Howell (afterward major in the army and governor of the state), David Pierson,
Stephen Pierson, Silas Whiteear, Timothy Elmer, Rev. Andrew Hunter, Rev. Philip Fithian, Alexander
M e, Jr., Clarence Parvin, John Hunt, James Hunt, Lewis Howell, Henry Starks, James Ewing, father
of the late chief justice of New Jersey, Dr. Thomas Ewing, Josiah Seeley, and Joel Fithian.
2 In 1771 Governor John Penn returned to England, leaving executive affairs in the hands of Andrew
Hamilton, the president of the council. In the autumn of that year, Richard Penn, a younger brother of
John, arrived with credentials as lieutenant governor. He held the odice until September, 1773, when
John Penn returned, and resumed the reins of government. It was during the latter part of the first admin-
istration of John Penn, and those of Hamilton and Richard Penn, that the hostilities in the Valley of Wyo-
ming occurred, of which we have written in the first volume.
OF THE REVOLUTION 55
Members of Assembly instructed. Quakers Opposed to the Revolution. •• Testimony" of their Yearly Meeting in 1775
within the colonies as subjects born in England -were entitled to within that realm, and
that the right of representation in the British Parliament was implied by the asserted power
of the government to tax them." The convention also adopted a series of instructions
for the Assembly about to convene, in which, in the strongest terms, colonial rights were
asserted. These were from the pen of John Dickenson, and, though loyal in spirit, they
were firm in resistance to tho arm of oppression.' When the Assembly met, these instruc-
tions were regarded as binding, and were faithfully carried out. Joseph Galloway (who
afterward became a Tory), the speaker of the Assembly, Samuel Rhoades, Thomas Mifflin,
Charles Humphries, John Morton, George Ross, Edward Biddle, and subsequently John
Dickenson, were appointed delegates to represent Pennsylvania in the Continental juiyaa
Congress, to assemble in Philadelphia in September following. 1'74'
We have seen that, from the founding of Pennsylvania, the Quakers held a commanding
social and political influence in the commonwealth. Although this influence was much di-
minished at the commencement of the Revolution, a large influx of Germans and adven-
turers from New England having populated extensive districts of the province, their prin-
ciples, precepts, and practices had great weight with the public mind. They had generally
taken affirmative ground in the popular peaceable measures adopted to procure redress ol
political grievances, and warmly approved of the conduct of the first Continental Congress;
but when an appeal to arms became an apparent necessity, and the tendency of action in
popular conventions and legislative assemblies pointed to that dreadful alternative, their love
of order, and their principles of non-resistance by force of arms, positively enjoined in their
" Discipline," made them pause. They held extra and protracted meetings, even till after
night, to determine what to do. There was a spirit abroad favorable to enforcing a com-
pliance with the letter of the American Association recommended by the fust Congress — an
association designed to draw, in strong lines of demarcation, the separation between the friends
of Congress and the friends of the king. To this spirit the Quakers were opposed, because
it usurped the dearest prerogatives of conscience, and pronounced the exercise of honest opin-
ions to be a political misdemeanor. They not only paused, but cast the weight of their in-
fluence into the scale of royalty, believing it to be the guardian of law and order.
While a Provincial Convention was in session in Philadelphia, in which the elo- J;m. 1,
quence of Thomas Mifflin, a young Quaker, was urging his countrymen to a resort 1"°
to arms, his sect, not sharing his enthusiasm, were holding their yearly meeting in the same
city. That meeting, swayed in its opinions and action by James Pemberton, one of the
most prominent and sound men of his day, put forth its " Testimony," in which the mem-
bers of the society were exhorted to withhold all countenance from every measure " tending
lo break o£T the happy connection of the colonies with the mother country, or to interrupt
their just subordination to the king."3 From that time until the close of the war, the
1 " Honor, justice, and humanity," they said. " oall upon us to hold, and to transmit to posterity, that lib-
erty which we received from our ancestors. It is nol our duly to leave our wealth to our children, hut it
is our dutv to leave liberty to them. No infamy, iniquity, or cruelly can exceed our own. il we, horn and
educated in a country ol' freedom, entitled to its blessings, and knowing their value, pusillanimonsly desert-
ing the post assigned us by Divine Providence, surrender succeeding generations to a condition of wretch-
edness from which no human efforts, in all probability, will be sufficient to extricate them nncc
of all states mercifully demonstrating to us that, when arbitrary power has bi bed ovei them, even
the wisest and bravest nations that ever flourished have, in a lew years, degenerated into abject and wretch-
ed vassals. To us. therefore, it appears, at this alarming period, our duty t<> G country, to our-
selves, and to our posterity, to exert our utmost ability in promoting and establishing harmony between
Great Britain and these colonies on a constitutional foundation.
; The following is a copv of that document, taken from the Pennsylvania Evening Post, No. 402:
The TESTIMONY of the people called Quakers, given forth by a meeting of the Representatives of said
people in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, held at Philadelphia the twenty-fourth day oflhefirst month, 1775 :
Having considered, with real sorrow, the unhappy contest between the Legislature of Great Britain and
the people of these colonies, and the animosities consequent thereon, we have, by repeated public advices
and private admonitions, used our endeavors to dissuade the members of our religious society from joining
with the public resolutions promoted and entered into by some of the people, which, as we apprehended, so
we now find, have increased contention, and produced great discord and confusion.
.56
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Tomes Pemberton and others sent to Virginia.
Arrest and Removal of Governor Penn and Chief-justice Chew.
James I
From a [>rint in
E.MBKKTON.
' Watson'a Annals.
Quakers, as a body, were friends of the king, though generally
passive, so far as public observation could determine. But in
secret, and through their " testimonies," they gave " aid and
comfort to the enemy." To such an extent did they exert
their influence against the patriots, that Congress thought it
proper to recommend the executives of the several states to
keep a watch upon their movements. That body also earnest-
ly recommended the supreme executive council of Pennsylva-
nia to apprehend and secure the persons of eleven of the lead-
ing Quakers of Philadelphia.1 Among these was August 28,
James Pemberton, whose likeness is here given. He 1777-
remained two years in Virginia, where he wrote a journal, n
portion of which is published in the "Friends' Miscellany"
vol. vii.
Unlike other Tories, the Quakers were so passive that little
positive evidence of their acting against the patriots could be
The Divine Principle of grace and truth which we profess leads all who attend to its dictates to demean
themselves as peaceahle subjects, and to discountenance and avoid every measure tending to excite disaffec-
tion to the king as supreme magistrate, or to the legal authority of his government, to which purpose many
of the late political writings and addresses to the people appearing to be calculated, we are led by a sense
of duty to declare our entire disapprobation of them, their spirit and temper being not only contrary to the
nature and precepts of the Gospel, but destructive of the peace and harmony of civil society, disqualifies
men, in these times of difficulty, for the wise and judicious consideration and promoting of such measures
as would be most effectual for reconciling differences or obtaining the redress of grievances.
From our past experience of the clemency of the king and his royal ancestors, we have ground to hope
and believe that decent and respectful addresses from those who are vested with legal authority, represent-
ing the prevailing dissatisfactions and the cai.se of them, would avail toward obtaining relief, ascertaining
and establishing the just rights of the people, and restoring the public tranquillity ; and we deeply lament
that contrary modes of proceeding have been pursued, which have involved the colonies in confusion, ap-
pear likely to produce violence and bloodshed, and threaten the subversion of the Constitutional government,
and of that liberty of conscience for the enjoyment of which our ancestors were induced to encounter the
manifold dangers and difficulties of crossing the seas and of settling in the wilderness.
We are therefore incited, by a sincere concern for the peace and welfare of our country, publicly to de-
clare against every usurpation of power and authority in opposition to the laws and government, and against
all combinations, insurrections, conspiracies, and illegal assemblies; and as we are restrained from them
by the conscientious discharge of our duty to Almighty God, "by whom kings reign and princes decree
justice," we hope, through his assistance and favor, to be enabled to maintain our testimony against any
requisitions which may be made of us, inconsistent with our religious principles and the fidelity we owe to
the king and his government, as by law established ; earnestly desiring the restoration of that harmony and
concord which have heretofore united the people of these provinces, and been attended by the Divine bless-
ing on their labors. Signed in and on behalf of the said meeting,
James Pemberton, Clerk -at this time.
This Testimony gave offense to many Friends in Philadelphia who were favorable to the patriots. Some
left, and formed a separate meeting. They built themselves a brick meeting-house at the southwest cor-
ner of Fifth and Arch Streets ; and others so far seceded as to form a military company, under Captain
Humphreys, which they called The Quaker Company.
' The reason given for this measure by Congress was, "that when the enemy, in the month of Decem-
ber, 1776, were bending their progress toward the city of Philadelphia, a certain seditious publication, ad-
dressed ' To our friends and brethren in religious profession in these and the adjacent provinces,' signed
John Pemberton, in and on behalf of the meeting of sufferings, held at Philadelphia, for Pennsylvania and
New Jersey, the 26th of the 12th month, 1776," was published, and, as your committee is credibly in-
formed, circulated among many members of the society called Quakers, throughout the different states.11
The paper originated in Philadelphia, and Joshua Fisher, Abel James, James Pemberton, Henry Drinker,
Israel Pemberton, John Pemberton, John James, Samuel Pleasants, Thomas Wharton, senior, Thomas Fish-
er, and Samuel Fisher, of that city, leading meiuhers of the society, were banished to Fredericksburg, in
\ irginia. The Board of War was also instructed to remove the Honorable John Penn, the governor, and
Benjamin Chew, the chief justice of Pennsylvania, thither, for safe custody. — See Journals of Congress,
iii., 290.
The papers and records of the yearly meeting of the Quakers of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which
were captured by Sullivan, in an expedition against the Loyalist regiments 1\ ing on Staten Island, opposite
Perth Amboy, gave Congress the first positive proof of the general disaffection of the sect.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
•3?
Execution of Roberts and Carlisle.
Justice of their Punishment.
Carpenter-' HaD.
obtained ; and very few of them, suffering from confiscation of property or other penalties,
became refugees at the close of the war. John Ftoberts and Abraham Carlisle, of Phila-
delphia, members of this sect, suffered death at the hands of the Whigs, in November, 1778.
This act has been cited a hundred times as evidence against the claims to the exercise of
uniform humanity on the part of the patriots, and magnified into afoul murder, justified by
no plea of public expediency. The facts prove otherwise ; for if it was ever expedient to
take the life of a dangerous citizen, then Roberts and Carlisle suffered justly. While they
abstained from open hostility to the Revolutionary government, and refused to bear arms
for the king, they gave secret aid, far more potent to the enemies of liberty. They were
employed by Joseph Galloway and his loyal friends as secret agents in detecting foes to the
government. While Howe had possession of Philadelphia, Carlisle granted permissions to
pass the lines, watched at the entrance of the city to point out obnoxious persons coming
from the country, and many were arrested and cast into prison on his bare suggestion.
Under the meek garb and demeanor of the Quaker was a Torquemada, exercising the func-
tions of an inquisitor general. When Howe ordered a detachment, under Lieutenant-col-
onel Abercrombie, to go out upon the Frankford road, and fall upon a party of American
militia, who, he was informed, were lying in the woods, Roberts and Carlisle, who would
not bear arms for the wealth of the Indies, acted as guides in conducting Abercrombie to
the massacre of their countrymen. According to the rules of war and of state policy, their
execution was expedient and salutary in effect. It was a subject for bitter vituperation on
the part of the Tories, and even those who would fain have saved them from death were
charged with dishonorable motives. " Governor Livingston went to Philadelphia," wrote
John Potts to Joseph Galloway, " and urged his endeavors to prevail on the banditti in
power there to save Roberts and Carlisle, not from any principle of honor or conscience —
you know him too well — but from motives, as he thought, of policy." I think it may be
safely asserted that where one Tory lost his life at the hands of the Whigs during the Rev-
olution, fifty Whigs were slain in cold blood by the Tories. The reason is obvious — a heart
warmed with love of country is benevolent and humane ; its active opposers may fairly be
presumed to be mercenary, and consequently cruel.
The supper-bell has rung ; let us close the chronicle for to-night, and in the morning go out
in search of localities made memorable by events connected with our war for independence.
On Monday morning I visit- November 27.
Carpenters' Uiu.>
ed Carpenters' Hall, the build- 1848-
ing in which the first Continental Congress
held its brief session. Having had no in-
timation concerning its appearance, condi-
tion, and present use, and informed that it
was situated in " Carpenters' Court," imag-
ination had invested its exterior with dig-
nity, its interior with solemn grandeur, and
its location a spacious area, where nothing
" common or unclean" was permitted to
dwell. How often the hoof of Pegasus
touches the leafless tree-tops of sober prose
when his rider supposes him to be at his
highest altitude ! How often the rainbow
of imagination fades, and leaves to the eye
nothing but the forbidding aspect of a cloud
of plain reality ! So at this time. The
spacious court was but a short and narrow
1 This building is constructed of small imported bricks, each alternate one glazed, and darker than the
ither, giving it a checkered appearance. Many of the old houses of Philadelphia were built of like mate-
58
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Desecration of Carpenters' Hall.
Congress Hall.
Prevalence of a Desire for Union.
alley ; and the Hall, consecrated by the holiest associations which cluster around the birth-
time of our republic, was a small two-story building, of somber aspect, with a short steeple,
and all of a dingy hue. I tried hard to conceive the apparition upon its front to be a classic
frieze, with rich historic triglyphs ; but it would not do. Vision was too " lynx-eyed," and
I could make nothing more poetic of it than an array of impudent letters spelling the words
C. J. WOLBERT & CO., AUCTIONEERS
for the sale of
Real Estate and Stocks,
Fancy Goods,
Horses, Vehicles, and Harness.
What a desecration ! Covering the facade of the very Temple of Freedom with the pla-
cards of groveling mammon ! If sensibility is shocked with this outward pollution, it is over-
whelmed with indignant shame on entering the hall where that august assembly of men —
the godfathers of our republic — convened to stand as sponsors at the baptism of infant Amer-
ican Liberty, to find it filled with every species of merchandise, and the walls which once
echoed the eloquent words of Henry, Lee, and the Adamses, reverberating with the clatter
of the auctioneer's voice and hammer. Is there not patriotism strong enough and bold
enough in Philadelphia to enter this temple and " cast out all them that buy and sell, and
overthrow the table of the money-changers ?"
The hall in which Congress met is upon the lower floor, and comprehends the whole area
of the building. It is ^^_^^_^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^__^^^^^___^_^^^^^_.
about forty-five feet
square, with a recess '£«<J8iPs'
in the rear twenty- H
five feet wide and
about twelve feet
deep, at the entrance
of which are two
pillars, eighteen feet
high. The second
story contains small-
er apartments which
were used by Con-
gress, and occupied
by the society as com-
mittee rooms. In
one of these, emptied ot all merchandise except a wash-tub and a rush-bottomed chair, let
us sit down and consider the events connected with that first great Continental Council.
We have already, in former chapters, considered the causes which awakened a desire in
the colonies for a political union, and which impelled them to resistance. For many years
a strong sympathy had existed between the several colonies, and injuries done to one, either
by the aggressions of the French and Indians, or the unkind hand of their common mother,
touched the feelings of all the others, and drew out responsive words and acts which denoted
an already strong bond of unity. Widely separated as some of them were from each other
by geographical distance, and diversity of interest and pursuits, there were, nevertheless, po-
litical, social, and commercial considerations which made" the Anglo-Americans really one
people, having common interests and common hopes. Called upon as free subjects of Great
Britain to relinquish, theoretically and practically, some of the dearest prerogatives guaran-
teed to them by Magna Charta and hoary custom — prerogatives, in which were enveloped
the most precious kernels of civil liberty — they arose as one family to resist the insidious
Congress H u.i.
rials. It was originally erected for the hall of meeting for the society of house-carpenters of Philadelphia.
It stands at the end of an alley leading south from Chestnut Street, between Third and Fourth Streets.
OF THE RE VOLT Tin N 5 9
First Movements toward a General Congress. Klecuon of Delegates. Names of the Representatives of each Colony.
progress of on-coming despotism, and yearned for union to give themselves strength com
mensurate to the task. Leading minds in every colony perceived the necessity for a general
council, and in the spring of 177-1, the great heart of Anglo- America seemed to heat as
with one pulsation with this sublime idea. That idea found voice and expression almost
simultaneously throughout the laud. Rhode Island has the distinguished honor of first speak-
ing out publicly on the subject. A general Congress was proposed at a town meet.ng in
Providence on the 17th of May, 1774. A committee of a town meeting held in Philadel-
phia on the 21st, four days afterward, also recommended such a measure ; and on the 23d,
a town meetin<r in Xew York city uttered the same sentiment. The House of Burgesses
of Virginia, dissolved by Lord Dunmore, assembled at the Raleigh Tavern,' in Williams-
burgh, on the 27th, and on that day warmly recommended the assembling of a national
council ; and Baltimore, in county meeting, also took action in favor of it on the 31st. On
the 6th of June, a town meeting at Norwich, Connecticut, proposed a general Congress ;
on the 11th, a county meeting at Newark, New Jersey, did the same; on the 17th, the
Massachusetts Assembly, and, at the same time, a town meeting in Faneuil Hall, in Bos-
ton, strenuously recommended the measure ; and a county meeting at New Castle, Dela-
ware, approved of it on the 29th. On the Gth of July, the committee of correspondence at
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, expressed its approbation of the measure. A general prov-
ince meeting, held at Charleston, South Carolina, on the Gth, 7th, and 8th of that month,
urged the necessity of such a Congress ; and a district meeting at Wilmington, North Car-
olina, held on the 21st, heartily responded affirmatively. Thus we perceive that, within
the space of sixty-four days, twelve of the thirteen colonies spoke out decidedly in favor of a
Continental Congress, Georgia alone remaining silent.2 The Massachusetts Assembly des-
ignated the 1st of September, 1774, as the time, and Philadelphia as the place for the
meeting of the Congress.3 Other colonies acquiesced, and at Philadelphia the delegates
convened.
" Now meet the fathers of this western clime.
Nor names more noble graced the roll of Fame.
When Spartan firmness braved the wrecks of time,
Or Rome's bold virtues fann'd the heroic flame.
" Not deeper thought th' immortal sage inspired
On Solon's lips, when Grecian senates hung ;
Nor manlier eloquence the bosom fired,
When genius thunder'd from the Athenian tongue."
Trumbull.'1
On Monday, the 5th of September, fifty-four delegates, from twelve colonies, assembled
in Carpenters' Hall.1 It was a congregation of men, viewed in every important aspect.
1 A drawing of the Raleigh Tavern, and also of the Apollo Room, in which the Assembly met, will bo
found on pages 278 and 2»0, of this volume.
3 Connecticut elected its delegates on the 3d of June ; Massachusetts on the 17th; Maryland on the
22d ; New Hampshire on the 21st of July ; Pennsylvania on the 22d ; New Jersey on the 23d : New York
on the 25th ; Delaware on the 1st of August ; Virginia on the same day ; South Carolina on the 2d ; Rhode
Island on the 10th; and North Carolina on the 25th.
3 See pages 510, 511, vol. i.
' The author of ATFingal. These lines are from his Elegy on the Times, published while this first Con
gress was in session.
6 The following are the names of the members who composed the first Continental Congress :
New Hampshire. — John Sullivan, Nathaniel Folsom.
Massachusetts. — Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine.
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. — Stephen Hopkins, Samuel Ward.
Connecticut. — Eliphalet Dyer, Roger Sherman, Silas Deane.
New York. — James Duane, John Jay, Isaac Low, John Alsop, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Hen-
ry Wisner.
New Jersey. — James Kinsey, Stephen Crane, William Livingston, Richard Smith, John De Hart.
Pennsylvania. — Joseph Galloway, John Morton, Charles Humphreys, Thomas Mifflin, Samuel Rhodes,
Edward Biddle, George Ross, John Dickenson.
Delaware. — Caesar Rodney, Thomas MKean, George Read.
GO PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Character of the first Continental Congress. Its Organization. Peyton Randolph. Charles Thomson.
such as the world had never seen. " For a long time," says the eloquent Charles Botta,
" no spectacle had been offered to the attention of mankind of so powerful an interest as this
of the present American Congress. It was, indeed, a novel thing, and, as it were, miracu-
lous, that a nation hitherto almost unknown to the people of Europe, or only known by the
commerce it occasionally exercised in their ports, should, all at once, step forth from this
.-tate of oblivion, and, rousing as from a long slumber, should seize the reins to govern it-
self; that the various parts of this nation, hitherto disjointed, and almost in opposition to
each other, should now be united in one body, and moved by a single will ; that their long
and habitual obedience should be suddenly changed for the intrepid counsels of resistance,
and of open defiance to the formidable nation whence they derived their origin and laws.'
The men who composed that first Congress were possessed of the purest minds, the lofti-
est and most disinterested patriotism, and moral characters without spot or blemish. In-
stinctively the people had turned to their best men for counsel and action when the crisis
arrived ; and the representatives there assembled composed the flower of the American col-
onies. " There is in the Congress," wrote John Adams, " a collection of the greatest men
upon this continent in point of abilities, virtues, and fortunes." The sectional factions and
personal ambitions, which afterward disturbed the harmony and injured the character of the
Continental Congress,2 had no tangible shape in this first Assembly. They felt, with all
the solemnity of wise and virtuous men, the weight of the momentous responsibility resting
upon them. They knew that toward them all eyes were turned, all hearts were drawn ;
that not only America, but the whole civilized world, was an interested spectator of their
acts ; and that for posterity, more than for cotemporaries, they held a trust of value infin-
itely beyond human estimation. Impressed with the consciousness of such responsibility, the
delegates commenced their labors.
Septembers, Congress was organized by the choice of Peyton Randolph,3 of Virginia, as pres-
1774- ident, and Charles Thomson,4 of Pennsylvania, as secretary. The credentials of
Maryland. — Robert Goldsborough, Samuel Chase, Thomas Johnson, Matthew Tilghman, William Paca.
Virginia. — Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland.
Benjamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton.
North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, Richard Caswell.
South Carolina. — Henry Middleton, John Rutledge, Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, Edward
Rutledge. ' Otis's Botta, i., 128.
2 In the opinion of Charles Thomson, who was Secretary of Congress for fifteen consecutive years, no
subsequent national Assembly during the war could compare with the first in point of talent and purity.
He represents the Congress that sat at York, in Pennsylvania, while Washington and his army were suffer-
ing at Valley Forge, as a body of weak men compared to former delegations. It was in that Congress
that a faction favored the scheme for making Gates commander-in-chief of the army in place of Washington.
3 Peyton Raadolph was a native of Virginia, descended from one of its oldest and most respected fami-
lies. Like other young men of the aristocracy, he was educated in England. He chose the profession of
the law, and such were his talents that he was appointed attorney-general of the province in 1756, at the
age of twenty-seven years. In that year he engaged, with one hundred gentlemen, to band as volunteers,
and march against the Indians on their Western frontiers. He was for some years a member of the House
of Burgesses of Virginia, and was at one time its speaker. Ho was one of the delegates from Virginia in
the first Continental Congress, presided over that body with dignity, and was elected to the presidential
chair by the second Congress, the following year. On account of ill health, he was obliged to resign his
station on the 24th of May, 1775, and return to Virginia. He afterward resumed his seat in Congress.
He died at Philadelphia, ol apoplexy, on the 22d of October, 1775, aged fifty-two years.
The accompanying likeness of Mr. Randolph I copied from a miniature by Charles Wilson Pcale, in the
possession of his son, Titian R. Pcale, Esq., of Washington City. The original portrait from life, painted
by Pcale, is in the Congress library; the miniature is a copy by the same artist. Mr. Randolph was a
Free-mason.; the scarf seen across his breast is a part of the regalia of a grand master. The portrait was
painted for ;> lodge of the fraternity.
* Charles Thomson was born in Ireland, in 1730, and came to America, with his three elder brothers, in
1711. They landed :it New Castle, Delaware, with no other dependence than their industry. He was
educated by Dr. Allison, the tutor of several of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was
afterward a teacher at the Friends' Academy, at New Castle. From thence he went to Philadelphia,
where he obtained the advico and lasting friendship of Dr. Franklin. Ho was called to the responsible
duty of keeping the minutes of the proceedings of the first Continental Congress in 1774, and from that
time uriti' he resigned his office, in 1789, he was tho sole secretary of that body. He married Hannah
OF THE REVOLUTION.
CI
Opening of the first Continental Congress.
Patrick Henry.
The first Prayer in Congress.
the various delegates were
then presented, and now
came a pause ; who should
take the lead ? what meas-
ure should be first proposed ?
They had come together
from distant provinces, some
instructed by the power that
appointed them, others left
free to act as circumstances
should require. There was
a profound silence, and deep
anxiety was depicted upon
every countenance. No one
seemed willing to break
that silence, until , — »
a crave- looking <_/ 4^3 /hr^T, ty'l <*S>^ o£er~£=Z>/L^
grave
member, in a plain, <?
is it ?'' A few, who knew the stranger, answered,
There was no more hesitation ; he who startled
the people of colonial America, nine years before,
by his bold resolutions against the Stamp Act, and,
a few months afterward, by the cry of " Give me
liberty or give me death !" now gave the impulse
to the representatives of that people in grand coun-
cil assembled, and set in motion that machinery of
civil power which worked so nobly while Wash-
ington and his compatriots were waging war with
the enemy in the field.
Two days afterward, another im-
pressive scene occurred. It was the
first prayer in Congress, offered up by the Rev-
erend Mr. Duche.2 The first day had been occu-
pied in the reception of credentials and the arrange-
ment of business ; the second, in the adoption of
rules for the regulation of the session ; and now,
when about to enter upon the general business
for which they were convened, the delegates
publicly sought Divine aid. It was a specta-
cle of great interest, for men of every creed
dark suit of " minister's
gray" and unpowdered wig,
arose. " Then," said Bish-
op White, who was pres-
ent, and related the circum-
stance, " I felt a regret that
a seeming country parson
should so far have mistaken
his talents and the theater
for their display." But his
voice was so musical, his
words so eloquent, and his
sentiments so profoundly
loiricaj, that the whole
House was electrified, and
the question went
from lip to lip,
" Who is it? who
It is Patrick Henry, of Virginia !"'
September 't
'/uj
Harrison, the aunt of General Harrison, late President of the United States.
.Mr. Thomson died at Lower Merion, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania,
August 16, 1824, aged ninety-four years. The likeness of Secretary Thom-
son here given I copied from a portrait painted from life by Charles Wilson
Peale, and in the present possession of P. T. Barntim, Esq., of New York.
It agrees with the description of him given by the Abbe Robin, who was
attaehed to Rochambeau's staff". Alluding to those who paid their respects
to Rochambeau when he was in Philadelphia, he says: "Among others,
Charles Thomson, secretary of Congress, the soul of that political body,
came also to receive and present his compliments. His meager figure,
furrowed countenance, his hollow, sparkling eyes, his white, straight hair,
that did not hang quite so low as his ears, fixed our thorough attention,
Thomson's Residence. and filled us with surprise and admiration."
1 See AVatson's Annals, vol. i., 422.
John Adams thus wrote to his wife on the 8th of September, concerning that first prayer in Congress ;
C2 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Sessions with closed Doors. Sympathy with Massachusetts. Declaration of Rights. " American Association." Mr. Duche.
were there. In this service their creeds were forgotten, and the hearts of all united in the
prayer which flowed from the pastor's lips ; a prayer which came from a then patriot's
heart, though timidity afterward lost him the esteem of his friends and countrymen.'
The Congress resolved to sit with closed doors, for enemies were around them with open
eyes and busy tongues, and nothing was to be made public without special orders. Having
no means at hand to ascertain the relative importance of the colonies, it was agreed " that
each colony or province should have one vote in determining questions." One of their first
acts was to express an opinion that the whole continent ought to support Massachusetts in
i September 10. resistance to the unconstitutional change in her government ;a and they after-
ward resolved that any person accepting office under the new system ought to
b October io. be held in detestation as a public enemy.0 Merchants were advised to enter
c September as. into non-importation agreements ;c and a letter was addressed to General Gage,
remonstrating against the fortifications on Boston Neck, and his arbitrary exer-
<! October ii. cise of power. d On the 14th of October, a Declaration of Colonial Rights,
prepared by a committee of two from each province, was adopted, in which was set forth
the grievances complained of, and the inalienable rights of British subjects2 in every part of
the realm. As a means of enforcing the claim of natural and delegated rights, fourteen art-
icles were agreed to as the basis of an American Association, pledging the asso-
ciators to an entire commercial non-intercourse with Great Britain, Ireland, and
the West Indies, and the non-consumption of tea and British goods. In one clause the
slave trade was specially denounced, and entire abstinence from it, and from any trade with
those concerned in it, formed a part of the association. Committees were to be appointed
in every county, city, and town, to detect and punish all violations of it ; and all dealings
" When the Coneress met, Mr. Cushing made a motion that it should be opened with prayer. It was op
posed by Mr. Jay, of New York, and Mr. Rutledge, of South Carolina, because we were so divided in relig-
ious sentiments — some Episcopalians, some Quakers, some Anabaptists, some Presbyterians, and some Con-
gregationalists — that we could not join in the same act of worship. Mr. Samuel Adams arose, and said
'that he was no bi^ot, and could hear a prayer from any gentleman of piety and virtue who was at the
same time a friend to his country. He was a stranger in Philadelphia, but had heard that Mr. Duche
(Dushav they pronounce it) deserved that character, and therefore he moved that Mr. Duche, an Episcopal
clergyman, might be desired to read prayers before the Congress to-morrow morning.' The motion was
seconded, and passed in the affirmative. Mr. Randolph, our president, waited on Mr. Duche, and received
for answer that, if his health would permit, he certainly would. Accordingly, next morning, he appeared
with his clerk, and in pontificals, and read several prayers in the Established form, and then read the Psalter
for the seventh day of September, a part of which was the 35th Psalm. You must remember this was the
next morning after we had heard the rumor of the horrible cannonade of Boston. It seemed as if Heaven
had ordained that Psalm to be read on that morning.
" After this, Mr. Duche, unexpectedly to every body, struck out into an extemporary prayer, which filled
the bosom of every man present. I must confess, I never heard a better prayer, or one so well pronounced.
Episcopalian as he is, Dr. Cooper himself never prayed with such fervor, such ardor, such .correctness, such
pathos, and in language so elegant and sublime, for Congress, for the province of Massachusetts Bay, espe-
cially the town of Boston. It had an excellent effect upon every body here. I must beg you to read that
Psalm. If there is any faith in the Sortes Virgilliana?, or Sortes Homerieae, or especially the Sortes Bib-
Hose, it would be thought providential.'' Bishop White, who was present, says that Washington was the
only member who knelt on that occasion.
1 Mr. Duche was at that time an ardent Whig, but subsequently became an enemy to his country. lie
was the son of a Huguenot, who came to America with William Penn. In youth he was a good orator, and,
after taking holy orders in England, he became a very popular Episcopal clergyman in Philadelphia, his
native city. He was appointed chaplain to Congress on the 9th of July, 1776, but resigned in October.
When the British took possession of Philadelphia. Mr. Duche. alarmed at the gloomy aspect of affairs, for-
sook the patriot cause, and, in a letter to Washington, endeavored to persuade the general to do likewise,
and to •' represent to Congress the indispensable necessity of rescinding the hasty and ill-advised Declaration
of Independence." Washington transmitted this letter to Congress, and Mr. Duche was obliged to leave
the country. He became a preacher in the Lambeth Asylum, where he was greatly respected. He re-
turned to America in 1790, and died in Philadelphia in 1711 1. aired about sixty years. Mr. Duche was a
man of much benevolence of character. He gave the amount of his salary ($150), while chaplain of Con-
gress, to be distributed among families whose members had been slain in battle. He married a sister of
Francis Hopkinson, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.
3 This and other state papers, mentioned on the next page, may be found in the Supplement.
OF THE REVOI.ITinx 0 3
Stale Papers issued by Congress. Debates. Diversity of Opinion. Dartmouth's Circular. j
with such enemies of American liberty were to be immediately broken off One hundred and
fifty copies of the Articles of Association were ordered to be printed.
An eloquent address to the people of Great Britain, from the pen of John Jay, and a memo-
rial to the inhabitants of the several British- American colonies, written by William Livingston,
were adopted by Congress on the 21st. A petition to the king, drawn by John Adams, October
and corrected by John Dickenson, was approved on the 26th. Letters to the colonies '"4'
of St. John's Island (now Prince Edwards. Nova Scotia), I leorgia, and the Floridas, inclosing
the doings of Congress, and inviting them to join the Association, were also adopted on that
day (the last of the session). At the same time, they approved of an elaborate address to the
inhabitants of Canada. This was drawn up by Mr. Dickenson. Having made provision for
another Congress to meet on the 10th of .May following,1 the firsl general council closed its
session by adopting a second humble petition to the king, and a vote of thanks to the advocates
of colonial rights in both houses of Parliament.
Congress was in actual session only thirty-one days out of the eight weeks of the term,
the remainder of the time being occupied in preparatory business. It was a session of ex-
traordinary activity, and a great amount of business of vast importance was transacted, not-
withstanding many unnecessary speeches were evidently made.3 They were certainly more
to the purpose than are most of the harangues in Congress at the present day, or, consider-
ing the diversity of opinion that must have existed upon the sentiments of the various state
papers that were adopted, the session would have continued for several months. We have
no means of knowing what harmony or what discord characterized those debates. The
doors were closed to the public ear, and no reporters for the press have preserved the sub-
stance of the speeches. That every resolution adopted was far from receiving a unanimous
vote, is very evident ; for we find, by the subsequent declarations and acts of delegates, that
some of the measures were violently opposed. Many deplored the probability of an open
rupture with the mother country, and refused acquiescence in any measure that should tend
to such a result. Indeed, the sentiments of a large majority of the delegates were favorable
to an honorable reconciliation, and the Congress was determined not to present the least
foundation for a charge of rushing madly into an unnatural contest without presenting the
olive branch of peace. Such was the tenor of its petitions and addresses ; and every charge
of a desire on the part of Congress for a war that might lead to independence rested solely
upon inference. Galloway,3 Duane, and others, even opposed the American Association ;
1 The following circular letter was sent to all the royal governors in America, soon after the proceedings
nf the Continental Congress were received in England. It was a " bull" without horns, and did not alarm
the patriots.
"Whitehall, Jan. 4th. 1775.
"Certain persons stiling" (sic) "themselves delegates of his majesty's colonies in America, having pre-
sumed, without his majesty's authority or consent, to assemble together, at Philadelphia, in the month ol
September and October last; and having thought fit, among other unwarrantable proceedings, to resolve
that it will be necessary that another Congress should be held in this place on the 10th of May next, unless
redress for certain pretended grievances be obtained before that time, and to recommend that all the colo-
nies in North America should choose deputies to attend such Congress, I am commanded by the king to
signify to you his majesty's pleasure, that you do use your utmost endeavors to prevent such appointment
of deputies within the colony under your government ; and that you do exhort all persons to desist from such
unwarrantable proceedings, which can not but be highly displeasing to the king.
"I am, sir, your most obedient servant, Dartmouth.
2 " Even' man in this assembly," wrote John Adams to his wife, " is a great man, an orator, a critic, n
statesman : and therefore every man. upon every question, must show bis oratory, his criticism, his political
abilities. The consequence is. that business is spun out to an immeasurable length.
3 Joseph Galloway was one of the most popular of the leaders in Pennsylvania when the war of the Rev-
olution broke out. He was once the confidential friend of Franklin, and bad worked shoulder to shoulder
with him against the proprietaries. He was elected a delegate to the first Continental Congress. In that
body he submitted a plan, as a measure of accommodation, which seemed quite feasible. It proposed a
union of the colonies, with a grand council authorized to regulate colonial affairs jointly with the British
Parliament, each to have a mutual negation on each other.* This plan was favorably received, and on the
* This plan is printed in Sabuie's Lives of the Loyalutt, p. 309.
01 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Opinions conceniing the Adamses. Sketch of Galloway's public Life. Disposition of his Estate.
and they regarded the Adamses as men not only too much committed to violent measures
by the part they had taken in Boston, but that they were desperate men, with nothing to
lose, and hence unsafe guides to gentlemen who had estates to forfeit. And yet Galloway,
when he became a prescriptive Loyalist, and one of the most active enemies of the Repub-
licans, was forced to acknowledge the stern virtues of many of the patriots of that assembly,
and among them Samuel Adams. " He eats little, drinks little, sleeps little, and thinks
much," he said, " and is most indefatigable in the pursuit of his object. It was this man
who, by his superior application, managed at once the factions in Congress at Philadelphia,
and the factions in New England."1
The proceedings of this first Congress went forth to the world with all the weight of ap-
parent unanimity, and throughout the colonies they were hailed with general satisfaction.
The American Association adopted and signed by the delegates was regarded by the people
with great favor, and thousands in every province affixed their signatures to the pledge.
These formed the fibers of the stronger bond of the Articles of Confederation afterward
adopted, and may be considered the commencement of the American Union.
question of its adoption it was rejected by a majority of only one. The debates were very warm, and it
was on this occasion that Samuel Adams, regarding the proposition as a concession to tyranny, exclaimed,
" I should advise persisting in our struggle for liberty,
though it were revealed from heaven that nine hund-
red and ninety-nine were to perish, and only one of a
VS/) /y/'/is/ / 1 X) <? thousand were to survive and retain his liberty ! One
f/^f s f /J / / / // /f /lr/ s Ar such freeman must possess more virtue and enjoy more
happiness than a thousand slaves ; and let him propa-
gate his like, and transmit to them what he has so no-
bly preserved."* Before the meeting of the next Con-
gress, Galloway manifested lukewarmness ; and in 1776 he abandoned the Whigs, and became the most
virulent and proscriptive Loyalist of the time. He joined the royal army in New York, where he continued
until 1778, when, accompanied by his only daughter,t he went to England. There be remained until his
death in September, 1803, at the age of seventy-three years. His pen, for many years, was continually
employed in correspondence with Loyalists in America, and upon subjects connected with the war. The
prominent position which he at first held among the Whigs, and his virulence against them after his defec-
tion, made him the target for many an arrow of indignant wit. Trumbull, in his M'Fingall, gave him some
bard hits; and a writer in the Pennsylvania Journal of February 5, 1777, thus castigates him with some
lines, after saying to the printer,
•' If you think them severe enough, print 'em, egad !'"
" Gall'way has fled, and join'd the venal Howe, Go to and fro, like Lucifer on earth,
To prove his baseness, see him cringe and bow , And curse the Being that first gave thee birth.
A traitor to his country and its laws, Away to Scotland and thyself prepare,
A friend to tyrants and their cursed cause. Coal dust and brimstone is their only fare ;
Unhappy wretch I thy interest must be sold Fit materials for such Tory blood,
For Continental, not for polish'd gold. Who wrong their country and deny their God.
To sink the money thou thyself cried down, There herd with Bute, Mansfield, and his brother ; J
And stabb'd thy country to support the crown. Bite, twist, 6ting, and poison one another."
Galloway's estate, valued at §200,000, was confiscated by Pennsylvania. A large part of it was rlerive.l
from his wife. A considerable portion was restored to his daughter.
1 Galloway's Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American Rcbeli.on
London, 1780. In this pamphlet the writer handles Sir William Howe and other British commanders with
severity.
* Mr. Adams reiterated this sentiment when debating the resolution for independence twenty months afterward.
t Just before he left Philadelphia he discovered that his daughter was about to elope with Judge Griffin, who was afterward
president of Congress. This doubtless hastened his departure.
{ Murray, confidential secretary to the Pretender, Prince Charles Edward.
OF THE REVO ], UT I <>N
65
The ^tate Iluuse.
Independence Hall.
Hrineock's Chair,
Portraits Of Penn mid I, a Fnyetto
CHAPTER 11T.
"This is the sacred Time wherein assembled
The fearless champions on the side of Right;
.Men at whose Declaration empires trembled.
Moved by the truth's immortal might.
''Here stood the patriot — one union folding
The Eastern, Northern, Southern sage and seer,
Within that living bond which, truth upholding,
Proclaims each man his fellow's peer.
" Here rose the anthem which all nations, hearing,
In loud response the echoes backward hurled;
Reverberating still the ceaseless cheering,
Our continent repeats it to the world.
"This is the hallowed spot where first unfurling,
Fair Freedom spread her blazing scroll of light ;
Here, from oppression's throne the tyrant hurling,
She stood supreme in majesty and might !"
George W. Dewey.
ROM Carpenters' Hall I went up Chestnut Street to the venerable State House,
situated upon its southern side, between Fifth and Sixth Streets.1 Hallowed
by so many patriotic associations, it has become a Caaba to every American
when first visiting the city of Penn. It is cherished by the people of Pennsyl-
vania because of the memories of colonial times, immediately antecedent to the
Revolution, which embalm it ; and it is cherished by the people of the whole
Union as the most revered relic of the war for independence, because it contains
the hall wherein the Declaration of that independence was discussed, and adopted
in council, and signed, and sent forth to the world. Being used for public busi-
ness, this edifice, unlike Carpenters' Hall, is free from the desecrations of mammon,
and the Hall of Independence is kept closed, except when curious visitors seek en-
trance, or some special occasion opens its doors to the public'
Nothing now remains of the old furniture of the hall except two antique f
mahogany chairs, covered with red leather, one of which was used by
Hancock as president, and the other by Charles Thomson as secretary
of Congress, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted. On
the walls hang two fine paintings; one a full-length portrait, life' size,
of William Perm, by the late Henry Inman, and the other a portrait,
' The erection of this edifice was begun in 1729, and completed in 1734. The two wings were added
in 1739—40. and it was then one of the largest and most costly edifices for civil purposes in America. Pre-
vious to its erection, the annual sessions of the Legislature of Pennsylvania were held at private houses.
The first purchase of grounds for the building included only about half the depth to Walnut Street. In
17H0 the other half square was purchased, and the whole space inclosed by a heavy brick wall. John
Vaughan. who came from England to reside in Philadelphia, planted the grounds with elm-trees and shrub-
bery in 1783. Afterward the brick wall was removed, and the present neat iron railino erected in its place
The cost of the main building of the State House and its steeple was about $28,000. The style of the
architecture was directed by Dr. John Kearslv, Senior, ibe same amateur who gave architectural character
to Christ Church. The glass and lead sashes cost $850. The glazing was done by Thomas Godfrey,
afterward celebrated as the inventor of the quadrant.
a It was made the hall of audience for La Fayette in 1824, when, as the "nation's guest," he visited
II E
0 0
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Picture of the Treaty Tree.
Statue of Washington.
Liberty Belt.
Its History
same size, of La Fayette, taken from life by the late Thomas Sully. The former is a superb
picture, and exhibits, in the background, a representation of the Treaty Tree. Upon the
floor stands a statue of Wash-
ington, upon a high pedestal,
wrought in wood by Mr. Rush,
of Philadelphia. Near it is a
piece of stone, said to be a part
of the door-step of the balcony
in the rear of the State House,
upon which John Nixon stood
and read the Declaration of In-
dependence to the people1 for
the first time, on the 8th of July,
1776. These compose the sou-
Venirs of Independence Hall.
I ascended to the steeple,
where hangs, in silent gran-
deur, the "Liberty Bell." It
is four feet in diameter at the
lip, and three inches thick at
The State House as it appeared in 1774.
From a vignette on an old map of Puilailelphjx
Libertv Bull.
the heaviest part. Its tone is destroyed by a crack, which ex-
tends from the lip to the crown, passing directly through the
names of the persons who cast it. An attempt was made to re-
store the tone by sawing the crack wider, but without success ;
the melody of the " glory-breathed tone" that thrilled the hearts
of the people on the birth-day of the nation could not be reawak-
ened. The history of this bell is interesting. In 1752, a bell
for the State House was imported from England. On the first
trial-ringing, after its arrival, it was cracked. It was recast by
Pass and Stow, of Philadelphia, in 1753, under the direction of
Isacc Norris, Esq., the then speaker of the Colonial Assembly.
And that is the bell, " the greatest in English America," which
now hangs in the old State House steeple and claims our rever-
erence.* Upon fillets around its crown, cast there twenty-three
years before the Continental Congress met in the State House, are the words of Holy Writ,
" Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof."3 How pro-
phetic ! Beneath that very bell the representatives of the thirteen colonies '■ proclaimed
liberty." Ay, and when the debates were ended, and the result was announced, on the
4th of July, 1776, the iron tongue of that very bell first "proclaimed liberty throughout
all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof," by ringing out the joyful annunciation for
more than two hours, its glorious melody floating clear and musical as the voice of an angel
Philadelphia. The room had heen materially altered by the removal of wainscoting and other architect-
ural ornaments, yet its general features were sufficiently preserved to awaken in the bosom of the veteran
the liveliest emotions. In that hall John Hancock signed the commission of the marquis as major general
in the Continental army; and there, during the struggle, the young hero was frequently greeted by the
supreme legislature as a public benefactor. It was (here that be shared the honors (not on the same day)
with Washington, of a grateful reception by Congress, niter the capture of Cornwallis ; and there he took
leave of that body, for the last time during the war, and returned to France. In that room the body of the
late ex-president, John Quincy Adams, lav in state while on its progress to the family vault at Quincy.
1 Watson says that Captain Hopkins, of the navy, read the Declaration on that occasion, but testimony
appears to predominate in favor of the claims of John Nixon to that honor.
' When the British array approached Philadelphia, in 1777. this bell was taken down and carried to a
place of safety. In 1778, "the ancient steeple, on account of decay, was taken down, and a simple belfry
put in its place. The present steeple is quite modern.
3 Leviticus, xxv., 10.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 57
Independence not Early nor generally Desired, except by a Few. Patrick llenry'a Prediction.
above the discordant chorus of booming cannon, the roll of drums, and the mingled accla-
mations of the people.
"That old bell is still seen by the patriot's eve,
And he blesses it ever, when journeying by ,
Long years have pass'd o'er it, and yet every soul
Will thrill, in the night, to its wonderful roll ;
For it speaks in its belfry, when kiss'd by the blast,
Like a glory-breathed tone from the mystical past.
Lone years shall roll o'er it, and vet every chime
Shall unceasinglv tell of an era sublime ;
Oh yes ! if the (lame on our altars should pale,
Let its voice but be heard, and the freemen shall start,
To rekindle the lire, while he sees on the gale
All the stars and the stripes of the flag of his heart."
William Ross Wallace.
Here, upon this dusty beam, leaning against the old " Liberty Bell," let us sit a while, and
peruse that brilliant page in our history, whereon is written the record of the Declaration
of our Independence.
It is now impossible to determine the precise time when aspirations for political independ-
ence first became a prevailing sentiment among the people of the colonies. The thought, no
doubt, was cherished in many minds years belbre it found expression ; but it was not a sub-
ject for public discussion more than a few months before it was brought before Congress by
Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia. A few men, among whom were Dr. Franklin, Samuel
Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Timothy Dwight, and Thomas Paine, seem
to have had an early impression that political independence was the only cure for the evils
under which the colonies groaned ; yet these ideas, when expressed, met with little favor,
even among the most ardent patriots.' English writers declare that, from the beginning,
the colonies aimed at political independence ; and Chalmers asserts that there were docu-
ments among the Board of Trade to prove that such had been the desire and intent of the
colonies through every administration, from the time of the Revolution in England, in 1 688.
As early as 1773, according to Mr. Wirt, Patrick Henry, speaking of Great Britain, said,
" She will drive us to extremities ; no accommodation will take place ; hostilities will
soon commence ; and a desperate and bloody touch it will be." This, Mr. Wirt asserts,
was said in the presence of Colonel Samuel Overton, who at once asked Mr. Henry if he
thought the colonies sufficiently strong to oppose successfully the fleets and armies of Great
Britain. •• I will be candid with you," replied Mr. Henry ; " I doubt whether we shall
be able, alone, to cope with so powerful a nation ; but," continued he, rising from his chair
with great animation, "where is France? where is Spain? where is Holland? the nat-
ural enemies of Great Britain. Where will they be all this while ? Do you suppose they
will stand by, idle and indifferent spectators to the contest ? Will Louis XVI. be asleep
all this time? Believe me, no! When Louis XVI shall be satisfied, by our serious op-
position and our Declaration of Independence, that all prospect of a reconciliation is gone,
then, and not till then, will he furnish us with arms, ammunition, and clothing ; and not
with them only, but he will send his fleets and armies to fight our battles for us ; ' he will
1 Says Dr. Dwight, " I urged, in conversation with several gentlemen of great respectability, firm Whigs,
and my intimate friends, the importance, and even the necessity, of a declaration of independence on the
part of the colonies, and alleged for this measure the very same arguments « hieh afterward were generally
considered as decisive, but found them disposed to give me and mv arguments a hostile and contemptuous,
instead of a cordial reception. Yet. at this time, all the resentment and enthusiasm awakened by the odious
measures of Parliament, by the peculiarlv obnoxious conduct of the British agents in this country, and by
the recent battles of Lexington and Breed's Hill, were at the highest pitch. These gentlemen may be con-
sidered as representatives of the great body of the thinking men in this country. A few may, perhaps, be
excepted, but none of these durst at that time openlv declare their opinions to the public. For myself, ]
regarded the die as cast, and the hopes of reconciliation as vanished, and believed that the colonists would
never be able to defend themselves unless they renounced their dependence on Great Britain." — Dwight's
Travels in New England, i., 150.
GS PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Testimony of Washington nnd others concerning the Loyitlty of the Colonies. Paine's Common Sensr.
form a treaty with us, offensive and defensive, against onr unnatural mother. Spain and
Holland will join the confederation ! Our independence will he established ! and we shall
take our stand among the nations of the earth !" How literally these predictions were soon
fulfilled the pen of history has already recorded.
Dr. Franklin talked of total political emancipation as early as 1774 ; and yet Jay, Mad-
ison, Richard Penn, and others positively assert that, until after the meeting of the second
Congress in 1775, there was no serious thought of independence entertained. Washington,
in a letter to his early friend, Captain Mackenzie, written in October, 1774, said, in reply
1o an intimation of that officer that the province of Massachusetts was seeking independ-
ency, " Give me leave to add, and I think I can announce it as a fact, tbat it is not the
wish or interest of that government, or any other upon this continent, separately or collect-
ively, to set up for independence."
Although smarting under the lash of ministerial aggressions upon their rights, the colo-
nists, prompted by the pride of political and social birth-right, as children of Great Britain,
maintained a loyal spirit, and a separation from the British empire was a proposition too
startling to be readily embraced, or even favorably received by the great mass of the people,
who regarded " Old England" with filial reverence. But when Britain sent fleets and ar-
mies hither to coerce submission to her injustice ; " to plunder our seas, ravage our coasts,
burn our towns, harass our people, and eat out their substance ;" when king, Lords, and
Corrmons became totally "deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity," the colonies
were obliged to " acquiesce in the necessity which compelled them to dissolve the political
bands which connected them with the parent state, and to assume among the powers of the
earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God en-
titled them." " The lightning of the Crusades was in the people's hearts, and it needed but
a single electric touch to make it blaze forth upon the world," says James, in writing of an
earlier disruption of political systems. Likewise, the flame of desire for absolute independ-
ence glowed in every patriot bosom at the beginning of 177G, and the vigorous paragraphs
of Cummon Sense,' and kindred publications, laboring with the voice of impassioned oratory
1 This was the title of a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, anil published about the commencement of
1776. It is said to have been prepared at the suggestion of Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia. It was the earliest
and most powerful appeal in behalf of independence, and probably did more to fix that idea firmly in the
public mind than anv other instrumentality. After giving many and weighty reasons why the Americans
should seek independence, he said, ''It matters little, now, what the King of England either says or does.
He hath wickedly broken through every moral and human obligation, trampled nature and conscience
beneath his feet, and by a steady and constitutional spirit of insolence and cruelty procured for himself
a universal hatred. It is now the interest of America to provide for herself. Independence is the
only bond that will tie and keep us together. We shall then see our object, and our ears will be legally
shut against the schemes of an intriguing, as well as cruel, enemy. We shall then, too, be on a proper
footing to treat with Great Britain ; for there is reason to conclude that the pride of that court will be less
hurt by treating with the American States for terms of peace, than with those whom she denominates " re-
bellious subjects" for terms of accommodation. It is our delaying it that encourages her to hope lor eon-
quest, and our backwardness tends only to prolong the war O ye that love mankind ! ye that dare
oppose not only the tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth ! Every spot of the Old World is overrun with
oppression. Freedom hath been hunted round the globe. Asia and Africa hath long expelled her ; Eu-
rope regards her like a stranger, and England hath given her warning to depart. Oh ! receive the fugitive,
and prepare, in time, an asylum for mankind." Such were the trumpet tones of Common Sense which
aroused the people to action. So highly was its influence esteemed, that the Legislature of Pennsylvania
voted the author S2500. Washington, writing to Joseph Reed from Cambridge, on the 31st of January,
1776, said, " A few more of such darning arguments a» were exhibited at Falmouth and Norfolk [two towns
burned by the British], added to the sound doctrine and unanswerable reasoning contained in the pamphlet
Common Sense, will not leave numbers at a loss to decide" upon the propriety of a separation. Again,
writing to the same gentleman two months afterward, he said, " By private Inters which I have lately re-
ceived from Virginia, I Hud that Common Sense is working a powerful change there in the minds of many
men." Common Sense was the signature which Paine usually affixed to his earlier political writings.
Paine also wrote a series of political pamphlets called The Crisis, which were admirably adapted to the
state of the times, and which did much toward keeping alive the spun of determined rebellion against the
unjust government of Great Britain. They were put forth at different times, from the close of 1776 until
the end of the war. The first number was published in December, 1776. Paine was then in Washing
OF TH E It E VO 1,1'T tON. 69
First public Moremcnta fnvorahle to Independence Paine's i H»i». The Ministry order it to be Burned. The Result,
at every public gathering of the people, uncapped the volcano, and its brilliant coruscations
were seen and hailed with a shout throughout our broad land.
The colonial assemblies soon began to move in the matter. North Carolina was the first
to take the hold progressive step toward independence By a vote of a convention held on
the 22d of April, 177G, the representatives of that stale in the Continental Congress were
authorized " to concur with those in the other colonies in declaring independence."1 Mas-
sachusetts took a similar step. On the 10th, the General Assembly requested the people
nf that colony, at the then approaching election of new representatives, to give thctn instruc-
tions on the subject of independence.9 Pursuant to this request, the people of Boston, in
town meeting assembled on the 23d, instructed their representatives to use their best en-
deavors to have their delegates in Congress " advised that, in case Congress should think it
necessary, For the safety of the united colonies, to declare themselves independent of Great
Britain, the inhabitants of that colony, with their lives and the remnants of their fortunes,
would most cheerfully support them in the measure." The Convention of Virginia passed
a similar resolution on the 17th of May.3 but going further, by instructing their represent-
atives to propose a declaration of independence. So, also, did the Assembly of Rhode Island,
during its session in that month ' On the 8th of June the New York delegates asked for
special instructions on that subject ; but the Provincial Assembly, deeming itself incompe-
tent to instruct without the previous sanction of the people, did no more than to recom-
mend them to signify their sentiments at the new election just at hand. The Assembly of
leu's camp. The pamphlet was read lo every corporal's guard, and its strong and truthful language had
a powerful olVoot in the army and among the people at hue,..* The second Crisis was published in Jan-
uary, 1777. It was addressed to Lord Ibmo.t and ridiculed his proclamations, &c. The third number
w:ts published at Philadelphia on the 19th of April, 1777. This was (leveled to an examination el' events
s e the Declaration of Independence, and a reiteration of arguments in favor til that measure. In Sep-
tember, immediately after the battle en the Brandy wine, the fourth Crisis was published. It was a cheer-
ing trumpet-blast for the army. In March. 177*. the fifth Crisis was published at Lancaster, in Pennsyl-
vania. It eensist,,,] ,,i ;i letter to Sir William Howe, and an address t,> the inhabitants of A rica. The
sixth Crisis, consisting of a letter to the British commissioners (Carlisle. Clinton, ami Eden), was published
at Philadelphia, in < let, .her. 1778. The seventh number was published at Philadelphia, on the 21st of No-
vember, 1778. It was address,.,l t,, t|„. people of England. The eighth Crisis, which was a s I ad-
dress to the people ol England, was published in March, 1780; in June following the ninth number was
published; and in October nfthe same year, a lone discussion on the subject of taxes, called .1 Crisis ex-
traordinary, was published-t The last three numbers were written at the instigation of Robert Morns, the
financier, with the knowledge and approval of Washington. Two others were published during the war;
one discussed general topics, the other, published in May, 1782, considered " The present State of News."
When the first number of the Crisis reached KlU'land. it was seized and ordered to lie liurneil near West-
minster Hall by the common hangman. A larce i use of people assembled; the tire was put out by
the populace, and dead does and cats were thrown ok the ashes. Acts of Parliament were then cast upon
•he heap, and consumed. Sir Richard Steele wrote a political pamphlet called 7V Crisis, in 1711. for
which he was expelled from his scat in the House of Commons.
1 A portion of North Carolina made a much earlier and very important movement toward independence.
I refer to the Mecklenburg Convention, in May, 1775. Seepage 111 of this volume.
- Bradford, p Hit.
3 After its adoption, the Convention proceeded to the establishment of a regular independent govei nment,
a course which Congress shortly afterward recommended to all the states.
4 The Assembly directed ihe oath of allegiance thereafter to be in the name of the Colony' of Rhoilr
Island, instead of to the King of Great Britain.
* Among other equally strong paragraphs was the following : " I hfu e as tittle luperstittou in me as uny mini living, but my
secret opinion hasever hern, and still is, that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave tliem
nnsupportedly to perish, who had so earnestly and repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war by every decent method
which wisdom could invent. Neither have I so much ot" the infiuVl in me as to suppose thnt lit: has relinquished the govern-
ment of the world, and given us up to the care of devils ; iiii.l as I do not, I can not see on what grounds the King of Great
Britain can look up to heaven for help against us : a common murderer, a highwayman, or a house-breaker has as good a pre-
tense as he."*
t Paine also wrote a poetical Epistle to Lord Howe, of which the following is the closing stanza :
" Since, then, no hopes to civilize remain,
And mild philosophy has preach'd in vain.
One pray'r is left, which dreads no proud reply.
That he who made ymi breathe will make you if ' .>
t This was writen in March, but was not published until Autumn.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Timidity in the State Legislatures. State Governments Recommended. Lee's Resolution for Independenca
Connecticut, on the 14th of June, instructed the delegates from that colony to give their
assent to a declaration of independence ; on the 15th the New Hampshire Provincial Con-
gress issued similar instructions, and on the 21st, the new delegates from New Jersey were
instructed to act in the matter as their judgments should dictate.
In the Pennsylvania Assembly, several months previously, the subject of inde- November,
pendence had been hinted at. The Conservatives were alarmed, and procured 17 °-
the adoption of instructions to their delegates adverse to such an idea. In June these
restrictions were removed, but the delegates were neither instructed nor officially per-
mitted to concur with the other colonies in a declaration of independence. The Conven-
tion of Maryland, by a resolution adopted about the last of May, positively forbade their del-
egates voting for independence. Georgia, South Carolina, and Delaware took no action on
the subject, and their delegates were left free to vote as they pleased.
Thus stimulated by affirmative action in various colonies, the desire for independence
became a living principle in the hall of the Continental Congress, and that principle found
utterance, albeit with timorous voice. Congress resolved, " That it be recom-
, , . , . ... , . „ , .... . May 10. 1776.
mended to the several assemblies ana conventions ot the united colonies, where
no government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs hath hitherto been established, to
adopt such a government as shall, in the opinions of the representatives of the people, best
conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular, and America in gen-
eral."1 This was certainly a bold step, yet not sufficiently positive and comprehensive as
a basis of energetic action in favor of independence. The hearts of a majority in Congress
yearned with an irrepressible zeal for the consummation of an event which they knew to be
inevitable, yet there seemed to be no one courageous enough in that assembly to step forth
and take the momentous responsibility of lifting ihe knife that should sever the cord which
bound the American colonies to the British throne. The royal government would mark
that man as an arch rebel, and all its energies would be brought to bear to quench his spirit
or to hang him on a gibbet.
We have seen that Virginia instructed her representatives in Congress to propose inde-
pendence ; she had a delegate equal to the task. In the midst of the doubt, and dread,
and hesitation which for twenty days had brooded over the national assembly, Richard
Henry Lee2 arose, and, with his clear, musical voice, read aloud the resolution,
" That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
states ; and that all political connection between us and the State of Great Britain is, and
ought to be, totally dissolved." John Adams immediately seconded the resolution. To
shield them from the royal ire, Congress directed its secretary to omit the names of its mover
and seconder, in the Journals. The record says, " Certain resolutions respecting independ-
ency being moved and seconded, Resolved, that the consideration of them be deferred until
to-morrow morning ; and that the members be enjoined to attend punctually at ten o'clock,
in order to take the same into their consideration." The resolution was not considered until
three days afterward, when it was resolved to " postpone its further consideration
until the first day of July next ; and, in the mean while, that no time be lost, in
case Congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to that
effect." This committee was appointed on the 11th, and consisted of Thomas Jefferson,
of Virginia; John Adams, of Massachusetts ; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania : Roger
Sherman, of Connecticut ; and Robert R. Livingston, of New York. On the evening of
1 John Adams, Edward Rutledge, and Richard Henry Lee were appointed a committee to prepare a
preamble to this resolution. See Journals of Congress, ii., 158. In this preamble it was declared " irrec-
oncilable to reason and a good conscience for the colonists to take the oaths required for the support of the
government under the crown of Great Britain." It was also declared necessary that all royal power should
be suppressed, and " all the powers of government exerted under the authority of the people of the colonies,
for the preservation of internal peace, virtue, and good order, as well as for the defense of their lives, liber-
ties, and properties, against the hostile invasions and civil depredations of their enemies."' — Journals, ii., 166.
a A portrait of Mr. Loe will be found among those in the frontispiece to this volume, and a sketch of his
life, with those of the other signers, in the Supplement.
OF TH E REVOLUTION ; ,
Absence of R. H. Lee. Jefferson's Dr«ft of die Declaration. Reasons why he w»s Chosen to Write it
the 10th, Mr. Lee received intelligence by express that his wife was seriously ill, and he
was compelled to ask leave of absence for a short time. lie left Philadelphia the next
morning, and this fact accounts for the omission of his name in the formation of the com-
mittee on that day. Mr. Jefferson was appointed chairman of the co littee, and to him
his colleagues assigned the task of preparing the draft of a declaration to be presented to
Congress.' It was drawn with care, and was unanimously adopted by the committee, after
a few verbal alterations by Adams and Franklin.
On the 1st of July, pursuant to agreement, Mr. Lee's motion was brought up in the
committee of the whole House, Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia (father of the late President
Harrison), in the chair. The draft of a declaration of independence was reported at the
same time, and for three consecutive days it was debated by paragraphs seriatim Many
alterations, omissions, and amendments were made. The following is a copy of that orig-
inal draft, before any amendments were made in committee of the whole. The passages
omitted by Congress are printed in italics, and the substitutions are given in notes at the
bottom of the page.2
"A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in genera/
Congress assembled.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the
political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers
of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare
the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; that they are
endowed by their Creator with inherent and inalienable* rights ; that among these are
1 Mr. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence at his lodgings, in the house of Mrs. Clymer, on
the southwest coiner of Seventh and High Streets, Philadelphia. — See Watson's Annals, ii., 309. John
Adams, in his autobiography, gives the following reasons why Mr. Jefferson was chosen In write the Dec-
laration : " Mr. Jefferson had heen now about a year a member of Congress, but hud attended his duty in the
House a very small part of the time, and when there had never spoken in public. During the whole lime
I sat with him in Congress, I never heard him utter three sentences together.
" It will naturally he inquired how it happened that he was appointed on a committee of such importance.
There were more reasons than one. Mr. Jefferson had the reputation of a masterly pen; he had been
chosen a delegate in Virginia in consequence of a very handsome public paper which he had written for
the House of Burgesses, which had given him the character of a fine writer. Another reason was, that
Mr. Richard Henry I was not beloved by the most of his colleagues from Virginia, and Mr. Jefferson was
sent up to rival and supplant him. This could be done only by the pen, for Mr. Jefferson could stand no
competition with him, or any one else, in elocution and puhlie debate.
" The committee had several meetings, in which were proposed the articles of which the Declaration was
to consist, and minutes made of them. The committee then appointed Mr. Jefferson and me I" draw them
up in form, and clothe them in a proper dress. The sub-committee met, and considered the minutes, making
such observations on them as then occurred, when Mr. Jefferson desired me to lake them to my lodgings,
anil make the draft. This I declined, and gave several reasons for so doing :
" 1. That he was a Virginian, and 1 a Massachusettensian. 2. That he was a Southern man, ami I a
Northern one. 3. That I had heen so obnoxious for my early and constant zeal in promoting the measure,
that every draft of mine would undergo a more severe scrutiny and criticism in Congress than one o! his
composition. 4. And lastly, and that would be reason enough, if there were no other, I had a great opin-
ion of the elegance of his pen. and none at all of my own. I therefore insisted thai no hesitation should he
made on his part. He accordingly took the minutes, and in a day or two produced to me his draft.'
s On the 8th of July, four days after the amended Declaration was adopted. Mr. Jefferson wrote the fol-
lowing letter, and sent it, with the original draft, to Mr. Lee:
"Philadelphia. .Inly S, 177(i.
"Dear Sir, — For news. I refer you to your brother, who writes on th.it head. 1 inclose you a copy of
the Declaration of Independence, as agreed to by the House, and also as originally framed ; you will judge
whether it is the better or the worse lor the critics. I shall return to Virginia after the 11th of August.
I wish my successor may be certain to come before that time : in tint case, I shall hope to see yon, and
not Wythe, in convention, that the husiness of government, which is of everlasting concern, may receive
your aid. Adieu, and believe me to be your friend and servant, Thomas Jefferson.
"To Richnrd Henry Lee, Esq."
1 Certain unalienable
72 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Original Draft of the Declaration of Independence, and Amendments.
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that, to secure these rights, governments are
instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent, of the governed ; that,
whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on
such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments, long
established, should not be changed for light and transient causes. And, accordingly, all
experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils arc surlerable,
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when
a long train of abuses and usurpations, begun at a distinguished period, and pursuing inva-
riably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their
right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fu-
ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now the
necessity which constrains them to expunge' their former systems of government. The his-
tory of the present King of Great Britain is a history of unremitting' injuries and usurpa-
tions ; among which appears no solitary fact to contradict the uniform tenor of the rest ;
but all have' in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states.
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world ; for the truth of which we pledge
a faith yet unsullied bij falsehood.
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public
good .
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless
suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he
has neglected utterly* to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws lor the accommodation of large districts of people, unless
those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature ; a right ines-
timable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and drfant
from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com-
pliance with his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly and continually, for opposing with
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected,
whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at
large for their exercise, the state remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of
invasion from without and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states : for that purpose obstructing
the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations
hither ; and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
He has suffered the administration of justice totally to cease in some of these states,*
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
He has made our judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices and
the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices by a self assumed power, and sent hither
swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies and ships of icar, without the
consent of our Legislatures.
He has aflected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions,
and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation :
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ;
1 Alter * Repeated 3 Having
* Utterly neglected 6 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by
OF Til E R E VOLITION - 3
Orginal Drnft of Uie. Declaration of Independence, and Amendment*.
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they
should commit on the inhabitants of thes
Fur cutting oil" our trade with all parts of the world ;
For imposing taxes on us without our consent ;
Fur depriving us1 of the benefits of trial by jury ;
For transporting us beyond the seas to be tried for pretended offenses;
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing
therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an
example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these
For taking away our charters, abolishing our must valuable laws, and altering funda-
mentally the forms of our governments :
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to
legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, withdrawing his governors, and' declaring us out
of his allegiance and protection, and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns', and destroyed the live?
of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works
of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy4
unworthy the head of a civilized nation,
He has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian sav-
ages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and
conditions, of existence : he has excited treasonable insurrections of our fellow-citizens with
the allurements of forfeiture and confiscation of our property.
He has constrained others* taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their
country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves bv
their hands.
He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating it* most sacred rights
of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating
and carrying them into slavery in another re, or to incur miserable death, in
their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium oj infidel pow< rs
is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a
market where men should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his ru gativi for suppress-
ing • >■• ry legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce. And thai
'/us assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished dye, In is now < writing
those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purcliase that liberty of which he has
deprived them by murdering the people upon whom he obtruded them : thus paying off
former crimes committed against the liberties of one people with crimes which he urges
them to commit agaitist tlie lives of another.'
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble
terms : our repeated petitions have ben answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose
character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler
1 In many ca«cs 2 Colonies 3 By
4 Scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ases. and totally 5 Our fellow-citizens
s It has been asserted that this paragraph was expunged because it was not palatable to those deli
who were slaveholders, and that it was stricken out lest it should cause them to east a negative vote on the
question. There is no proof that such selfish motives actuated any mber of thai assembly. It was a
saered regard for truth which caused it to be stricken out. No such charge as the paragraph contained
could justly be made acainst George III., then under arraignment. The slave-trade was begun and car-
ried on long before the reisrn of any of his house, and it is not known that he ever gave his assent to any
thins relating to slavery, except to abolish it. and to declare the trade a piracy. By a resolution offered
by Charles F. Mercer, of Yir<*lh, and adopted by dmsre-s in 1 si 7. the slave-trade a a- i lee In red •• a pira-
cy." Mr. Jefferson was the irst American statesman, anil probably the lirst writer of modern times, who
denounced that infamous traffic as " a piratical warfare." — See Lift of Richard Henry Let, i., 176.
74 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Original Draft of the Declaration of Independence, and Amendments. The Debaters
of a. people who mean to be free.} Future ages will scarce believe that the hardiness of
one man adventured, within the. short compass of twelve years only, to build a foundation,
so broad and undisguised, for tyranny over a people fostered and fixed in principles of
freedom.
Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned
them, from time to time, of attempts by their Legislature to extend a* jurisdiction over these
our states' We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settle-
ment here, no one of which could warrant so strange a pretension ; that these were effected
at, the expense of our own blood, and treasure, unassisted bt/ the wealth or the strength of
Great Britain ; that in constituting, indeed, our several forms of government, we had
adopted one common king, thereby laying a foundation for perpetual league and amity
with them ; but that submission to their Parliament ivas no part of our Constitution, nor
ever in idea, if history may be credited ; and we' appealed to their native justice and mag-
nanimity, as well as tob the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which
were likely to1 interrupt our connection and correspondence. They too have been deaf to
the voice of justice and of consanguinity ; and when occasions have been given them, by the
regular course of their laws, of removing from their councils the disturbers of our har-
mony, they have, by their free election, re-established them in power. At this very time,
too, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over, not only soldiers of our com-
mon blood, but [Scotch* and] foreign mercenaries to invade and destroy us. These facts
have given the last, stab to agonizing affection, and manly spirit bids us to renounce for-
ever these unfeeling brethren. We must endeavor to forget our former love for them ; we
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them,
as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war ; in peace, friends.
We might have been a free and great people together ; but a communication of gran-
deur and of freedom, it seems, is below their dignity. Be it so, since the?/ trill have it.
The road to happiness and to glory is open to us too ; we will climb it apart from them,
and acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our eternal separation.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in general Congress as-
sembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do,
in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these states,' reject and renounce all
allegiance and subjection to the kings of Great Britain, and all others who may hereafter
claim by, through, or tinder them'; we. utterly dissolve all political connection which may
heretofore have subsisted between us and the Parliament or pcop>le of Great Britain ;
and, finally, we do assert the colonies to be free and independent states ; and that, as free
and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances,
establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of
right do. And, for the support of this declaration, we mutually pledge to each other our
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."
Mr. Lee's resolution, declaring the colonies " free and independent states," was adopted
on the 2d of July, and that day, rather than the 4th, should be celebrated as our national
anniversary. It was only the form of the Declaration, which accompanied the resolution,
that was adopted on the latter day.
The debates on the question of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence were long
and animated, for there was very little unanimity in feeling and opinion when they began
in June. Richard Henry Lee, the Adamses, of Massachusetts, Dr. Witherspoon, of New
Jersey, and Edward Rutledge, of South Carolina, were the chief speakers in favor of the
measure, and John Dickenson, of Pennsylvania, against it. Although it was evident, from
' Free people s An unwarrantable 3 Us
4 Have 6 And we have conjured them by 6 Would inevitably
1 > m inr WitLerspoon, who was a Scotchman irv birth, moved the striking out of the word Scotrh.
Colonies
IS
I
OF THE REVOLUTION.
i:>
Note. — This draft is in the handwriting of Mr. Jefferson. The amendments were made by Dr. Frank-
lin ana John Adams. The alterations, by interlining, in the portion here given, are in the handwriting of
Mr. Adams. It will be perceived, by a comparison, that nearly the whole of this paragraph was omitted
in the Declaration adopted on the 4th of July.
76 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Action of the several Colonies on the Subject of Independence. Adoption of the Declaration
the first introduction of the resolution, that a majority of the colonies would vote for it, its
friends were fearful that a unanimous vote of the colonies could not he obtained, inasmuch
as the Assemhlies of Maryland and Pennsylvania had refused to sanction the measure, and
South Carolina, Georgia, and New York were silent. The delegates from Maryland were
unanimously in favor of it, while those from Pennsylvania were divided. On the 24th of
Tune, at a convention held in Philadelphia, the people expressed their willingness, hy
resolution, "to concur in a vote of Congress, declaring the united colonies free and in-
dependent states ;" and by the unwearied exertions and great, influence of Charles Carroll,
William Paca. Samuel Chase, and others, the Convention of Maryland recalled their former
instructions on the 28th of June, and empowered their delegates "to concur with the other
colonies in a declaration of independence." The most important barriers to unanimity were
now broken down. When a vote was taken in committee of the whole House, all
I he colonies assented to the Declaration, except Pennsylvania and Delaware; four
of the seven delegates of the former voting against it, and the two delegates who were pres-
ent from Delaware were divided — Thomas M'Kean favoring it, Geoi'ge Read opposing it.
Mr. M'Kean, burning with a desire to have his state speak in favor of the great measure,
immediately sent an express after Cassar Rodney, the other delegate from Delaware, then
eighty miles distant. Rodney was in the saddle within ten minutes after he received Mr.
M'Kean's letter, and arrived in Philadelphia on the morning of the 4th of July, just before
the final vote was taken. 'Thus Delaware was secured. On that day the Declaration was
taken up for final decision. Robert Morris and John Dickenson, of Pennsylvania, were ab-
sent. The former was in favor of, the latter was against the measure. Of the other five
who were present, Doclor Franklin, James Wilson, and John Morton were in favor of it,
and Thomas Willing and Charles Humphreys were opposed to it ; so the vote of Pennsyl-
vania was also secured in favor of the Declaration. The question was taken, and on the
4th of July, 1776, a unanimous vote of the thirteen colonies1 was given in favor of the
great Declaration which pronounced them Free and independent states.' The annun-
ciation was made in the following plain manner in the journal of Congress for that day :
"Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the
whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration ; and, after some time, the
president resumed the chair,1 and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to
a declaration, which they desired him to report.4 The Declaration being read, was agreed
to as follows :
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN
CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve
the political bauds which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the
powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of na-
ture's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created equal ; that they are
1 Georgia was not represented in the Congress of 1774. On the 20th of July, 1775, Congress received
:i letter from the convention of that colony, setting forth that it had acceded to the general Association, and
appointed delegates to attend Congress. — See Journals of Congress, i., 161.
- On ihe 9tb of September, 1776, Congress resolved, "That in all Continental commissions, and other
instruments, where heretofore the words ' LTnited Colonies' have been used, the style be altered, for the fu-
ture, to the /'ruled States.' " — Ibid., ii., 328. From that day the word colony is not known in our his-
tory.
/ John Hancock was then President of Congress. He was chosen to that post on the 19th of May, 1775,
:is successor I" Peyton Randolph, who was called to his home in Virginia. Randolph was now dead.
* The great importance of this event does not seem to have been realized even by many men in public
life. Anderson, in bis Constitutional Gazette, announced the f;iol thus, as a mere on dit, without commen-
tary or further reference to the subject : " On Tuesday last the Continental Congress declared the united
Colonies free and independent States."
OF THE REVOLUTION 7 7
The Declnrntion of Independence as Adopted.
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among
men. deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or
abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its fi lalion on such principles, and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety
and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should
not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suff'erable, than to right them-
selves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce
them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off" such govern-
ment, and to provide new guards lor their future security. Such has been the patient suf-
ferance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their
former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history
of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an abso-
lute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public, good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless
suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he
has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless
those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature — a right ines-
timable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant
from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com-
pliance with his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his
invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ;
whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at
large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers
of invasion from without and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose obstruct'
ing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing 1o pass others to encourage their
migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for estab-
lishing judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the
amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass
our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our
Legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to. the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions,
and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation :
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ;
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should
;ommit on the inhabitants of these states ;
For cutting off" our trade with all parts of the world ;
For imposing taxes on us without our consent ;
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ;
78 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Declaration of Independence as Adopted.
For transporting- us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses ;
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing
therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an
example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ;
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, funda-
mentally, the forms of our governments;
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to
legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging
war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives
of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries, to complete the
works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and
perfidv scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a
civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms
against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall
themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the
inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is
an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble
terms : our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose
character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler
of a free people.'
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned
them, from time to time, of attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable juris-
diction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and set-
tlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have
conjured them bv the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the
voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which
denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war —
in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress
assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions,
do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish
and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
states : that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all polit-
ical connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally
dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, con-
clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which
independent states may of right do. And for the support, of this Declaration, with a firm
reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives,
our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
It was two o'clock in the afternoon when the final decision was announced by Secretary
Thomson to the assembled Congress in Independence Hall. It was a moment of solemn
interest ; and when the secretary sat down, a deep silence pervaded that august assembly.
1 The undisputed records of our colonial history bear ample testimony to the truth of every charge con-
tained in this indictment. These I have cited in a small volume containing Biographical Sketches of 'he
Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and the Declaration Historically Considered.
OF THE REVOLUTION ; .
Ringing of the Liberty Btll. Signers of the Declaration. Its Reception in New York anil elsewhere
Thousands of anxious citizens had gathered in the streets of Philadelphia, for it was known
that the final decision was to be made on that day. From the hour when Congress con-
vened in the morning, the old bellman had been in the steeple. He placed a boy at the
door below, to give him notice when the announcement should be made. As hour suc-
ceeded hour, the gray-beard .-hook his head, and said. " They will never do it ! they will
never do it !" Suddenly a loud shout carne up from below, and there stood the blue-eyed
boy, clapping his hands and shouting, "Ring! ring!" Grasping the iron tongue of the
old bell against which we are now leaning, backward and forward he hurled it a hundred
times, its loud voice proclaiming " Liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants
thereof." The excited multitude in the Streets responded with loud acclamations, and with
cannon-peals, bonfires, and illuminations, the patriots held a glorious carnival that night in
the quiet city of Peun.
The Declaration of Independence was signed by John Hancock, the president of Con-
gress, only, on the day of its adoption, and thus it went forth to the world. Congress
ordered it to be entered at length upon the journals. It was also ordered to he engrossed
upon parchme.pt, for the delegates to sign it. This last act was performed on the second
day of August following, by the fifty-four delegates then present ; it was subsequently signed
by two others.1 making the whole number fifty-six.1 A lac simile of their signatures, care-
fully copied from the original at Washington City, is given on the two following pages.
The Declaration was every where applauded ; and in the camp, in cities, churches, anil pop-
ular assemblies, it was greeted with every demonstration of joy. Washington received it
at head-quarters in New York on the 9th of July,3 and caused it to be read, at six o'clock
that evening, at the head of each brigade. It was heard with attention, and welcomed
with loud huzzas by the troops ; and on that same evening the populace pulled down the
leaden equestrian statue of George III., which was erected in the Bowling Green, at the
foot of Broadway, in 1770, and broke it in pieces. The material was afterward consigned
to the bullet-molds. Other demonstrations of mingled joy and indignation were made in
New York then, which will be more fully noticed hereafter.
The Declaration was read to a vast assemblage collected in and around Faheuil Hall, in
Boston, by Colonel Crafts, at noon, on the 17th of July. When the last paragraph escaped
his lips, a loud huzza shook the old " Cradle of Liberty." It was echoed from without ;
and soon the batteries on Fort Hill, Dorchester, Xantasket, and Long Island boomed forth
their cannon acclamations in thirteen rounds. A banquet followed, and bonfires and illu-
minations made glad the city of the Puritans. In Philadelphia, the grand demonstration
was made on the 8th of July. From the platform of an observatory, erected near the Wal-
1 These were Thomas M'Kean, of Delaware, and Matthew Thornton, of New Hampshire. The former,
on account of absence with a regiment of City Associalors. of which he was colonel, did not sign it until
October. Doctor Thornton was not a member of Congress when the Declaration was signed, but, being
elected in the autumn following, he obtained permission to sign the instrument, and affixed his signature
to it in November.
- The delegates represented the several states as follows: New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William
Whipple. Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts : John Hancock, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat
Paine, Elhrulge Gerry. Rhode Is.', mil: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut: Roger Sher-
man, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wblcott. New York: William Floyd, Philip Living.
Ston. Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon. Francis Ilopkin-
son, John Hart. Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania : Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush. Benjamin Franklin. John
Morton. George Clymer. James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson. George Ross. Delaware: Csesar
Rodney. George Read. Thomas M'Kean. Maryland: Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, William Paca. Charles
Carroll, of Carrollton. Virginia : George Wythe. Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson. Benjamin Harri-
son. Thomas Nelson. Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee. Carter Braxton. North Carolina William Hooper, Jo-
seph Hewes. John Penn. South Carolina : Edwanl Rutledge, Thomas Hay ward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr.,
Arthur Middleton. Georgia : Button Gwinnett. Lyman Hall, George Walton.
3 On the same day, the Provincial Assembly of New York, then in session at White Plains, adopted a
lesolution expressive of their approbation of the measure, at the same time pledging their lives and fortunes
in support of it. They also, bv resolution, gave their delegates in Congress liberty to act in future, upon
all public measures, in accordance with their best judgments. See Journals of Congress, ii., 250.
80
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
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nut Street front of the State House, by Rittenhonse, many years before, for the purpose ol
observing a transit of Venus, John Nixon read the Declaration to a vast concourse of people
gathered from the city and surrounding country. When the reading was finished, the king's
arms over the seat of justice in the court room' were torn down and burned in the'streel
and at evening bonfires were lighted, the houses were illuminated, and it was not until a
thunder-shower at midnight compelled the people to retire, that the sounds of gladness wen-
hushed. Newport, New London, Williamsburgh, Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, and other
large towns, manifested their great joy ; and from every inhabited hill and valley, town and
hamlet of the old Thirteen States, arose the melodies of freedom, awakened by this great
act of the people's proxies. Thousands of hearts in Europe, beating strongly with hope for
the future, were deeply impressed. Bold men caught the symphony, and prolonged its glad
harmony, even until it wooed sleeping slaves from their slumbers in the shadows of despot-
1 The second story of the State House was occupied by the courts ; and while the Continental Congress
was in session below, the Provincial Assemblies met above.
H. F
82
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Principles of the Declaration, and their Effects.
Opinions of Raynal, Mirabeau, and Napoleon
ism forth to the clear light, panoplied in the armor of absolute right. France was aroused,
and turning in its bed of submission, like the Titans beneath old iEtna, to look for light and
liberty, an earthquake shock ensued, which shook thrones, crumbled feudal altars, whereon
■quality was daily sacrificed, and so rent the
vail of the temple of despotism, that the people
saw plainly the fetters and instruments of un-
holy rule, huge and terrible, within the inner
court. They pulled down royalty, overturned
distinctions, and gave the first impulse to the
revolutions which have since spread from that
focus to purify the political atmosphere of Eu-
rope. Back to our glorious manifesto the strug-
gling nations look, and, when they wish to ar-
raign their tyrants, that indictment is their text
and guide.1 Its specific charges against George
the Third of course are irrelevant, but the great
truths set forth have no limit in their applica-
tion and appositeness
Walnut Street Front op the State House in 1776.2
Fro:u an old Print of the Period.
" Throughout the world its voice is sounding !
Life and death are in its call !
Kings and thrones in dust confounding ;
Millions rising o'er their fall !
Brothers, on ! till, bless'd as we,
They've plenty, peace, and Liberty !"
Mus. R. Balmanno.
"E'en now the word that rous'd our land '
Is calling o'er the waves, 'Awake!'
And pealing on from stand to strand,
Wherever ocean surges break.
Up to the quieken'd ear of toil
It rises from the teeming soil,
And bids the slave his bonds forsake.
Hark ! from the mountain to the sea,
The Old World echoes ' Liberty !'
Till thrones to their foundations shake."
Maky E. Hewitt.
It was an easy matter to declare the colonies free and independent ; it was not so easy
1 " With what grandeur, with what enthusiasm, should I not speak of those^generous men who erected
this grand edifice by their patience, their wisdom, and their courage!" wrote the Abbe Raynal in 1781.
" Hancock, Franklin, the two Adamses, were the greatest actors in this affecting scene ; but they were not
the only ones. Posterity shall know them all. Their honored names shall be transmitted to it by a hap-
pier pen than mine. Brass and marble shall show them to remotest ages. In beholding them, shall the
friend of freedom feel his heart palpitate with joy — feel his eyes float in delicious tears. Under the bust
of one of them has been written, He wrested thunder from heaven and the scepter from tyrants.*
Of the last words of this eulogy shall all of them partake." — Essay on The Revolution in Jlmcrica.
" I ask," exclaimed Mirabeau, on the tribune of the National Assembly of France, while descanting upon
our Declaration, " I ask if-the powers who have formed alliances with the States have dared to read that
manifesto, or to interrogate their consciences after the perusal? I ask whether there be at this day one
government in Europe — the Helvetic and Batavian confederations and the British isles excepted — which,
judged after the principles of the Declaration of Congress en the 4th of July, 1776, is not divested of its
rights?" And Napoleon afterward, alluding to the same scene, said, "The finger of God was there!" —
See Bailey's Preface to Records of Patriotism.
2 This gives the appearance of the shorter steeple, which took the place of the stately one taken down
in 1774. This was its appearance during the Revolution. A huge clock case was upon each gable
of the main building of the State House.
• " Eripuit ctzlofulmen sceptrvrntjue. tijraimis."
This line was the exergue of a medal which was struck in Paris in honor of Franklin, when he was the United States embas-
sador at the court of Versailles in 1777. It waB written by Turgot, the Controller general of the Finances of France, who died
four years afterw «rd.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
s:5
Organization of State Govcrnmenta. Adjournment of Congrcaa to Baltimore. Trip to Red Bank.
to maintain that declaration. The die being cast, Congress put forth all its energies to
secure union and harmony among the confederated states, and these, in turn, perceived the
necessity of prompt action in civil affairs. The resolves in Congress in May, recom-
mending the several states to organize governments for themselves, based upon dem- l77S"
ocratic principles^ were heeded, and, soon after the publication of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, most of the states took action on the subject, and formed constitutions. New
Hampshire had already formed a state government. The charters of Connecticut j„nuBry 5
and Rhode Tsland, being considered sufficiently democratic, were not altered. New 177,i
Jersey had adopted a constitution two days before the Declaration of Independence was
voted in Congress.* Virginia adopted one on the 5th of July; Pennsylvania, on ,
the 1.5th ; Maryland, on the 14th of August ; Delaware, on the 20th of Sop- July2'1776
tember ; North Carolina, on the 1 8th of December ; Georgia, on the 5th of February, 1777;
N^w York, on the 20th of April ; South Carolina, on the 19th of March, 1778 ; and Mas-
sachusetts deferred the important work until the 1st of September, 1779. In the mean
while, the necessity for Federal union became apparent, and this subject occupied the thoughts
and active efforts of the statesmen of America. They finally elaborated a scheme of gen-
eral government ; and on the 15th of November, 1777, Congress adopted Articles of Con-
federation, having debated the subject three times a week for nearly seven months. Cop-
ies of these articles were sent to the various state Legislatures for approval, but they did
not receive the sanction of all until March, 1781, when they became the organic law of the
Union, and continued such until the adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1787.
During the summer and autumn of 1776, military operations were active, and that ses-
sion of Congress was one of the busiest during the war. The disastrous battle of Long
Tsland or Brooklyn occurred in August ; the skirmishes at Harlem, Kiugsbridge, Throg's
Neck, and White Plains ; the fall of Forts Washington and Lee ; the retreat of the Amer-
ican army under Washington across the Jerseys, and the menacing approach of a large Brit-
ish army toward Philadelphia, all occurred in rapid succession during the autumn. Dis-
asters, gloom, and despondency were on every side ; and Congress, alarmed at the proximity
of British and Hessian troops, then only awaiting the freezing of the Delaware to march to
the capture of Philadelphia, withdrew to Baltimore on the 12th of December, as we
have already seen, where they resumed their deliberations on the 20th
Let us close the record, and, like the fugitive Congress, leave the old State House for a
season.
Toward noon, accompanied by a friend (Mr. Samuel Agnew), I left the city Novembei 27,
to visit the remains of the old forts at Red Bank, on the Jersey shore of the 1848-
Delaware, a few miles below Philadelphia. Unable to gain positive information respecting
a ferry, we concluded to drive down to Fort Mifflin, and obtain a passage there. We
crossed the Schuylkill, and, passing through the cultivated country on its right bank, missed
the proper road to Fort Mifflin, and reached the termination of the one we were traveling.
at a farm-house. Here we ascertained that we could not obtain ferriage at the fort, so we
crossed the Schuylkill again, upon a bateau, near its mouth, and, returning to the city sub-
urbs, found the proper avenue to League Island,1 whence we could be ferried to Red Bank.
Our blunder consumed two hours, and then we had to wait almost another hour upon the
dike which defends League Island from the waters of the Delaware, before a skiff, for which
we telegraphed by a white handkerchief upon a ratan, came over to us. The river is there
about a mile wide ; and while the waterman was slowly rowing across, we dined upon bread
and cheese, cold sausage, and grape jelly, which the kind consideration of my friend's wife
had furnished at our departure. It was a rather uncomfortable picnic on that unsheltered
dike in the keen November wind.
Leaving my horse in a stall at the ferry, we crossed to the great coal depot, upon Eagle
' Tnis is a low island just below the city suburbs, and, until protected by a heavy stone dike, was for-
merly almost covered with water at high tide. It is now a very fertile piece of reclaimed .and, anj is
reached from the main by a bridge, the intervening channel being quite narrow.
84
PICTORIAL FIELD- BOOK
Fort Mercer.
Donop's Grnve.
Whitall's House.
De Chastellux's Visit there.
\-<SolilirrsQritve£
— Bonap-s Grave
OCALrTIKS AT ItED BANX
Point, on the Jersey shore, about half a mile above the site nf Fort Mercer, at Red Bank.
We met a resident gentleman on the way to the fort, who kindly turned back and pointed
out the various localities. The embankments and trenches are quite prominent, and will
doubtless lonpr remain so. for a forest of young pines now covers and protects them from the
destroying hand of cultivation. The form of the fort
and outworks, as denoted in the sketch, was easily
distinguished, and the serried lines of the soldiers'
graves were palpable along the brow of the high
bank. These are the graves of those who were slain
in the battle which occurred there in the autumn of
1777. They were buried in boxes, and now their
remains are often exposed by the washing away of
the banks. At the southern line of the fort, close by
the bank, are the remains of the hickory-tree which
was used as a flag-staff during the battle ; and near
it are traces of the gateway of the fort. A little
below, and in the path leading to the house of Mr
Whitall, is the grave of Count Donop, marked by a
small, rough sandstone, about fourteen inches in height.
Vandal fingers have plucked relic-pieces from it, and so
nearly was the rude inscription effaced that I could
only decipher a portion of the words, Dowr was lost,
as seen in the sketch.2 Even his bones have not been
allowed to molder in his grave, but are scattered about
the country as cherished relics, his skull being in pos-
session nf a physician of New Jersey .'
A few rods south of Donop's grave, close by the river
bank, is the ancient resilience of the Whitall family.
It is a two-story house, built of brick, and is now
(18-51) one hundred and three years old. The date
of its erection is given on the north gable, where the
characters "I A W [James and Anna Whitall]
17 18," are delineated by dark, glazed brick. The
Whitalls were Quakers, and of course, although
Whigs, took no part in the war. This fact made
some suspect the old man of Toryism.3 I was in-
formed by the present owner that, when the attack
was made upon the fort, and his grandmother was
urged to flee from the house, she refused, saying,
"God's arm is strong, and will protect me; I may
Donop's <;ka*
Whitall's House.
' Reil Bank, where these remains are, is in the township of Woodbury, in Gloucester county, New Jersey.
The fortifications erected there were little more than earthen embankments, and a ditch covered by abatis.
The arrow in the sketch denotes the direction of Fort Mitilin. on the opposite side of the Delaware.
2 The Marquis ile Chastellux, who visited this spot in 17S1. says, in his Journal (i., 260), "We had not
gone a hundred yards before we came to a small elevation, on which a stone was vertically placed, with
this short epitaph: 'Here lies buried Colonel Donop.: " M. ile Mauduit was the guide on the occasion.
He acted in the double capacity of engineer and officer of artillery at the battle, and had the charge of
arranging and defending the post, under Colonel Green. " He assured us," says the marquis, " wc could
not make a step without treading on the remains of some Hessian, for near three hundred were buried in
the front of the ditch."
3 De Chastellux, in recording his visit, says : " On landing from our boat, he [Mauduit] proposed con-
ducting us to a Quaker's, whose house is half a musket-shot from the fort, or rather the ruins of the fort ;
for it is now destroyed, and there are scarcely any reliefs of it remaining. 'This man,' said M. do Mau-
duit, 'is a little of a Tory: I was obliged to knock down his barn, and fell his fruit trees; but he will be
glad to see M. de La Fayetto, and will receive us well.' We took him at his word; but never was ex-
OF THE K F. VOI,!! TIUN
&r>
Anecdote of Mrs. Whitall.
Old Cannon.
Distant View of Fort Mifflin
do good by Btaying." She was left alone in the house ; and while the battle was raging,
and cannon-balls were driving like sleet against and around her dwelling, she calinlv plied
her spinning-wheel in a room in the second story. At length a twelve-pound ball, from a
British vessel in the river, grazing the American Hag-start' (the walnut-tree) at the fort.
passed through the heavy brick wall on the north gable, and with a terrible crash perforated
a partition at the head of the stairs, crossed a recess, and lodged in another partition, near
where the old lady was sitting. Conceiving Divine protection a little more certain else-
where after this manifestation of the power of gun-powder, the industrious dame gathered
up her implements, and with a step quite as agile as in youth, she retreated to the cellar,
where she continued spinning until called to attend the wounded and dying who were
brought into her house at the close of the battle. She did, indeed, " do good" by remain-
ing ; for, like an angel of mercy, she went among the maimed, unmindful whether they
were friend or ibe, and administered every relief to their sufferings, in her power. She
scolded the Hessians lor coming to America to butcher the people. At the same time, she
bound up their wounds tenderly, and gave them food and water. The scar made by the
passage of that iron ball is quite prominent in the gable; it is denoted in the engraving by
the dark spot. I saw within the house where the missile cut off the wood-work in its pas-
sage, and where it lodged.
On the green, between the Whitall house and the river, lies a portion of an iron cannon
i ibii
Old Cannon at Red Bank.
which was bursted during the en-
gagement. That event killed sev-
eral of the Americans. The pic-
ture represents its present appear-
ance, with its breech blown away.
Beyond it is the Delaware, and
in the distance, opposite, is seen
Fort Mifflin, lying almost upon
the water level on Fort or Great
Mud. Island, near the western
shore. In the far distance, bound-
ing the view, are the hills of Pennsylvania, toward Valley Forge.
In the summer of 1777, Sir William Howe, the British commander-in-chief, sailed from
New \ orka with a large land force, and with a naval armament under his broth- > July 23.
er Richard, Earl Howe, and, landing at the head of Chesapeake Bay,1' commenced bAugust25.
a victorious march toward Philadelphia. Washington, informed of the movement, went
out from Philadelphia to meet him, and had proceeded beyond the Brandywine, in the neigh-
borhood of Wilmington, when the van of the enemy appeared at Kennet Square. The
battle of Brandywine occurred soon afterward, a in which the Americans were ■September n
defeated, and driven back toward Philadelphia. The enemy pushed steadily
forward, and entered the city in triumph." In anticipation of the possibility t> Septcmher 26.
of such an event, the Americans had applied themselves diligently to the erection of ob-
structions in the Delaware, to prevent the ascent of the British fleet, and also in rearing
batteries upon the shores to cover them. Upon isolated marshes, or low islands of mud,
pectation more completely deceived- We round our Quaker seated in I lie chimney corner, busied in clean-
ing herbs. He recollected M. de Maiuluit. who named M. de La Fayette to him; but he did not deign
10 lift his eyes, nor to answer any of our introducer's discourse, which at first was complimentary, and at
length jocose. Except Dido's silence, I know nothing more severe; but we had no difficulty in accom-
modating ourselves to this bad reception, and made our way to the fort. — Travels, i., 259.
86
PICTORIAL FIELD BOOK
Military Works on the Delaware. Obstructions in the River. Their Removal by the British. Capture of Billingsport
made green by reeds, a little below the mouth of the Schuylkill, they erected a strong re-
doubt, with quite extensive outworks, and called it Fort Mifflin. These islands were called
Great and Little Mud Islands. The former, on which the redoubt and main works were
erected, has been called Fort Island ever since that time. On the opposite shore of New
Jersey, a strong redoubt, called Fort Mercer, was also erected,
and well supplied with artillery. In the deep channels of the
river between, and under cover of these batteries, they sunk
ranges of strong frames, with iron-pointed wooden spikes, called
chevaux de frise, which formed almost invulnerable stackadocs.
Three miles further down the river, at Byllinge's Point' (now
Billingsport), was a redoubt with extensive outworks, covering
strong stackadocs, which were sunken there in the navigable
channel of the river, between the main and Billing's Island.
In addition to these works, several armed galleys and floating
batteries were stationed in the river, all forming strong bar-
riers against the fleet of the enemy. This circumstance troubled
the British general, for he foresaw the consequences of having
his supplies by water cut ofl~, and the danger to which his army
would be exposed in Philadelphia if unsupported by the fleet.
Immediately after the battle at Brandywine, Earl Howe
sailed down the Chesapeake, and entered the lower Delaware
with several light vessels, among which was the Roebuck,
commanded by Captain Hammond.3 That officer represented
to General Howe, that if a sufficient force could be sent to re-
duce the fortifications at Billingsport, he would take upon himself the task of opening a pas-
sage for vessels through the chevaux de frise, or stackadocs, at that point. Howe readily
consented to attempt the important measure. Two regiments, under Colonel Stirling, were
dispatched from Chester, in Pennsylvania, for that purpose. They crossed the river a little
below Billingsport, marched in the rear of the unfinished works, and made a furious assault
upon the garrison. The Americans were dismayed at this unexpected attack, and believing
themselves incompetent to make a successful defense, they spiked their cannons, set fire to
the barracks, and fled. The English remained long enough to demolish the works on the
river front ; when Hammond, by the great exertions of his men, made a passage-way seven
feet wide in the chevaux de frise, and, with six vessels, sailed through, and anchored near
Hog Island. Stirling returned to Chester, and, with another detachment, proceeded to
camp, as an escort of provisions, bearing to General Howe intelligence of his success.
Howe now determined to make a general sweep of all the American works on the Del-
aware, and, preparatory thereto, he called in his outposts and concentrated his whole army
near to and within Philadelphia. Two Rhode Island regiments, belonging to General Var-
num's4 brigade, under Colonel Christopher Greene, garrisoned the fort at Red Bank, and
Chevaux de frise.3
1 So called in honor of Edward By Hinge, the purchaser of Lord Berkley's moiety of the province of New
Jersey. Slight remains of this redoubt, it is said, yet remain.
2 This cut, copied from an old print, shows the form of the rhevaux de frise. A is a profile view, and B
a plan. The spikes were made of heavy timbers, about thirty feet in length. Partially tilled with heavy
stone, they presented a formidable obstacle to vessels. It is said that these obstructions were mainly planned
by Dr. Franklin, and constructed under the immediate supervision of M. Du Plessis Manduit, a French en-
mincer. * Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, Royal Navy.
* James Mitchell Varnum was born at Dracut, Massachu-
setts, in 1749, and graduated in the first class at Providence
College in 1769. He afterward studied law at East Green-
wich, became an active politician in Rhode Island, espoused
the patriot cause, and joined the army in 1775. In February,
1777, he was commissioned a brigadier in the Continental service. He served under Sullivan in the op-
erations on Rhode Island, in 1778, and the next year resigned his commission and left the army. He was
a delegate to Congress in 178fi, and the following year was appointed a judge of the Northwestern Torri-
OF THE RE VOLUTION. 87
The American Fleet in the Delaware. Ilcesian Expedition against Fort Mercer. Storming of the Fort
about the same number of the Maryland line, under Lieutenant-colonel Samuel Smith, oc-
cupied Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island. The American fleet in the river, consisting chiefly
of galleys and floating batteries, was commanded by Commodore Hazlewood.' It was
quite as important to the Americans to maintain these forts and defend the river obstructions
as it was to the British to destroy them. It was therefore determined to hold them to the
last extremity, for it was evident that such continued possession would force Howe to evac-
uate Philadelphia.
Count Donop, with four battalions, consisting of twelve hundred picked Hessians, was
sent by Howe to attack Fort Mercer, at Red Bank. They crossed the Delaware, and
landed at Cooper's Ferry, on the 21st of October. The same evening they marched
to Iladdonsfield, in New Jersey, a little above Gloucester. As they approached
Timber Creek, on their way down the river, the Americans took up the bridge, and the
enemy were obliged to march four miles up the stream to a shallow ford. They arrived
at the edge of a wood, within cannon-shot of Fort Mercer, on the morning of the 22d.
Their appearance, full-armed for battle, was the first intimation the garrison had of their
approach. Although informed that the number of Hessians was twenty-five hundred, the
little garrison of four hundred men, in a feeble earth fort, and with only fourteen pieces of
cannon, were not intimidated. They made immediate preparations for defense. While
thus engaged, a Hessian officer, who was permitted to approach the fort with a flag and a
drummer, rode up, and insolently proclaimed, " The King of England orders his rebellious
subjects to lay down their arms ; and they are warned that, if they stand the battle, no
quarters whatever will be given !"J " We ask no quarters, nor will we give any !" was
the prompt reply of Colonel Greene. The Hessian and the drummer rode hastily back to
Donop, and the assailants began at once the erection of a battery within half cannon-shot
of the outworks of Fort Mercer. All was activity and eagerness for combat within the
fort. The outworks were unfinished, but the redoubt was a citadel upon which the garri-
son placed much reliance. Skill and bravery were called to combat fierceness, discipline,
and overwhelming numbers.
It was four o'clock in the afternoon when a brisk cannonade was opened from the Hes-
sian battery, and at a quarter before five a battalion advanced to the attack, on the north
part of the fort, near a morass that covered it. Finding the first advance post and the
outworks abandoned, but not destroyed, the enemy imagined that they had frightened the
Americans away. Filled with this idea, they raised the shout of victory, and, with the
drummer just mentioned beating a lively march, rushed toward the redoubt, where not a
man was to be seen. They were about to ascend the ramparts, to plant the flag of con-
quest upon a merlon, when, from the embrasures in front, and from a half-masked buttery
upon their left flank, formed by an angle of an old embankment, a shower of grape-shot and
musket-balls poured upon them with terrible effect, driving them back to the remote in-
trenchments. Another division of the enemy, under the immediate command of the brave
Donop, attacked the fort on the south side at the same time, passed the abatis, traversed
the fosse or ditch, and some actually leaped the pickets, and mounted the parapet of the
redoubt ; but the fire of the Americans was so heavy and continuous that they were soon
tory. He died at Marietta, Ohio, January 10, 1790, aged forty-one. His brother, Joseph Bradley Var-
num, was also an officer in the Revolution; a member, from Massachusetts, of the first (.'undress ;»t1er the
adoption of the Federal Constitution ; was four years speaker of the Lower House, and succeeded Timothy
Pickering as United States senator in 1811. He died on the 11th of September, 1821, aged seventy-one
years.
1 The following is a list and description of the American fleet : Thirteen galleys, one bearing a thirty-
two pounder ; two carrying each a twenty-four pounder ; ten each an eighteen pounder. Twenty-six half-
galleys, each carrying a four pounder. Two xebeques, each carrying in bow two twenty-four pounders ,
in stern, two eighteen pounders ; in waist, four nine pounders. Two floating batteries (the Arnold and
Putnam), one carrying twelve eighteen pounders, one ten eighteen pounders. One provincial ship, ten eigfa
teen pounders. Fourteen fire-ships. The brig Andre Doria, of fourteen six pounders. One schooner-galley,
in bow two eighteen pounders; in stern, two nine pounders. One brig-galley, in bow two eighteen pounders;
in stern, two nine pounders. There were also a number of fire-rafts. ' Dc Cbastcllux i., 262.
88 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Repulse of the Hessians at Red Bank. Count Donop. Lieutenant colonel Greene. Monument at Red Bank.
forced back, and driven out with great loss. They retreated precipitately to Haddonfield,
under Lieutenant-colonel Liusing, (Donop, and Mingerode, his second in command, being
wounded), leaving between three and four hundred of their comrades behind. They were
considerably palled, when first retreating, by the American galleys and floating batteries in
the river. The conflict was short, but severe. The precise loss of the enemy is not known.
Marshall estimates it at four hundred in killed and wounded. Colonel Donop, the com-
mander of the expedition, fell, mortally wounded, at the first fire. After the engagement,
while Manduit, the French engineer, who directed the American artillery on the occasion,
was out with a detachment, fixing the palisades, he heard a voice among the slain, saying,
• Whoever you are, draw me hence." It was the voice of Count Donop. Manduit had
him conveyed into the fort, and the next day to Mr. Whitall's, where he attended him until
his death, which occurred three days afterward. " It is finishing a noble career early"
|he was thirty-seven], said Donop to Manduit, "but I die the victim of my ambition and
of the avarice of my sovereign."1 The loss of the Americans within the fort was eight
men killed, twenty-nine wounded, and a captain taken prisoner while reconuoitering. The
number killed by the bursting of the cannon, mentioned on a preceding page, is not known.
So close was the combat at one time, that several Hessians were pierced by the gun-wads
of the Americans.2
The conduct of Lieutenant-colonel Greene' on this occasion was highly applauded, and
November 4, Congress ordered the Board of War to present him with an elegant sword.
1777. This tribute was given to his family at the close of the contest, when Colonel
Greene was no longer living to receive it. He had been basely murdered in his quarters,
near Croton River, in Westchester county, New York, by a band of Tories, consisting of
about one hundred and fifty dragoons, under Colonel Delancy, who surprised his post. Col-
onel Greene fell after his single arm had slain several of his assailants. They attempted
to carry him off, but he died upon the road. Major Flagg, a meritorious officer, was killed
at the same time ; also two subalterns and twenty-seven men were killed or wounded.*
In commemoration of the battle at Red Bank and the valor of Colonel Greene, a mon-
ument of blue veined marble, about fifteen feet high, was erected in 1829, just within the
northern line of the outworks of Fort Mercer, and within a few feet of the margin of the
Delaware. This tribute to the memory of valor and patriotism was made by some New
Jersey and Pennsylvania volunteers. While it is a testimony of one of the most noble traits
in human character, it bears an exhibition of the existence of another of the most detestable.
[n the inscription were the words New Jersey and Pennsylvania, in a single prominent
line. Some Jersey scoundrel almost obliterated the word Pennsylvania ; and afterward
some Pennsylvania Vandal, in the fierceness of his retaliatory zeal for the credit of his state,
disgraced it, so far as insignificance could do it, by obliterating the words New Jersey.
The whole line is destroyed ; and that marble shaft perpetuates a remembrance of unknown
barbarians as well as of honored patriots.'
1 De Chastellux, i., 266. 3 Marshall. Ramsay. De Chastellux. Major Ward's Letter.
* Christopher Greene, a native of Rhode Island, was a brave and accomplished soldier. When the bat-
lies at Lexington and Concord awakened the nation, he went to the field. After the battle of Bunker Hill
he was appointed colonel of a Rhode Island regiment, and jn that capacity accompanied Arnold through
the wilderness to Quebec, and fought bravely under the walls of that city, when beleaguered by Mont-
gomery. In the autumn of 1777, he was placed in chief command at Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, with his
own and Angell's regiments, which formed a part of General Varnum's brigade. He there behaved with
gallantry, and received marks of approbation from Congress. He continued in active service until his death,
which occurred on the 13th of May, 1781, at the age of forty-four years.' Lieutenant-colonel Greene left
a widow, with three sons and four daughters. She was the child of J. Lippitt, Esq., of Warwick, Rhode
[>l:lnd.
* See Heath's Memoirs. Bolton, in his History of Westchester County (ii., 391), says that the house in
which Greene was quartered belonged to Richard Davenport, and is situated at the end of a narrow lane
which diverges from the Pine's Bridge road, about a mile below the residence of William Smith. When
he wrote (1848) the house was in the possession of Joshua Carpenter, a grandson of Davenport.
' The following is a copy of the inscriptions upon the monument :
OF Til i: R E V OLUTION.
B'J
Attack on Fort M ffl D
Americtin Flotilla
l.irun nnnt-colom-1 Smith
, ...
1 1 nt AT Red Bank.'
The firing of the first gun from the Hessian battery upon Fori Mercer was the sigiialfor
the British vessels to approach and attack l-*< • r t Mifflin. They had al-
ready made their way through the lower harrier at Billing-sport, and th
Augusta, a sixty-four gun ship, and several smaller vessels, were an-
chored just above it, waiting for flood tide. As soon as Fort Mercei
was attacked, the Augusta, with the Roebuck, of forty-four guns,
two frigates, the .Merlin, of eighteen guns, and a galley came up,
but were kept at bay by the American galleys and floating bat-
teries. These galleys did good execution, not only upon the British
vessels, but by Hanking the assailants at Red Bank.
The attack upon Fort Mifflin was deferred
October S3, until next morning, when, the
1777. Hessians being driven from Fort
Mercer, the whole power of the American
flotilla was brought to bear upon the Brit-
ish fleet. A heavy cannonade was open
ed upon Fort Mifflin, and attempts were
made to get floating batteries in the chan-
nel in the rear of. Mud Island. Lieuten-
ant-colonel Smith,1 the commandant at
Fort Mifflin, who was vigilant and brave,
thwarted every attempt thus to outflank
him (if the term may be used in reference to a garrison in a fort), and by a gallant defense
essentially aided the American flotilla in repulsing the enemy. The fire was so fierce and
incessant, that the British ships endeavored to fall down the river. A hot shot struck and
set fire to the Augusta ; and at noon, while lying aground upon a mud bank near the Jersey
South side. — "This monument was cirri.-, 1 on the 22d Octo., 1829, to transmit to Posterity a grateful
remembrance of the Patriotism ami Gallantry of Lieutenant-colonel Christopher Greene, who, with 400
men, conquered the Hessian army of 2000 troops (then in the British service), at Red Bank, on the 22d
Octo.. 1777. Among the slain was found their commander, Count Donop, whose body lies interred near
the spot where he fell.''
West side. — "A number of the New Jeksev and Pennsyh \m\ Volunteers, being desirous to per-
petuate the memory of the distinguish^ I officers and soldiers who fought and bird in tin' glorious struggle
for American Independence, have erected this monument, on the 22d day "I October, A.l>. 1829."
1 Samuel Smith was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, July 27th, 1752. His education, com-
menced at Carlisle, was completed at an nradnnv at Elkton, in Maryland, after bis father made Baltimore
Ins place of residence. He was in his father's counting-house live years, and then, in 1772, sailed for
Havre in one of his father's vessels, as supercargo. Having traveled extensively in Europe, he returned
home to find his countrymen in the midst oftl xeitements of the opening of the Revolutionary hostilities
The battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill had been fought. Fired with patriotic zeal, he sought
to serve his country in the army, and in January, 177(1. obtained a captain's commission in Colonel Small-
wood's regiment. He was soon afterward promoted to the rank "I major, and early in 1777 he received
a lieutenant colonel's commission. In that capacity he served with distinction in the battles of Brandywine
and Fort Mifflin, suffered at Valley Forge, and participated in the action on the plains of Monmouth. At
the close of the war he was appointed a brigadier general of militia, and commanded the Maryland quota
"l troops in the " Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. He served as major general in the war of 1812,
and commanded the troops assembled for the defense of Baltimore in 1814. During a tint in Baltimore in
1836, when the civil power was inadequate to quell the violence of the mob the mod general, then eighty-
four years old, appeared in the streets with the United States Bag, placed himself at tin- head of peaceful
citizens, and very soon restored ordet and tranquillity. In tin' autumn of thai year he was elected mayor
of the city, which office he held until his death on the 22d of April, 1839. at the age of eighty-seven years.
General Smith was eleetcd a representative in Congress in 1793. and served until 1803. He was again
elected in 1816. ami served six years h,n»;er. He was also a raembei ol the I nited States Senate for a
period of twenty-three years. The accompanying portrait is from an engraving by St. Memin, an artist
who engraved a lame number of the distinguished men of our country at al I tin- commencement of the
present century. The signature is from a frank, kindly sent to me by his son, General Smith, president of
the Maryland Historical Society.
* This view includes the monument, a portion of the Delaware, and the mouth of the Schuylkill, on the
western shore.
90
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Successful Defense of Fort Mifflin.
Preparations lor another Attack.
Plan of the Fort
c/?2^L"^
shore, she blew up. The engagement continued with the other vessels until three o'clock
in the afternoon, when the Merlin also took fire and blew up, near the mouth of Mud Creek.
The conflict now ceased ; the Roebuck dropped
down the river, and passed below the chevauz
defrise' at Billingsport, and the Americans re-
mained masters of the Delaware forts for a short
season.'
It was, indeed, but a short season that quiet
possession of the river was vouchsafed the pa-
triots. Although repulsed, his ships beaten back,
and his mercenary allies decimated, Howe was
not discouraged ; and he labored eagerly and
hopefully to dislodge the Americans from their
strong posts upon the only avenue through
which his army could receive food and cloth-
ing, and his magazine supplies for the winter.
A timely re-enforcement from New York enabled
him to act with energy. He took possession of
Province Island, lying between Fort Mifflin and
the main, and at different points works were thrown up
to strengthen his power and annoy the patriots. This
was on the 1st of November ; and from that time never was a garrison more harassed
than that at Fort Mifflin ; and never was patience and true courage more nobly ex-
hibited than was then shown by Lieutenant-colonel Smith and his compatriots.
Old Fort Mifflin was upon the lower end of Mud
(now Fort) Island, having its principal fortification
in front, for the purpose of repelling ships that might
come up the river. On the side toward Province
Island (a low mud bank, nearly covered at high
water, and separated from Mud Island by a narrow
channel) the fort had only a wet ditch, without
ravelin or abatis. This part was flanked by a block-
house at each of its angles. These were not strong.
When the Americans saw the enemy take possession
of Province Island, and begin the planting of batteries
to bruise their weakest points, they were sensible that
Fort Mifflin would be untenable if the British com-
fieir works. Such, too, was the painful conviction of
gton, and from his camp at Whitemarsh he put forth
energies to prevent the evil. But, weak in numbers,
and deficient in every thing which constitutes the strength of
an army-, he was obliged to see the enemy, day after day, rear-
ing his battle-works, without being able to interpose. He had sent anxious requests to Gen-
eral Gates to forward re-enforcements from the North, Burgoyne's invading army being cap-
1 The Merlin, like the Augusta, had got aground, and stuck so fast that it was impossible to get her off.
The obstructions which the Americans had placed in the river had caused such a change in the channels,
that the pilots of the British vessels were completely at fault.
* On the 4th of November, ten days after the battle. Congress honored Lieutenant-colonel Smith ami
Commodore Hazlewood, bv voting each an elegant swnrd. — Journals of Congress, hi., 374.
3 Explanation. — A, the inner work or redoubt ; bbb.B. high, thick stone wall, built by Montressor, with
indentations, where the men boiled their kettles. This wall was pierced with loop-holes for musketry,
rrcr. block-houses, built of wood, with loop-holes, and mounting four pieces of cannon each, two on the
lower platform , d d </, barracks ; e e e, stockadocs ; fff trous de Loup ; g g, ravelins. On the southeast
side were two strong piers, and a battery mounting three cannons.
J'lan of Fokt Mifflin.3
OF THE REVOLUTION. 91
Washington's efforts to Ite-enforce his Army. Conduct of Gates and Putnam. Second Attack on Fort MitBin
tured, and no other formidable enemy requiring a large force in that quarter ; but that offi-
cer, doubtless willing to see his rival unsuccessful, gave no heed to his orders until longer
non-compliance would have been positive disobedience.' To break up the encampment at
Whitemarsh, and move the army to the west side of the Schuylkill, would be to leave de-
positories of stores and hospitals lor the sick within reach of the enemy. It would also leave
the fords of the Schuylkill in the custody of the royal troops, and render a junction of the
expected Northern forces with the main army difficult, if not impossible. Furthermore, it
might bring on a general engagement, which, with his weakened forces, the commander-in-
chief knew might be fatal. Thus situated, Washington viewed the progress of the enemy
in his designs upon Fort Mifflin with intense anxiety.
The British erected rive batteries on Province Island, of eighteen, twenty-four, and thirty-
two pounders, within five hundred yards of Fort Mifflin. They also brought up, by the
new channel made between Hog Island and the main by the changing of the current by
the clicmttx de /rise, a large floating battery, mounting twenty-two twenty-four pounders,
within forty yards of an angle of the fort. They also brought to bear upon the fort four
sixty-four gun ships, within nine hundred yards, and two forty gun ships. Altogether the
enemy had fourteen strong redoubts, and these were well manned and furnished with heavy
artillery. On the 10th of November, the enemy opened their batteries on laud and
water, and for six consecutive days poured a storm of bombs and round shot upon the
devoted fortification. With consummate skill and courage, Lieutenant-colonel Smith di-
rected the responses from the ordnance of the fort. The artillery, drawn chiefly from Col-
onel Lamb's regiment, were commanded by Lieutenant Treat, who was killed on the first
day of the siege, by the bursting of a bomb. On that day the barracks alone suffered, but
on the morning of the 1 1th the direction of the enemy's fire was changed ; a dozen of the
strong palisades were demolished, and a cannon in an embrasure was disabled. The tiring
did not cease until midnight, and many of the garrison were killed or wounded Colonel
Smith, the commander, had a narrow escape. He had just gone into the barracks to write
a letter to General Vamum, when a ball passed through a chimney. He was struck by
the scattered bricks, and for a time lay senseless. He was taken across to Red Bank, ami
tic command devolved on Lieutenant-colonel Puissell, of the Connecticut line. That officer
was disabled by fatigue and ill health, and Major Thayer, of the Rhode Island line, volun-
teered to take his place. Major Henry, who sent daily reports to Washington of the prog-
ress of the siege, was also wounded on the 1 1th, but he continued with the garrison. On
the 12th, a two-gun battery of the Americans was destroyed, the northwest block-house
and laboratory were blown up, and the garrison were obliged to seek shelter within the
fort. The enemy continued to throw shells at night, and fearful indeed was the scene. At
1 Gates had ample stores and a formidable force ; and had he acted with the energy of true patriotism,
he might have re-enforced Washington, by which the Delaware forts could have been saved, and the ene-
my driven out of Philadelphia. But he was vainly expecting soon to supersede Washington in the chief
command, and he treated his orders with indifference. So tardy were his movements, when he concluded
to comply, that Washington sent Colonel Hamilton to hasten his march. When Hamilton arrived at A Ibany,
he found Gates reluctant to part wiih any of his troops ; but, after much persuasion, he consented to send
Morgan's corps and some thin brigades to the commander-in-chief. Hamilton was indignant, and by plain
speech caused Gates to send a stronger re-enforcement. These, on their march down the Hudson, encoun-
tered a check from Putnam, who, dreaming of glory to be derived from an attack on New York, had actu-
llly detained a part of the force sent forward by Gates, and had marched them to Tarrytown, while he had
nimself advanced to White Plains. Thus, by tardy movements in Congress, and the undutiful ambition of
subordinate officers, Washington was often toiled. Hamilton, by advice of Governor Clinton, assumed the
authority of issuing a peremptory order to Putnam to put the Continental troops in motion for Whitemarsh.
"I now. sir." he wrote, "in the most explicit terms, by his excellency's authority, give it as a positive
order from him, that all the Continental troops under your command may be immediately marched to King's
Ferry, there to cross the river, and hasten to re-enforce the army under him." The Massachusetts militia
and some new recruits were to replace the Continental soldiers thus sent away. So much did Hamilton
censure Putnam when he returned to head-quarters, that it was thought a court martial would arraign the
veteran ; but the matter was passed over without notice, obedience having followed the peremptory order
of Washington's representative.
92
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Oallant Defense of Fort Mifflin.
Destructive Effects of Cannons and Bombs.
Plan of Operations on the Delaware
sunrise on ihe 13th, thirty armed boats made their appearance ; and during that night the
heavy floating battery was brought to bear upon the fort. It opened with terrible effect
on the morning of the 14th, yet that little garrison of only three hundred men managed to
silence it before noon. Hitherto the enemy did not know the real weakness of the garrison :
on that day a deserter, in a boat, carried information
if the fact to the British, who were seriously thinking
of abandoning the siege, for they had suffered much.
Hope was revived, and preparations were made for a
general and more vigorous assault. At daylight, on the 1 5th, the Iris and Somerset, men-
of-war, passed up the east channel to attack the fort on Mud Island in front. Several
frigates were brought to bear en Fort Mercer ; and the Vigilant, an East Indiaman of
twenty twenty-four pounders, and a hulk with three twenty-four pounders, made their way
through a narrow channel on the western side, and gained a position to act in concert with
the batteries on Province Island, in enfilading the American works. At ten o'clock, while
all was silent, a signal-bugle sent forth its summons to action, and instantly the land bat-
teries and the shipping poured a terrible storm of missiles upon Fort Mifflin. The little
garrison sustained the shock with astonishing intrepidity, and far into the gloom of evening
an incessant cannonade was kept up. Within an hour, the only two cannons in the fort
which, had not been dismounted shared the fate of the others. Every man who appeared
upon the platform was killed by the musketeers in the tops of the ships, whose yards almost
hung over the American battery. Long before night not a palisade was left ; the embra-
sures were ruined ; the whole parapet leveled ; the block-houses were already destroyed
Early in the evening Major Thayer sent all the remnant of the garrison to Red Bank,
excepting forty men, with whom he remained. Among those sent was the brave Captain
Note. Explanation of the Map. — This shows the main operations upon the Delaware between the
middle of October and the close of November, 1777. Fort Mifflin is seen on the lower end of Mud Island.
A, B, two British transports; C, the Experiment; D, the Vigilant frigate; K, the Fury sloop; F, a
passage opened through the stookadoes at Billingsporl . G, American Heel burned at Gloucester; H. the
village of W [bury and Cornwallis's encampment on the 21st of November, 1777; I, camp on the 24th,
between the branches of Timber Creek ; J, a battery of two eighteen pounders and two nine pounders ; K,
l'ort at Billingspurt, Colonel Stirling's corps, and Cornwallis's camp on the 18th "1 November; L, redoubt
mi Carpenter's Island; M, on Province Island, to cover the bridge in the direction of Philadelphia; N, a
battery of six twenty-four pounders, one eight-inch howitzer, and one eight-inch mortar ; 0, a battery with
one eight-inch howitzer and one eight-inch mortar; P, a battery with one thirteen-inch mortar; n, two
twelve pounders ; o, one eighteen pounder ; S, stockadoes in the channel in front of Fort Mifflin ; a, a small
vessel; 6, wreck of the Mo-tin; c, the Liverpool; d, Cornwallis galley; e, the Pearl; f, the Somerset;
g, the Roclmrk ; h, wreck of the Jlugutta; i, the Iris; j. shi|i sunk; k. the Vigilant; I, the Fury; W,
the Whitall house, just below Fort Mercer. The parallelograms around Fort Mercer denote the attack
In Donop, on the 22d of October. The small island between Red Bank Island and the Jersey shore is
W tbory [sland, on which the Americans erected -i miciII battcrv. The creek, just below Fort Mercer,
i« Wo idbury Creek, a deep and sluggish stream, near the Delaware.
I) F Til 1: K i: VOLUTION.
Retreat of the Garrison. Destruction. of the Fort Movements in New Ji Fort Mercer Abnn
(afterward Commodore) Talbot, of the Rhode Island line, who was wounded in the hip,
having fought for hours with his wrist shattered by a musket ball. At midnight, every
defense and every shelter being swept away, Thayer and his men set tire to the remains of
the barraclcs, evacuated the fort, and escaped in safely to lied Bank. Altogether it was
one of the most gallant and obstinate defenses m;ide during the war. In the course of the
last day, more than a thousand discharges of cannon, from twelve to thirty-two pounders,
were made against the works on .Mud Island. Nearly two hundred and fifty men of the
garrison were killed and wounded. The loss of the British was great ; the number was
not certainly known.1
Fort Mercer was still in possession of the Continental troops. Howe determined to dis-
lodge them; for, while they remained, the obstructions in the river could not, with safety,
be removed. While a portion of his force was beating down Kurt Mifflin, he was busy in
fortifying Philadelphia. He had extended intreiichiiietits across from the Delaware to the
Schuylkill. Having received more re-enforcements from New York, he sent ( 'ornwallis to fall
upon Fort Mercer in the rear. That officer, with a detachment of about two thousand men.
crossed the Delaware from Chester to Billingsport, where he was joined by some November 18,
troops just arrived from New York. Washington had been apprised of this
movement, and had detached General Huntington's brigade to join that ofVarnum in New
Jersey. He also ordered Major-general Greene to proceed with his division to the relief of
the garrison, and to oppose Cornwallis. That able officer, accompanied b\ La Fayette, w ho
had not yet quite recovered from a wound received in the battle on the Brandyvviue, crossed
the Delaware at Burlington, and marched with a considerable force toward Red Bank. He
expected to be re-enforced by Glover's brigade, then on its march through New Jersey, but
was disappointed. Ascertaining that the force of Cornwallis was greatly superior to his own
in numbers, General Greene abandoned the plan of giving him battle, and filed oil' toward
Haddonfield. Colonel Greene, deprived of all hope of succor, evacuated Fort Mercer, leaving
the artillery, with a considerable quantity of cannon-balls and stores, in the hands _
* ' J T November 20
of the enemy. Cornwallis dismantled the fort and demolished the works. II is
army was augmented by re-enforcements, and, with about, five thousand men, he took post at
and fortified Gloucester Point, whence he might have a supervision of affairs in Lower Jer-
sey. Morgan's rifle corps joined General Greene, but the Americans were not strong enough
to venture a regular attack upon Cornwallis. A detachment of one hundred and fifty rifle-
men, under Lieutenant-colonel Butler, and an equal number of militia, under La Fayette,
attacked a picket of the enemy three hundred strong, killed between twenty and thirty ol
them, drove the remainder quite into the camp at Gloucester, and returned without losing
a man. General Greene soon afterward withdrew from New Jersey and joined Washing-
ton, and Cornwallis returned to Philadelphia. The American fleet, no longer supported
by the forts, sought other places of safety. On a dark night, the galleys, one November 21.
brig, and two sloops, crept cautiously along the Jersey shore past Philadelphia,
and escaped to Burlington. Seventeen other vessels, unable to escape, were abandoned by
their crews, and burned at Gloucester.2 The American defenses on the Delaware were
now scattered to the winds; the obstructions in the river were removed; the enemy had
full possession of Philadelphia ; Congress had fled to the interior, and the broken battalions
of the patriot army sought winter quarters on the banks of the Schuylkill, at Valley Forge.
Gloomy indeed were the November twilights of 1777 to the eye and heart of the patriot,
for there were no brilliant omens of a pleasant to-morrow. Not so was the bright sunset
ind radiant twilight of that November evening in 1848, when we left the ruins at Red
Bank and sought a waterman to convey us back to League Island. There was no cloud
in the heavens ; an orange glow suffused the chambers of the west where the king of day
had gone to his couch, and promises of a fair to-morrow were revealed in the clear sky.
1 Gordon, ii., 276. Botta, ii., 51. Washington's Official Letters.
* See plan on the preceding page-
94 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ancient Philadelphia. The "Slate roof House" and its Association*
CHAPTER IV.
" New streets invade the country ; and he strays,
Lost in strange paths, still seeking, and in vain,
For ancient landmarks, or the lonely lane
Where oft he play'd at Crusoe, when a boy.
" All that was lovely then is gloomy now :
Then, no strange paths perplex'd him, no new streets,
Where draymen bawl, while rogues kick up a row,
And fish-wives grin, while fopling fopling meets."
William Elliott.
" But all are passing fast away ;
Those abstruse thinkers too —
Old churches, with their walls of gray,
Must yield to something new.
Be-Gothic'd things, all neat and white,
Greet every where the traveler's sight.''
Elizabeth Oakes Smith.
ET us stroll through ancient Philadelphia this clear frosty morn- November 28.
ing, and visit the few fossil remains of the primitive period that 184a
lie amid the elegant structures and " be-Gothie'd things" of the present, like
p trilohites in secondary limestone. We shall have little to do with the great
town stretching away to the Schuylkill ; it is near the banks of the Delaware
that we must seek for the places hallowed by the remembrance of
" The deeds of our fathers in times that are gone ;
Their virtues, their prowess, the fields they have won ;
Their struggles for freedom, the toils they endured,
The rights and the blessings for us they procured."
One of the most interesting buildings in Philadelphia is the " Slate-roof House," on the south-
east corner of Norris's Alley and Second Street, a little south of Chestnut Street. It was
built about 1690 for Samuel Carpenter, and was occupied by William Penn as his city
residence in the year 1700.' There was the birth-place of John Penn, the governor of
Pennsylvania when the Revolution broke out, the only child of William Penn born in this
country. From that circumstance he was called "the American." There, in 1702, Lord
Cornbury, then governor of New York and New Jersey, was magnificently entertained, with
his suite of fifty persons. James Logan, William Penn's agent, also entertained him at
Pennsbury, in a style quite in dissonance with the plain character of Quakers. This house
was sold to William Trent, the founder of Trenton, in 1703. For nearly fifty years aft-
erward it was occupied by some of the first men of Philadelphia (among whom was Deputy-
governor Hamilton), when it became noted as a superior boarding-house. There General
Forbes, the successor of Braddock, died in 1759. In 170 1 it was rented by the Widow
Graydon, mother of Captain Graydon, the author of " Memoirs of Sixty Years' Life in Penn-
sylvania." Captain Graydon describes the house as " a singular, old-fashioned structure,
laid out in the style of a fortification, with abundance of angles, both salient and re-enter-
ing. Its two wings projected to the street in the manner of bastions, to which the main
building, retreating from sixteen to eighteen feet, served as a curtain. It had a spacious
1 Penn had a fine country residence, sometimes called " The Palace," in Bucks county, on the bank of
the Delaware, nearly opposite Bordentown. It was constructed in 1683, at an expense of S35.000,
OF Til E RE VO M'TM) X
Loxley'a House
Mr*. Diirmh and the British Adjutant General
1.1 |?
^'< Housx J
yard hall way to Front Street, ornamented with a double row of venerable, lofty pines.
which allbrded a very agreeable rus in Urbe
in the heart of the city."1 John Adams and
other members of the first Continental Con-
gress boarded in the Slate-roof House ; and
there many British officers had lodgings while
the city was in possession of the royal troops
in 1778. A young ladies' boarding-school
was kept there at one time, in which a
daughter of General Wayne was educated z
General Arnold occupied it as his residence
while military governor of Philadelphia in
1778 ; and there were given those splendid
entertainments before and after his marriage
with Miss Shippen, which contributed to in-
volve him in those debts that aided in pro-
ducing his defection to the American cause.
Strolling down South Second Street, I came to an antiquated building, at No. 177, known
as "Loxley's House." Its gallery in front was sometimes used as a preaching-place by
Whitefield. The house was then out of town, over " the Second Street Bridge." In front
of it was a gentle hill, whose slopes afforded a fine resting-place for the immense audiences
who listened to the great missionary. On that hill Captain (afterward General) Cadwal-
lader used to drill his "silk stocking company."* Mr. Loxley, the first owner of the house
was a lieutenant of artillery under Braddock, and was present at the defeat of that general
at the Great Meadows.
During the Revolution, the Loxley House was the resi-
dence of a Quaker named William Darrah, or Darrach,
whose wife, Lydia, was a true heroine and patriot. While
the British had possession of Philadelphia, the adjutant gen-
eral made his quarters at Darrah's ; and it being a secluded
spot, the superior officers of the army used frequently to hold
their confidential meetings there. On one of these occasions,
the adjutant general ordered Mrs. Darrah to make the upper
back room ready for the reception of his friends, who were
expected to stay late ; " And," he added, in giving his order,
" be sure, Lydia, your family are all in bed at an early hour."
His manner was emphatic ; and Mrs. Darrah, fearing to disobey, prepared for their recep-
tion. The order impressed her quick perception with curiosity, and she resolved to know
the purport of the meeting. When the officers came the family were in bed, Lydia alone
being up to receive them. This done, she retired to her own couch without undressing.
She was restless, and at length a higher impulse than mere curiosity determined her to be-
come a listener. Softly she stole from her room, and, without shoes, traversed the passage
to the door of the apartment where the officers were assembled. She applied her ear to
the keyhole, when, alter a few minutes of silence within, a voice read distinctly an order
of Sir William Howe for the troops to quit the city the next night, and march out to an
attack upon Washington's camp at Whitemarsh. Lydia had heard enough, and, gliding
back to her room, she threw herself on her bed, but not to sleep. In a lew minutes there
' Memoirs, page 53.
* Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, i., 163.
3 This view is from Second Street. The building is of imported brick, except the modern addition be-
tween the wings, which is now occupied as a clothing store by an Israelite. The house is suffered to de-
cay, and doubtless the broom of improvement will soon sweep it away, as a cumberer of valuable ground
* Watson, i., 412.
Loxlev's House.
96
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Information sent to Washington's Camp by Mrs. Darrah.
Disappointment of the British.
Howe's Quarters.
was a rap at the door ; she knew its meaning, and feigned deep slumber. At the third
knock she arose quickly, and let the adjutant general and his friends depart.
Mrs. Darrah now possessed a momentous secret. She was a true friend to her country,
and she felt that she had a duty to perform, and that quickly. In the still hour of the
night she sent up a silent petition for heavenly guidance, and at dawn she was astir. She
awoke her husband, and informed him that flour was wanted for family use, and that she
must go immediately to Frankford for it, a common
occurrence in those days.' It was a cold December
December 3, morning, the snow several inches deep
l777- upon the ground: On foot, and with her
liarr in hand, she started on her errand, stopping
it the head-quarters of General Howe2 to obtain a
passport to leave the city. Mrs. Darrah reached
Frankford, nearly five miles distant, at an early hour,
and, leaving her bag at the mill, pressed forward to-
ward the American outposts to inform Washington
of the intended night attack. She met Lieutenant-
colonel Craig, who had been sent out by the com-
mander-in-chief to gain information respecting the enemy. To him she told the secret, and,
hastening back to the mill, shouldered the bag of flour, and returned home with a heart full
of thankfulness for being made an instrument of usefulness to her country, as she believed,
and as the result proved.
From her window, on that cold starry night which succeeded her morning mission, she
watched the departure of the British troops to make the attack on Washington's camp.
And again she watched from that window when the distant roll of a drum heralded their
return from "a fool's errand," indeed; for, "forewarned, forearmed," the Americans were
on the alert, and fully prepared to receive the enemy when they came. Foiled, the British
returned to their encampment in the city. The adjutant general came to his quarters. He
summoned Lydia to his room, and, locking his door with an air of mystery, bade her be
seated. "Were any of your family up, Lydia," he asked, "on the night when I received
company in this house ?" " No," she unhesitatingly replied ; " they all retired at eight
o'clock." This was true, though Lydia afterward arose. "It is very strange," said the
officer. "You, I know, Lydia, were asleep, for I knocked at your door three times before
you heard me , yet it is certain that we were betrayed. I am altogether at a loss to con-
ceive who could have given information to Washington of our intended attack ! On arriv-
ing near his encampment, we found his cannon mounted, his troops under arms, and so pre-
pared at every point to receive us, that we have been compelled to march back without in-
juring our enemy, like a parcel of fools. "s Mrs. Darrah enjoined Lieutenant-colonel Craig
not to disclose her name, for she feared the fury of the enemy ; history has therefore omitted
the name of Lydia Darrah in its record of events at that time, and left well-authenticated
tradition alone to embalm it.'
I walked down to the navy yard, and visited the old Swedes' Church, on Swanson Street.
near by. Its present pastor, the Reverend Mr. Clay, permitted me to view its interior.
' See page 42.
2 General Howe's quarters were in a house on High Street, one door east from the southeast corner of
Sixth Street, where President Washington resided. Three houses. Nos. 192 to 194 High Street, now nc
eupy the site of this mansion. This view is copied, by permission, from Watson's Annuls.
3 Mrs. Ellett's Women of the Revolution, i., 171.
4 Washington, in a letter to Congress, dated :1 Whitemarsh, 10th December, 1777," mentions the fact
that, on Thursday night previous, Howe, with all his force, left the city, and the next morning appeared on
Chestnut Hill, in front of the American richt wing. He sa3-s, " From a variety of intelligence. I had reason
to expect that General Howe was preparing to give us a general action." Writing to Governor Living-
ston on the 1 1th, he says. Howe " came out with his whole force last Thursday evening, and, after maneu-
vering round us till the .Monday following, decamped very hastily, and marched back to Philadelphia."
OF THE REVOLUTION 97
lea* Church. Wharton's Mansion Tho Mlsclilanu Immorality ofttti inn
Within and without it has been too much modernized to give a very perfect idea of its original
appearance. In its burial inclosure, an g graves that were digged a centurj and a half ago,
rest the remains of Wilson, the great American ornithologist. Here was the first burial-place
in Philadelphia, and here was offered the first Christian worship upon the western bank of the
Delaware above the Schuylkill.
Fronting the river, near the present navy-yard, stood Wliarton's Mansion-house, w ith broad
lawns and stately trees around it. The building is yet [1854] there, on Fifth Street, devoted
to mechanical purposes. There, on Monday, the 18th of May, 1778, was given a great euter-
tainment in honor of Sir William Howe and his brother Richard, earl Howe (the naval com-
mander), the former on the eve "1 his departure from America. Ii was called the Mischian-
3a, an Italian word signifying a medley. This entertainment was probabl) the most magnifi-
cent exhibition of extravagance and folly ever witnessed in America. It very properly drew
forth tlic indignant comments of not only the \\ higs 111 America. I111I of the true friends of gov-
ernment here and in England, as an appropriate finale to the sensualities of the British army
during its winter encampment in Philadelphia.1 The loose discipline of the army, during those
six months of idleness, did more to weaken the power of the enemy than all the battles thej
had yel experienced here, and fully justified the remark of Franklin, that " General Howe has
not taken Philadelphia — Philadelphia has taken General Howe." Major Andre, in the sub-
letter2 to a friend, has given a graphic picture of the Mischianza. It was published
in the Annual Register, a London magazine, for the year 1778.
' The following advertisement, which appeared in a Philadelphia paper while the British had possession
il the city, will serve to show the impudent profligacy of some of die English officers al that time:
•■ Wanted to hire with two single gentlemen, a young woman, to act in the capacity of housekee|>er, and
who can occasionally put her hand to any thing. Extravagant wages will be given, and no rharacttr re-
quired. Any young woman \\ lie chooses to offer, may be further informed at the bar of the Cilv I
— Watson's .Innah. ii.. iSS.
* "Phlladelphl 1, M ■ >■ 83, 1778.
'■ For the lirsi time in my life 1 write to you with unwillingness. The ship that carries home Sir Will-
iam Howe will convey tins letter to you : an. I not even die pleasure ofi versing with my friend can se-
cure me from the general dejection 1 see around me. or remove the share I musl take in the universal re-
gret and disappointment which lii- approaching departure hath spread throughout the army. We see him
taken from ns at a time when we most stand in .1 of so skillful an. I popular a commander: when ihe ex-
e of three years, and the knowledge lie hath acquired of the country and the people, have added to
Rdence we always placed in his conduct and abilities. You know he was ever a favorite with the
military; but the affection and attachment which all ranks of officers in this army hear him can only In-
known by those who have at 'he. time seen them in their effect". I do mm; believe there is upon record an
instance "I a commander-in-chief having so universally endeared himsell to those under his command, "r el
one who received such signal and flattering proofs of their love. That our sentiments might he the re
illy mid unequivocally known, ii was resolved anions us that we s| |,| .rive him as splendid an en-
tertainment as ihe shortness 0f tne ,nil,. anj (llll presen) situation would allow us. For the expenses, Ihe
whole army wool. I have most eheeil'ulU contributed ; hut it was requisite to draw the line B ewhere, ami
twenty-two field-officers joined in a subscription adequate to the plan thej meant 1 1 ad ipt. I know vnio
curiosity will be raised on this occasion; 1 sir, II therefore give von as panic-
ulai a ■ it "i "in' Mischianza as | have been able to colled Fr the
on will perceive thai ii was made up of a variety of entertainments
1 ihe gentlemen subscribers wen- appointed manager — Sir John Wrot-
llesly. Colonel O'Hara, VTajoi Gardiner, and Montresor. the ehiel engineei
tin ihe tickets "f admission, which they gave out ha M lav ihe 18th, was en
I, m a shield, a view of the sea. with ihe setting sun. and on a wn
he words Luceo dUcedens, aucto spit ■ ><im. At the top was ihe i1
eral's crest, with Vim ><>'■ ' All around the shield ran a vignette ami varn.ii-
military trophies filled up the ground •' \ grand regatta began tl nlertaii
li consisted of three divisions, [h the firsl was the Ferrei galley, willi
Sir William and Lord Howe. Sir Henry Clinton, the officers of their suili
"Ins lii,. Cornwallis galley brought up the rear, having on board
. Knyphausen ami his suite, three British generals, ami a party of la-
kes. ()n eaph quarter of these galleys, ami forming theii division, wore five
Hat-boats, lined with green cloth, and with ladies and gentlemen. In from ol
Ihe whole were three llai-hoais. with a hand of music in each. Six '.ami's .-n. ju.is Wi
' s. '.* neyr pnr:e. 1 This is frum m silhouette ( ut by Mitjor Andrv
II G
98
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Major Andre's Description of the Misehianza.
The beautiful lawns and noble trees around the "Wharton Mansion-hoiise, the scene of the
wicked lolly of the enemies of freedom in the midst of a suffering people, have long since dis-
rowed about each flank, to keep off the swarm of boats that, covered the river from side to side. The gal-
eys were dressed out in a variety of colors and streamers, and in each fiat-boat was displayed the flat; of
its own division. In the stream, opposite the cen-
ter of the city, the Fanny, armed ship, magnificent-
ly decorated, was placed at anchor, and at some
distance ahead lay his majesty's ship Roebuck, with
tin1 admiral's flan hoisted at the fore-topmast head.
The transport-ships, extending in a line the whole
length of the town, appeared with colors flying, and
crowded with spectators, as were also the opening
of the several wharves on shore, exhibiting the most
picturesque anil enlivening scene the eye could de-
sire. The rendezvous was at Knight's Wharf, at
the northern extremity of the city.' Ky hall past
four the whole company was embarked, and the
signal being made by the Vigilant's manning ship,
the three divisions rowing slowly down, preserving
their proper intervals, and keeping time to the mu-
sic that led the fleet. Arrived between the Fanny
and the Market Wharf, a signal was made from one
of the boats ahead, and the whole lay upon their
oars, while the music played God Save the King,
and three cheers given from the vessels were re-
turned from the multitude on shore. By this time
the flood-tide became too rapid for t he galleys to
advance; they were therefore quitted, and the com-
pany disposed of in different barges. This altera-
tion broke in on the order of procession, but was
necessary to give sufficient time for displaying the entertainment that was prepared on shore. The land-
i lg-place was at the old fort,3 a little to the southward of the town, fronting the building prepared for the
reception of the company, about four hundred yards from the water by a gentle ascent. A- s i as the
general's barge was seen to push from the shore, a salute of seventeen suns was fired from the Roebuck,
and. after some interval, by tin- same number from the Vigilant. The company, as they disembarked", ar-
ranged themseives into a line of procession, and advanced through an avenue formed by two files of gren-
adiers, and a line of light horse supporting each file. This avenue led to a square lawn of one hundred and
fifty yards on each side, lined with troops, and properly prepared lor the exhibition of a tilt and tournament,
according to the customs and ordinance of ancient chivalry. We proceeded through the center of the
square. The music, consisting of all the bands of the arm}', moved in front. The managers, with favors
of blue and white ribbons in their breasts, followed next in order. The general, admiral, and the rest of
the company proceeded promiscuously. In front appeared the building, bounding the view, through a vista
formed by two triumphal arches, erected at proper intervals in a line with the landing-place. Two pavil-
ions, with rows of benches, rising one above the other, and serving as the advanced wings of the first tri-
umphal arch, received the ladies, while the gentlemen arranged themselves in convenient order on each
■side. On the front seat of each pavilion were placed seven of the principal young ladies of the country,
dressed in Turkish habits, and wearing in their turbans the favors with which they meant t< reward the
several knights who were to contend in their honor. These arrangements were scarce made, when the
sound of trumpets was heard at a distance, and a band of knights, dressed in ancient habits of white and
red silk, and mounted on gray horses, richly caparisoned in trappings of the same colors, entered the list,
ittended by their esquires on foot, in suitable apparel, in the following order: four trumpeters, properly
habited, their trumpets decorated with small pendant banners; a herald in his robe of ceremony; on his
! unit- was the ile\ ice of his hand ; two roses intertwined, with the motto. We droop when separated. Lord
'athcart. superbly mounted on a managed horse, appeared as chief of these knights: two young black
daves, with sashes and drawers of blue ami while silk, wearing large silver clasps round their necks and
inns, their breasts and shoulders bare, heft his stirrups. On his right hand walked Captain Hazard, and
■ii his led Captain Brownlow. his two esquires, one bearing his lance, the other his shield. His device was
I 'lipid riding on a lion : the motto. Surmounted by Lore. His lordship appeared in honor of Miss Auchmuty.
\ little distance above the present Vine street.
- 'I'll is is a copy of tlie Misehianza Ticket, one halt" the size of the original, which, with the drawing of the head-dress upon
[00 were made by Major Andre. These were presented to John F.Watson, Ksq., by Miss Craig, one of the Indies win,
participated in thefitc These curious relics nre attached to manus'"":pt annals ?f Philadelphia, prepared by Mr. Watson, and
presejited t.i the Franklin Library of that citv
1 A little below the present navy yard
OF THE REVOLUTION. gj)
Major Andre's Description of the Mischianza.
appeared, and the streets and Janes of the expanding city cover the site. Let ns turn from
the spot and its associations, and make our way back to the city proper.
"Then came in order the knights of In- band, each attended by his squire, bearing his lance and shield
"First knight, Honorable Captain Calhcart,' in honor ..I Mi-. X. White ; squire, Captain Peters- de-
vice, a heart and sword; motto, Love and honor.
"Second knight, Lieutenant Bygrove, in h jrol Miss Craig; squire, Lieutenant Nich-
ols; device, Cnpid tracing a ein le motto, Without end.
••Third knight. Captain Andre.- in honor of Miss P. Chew; squire, Lieutenant An-
dre, device, two game-cocks titrhting; motto, No rival.
" Fourth knight, Captain Horneck, in honor of Miss N. Redman sqnire, Lieutenant
Talbot ; device, a burning heart : motto, Absence can not extinguish.
" Fifth knight. Captain .Matthews, in honor of Miss Bond ; squire, Lieutenant Ham-
ilton: device, a winged heart; motto, Each fair by turns.
"Sixth knigl I i tenant Sloper, in honor ol Miss M Shippen;3 squire, Lieutenant
Brown; device, a heart and sword, motto, Ilr,,ior and tin fair.
" After they bad made the circuit ol the square, and saluted the ladies as they passed
Captain Cathcabt. before the pavilion-, they ranged themselves in a line with that in which were the ladies
11- device; and their herald (Mr Beaumont), adv. ing into the center of the
square, alter the flourish of trumpets, proclaimed the following challenge: 'The knights of the Blended
v me their herald, proclaim and assert that the ladies of the Blended Rose excel in wit, beauty, and
every accomplishment, those of the whole world; and should any knight or knights be so hardy a- to dis-
pute or deny it. they are ready to enter the list with them, and maintain their assertions by deeds of arms.
according to the laws of ancient chivalry.' At the third repetition of the challenge, the sound of trumpets
was heard from the opposite side of the square, and another herald, with four trumpeters, dressed in black
and orange, galloped into the list. He was met by the herald of the Blended Rose, and. after a short par-
ley, they both advanced in front of the pavilions, when the black herald (Lieutenant .More) ordered his trum-
pets to sound, and then proclaimed defiance to the challenge in the following words :
The knights of the Burning Mountain present themselves here, not to contest by wools, but to dis-
prove by .bed-, the vainglorious assertion of the knights of the Blended Rn-c. and enter these lists to main-
tain that the ladies of the Burning Mountain are not excelled in beauty, virtue, or accomplishments by anv
in the universe.'
■■ He then returned to the part of the barrier through which he had entered, and shortly after, the black
knights, attended by their squires, rode into the lists in the following order:
"Four trumpeters preceding the herald, on whose tunic was represented a mountain sending forth flames
motto, / burn forever.
"Captain Watson, of the Guards, as chief, dressed in a magnificent suit of black and orange silk, and
mounted on a black, managed horse, with trappings of the same colors will) his own dress, appeared in
honor of Miss Franks. He was attended in the same manner as Lord Cathcart. Captain Scott bore his
lance, and Lieutenant Lyttleton his shield. The device, a heart, with a wreath ol flowers : motto, Love
11 nd glory.
" First knight, Lieutenant Underwood, in honor of Mi-s S. Shippen ; squire, Ensign Haverkam ; device,
a pelican feeding her young : motto, For those I love.
nd knicht, Lieutenant Winvard. in honor of .Miss P. Shippen ; squire, Captain Boseawen ; device,
a bay leaf; motto. Unchangeable.
" Third knight, Lieutenant Delaval. in honor of Miss B. Bond ; squire. Captain Thorne ; device, a heart
aimed at by several arrows, and struck byone; motto. Ouli/ one pierce me.
" Fourth knight, Monsieur Montlnissanl (Lieutenant of the Hessian chasseurs), In honor of Miss R. Red
man ; squire, Captain Campbell : device, a sunflower turning toward the sun ; motto, Tt rise a vous.
"Filth knight, Lieutenant Hubbard, in honor of Mis- S. (hew: squire, Lieutenant Briscoe; device, Cu-
pid piercing a coat of mail with his arrow ; motto, Proof to all but Love.
•Sixth knight, Brigade-major Tarlton, in honor of .Miss W. Smith: squire, Ensign Heart: device, a
lisht dragoon; motto, Swift, vigilant, ami bold.
" After they had rode round the lists, and made their obeisance to the ladies, they drew up fronting the
White Knights; and the chief of these having thrown down his gauntlet, the chief of the Black Knishts
directed his e-quire to take it up. The knights then received their lances from then esquires, fixing their
shields on then left arm-, and. making a general salute to each other by a vei y graci incut of their
lances, turned round to take their career, and. en intering in lull gallop, shivered lien spears. In the
second and third encounter they discharged their pistols. In the fourth, tiny fought with their swords.
At length the two chiefs, spurring forward into the center, engaged furiously in single combat, till the mar-
shal of the field (Major Gwyne) rushed in between the chiefs, and declared that the fair damsels of the
1 Captain (afterward Karl) Cathcart was a son of Lord Cathcart, the chief of the kninhts on this occasion.
3 Afterward Major Andre. The lady in whose honor he appeared was daughter of Chief-justice f'hew. His squire was his
brother, a youth of nineteen, whom the king afterward knighted, as mentioned on page TfiT. vol. i.
3 Afterward the wife of General Arnold.
100
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Major Andre's Description of the Mischianza.
On Walnut Street, near Sixth, was the prison used as the British Provost in 1778.
It was under the charge of that infamously cruel scoundrel, Captain Cunningham, a burly,
Blended Rose and Burning Mountain were perfectly satisfied with the proofs of love and the signal feats
of valor given by their respective knights, and commanded them, as they prized the future favors of their
mistresses, that they would instantly desist from further combat. Obedience being paid by the chiefs in
this order, they joined their respective bands. The White Knights and their attendants filed off to the left,
the Black Knights to t he right, and, after passing each other at the lower side of the quadrangle, moved
up alternately till they approached the pavilions of the ladies, when they gave a general salute.
1,1 A passage being now opened between the two pavilions, the knights, preceded by their squires ami
the bands of music, rode through the first triumphal arch, and arranged themselves to the right and left
This areh was erected in honor of Lord Howe, it presented two fronts, in the Tuscan order; the pedi-
ment was adorned with various naval trophies, and at top was the figure of Neptune, with a trident in his
right hand. In a niche on each side stood a sailor with a drawn cutlass. Three plumes of feathers were
placed on the summit of each wing, and in the entablature was this inscription Laus illi debetur, el almc
gratia >najor. The interval between the two arches was an avenue three hundred feet long and thirty-four
broad. It was lined on each side with a file of troops ; and the colors of all the army, planted at proper
distances, had a beautiful effect in diversifying the scene. Between these colors the knights and squires
took thei." stations. The bands continued to play several pieces of martial music. The company moved
forward in proeession, with the ladies in the Turkish habits in front; as
these passed, they were saluted by their knights, who then dismounted and
joined them; and in this order we wrere all conducted into a garden that
fronted the house, through the second triumphal arch, dedicated to the tren-
eral. This arch was also built in the Tuscan order. On the interior part
of the pediment was painted a plume of feathers, and various military tro-
phies. At top stood the figure of Fame, and in the entablature this device,
/, bone, quo virtus tua te vocct ; J pede J'austo. On the right-hand pillar was
placed a bomb-shell, ami on the left a flaming heart. The front next the
house was adorned with preparations for tire-works. From the garden we
ascended a flight of steps covered with carpets, which led into a spacious
hall ; the panels painted in imitation of Sienna marble.' inclosing festoons of
white marble; the surbase, and all below, was black. In this hall, and in
the adjoining apartments, were prepared tea, lemonade, and other cooling
liquors, to which the company seated themselves; during which time the
knights came in, and on the knee received their favors from their respective
ladies. One of these rooms was afterward appropriated for the use of the
faro-table. As you entered it, you saw, on a panel over the chimney, a cor-
nucopia, exuberantly filled with flowers of the richest colors ; over the door,
as you went out, another represented itself shrunk, reversed, and emptied.
" From these apartments we were conducted up to a ball-room, decorated
Head-dress for the Mischianza.3 in a light, elegant, style of painting. The ground was a pale blue, paneled
From a Drawing i.y Mnior Andre. with a small gold bead, and in the interior filled with dropping festoons of
Mowers in their natural colors. Below the surbase the ground of rose-pink,
with drapery festooned in blue. These decorations were heightened by eighty-five mirrors,3 decked with
rose-pink silk ribbons and artificial (lowers; and in the intermediate spaces were thirty-four branches with
wax-lights, ornamented in a similar manner.
" On the same floor were four drawing-rooms, with side-boards of refreshments, decorated and lighted in
the same style and taste as the ball-room. The ball was opened by the knights and their ladies, and the
dances continued till ten o'clock, when the windows were thrown open, and a magnificent bouquet of rock-
ets began the fire-works. These were planned by Captain Moniressor, the chief engineer, and consisted
oftwentj different exhibition-, displayed under his direction with the happiest success, and in the highest
style of beauty. Toward the conclusion, the interior part of the triumphal arch was illuminated, amid an
uninterrupted flight of rockets and bursting of balloons. The military trophies on each side assumed a va-
' The chief portions of the decorations were painted by Major Andre1 and Captain Oliver Dclancy, of New York. The Sienna
marble was on canvas, in imitation of scene-painting in theaters. Thej also painted the sci nery for the theater that w >~ estab
liBhed in Philadelphia that winter, the proceeds of which wen- given to the widows and orphans of their soldiers —Watson's An.
nala, it, 292.
3 The costume of the ladies was as follows i those of the Blended Ilnsr a white -ilk, called a Polonaise forming a Bowing robe,
and open in front to the waist ; the pink sash six inches wide, and tilled with sp.-trul. s ; tin; shoes and stia-kini's also spangled ;
the head-dress more towering than the drawing, and filled with a profusion of pearls and jewel.-. The vail was spangled, and
edged with silver lace. The ladies of the Burning Mountain wore white sashes edged with black, and black trimmings to white
silk Polonaise gowns.
There were no ladies of British officers at the entertainment, except Miss Aucbmuty, the new bride of Captain Monrressor
There were nol exceeding fifty American young ladies present ; the othi rs were married, and these were few, for most of the
ladies had left the city on the approach of the British —Watson's Annals, ii,. 293.
3 All these mirrors and lusters, according to Mr Wateon, the annalist, were borrowed from the citizens, and were all cent back
with the ornaments on. Mr Watson d< rived much information on these points from Mrs. L ,thc " queen of the Mischianza."
OF THE REVOLUTION 1U 1
Major An.liV- Description of the Hischianza. Philadelphia Provost Prison. Cunningbain
ill-natured Irishman of sixty years, whose conduct as provost marshal here and in New
York has connected his na with all that is detestable There were confined the Amer
ican prisoners taken at Brandywiue and Ger-
mantown, many of whom died of starvation aft-
er feeling the lasli of Cunningham's whip, or
the force of his heavy boot, and were buried in
the Potter's Field near by, now the beautiful
Washington Square. It makes the blood cur-
dle to read of the sufferings of those who fell
under the sway of that monster, so devilish in
all his ways. The miseries of others seemed to
give him great delight; and often, in the sight Tl£K u .UN, , .-.,„,.,.
of the starving prisoners, would he kick over a
pail of soup, or scatter a basket of fruit or cold victuals which some benevolent hand had
placed upon the door-stone with the hope that it might nourish the famished soldiers ' \V,
shall meet him hereafter as provost marshal in New York. Tradition says he was hung
: transparent colors. Tbe shell and flaming heart on the wings sent forth Chinese fountains, succeeded
i,, fire-pots. Fame appeared at top, spangled with stars, and from her trumpet blowing the following de-
vice in letters of light : I ' Lauriert stmt immorteh A sautew of rockets, bursting from the pediment,
concluded the /> « rf'ai ti
" At twelve supper »:>s a unced, and large folding-doors, hitherto artfully concealed, being suddenly
thrown open, discovered a magnilicent saloon ol two hundred and ten feel by forty, and twenty-two feet in
height, with three alcoves . . 1 ■ eaeh side, which served for side-boards. Tbe ceiling was the segment ol a
circle, and the sides were painted of a light straw color, with vine leaves and festoons of flowers, s in
i bright, some in a darkish green. Fifty-six large pier-glasses, ornamented with green silk artificial flow-
ers and ribbons; one hundred branches, with three lights in each, trimmed in the same manner ^ the mir-
rors eighteen lusters, each with twenty-four lights, suspended from the ceiling, and ornamented as the
branches; three hundred wax tapers, disposed along the supper-tables; four bundled and thirty covei
twelve hundred dishes; twenty-four black slaves in Oriental dresses, with silver collars and bracelets,
ranged in two lines, and bending to the ground as the general and admiral approached the sal i all
these, forming together the most brilliant assemblage of gay objects, and appearing at je as we entered
by an easj descent, exhibited a coup d'ail beyond description magnificent.
"Toward the end of supper, the herald of the Blended Rose, in his habit of ceremony, attended by bis
trumpets, entered tbe saloon, and proclaimed the king's health, the queen, and the royal family; tbe army
and navy, with thru- respective commanders; the knighls and their ladies; the ladies in general. Karl,
ol these toasts was followed by a flourish of music. After supper we returned to the ball-room, and con-
tinued to dance till four o'clock.
•Snob, my friend, is the description, though a very faint one, of the most splendid entertainment, I be-
lieve, ever given by an army to their general. Hut what must be more grateful to Sir William Howe is
the spirit and motive from which it was given. He goes from this to-morrow; but, as I understand, he
means to staj a d <\ or two w ith his brother on board the Kagle, at Billingsport. I shall not seal tins letter
till I see him depart from Philadelphia "
1 This ed i- was erected in 1774. and taken down in 1836. The beautiful now Athenseum occupies
a portion of the ground on Sixth Street, and tbe remainder is covered by elegant dwellings. It is a singu-
lar fact that the architect who constructed it was the first person incarcerated in it. He was a Whig, and,
having incurred the displeasure of the British, he was locked up in that prison. The Publi< Ledger of Juae
■Jiith. 1837, gi i i .hi i ount of an armorial drawing, representing, in bold relief, a cuirass, casque, gorget,
and Roman battle-ax, with radiating spears, which was made upon an arch of one ol the s< nd story cells,
by Marshall, an English engraver, who was , aniline, I there for v years for counterfeiting the notes ol
ii i nited states I'.auk-. He was the son ol the notorious " Hag and Hatchet Woman." of St. Giles's, Lon-
don, who followed tin- British army in its Continental campaigns, and gathered spoils ft the slain and
wounded on the field ol battle. Those who were dead were readily plundered, and the « led as readily
dispatched. This woman and son were master-spirits in the purlieus ,,| St. Giles's, among robbers and
nt.nl. at. rs. The gang Were at length betrayed, and the parent and child fled to ibis ci untry, bringing
with them considerable wealth in monej and jewels. Thej lived in splendid style in Philadelphia, riding
in a gorgeous cream-colored phaeton, drawn by richly-caparisoned horses, driven tandem Their
were soon exhausted, when the son married, and commen I business as an engraver. He counterfeited
notes of the United States Bank, was ,1, .ten.-. I. and in 1803 was sentenced to eighteen yean i finemenl
oid bard labor in the Walnut Street Prison, then the State Penitentiary. While he was in prison hi*
mother, who bad wandered away from Philadelphia in povertj and destitution, was executed in anothei
state for a foul murder and arson
102 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Washington Square Office of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. The Secretary's Aids.
at Newgate, in England ; but the records of that prison, examined by Mr. Bancroft, exhibit
uo such name.
Washington Square, the finest promenade in Philadelphia, was inclosed and set apart
as a " Potter's Field" — a place to bury strangers in — in 1704, and was used for that pur-
pose until within the last thirty-five years. There a great multitude of soldiers, who died
of the small-pox and camp diseases, were buried in 177G— 7. It was indeed a Golgotha.
Many of the bodies, buried in pits from twenty to thirty feet square, were piled upon each
other, the topmost barely covered with earth. At least two thousand American soldiers
were buried there within the space of eight months. The bodies of hundreds of victims of
the yellow fever, in 1793, there found a resting-place. At that time, the ground being full,
interments ceased. It was made a public walk in 1815; and that "city of the dead,"
shaded by sixty or seventy varieties of trees, is now traversed daily by thousands of the in-
habitants of the teeming city of the living around it.
From Washington Square I walked to No. 13 South Sixth Street, to view the ancient
edifice on the premises of the late P. S. Duponceau, Esq., mentioned by Watson, in his An-
nuls, as the " Office of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs."' I was disappointed, for improve-
ment had demolished the venerated building, and stately edifices, dedicated to traffic, occu-
pied its place. Referring to this building, Mr. Watson observes : " It is a house appropri-
ately owned by such a possessor [Dupouoeau] ; for in it he who came as a volunteer to
join our fortune, and to aid our cause, as a captain under Baron Steuben, became afterward
one of the under secretaries to our minister of Foreign Relations, and in that building gave
his active and early services. In the year 1782—3, under that humble roof, presided, as
our then Secretary for Foreign Affairs, the Honorable Robert R. Livingston. Up stairs, in
the small front room facing the street, sat that distinguished personage, wielding, by his
mind and pen, the destinies of our nation. In the adjoining hack room sat the two under
secretaries — Louis R. Morris, since governor of Vermont,3 and our venerated citizen, Mr. Du-
,—* ^_ ponceau. These having charge of the archives of the nation,
y[) tl/Vi &?~l Ct&t/C \hvy Preserveu them all within the inclosure of a small wooden
press ! The only room down stairs, on the ground floor, was
that occupied by the two clerks and the interpreter. One of
these clerks, Mr. Henry Remsen, was afterward president of a hank in New York ;3 and the
other, Mr. Stone, has been governor of Maryland. The translator was the Reverend Mr.
Tetard, the pastor of the French Preformed Church."4 The house, at that time, was quite
beyond the verge of city population; now the site is near the center of business. There
are other localities of lesser note, made memorable by events of the Revolution. I can not
note them all, for other scenes of more general interest demand our attention. The curious
in such matters may find a full reward in perusing Watson's Annals of Philadelphia,
which contain nearly al! that is worth remembering of the past of that city.
The sites of many scenes of the Revolution are covered up and forgotten forever. I tried
in vain to find some living person who could point out the localities of the intrenchments
which Howe caused to be thrown up across the isthmus at Philadelphia, between the Del-
aware and the Schuylkill, and the place of the encampment of the British army when they
first occupied the city. I am enabled, however, to point out those localities through the
aid of a more reliable cicerone than tradition, a rare and valuable map of Philadelphia,"
published in London in 1779, the year following the evacuation of that city by the British
It was drawn by competent engineers in the king's service. It is upon the same scale as
the plan of Philadelphia published in Tanner's Atlas in 18 43. By a careful comparison
1 A picture of this building may be found on page 656 of tins volume.
1 This is a mistake. Mr. Morris was never governor of Vermont. He was clerk of the lower branch
of the Legislature of that state in 1790, and a member of Congress from 1797 to 1803.
3 Manhattan Bank. * Jnnals, i.. 423.
'' This map is entitled, "A Plan of the City and Environs of Philadelphia, with the works and encani]>-
ments of his majesty's forces, under the command of Lieutenant-general Sir William Howe, K.B."
OF THE RE VOLITION. 1 fj;
British Furtilic .lu'ii- m 1'hiladi-lphia. The British Encanij id Personal Appearance of the RrtisL Ofl
of ihe two I have obtained tin' following result, which I am satisfied is quite correct :
The line of intrenchments from the Delaware to the Schuylkill extended from the mouth
of Conoquonoque Creek, just above Willow Street, to the "Upyier Ferry" on the Schuyl
kill, then nearly on a line with Callowhill Street. They consisted of ten redoubts, con-
nected hy strong palisades. The first redoubt, which was garrisoned by the Quern E
Rangers, under Simcoe, was near the junction of Green and Oak Streets, and then near the
forks of the roads leading to Frankford and Kensington. The second redoubt was a little
west of North Second and Noble Streets ; the third, between North Fifth and Sixth, and
Noble and Buttonwood Streets ; the fourth, on Eighth Street, between Noble and Button-
wood ; the tilth, on Tenth, between Buttonwood and Pleasant; the sixth, on Buttonwood.
between Thirteenth and North Broad ; the seventh, on North Schuylkill Eighth, between
Pennsylvania Avenue and Hamilton Street: the eighth, on North Schuylkill Fifth and
Pennsylvania Avenue ; the ninth, on North Schuylkill Second, near Callowhill Street ; and
the tenth, on the bank of the Schuylkill, at the "Upper Ferry."
The encampment extended westward from North Fifth, between Vine and Callowhill, as
far as North Schuylkill Second. The Hessian grenadiers were encamped between Callow-
hill, Noble, Fifth, and Seventh Streets. The fourth, fortieth, and fifty-fifth British grena-
diers, and a body of fusileers, were on the north side of Callowhill, between Seventh and
Fourteenth Streets. Eight regiments lay upon high ground, known as Bush's Hills, ex-
tending from Fourteenth, nearly on a line with Vine, to the Upper Ferry. Near the re-
doubt at the Ferry was. another body of Hessians. The Yagers, horse and foot, were en-
camped upon a hill near the junction of North Schuylkill Front and Pennsylvania Avenue
On the Pudge Road, near Thirteenth Street, and on Eighth, near Green, were corps of in-
fantry. Light dragoons and three regiments of infantry were posted near a pond between
Vine, Race. North Eighth, and Twelfth Streets. Gray's, or "Lower Ferry," was at the
grounds of the Naval Arsenal, on the Schuylkill. A little below the "Middle Ferry," at
the foot of Chestnut Street, on the Schuylkill, was a fascine redoubt, and near it the sev-
enty-first regiment was encamped. Some Yagers were stationed at the " Point House" (see
map on page 92), opposite Gloucester. These localities, with those of the redoubts men-
tioned on page 104, were all out of the city; its extent then being from Christian Street on
the south, to Callowhill Street on the north, or the boundary of Spring Garden. It was wid-
est between Arch and Walnut Streets, where it extended from the Delaware to Ninth Street.1
When winter set in, many of the troops, and all the officers, occupied the public build-
ings and houses of the inhabitants, also the old British barracks in the Northern Liberties.
The artillery were quartered in Chestnut Street, between Third and Sixth Streets, and the
State House yard was made a park for their use. During the winter, General Howe oc
cupied a house on High Street, where Washington afterward resided ;' his brother, Lord
1 The following composed the entire number of public buildings in Philadelphia at that lime: State
House; Market; Jail; Work-house: Barracks, built in 1755 ; College and Academy ; City Alms-house ;
Quaker-' Alms-house; two Quaker meeting-houses ; Christ Church ; Anabaptist meeting-house; Presby-
terian meeting-house : German Lutheran Church ; Roman Catholic Church ; St. Paul's Church; St. Peter s
Church ; the Swedes' Church; Quakers' School-house; and a small city court-house. The hospital anil
play-house were in the unsettled part of the town.
3 See engraving, page 96 Watson has the following notice of the persona] appearance of some of the
British officers : "Sn: William Hows was a fine figure, full six feet high, and well proportioned, not un-
like in his appearance to General Washington. His manners were graceful, and he was much beloved by
his officers and soldiers for his generosity and affability. Sir. Henry Clinton, bis successor, was short
and fat, with a full face and prominent nose. In his intercourse he was reserved, and not so popular as
Howe. Lord Cornwallis was short and thick-set, his hair somewhat gray, his face well formed and
agreeable, hi- manners remarkably easy and affable. He was much beloved by his men. General Knyi>-
HADSKN was much of the German in his appearance; not fall, but slender and straight. His features were
sharp; in manners he was very polite. He was gentle, and much esteemed. He spread his butter upon
his bread with his thumb ! Colonel Tarleton was rather below the middle si/.-, stout, strong, heavilj
made, large muscular legs, dark complexion, and his eyes small, black, and piercing. He was very active.
General Howe, while in Philadelphia, seized and kept for his own use .Mary Pemberton's coach and
horses, in which he used to ride about town." — Annals, if, 287-
104 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
■ Loss of the Delaware Frigate. Torpedoes sent down the River from Bordentown. '• Buttle of the Kegs."
Howe, resided in Chestnut Street, in the building occupied by the Farmers and Mechanics
Bank ; General Knyphausen lived in South Second, opposite Little Dock Street ; Corn-
wallis's quarters were in Second, above Spruce Street; and Major Andre dwell in Dr
Franklin's mansion in a court back from High Street.'
As soon as the British had taken possession of Philadelphia, they erected three batteries.
near the river, to protect the city against the American shipping.' Before the batteries
were finished, Commodore Hazlewood ordered the Delaware and Montgomery frigates, each
of twenty-four guns, and the sloop Fly, some galleys and gondolas, to move near and attack
them. On the morning of the 27th of September, they opened a cannonade upon
the works. The Delaware grounded, at the falling of the tide, near the present Up-
per Ferry to Camden from Kensington, and, before she could be got off", the guns of the
British batteries compelled her colors to be struck. A schooner was driven ashore, and the
remainder of the vessels escaped down the river. The affair was badly managed, and dis-
aster followed. These batteries, as well as the lines of fortifications from the Delaware to
the Schuylkill, have long since passed away.
During the occupation of the city, the enemy were annoyed by the patriots in various
ways. In January, some Whigs at Bordentown sent a number of kegs down the Delaware,
which were filled with powder, and furnished with machinery, in such a manner that, on
rubbing against any object in the stream, they would immediately explode. These torpe-
does were the invention of Mr. Bushnell, of Connecticut, and will be noticed hereafter
They were intended for the destruction of the British shipping then lying in the river op-
posite Philadelphia. It so happened that, on the very night when these kegs were sent down
the vessels were hauled into the docks to avoid the effects of the ice then rapidly forming.
They thus escaped mischief. One of these kegs exploded near the city, and spread general
alarm. Not a stick or chip floated for twenty-four hours afterward but it was fired at by
the British troops. This battle of the kegs furnished the theme for a facetious poem from
the pen of Francis Hopkinson, Esq , one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. :|
1 Mrs. Bache, daughter of Dr. Franklin, occupied his house when the enemy approached Philadelphia.
She left the city, and took refuge with a friend in the country. After her return in July, she thus wrote to
her father, who was then in France: "I found your house and furniture, upon my return to town, in much
better order than I had reason to expect from the hands of such a rapacious crew. They stole and carried
oil" with them some of your musical instruments, viz., a Welsh harp, ball harp, the set of tuned hells which
were in a box, viol-de-o;amba, all the spare armonica glasses, and one or two spare cases. Your armonica
is safe.* They took likewise the few books that were left behind, the -chief of which were Temple's
school-books, and the History of the Arts and Sciences in French, which is a great loss to the public.
Some of your electric apparatus is missing; also, a Captain Andre took with him a picture of you which
hung in the dining-r n '
2 One of these, with three guns, was on the site of the present navy yard ; another, with four guns, was
below the havy yard, near Reed and Swanson Streets ; another, with three irons, was in front of Wharton's
Mansion, upon an eminence below Front and Christian Streets
3 Joseph Hopkinson. a son of Francis, was the author of" Hail Columbia," one of our most popular na-
tional songs. The following is a copy of
"THE BATTLE OF THE KEGS.
••Gallants attend, and hear a friend "'Twos early day. as poets say,
'frill forth harmonious duty ; Just when the sun was rising,
Strauge things I'll tell, which late befell A soldier stood on log of wood,
In Philadelphia city. And saw a thing surprising:
* This was a musical instrument invented by Dr, Franklin. He saw, in London, a musical instrument consisting of tumblers
and played by passing a wet finger around their rims. The glasses were arranged on a table, and tuned by putting water in
tie in until tluy L'ave the notes required. Franklin was charmed by the Bwei t tones, and, niter many trial .1 in eon-
-truetinj an instrument of a dim-rent form, and much superior. His glasses Were made in the shape ot a bemispht re. with an
open neck or socket in the noddle, for the purpose of being fixed on an iron spindle. They were then arranged, one after
another, on tins spindle ; the largest at one end, and gradually diminishing in size to the smallest at the other end The tones
,!,],, n i, ,i on the -i/'' "i the glasses The Bpindle, with it- Beries of gl isses, was fixed horizontally in a case, and turn. I by a
wheel attached to its large end, upon the principle ol i i Dmmon spinning-wheel. The performer sal in front "t the inoti ument
and tli, tun.- were brought out by applying a wet finger to the exterior surface ol tin- glasses a- they turned round. It became
quite a popular instrument A Mise Cecilia Dote- acquired great skill in playing upon it, and, with hei Bistt r, performed in
n Eiiropi She performed in the presence of the imperial court of Vienna at the ct It bration of the nuptials of
the I ink.- of Parma and the Archduchess of Austria M< ts tas o i i mposi I in ode for tin- occasion, expressly designed to he
Kuni^ by her Bister, and accompanied t>y the nrmonica, — Sparka'a Life of Franklin, page 264.
OF Til E REVO LUTION
LOS
Alarm during the Mischianze Fete.
Boldness of Americans.
Interesting Places new Philadelphia
On the night of the Mischianza, while the enemy were enjoying the festivities i
Colonel Allen M'Lane, father of one of our ministers to the court of St James, devised a
Btratao-em to break them up. Ai ten o'clock he reached the abatis in fronl ol the British
works with one hundred and fifty men, in lour divisions, supported by Clow's dragoons
They carried camp-kettles filled with combustibles, and ai a fjriven signal they fired the
whole line of abatis. The British beat the long alarm roll, and the assailants were at-
tacked and pursued by the strong guard along Lhe lines. The officers ai thefke managed
to keep the holies ignorant of the cause of the tumult without. M'Lane and his associates
escaped to the hills of the Wissahicon, and bent their way toward Vallej Forge. This was
the Last time the British felt the annoyance of the patriots while in Philadelphia; for they
soon afterward evacuated the city, crossed true Delaware, and marched for New York. \\ e
shall overtake them on the plains of Monmouth.
Germantown, Whitemarsh, Barren Hill, and Valley Forge, lying within a short distance
of Philadelphia, are all intimately connected, in then Revolutionary history, with lhe city,
particularly in relation to its possession and final evacuation by the British in 1777-v
We will proceed to these interesting localities, after considering for a moment, the patriot-
ism of the women of Philadelphia, which beamed out, clear as Hesperus, at the darkest
hour of the si niggle for freedom.
In the summer of 1780 the distress of the American army was very great, on account
of the scarcity of elm hum, and the inadequate means possessed by the commissary depart-
' As in amaze he stood ti
(The truth can'! be denied, sir).
He spied a score of kegs, or more,
Come floating down the tide, sir.
■ A -ailor, too, in jerkin blue,
The strange appearance viewing,
First d— d his
Then said, 'Some mischiefs brewing
*'The*e kegs, I'm told, the rebels hold,
Pack'd up like pickled herring;
»me down r' attack the town
In this new way offerry'i
•■ The soldier flew, the sailor too,
And, - t to de ith, sir,
Wore out their sln».-- to spread the news,
And ran till out of breath, -
"Nou up and down, throughout the town,
M. is] fr ),■;.- -. . nes were acted :
And some run here, and others there,
Like men almost distracted.
•■ Some fire cried, h bi \> some denied,
But said the earth had quaked ;
\n i girls and boys, with hideous noise,
streets hnlf naked.
■• ~ir William* he, Bnug as i
Lay all this time a snoring :
Iream'd of harm as he lay warm
In bed with Mrs. I. . . . ng.1
Now, in a fright, he Btarts upright,
Aw aki : i latter ;
He ru and boldly crii -
• For God
■ At hie bed side be then espi< d
Sir Brsldne.j tit command, sir;
Upon one fool
And t'other in hts hai
1 arise I' Sir Erskine i
''I'ii.> rebels more'athe pity —
Without a boat, are all afloat,
And rangi '1 b* fore the city.
■ ■ The motley crew, in veB& Is new,
With Satan for their guidi
Pack'd up in bags, or wo i l<
Com.' driving down the tide, sir.
- Thei efore prepare for blood]
kegs must all i"1 routed ;
Or BUrelj we despia I shall be,
And British courage doubted-'
■■ The royal band now ready si ind,
All ranged in dread array, Bir,
tomacb Btout to see it out.
And make a bloody day, sir.
"The cannons roar from shore to shore ,
The small-arms loud did rattle;
Since wai no man
E'er saw sosl itUe,
■ The rebel dales, the rebel *,.
With rebel trees surrounded,
disl int n Is, the hills and flo
With rebel eel s sounded.
"The lish below swam to and fro,
Attack'd from every quarter;
Why sure (thought they), the den]
Mong folk above the water.
.--. 'tis said, thi ■ l i
Of rebel Btaves and hoops
I 'miiI. I not 0] |
The conq'ring British troops, sir.
-From morn to night, I men* ol might
■ i ■
And when the Bun was rh >
Retired to Bup theii porridge.
■
Or more, upon mv
I be too few,
Their valor to record, sir.
. rent- did tiny perform that d ly
Igainsl tl i se wicked kegs
■
'I'h. y'll make theii boasts and brags, sir.**
■ S;r William Howe.
t The wife of a Boston refti - e, who was then a commissary of prisoners in Philadelphia. He is repi m< 1 1
being second only to Cunningham in cruelty, while other- speak ol h m as an honorable man ! Sir William Erskine.
1 OG
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Patriotism of the Philadelphia Women.
Mrs. lioed and Mrs. Bache.
De Chastellux's Visit to Mrs. Bathe
Mrs. Esther Reed.
meat to afford a supply. The generous sympathies of the ladies of Philadelphia were aroused,
and they formed an association for the purpose of affording relief to the poor soldiers Never
was the energy of genuine sympathy more nohly exercised than
by the patriotic women who joined hands in this holy endeavor.
Mrs. Esther Reed, the wife of General Joseph Reed, though
feeble in health, and surrounded by family cares, entered with
hearty zeal into the service, and was, by the united voice of
her associates, placed at the head of the society.' Mrs. Sarah
Bache, daughter of Dr. Franklin, was also a conspicuous actor
in the formation of the association, and in carrying out its
plans. All classes became interested, and the result was glo-
rious. " All ranks of society seemed to have joined in the lib-
eral effort, from Phillis, the colored woman, with her humble
seven shillings and sixpence, to the Marchioness De La Fayette,
who contributed one hundred guineas in specie,3 and the Count-
ess De Luzerne, who gave six thousand dollars in Continental paper.3 Those who had no
money to contribute gave the service of their hands in plying
the needle, and in almost every house the good work went on.
It was charity in its genuine form, and from its purest source
— the voluntary outpourings from the heart. It was not stim-
ulated by the excitements of our day — neither fancy fairs or
bazars ; but the American women met, and, seeing the neces-
sity that asked interposition, relieved it. They solicited money
and other contributions directly and for a precise and avowed
object. They labored with their needles, and sacrificed their
trinkets and jewelry.'" The Marquis De Chastellux, who
was in Philadelphia while these efforts were in progress, was
delighted with the event. In describing a visit to several of
the American ladies, he says, " We began by Mrs. Bache. She
merits all the anxiety we had to see her, for she is the daughter of Mr. Franklin. Simple
in her manners, like her respectable father, she possesses his benevolence. She conducted
us into a room filled with work, lately finished by the ladies of Philadelphia. This work
consisted neither of embroidered tambour waistcoats, nor net-work edgings, nor of gold and
silver brocade — it was a quantity of shirts for the soldiers of Pennsylvania. The ladies
bought the linen from their own private purses, and took a pleasure in cutting vthem out
and sewing them themselves. On each shirt was the name of the married or unmarried
lady who made it, and they amounted to twenty-two hundred."6 The results of this effort
Mrs Sarah Bache
1 Mrs. Reed was a daughter of Dennis de Berdt, a London merchant, and lor some time agent for the
colonies. De Berdt's house was the resort of many Americans in England, among whom was Joseph
Reed, who afterward became his daughter's husband. They were married in London in 1770. Her fa-
ther became a bankrupt, and died si afterward. Esther accompanied her husband to America imme-
diately after her marriage. The Revolution soon broke out, and. as Mr. Reed was an active participator
in its earliest hostile scenes, the young wife and mother was kept, almost from her tirst residence in Amer-
ica, in a state of excitement and alarm. Fragile in body, and of nervous temperament, her health suffered ;
and, a few months after she became an active member of the association of ladies for the relief ol the Amer-
ican army, she went down into the grave. Sin- died "ii the 18ih of September, 1780, aged thirty-four years.
2 La Fayette contributed this sum in the name of his wife. In his letter to Mrs. Reed inclosing the
amount, he remarked. " Without presuming to break in upon the rules of your respected association, may
1 most humbly present myself as her embassador to the confederate ladies, and solicit in her name that Mrs
President be pleased to accept her offering."
M. De Marbois, the French secretary of legation, in a letter to Mrs. Reed on the occasion, said, "You
have been chosen, madam, for that important duly, because, among them all, you arc the best patriot, the
most zealous and active, and most attached to the interests of your country."
3 Equal to nearly one hundred dollars in specie.
* Mrs. Ellet's Women of the Revolution, i., 53. Lift and Correspondence of Preiidcnt Renl.
b Travel* in Ninth America, i., 197. The marquis, in his account of his social intercourse in Philadel-
OF THL REVOLUTION. 107
Contributions of Clothing for the Soldiers. Germantown. James Logan. Spi ech of Loyan, the ludian Chief.
were great ami timely. The aggregate amount of contributions in the city and county of
Philadelphia was estimated at seven thousand five hundred dollars in specie value. Added
to this was a princely donation from Hubert .Morns of the contents of a ship fully laden
with military stores and clothing, which had unexpectedly arrived.1 During the cold winter
that followed, hundreds of poor soldiers in Washington's camp had occasion to bless the
women of Philadelphia for their labor of love.
On the moraine of the 29th of November, I left Philadelphia for Germantown,
1848
about six miles distant, accompanied by Mr. Agnew, who journeyed with rne to
Whitemarsh, Barren Hill, Valley Forge, and Paoli. It was a delightful morning, the air
a little frosty. The road from the city to its ancient suburban village passes through a
pleasant, undulating country, and was swarming with vehicles of every kind a greater por-
tion of the way. The village of Germantown extends along a fine Macadamized road for
nearly three miles, having no lateral streets, and, though BO near a great commercial city,
few places in the United States present more striking appearances of antiquity. Twenty
or thirty of the low, steep-roofed, substantial stone houses, with quaint pent-eaves and pon-
derous cornices, built by the early inhabitants, yet remain, and produce a picturesque feature
in the midst of the more elegant modern mansions of a later generation. '' It was first laid
out and a settlement commenced under a grant to Francis Daniel Pastorius in 1684. He
purchased six thousand acres from William Penn, and the whole was settled by Germans
James Logan, the confidential secretary of Tenn, had a favorite country house upon a hill
at the southern end of the village, which is still called Logan's Hill.5
phia, mentions a visit to Mr. Huntington, the President of Congress. "We found him," he says, "in his
cabinet, lighted by a single candle. This simplicity reminded me of that of the Fabricius's and the Philo-
pemens. Mr. Huntington is an upright man, and espouses no patty." Mr. Duponceau relates that Mr.
Huntington and himself often breakfasted together on whortleberries and milk. On one of these occasions
Mr. H. said, " What now, Mr. Duponceau, would the princes of Europe say, could they see the first mag-
istrate of this great country at his frugal repast?" — Watson, i . 424.
1 De Chastellux, speaking of Robert Morris, says, "It is scarcely to be credited that, amid the disasters
of America, Mr. Morris, the inhabitant of a town just emancipated from the hands of the English, should
possess a fortune of eight millions. It is, however, in the most critical times that great fortunes are ac-
quired. The fortunate return of several ships, the still more successful cruises of his privateers, have in-
creased his riches beyond his expectations, it not beyond his wishes.'' Morris lost as man) as one hundred
and fifty vessels, most of them without insurance, during the war ; but, as many escaped, and made immense
profits, his losses were made up to him. In a letter to a friend in England, Mr. Morris remarked that,
notwithstanding he lost immense sums, he came out of the difficulties, at the peace, "about even."
Among the numerous clerks employed by Mr. Morris was James Rees, who entered his service in 1776.
then a lad in his thirteenth year. Mr. Rees died at his residence in Geneva, New York, on the 24th ol
March, 1851, at the age of eighty-seven years.
2 Mr. Watson says (p. 19, vol. if), " Many of the old houses in Germantown are plastered on the inside
with clay and straw mixed, and over it is hud a thin lime plaster. In a house ninety years of age, taken
down, the grass in the clay appeared as green as when first cut. Oldmixon describes Germantown in 1700
as composed of one street, a mile in length, lined on each side, in front of the houses, with ' blooming
peach-trees.' "
3 James Logan was the Indian's friend, and, in remembrance of him, Slukellimus named his son Logan.
Shikellimus was a Cayuga chief, and one of the converts to Christianity under the preaching ol the Mora-
vians. Logan became a chief among the Mingoes, and dwelt in the present Mifflin comity, in Pennsylva-
nia. He was a friend of the whites, hut suffered dreadfully at their hands. His whole famil) wen- mur-
dered on the Ohio, a little below Wheeling, by a hand of white men who feigned friendship, in the spring
of 1774. In the autumn of that year his consent was asked to a treaty with Lord Dunmore. On that oc-
casion he made the following speech to the white messenger, which Mr. Jefferson has preserved: "I ap-
peal to any white man to say, il ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him no meat; if he
ever came" cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war,
Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my conn
in men pointed as they passed, and said, ' Logan is the friend of the white men.' I had even thought to
have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap,* the last spring, in cold blood, and
unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. This called
on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my vengeance. For
* It has been satisfactorily demonstrated that Logan was mistaken in the name of the leader of those who slew his friends.
1 bis subject is noticed more in detail in a subsequent chapter. Sec page -J-3
L OS
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Officers of Government Ht Get mnntown.
Chew's House.
Destructive Effects of War.
Benjamin Chew
Chew s House.
In various ways the history of Germantown is intimately connected with that of Phila-
delphia, particularly at the time of the Revolution. It was then the residence of several
men distinguished in the annals of the war ; and in 1793, when the yellow fever was raging
in Philadelphia, the officers of both the state and federal governments resided there for a
short time. President Washington occupied the mansion of the Perot family, where General
Howe had his quarters at one time. Jellerson, who was secretary of state, occupied the
building afterward the Bank of German-
town ; and other officers of the general gov-
ernment were in private houses. The trus-
tees of the Academy agreed to rent that ed-
ifice "to the Congress of the United States,
at their next session, for the sum of three
hundred dollars." The whole building was
only eighty feet lornr and filly wide, yet it
was considered sufficiently large to accom-
modate the representatives of the nation at
that time.
We proceeded to the north end of the
village, and reined up at the entrance gate
of " Chew's House," the most noted and
attractive relic of the Revolution now in
Germantown. It stands hack several rods
from the street, on the east side, and is surrounded by noble trees and shrubbery in profusion.
The house is a spacious stone edifice with ample wings. In various parts of the grounds
were the mutilated remains of several fine marble statues and vases, some standing, others
lying upon the ground. They are evidences of the refined taste of its distinguished owner,
Chief-justice Chew,1 and at the same time melancholy mementoes of the destructive char-
acter of war. These fine specimens of sculpture were all perfect before the conflict known
as the Battle of Germantown occurred ; they were battered, broken, and cast down by the
cannon-balls hurled on that occasion. We passed an hour with the venerable present
owner of the mansion, the widow of a son of Chief-justice Chew. She received us with
much courtesy, and seemed to take pleasure in leading us to various parts of the grounds.
The walls of the large room on the south are covered with old paintings, chiefly family
portraits, many of them by eminent artists, and possessing much merit. Mrs. Chew showed
me several mementoes of the battle, among which are the scars seen at the head of the
great stair-case, which were made by the passage of a cannon-ball through the house. In
the stable we saw the old doors of the mansion, completely riddled by musket-balls. Mrs.
Chew informed us that the house was so much injured, that four or i]ve carpenters were
employed a whole winter in repairing it.
The battle of Germantown was fought on the morning of the 4lh of October, 1777. De-
■ September 11, feated on the banks of the Brandywine,:l Washington retreated, with his whole
i;77- army, back to Philadelphia, and encamped at Germantown. As soon as his
my country I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear.
Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan'.'
Not ■ '." — X'lles on Virginia. See page 283.
' Benjamin Chew was born in Maryland, November 20th. 1722. He studied law first with Andrew
Hamilton. 1 afterward in London. He went to Philadelphia in 1754. where tie held the respective offices
of recorder of the city, register of wills, attorney general, and finally became chief justice of Pennsylvania
His course was doubtful when the Revolution broke out, and he was claimed by both parties. After the
promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, be took a decided stand against the Whirrs, and retired
to private life. In 1777 he refused i" sign a parole, and was sent a prisoner to Fredericksburg, Virginia.
In 17!i(i he was appointed president of the High Court of Errors and Appeals, and held that office until
the abolition of the tribunal in 180f>. He died on the 2iith of January, 1810, aged nearly eighty-eight
years. His father was the Honorable Samuel Chew, of Delaware, a member of the society ol Friends, who
was a judge and a physician.
OF Til E K 1'. V 0 UTIM \ i 09
Maneuvers of the two Arroiee on the Schuylkill. The British Army at Gi rmnntown. rivpurnrions to Attack it
soldiers were rested and refreshed,' he recrossed the Schuylkill, and marched to & temberic
oppose the army of Howe, then pressing on toward Philadelphia. The two
armies met near the Warren Tavern, on the Lancaster road, within twenty miles of tin-
city. Washington made preparations to attack the left wing of the runny, and an engage-
ment was about to take place a little north of the Goshen meeting-house, when a violent
storm of rain came on suddenly, wet the powder of both parties, and prevented a conflict.
The storm continued all night, and before dawn the enemy left their position, and moved
down the road leading to Swedes Ford. Perceiving this, Washington crossed the Schuyl-
kill above them at Parker's Ford, hoping to be able to confront them while on their pas
sage of the river. Howe did not cross, but wheeled and made a rapid march up the right
bank of the stream toward Reading. Supposing Howe's design to be either to turn the
right of his army, or to get possession of the American stores deposited at Reading Wash-
ington moved his Ibices up the river near to Potts-rove (now Pottstown), twenty miles above
Norristown. Howe's march seemed to have been a movement to deceive Washington ; for,
as soon as the latter moved to Pottsgrove, the former wheeled his army, marched rapidly
down the river, crossed it at the Fatland Ford and vicinity (a little above Norristown), and
pushed forward to Philadelphia '•' That whole region of country, awed by the »september2e,
presence of the British army, was disaffected toward tin- American cause, and
Washington could obtain no reliable information of the enemy's movements Willi correct
intelligence, he probably would have foiled Howe by skillful maneuvers, and saved Phila-
delphia.'
On first taking possession of Philadelphia, Howe stationed the main division of his army
at Germantown. Washington encamped near Pennibecker's mill, between Perkiomy and
Skippack Creeks, about twenty miles from Philadelphia, where he remained until about the
1st of October, undetermined what movement to make next, when his forces were aug-
mented by the arrival of troops from Peekskill on the Hudson, and a body of American mi-
litia. Advised of the weakened state of Howe's army, in consequence of his detaching a
portion for the purpose of reducing Billingsport, and Forts Mercer and Mifflin, on the Del-
aware, the commander-in-chief conceived a plan for attacking the main division at German-
town. The British line of encampment there crossed the village at right angles, at. about
the center, the left wins: extending westward from the town to the Schuylkill. It was cov-
ered in front by the German chasseurs, some mounted, and some on foot. The right ex-
tended eastward from the village, and was covered in front by the Queen's 11 aimers, a light
corps under Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe. The center was posted in the town, and guarded
by the fortieth regiment, and another battalion of light infantry was stationed about three
fourths of a mile in advance.
At a council of officers called by Washington, it was arranged that the divisions of Sul-
livan and Wayne, flanked by Conway's brigade, were to enter the town by the way ol
Chestnut Hill, while General Armstrong/ with the Pennsylvania militia, should fall down
1 The condition -I the American soldiers was, at that time, deplorable, ■>" ace h of a want ol shoes
Washington, writing to the president of Congress on the 23d of September, says, " At least one thonsand
men are barefooted, and have performed the marches in that condition.'
■ It was at this time that Washington wrote to Gates and Putnam to send on re-enforcements from the
lorthern armies amid the Highlands. See page 91,
3 On the approach of the British toward the Schuylkill, Congress, then in session in Philadelphia, ad-
journed to Lancaster, when- they assembled on the 27th ol September. They adjourned the same daj to
York, where they met on the 30th, and continued then- sittings there until the British evacuated the eitj
the following summer.
4 John Armstrong, a name ol (2^ ^
Pennsylvania, was a colonel in the / 4 JJ
provincial forces of that stale during f/^fi^/^' **-S'~~?r*~?7l/v
the French and Indian wars. II.
headed an expedition against the In-
dians at Kittaniii;: in 175f>. which
destroyed that settlement, dispersed
no
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Approach of the Americana to Gennnntown.
Attack on the llritish Pickets.
Chew's Bouse a PefrnBe.
the Manatawrty road by Van Deering's mill, and get upon the enemy's left and rear. The
divisions of Greene and Stephen, flanked by M'Dougall's brigade, were to enter by making
a circuit by way of the Limekiln road, at the market-house, and to attack the enemy's right
wing ; and the Maryland and Jersey militia, under Generals Smalhvood and Forman, were
to march by the old York road and fall upon the rear of their right. Lord Stirling, with
the brigades of Nash and Maxwell, were to form a reserve corps.1
After dark, on the evening of the 3d of October, Washington, with his army, moved si-
lently from his camp on Metuchen Hill, upon Skippack Creek, toward Germantown. He
accompanied the column of Sullivan and Wayne in person. Small parties were sent out
to secure every man who might
give the enemy notice of his ap-
proach, and every precaution was
laken to insure complete sur-
prise. He tried to reach the
British pickets at Chestnut Hill
before daylight ; but the rough-
ness of the roads over which his
army marched prevented, and
it was almost sunrise when he
emerged from the woods on that
elevation. His approach had
been discovered at early dawn
by the British patrols, who gave
the alarm. The troops were
soon called to arms, and placed
in battle order on Mount Airy,
about a mile north of Chew's
house in Germantown • At sev-
en o'clock Sullivan's advanced
party, drawn chiefly from Con-
way's brigade, and led by that
officer, fell upon the British pick-
ets at Allen's house, at Mount
Airy, where they bad two six-
pounders, and drove them bad
to the main body near, which
consisted chiefly of the fortieth regiment and a battalion of light infantry. Sullivan's main
'>ody now left the road, moved to the right through the fields, formed in a lane leading from
Allen's house toward the Schuylkill, and joined in the attack with so much vigor and such
overwhelming numbers, that the enemy, after a sharp engagement of twenty minutes, gave
way, and fell back to the village, closely pursued by the victors. Colonel Musgrave, who
commanded the British center, thus furiously attacked, threw himself, with five companies
of the fortieth regiment, into Judge Chew's large stone house, pictured on page 108, from
which such a severe discharge of musketry was poured upon Woodford's brigade, which was
the savages, and took possession of the stores which the French had sent there for the use of their native
allies. Fur iliis service the corporation of Philadelphia |i:isse<l a vote of thanks to Armstrong and his three
hundred men, and presented him with a medal and a piece of plate. He was appointed a brigadier gen-
eral in the Continental army in 1776, and did gallant service in defense of Fort Moultrie, at Charleston, in
the summer "f thai year. He was engaged in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown in the autumn
of 1777. Becoming dissatisfied concerning Mime promotions in the army, he resigned his commission at
ihe close of 1777, and became a member of Congress afterward. He died at Carlisle, March 9, 1795.
He was the father of Major John Armstrong, the author of the " Newburg Addresses/' whose life and
i haracter is noticed on page 674, vol. i.
I S|i;ul<s. v., 78.
OK TH E REVOLUTION. 1 1 I
at Chew'e Bonte. RemiMneM of the Militia.
pursuing the flying enemy, that iheir progress was checked. The fire of the small arms of
the patriots upon this refuge was quite ineffectual. General II 1. it is saiil, proposed to
continue the pursuit of the remainder of the enemy, who were then in great confusion, and
turning their faces inward Philadelphia ; but General Knox, of the artillery, opposed the
suggestion, as being against all military rule " to leave an enemy in a fort in the rear."
■• What !" exclaimed Heed, "call this a fort, and lose the happy moment !" They sought
for Conway to decide the point, but he was not to be found. Knox's opinion prevailed, and
pursuit was abandoned
A flag was now sent by a young man' to demand a formal and immediate surrender.
The bearer was slain by a bullet, when within musket-shot of the house. Cannons were
new brought to bear upon the house by the artillery regiment of Maxwell's brigade; but
-n strong were the walls and so courageous were the inmates, that it was found impossible
to dislodge them. Attempts were made to set the house on (ire, but without success.2
Many of the Americans were killed in tbe assault, while scarcely a man of the garrison was
wounded. The attempt to dislodge the enemy caused many of the American troops to halt.
and brought back Wayne's division, which had advanced far beyond the house. This to-
tally uncovered Sullivan's left flank, which was advancing toward the enemy's left, and dis-
concerted all their plans.
While this attack on Chew's house was in progress, General Greene had approached the
enemy's right wing, and routed the battalion of light infantry and the Queen's Hangers.
Turning a little to the right, he fell upon the left flank of the enemy's right wing, and en-
deavored to enter the village, not doubting that the Pennsylvania militia under Armstrong,
upon the right, and the militia of Maryland and New Jersey on the left, commanded by
Smalhvood and Forman, would execute the orders of the commander-in-chief, by attacking
and turning tfie first left and the second right flank of tbe British army. Neither of these
detachments performed their duty. The former arrived in sight of the German chasseurs,
but did not attack them ; while the latter appeared too late for co-operatinn with Greene -
movements. The golden opportunity was at that moment lost. The whole British army,
as'it appeared afterward, astonished at the valor of the assailants and ignorant of their num-
bers, were on the point of retreating, and had selected Chester, near the Brandywine, as the
place of rendezvous ; but General Grey, finding his left flank secure, marched with nearly
the whole of the left wing, which was under the general command of Knyphausen, to the
assistance of the center, then hard pressed in the village, where the Americans were gaining
ground every moment. The battle now raged severely in Germantown, and for a while
the issue was doubtful. Colonel Matthews, with a detachment of Greene's column, com-
posed of a part of Muhlenberg's and Scott's brigades from the left wing, advanced to the
eastward of Chew's house, assailed a party of English, took one hundred and ten prisoners,
and drove the remainder before him into the town, whither he followed as far as the mark-
et-house. A thick fog, which began to form at daylight, now completely enveloped every-
thing, and the contending parties were unable to discover the movements of each other.
.Matthews, with his prisoners, was soon stopped at a breast-work near Lucan's mills. At
the same time, the right wing of the enemy, after discovering that they had nothing to fear
from the Maryland and New Jersey militia, fell back, and completely surrounded Matthews
1 Lieutenant Mathew Smith, of Middlesex county, Virginia, who was an assistant of Colonel Timothy
Pickering in the office of adjutant general.
' Mrs. Chew informed me that, several years after the war, and soon after her marriage, while a young
man named White was visiting her father-in-law, the old gentleman, in relating incidents of the battle tn
Germantown, mentioned the circumstance that a Major White, an aid of General Sullivan, and one ol the
handsomest men in the Continental army, attempted to lire the house for the purpose of .hiving out the Brit-
ish. He ran under a window with a fire-brand, where shots from the building could not touch him lie
was discovered, and a British soldier, running into the cellar, shot him dead from a basement window The
young man was much affected by the recital, and said to Judge Chew, "That Captain White, sir, was lev
father " Mrs Chew pointed out to us the window, near the northwest corner of the house, from which the
shot was fired IV t'liastellux says (i., 212) that M Mauduit tried to lire the house with burning straw
112 PIOTORI A I. FIEI-D-BOOK
Battle of Germantown. The Americans, deceived, abandon the Field. Washing^ n's Chagrin The I.o<9
and his party. This division of the enemy was composed chiefly of the fourth brigade, un-
der General Agnew, and three battalions of the third. The prisoners were rescued ; and
.Matthews, alter a desperate defense, and when most of his officers and men were killed and
wounded, was compelled to surrender, with his little remnant of about one hundred men.
This event enabled two regiments from the enemy's right to march to the relief of Musgrave
in Chew's house. These regiments attacked and repulsed a party of Americans who had
just entered Germantown in flank. The patriots, unable to discern the numbers of the en-
emy on account of the intensity of the fog, retired precipitately, leaving a great many of
their friends dead and wounded, but taking their artillery with them.
General Grey, now having absolute possession of the village, hastened 1o the aid of the
right wing, which was engaged with the left of Greene's column. Sullivan's division, with
a regiment of North Carolinians, commanded by Colonel Armstrong, and assisted by a part
of Conway's brigade, having driven the enemy to School-house Lane, in the center of Ger-
mantown, found themselves unsupported by other troops, and their ammunition exhausted
They could dimly perceive through the fog that the enemy were collecting in force on the
right. At that moment, hearing the cry of a light horseman that the enemy had surrounded
them, and perceiving the firing at Chew's house, so. far in the rear, the Americans became
panic-stricken, and retreated with great precipitation.' The divisions under Greene and
Stephen were the last that retreated, and these were covered by Count Pulaski and his le-
gion. The prize of victory was abandoned at the moment when another effort might have
secured it.5
The battle of Germantown, which lasted two hours and forty minutes, was a very severe
one, and the loss on both sides was great, considering the numbers engaged and the nature
of the conflict. The amount of loss has been variously computed ; that of the Americans
was estimated by Washington, a fortnight after the battle,3 at about one thousand men in
killed, wounded, and missing.1 There were fewer killed on the part of the British, the
number probably not exceeding one hundred ; while their whole loss, according to Howe's
official account of the affair, was, in killed, wounded, and missing, five hundred and thirty-
five.5 Among these were several valuable officers, the most distinguished of whom were
General .lames Agnew" and Lieutenant-colonel Bird. Their remains lie inhumed together,
' Sullivan's letter to Mesheck Wcare, president of New Hampshire, in the New York Historical Society ;
John Eager Howard's letter to Timothy Pickering ; Gordon; Bona; Ramsay; Marshall. Tin1 hitter au-
thor was in Woodford's brigade, and describes a portion of this battle from his own observation.
-' Washington said, in a letter to the president of Congress, written on the 7th of October, three days
after the battle, "It is with much chagrin ami mortification I add, that every account confirms the opinion
[ at first entertained, that our troops retreated at the instant when victory was declaring herself in our fa-
vor. The tumult, disorder, and even despair, which, it seems, had taken place in the British army, were
scarcely to be paralleled; and, it is said, so strongly did the idea of a retreat prevail, that Chester was
fixed on as a place of rendezvous. I can discover no other cause for not improving this happy opportunity
than the extreme haziness of the weather." Writing, at the same time, to Governor Trumbull of Connecti-
cut, Washington said, " But the morning was -,> excessively foggy, that we could net see the confusion
the enemy were in. and the advantage we had sained; and fearing to push too far through a strong vil-
lage, we retired, after an engagement of two hours, bringing oil' all our artillery with us. We did not
know until alter the affair was over how near we were to gaining a complete victory."'
3 See letter to his brother, dated October 17th, 1777.
* According to the report of the Board of War, the Americans lost in killed, 25 Continental officers,
commissioned and non-commissioned ; wounded, 102, and an equal number missing. The militia officers
were 3 killed. 4 wounded, and 11 missing. Of rank and file Continentals, 109 were killed, and 378
■a led: militia. 7 killed, and 19 wounded; artillery olliccrs, 2 killed, and 11 wounded; and matrosses.
H killed, ami 7 wounded. Total of killed. 152; of wounded, 521. Gordon says (ii., 234). "Upward of
400 were made prisoners, a ng whom were 54 officers." It may here be remarked that the missing men
from the army were not necessarily included in the list of the killed, wounded, or prisoners: for many ol
those were soldiers who took such opportunities to go home.
6 Gordon says that, when the British left Germantown. some torn papers with figures on them were
found upon a chimney health b\ the Americans. On putting the pieces together, it was found that the)
contained the returns of the i ber and rank of the British killed in the battle. The total was about 800
h 'Y he folio wino ace 1 ol the death of General Agnew I copied from a manuscript letter of Alexnnde-
Andrew, a servant of that officer, written to the wife of the <reneral from Philadelphia, on the 8th of March,
0F THE REVOLUTION j 13
Letter of General Agnew'a a rvnut to the Lady of that Officer concerning bis I' ath.
in the south burying-ground at Germantown. Over their grave I saw a neat marble slab,
erected to their memory by J. F. Watson, Esq., the annalist. In the north burying-ground
1778. 1 give it as an illustration of the character ami du-
^^ sy^S ties of a body-servant of a British offiber at that time. This
yf* sQy-S*/2^> S^?S letter, and several written by Agnew himself to his wife at
\^_^r oC ^s^/ £/fy'''££ys *^ i;i s times, are in the possession of his grandson, Henry
A Martin, M.D., of Roxbury, Massachusetts. From one
ol these I copied the annexed signature of General Agnew.
" Philadelphia, 8th Mareh, 1778.
"Dear Madam, — Though an entire stranger to your ladyship, yet, as I had the honor to wait on your
beloved husband for a considerable time, which induced me to take the liberty of writing unto you, which
I look upon as a duty of mine to you in memory oi a u"od master, to whom I owe man] obligations, is and
will be always ready and willing to serve any of his if ever in my power. Dear madam. I came into the
army in place of a brother of mine, who was cunning enough to persuade , young and foolish enough, to
go in his place. I joined the 44th in '72, then in Kilkenny, from which time 1 fancied Colonel Agnew took
notice of me, and when the regiment embarked at Cork he took me to be his servant, with whom 1 bad the
honor to live very comfortably and happy until the day of his death. Being his principal servant, and the
only one he ever would have to wait on him both in public and private, at home and abroad, and in all
places wherever his person was exposed. I was there by his side, and an eve-witness to all his sufferings
in Boston, in Halifax, Staten Island, Long Island, New York Island, on the expedition to Danberry, in the
Jerseys. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and in three pitched battles, viz.. 27th August, '76, the 1 1th of Septem-
ber, and 4th of October, '77, besides a number of skirmishes. On the expedition to Danberry, the general
was knocked down by a ball, which left its mark for above a month. At the battle of Brandvwine. the
general had the misfortune to be grazed by a cannon-ball, but continued to head his brigade. It happened
to be the last engaged that night, and. though he was very much indisposed, yet he commanded his gallant
troops until they beat oil' and remained masters of the field. During the action the general remained at the
head of the 64th, which regiment suffered more than any of the brigade. The army then proceeded to
that unfortunate place called Germantown. the 4th of October being the particular and fatal day of which
your ladyship has cause to remember and I have much reason to regret. But to let vou know the partic-
ulars of that day. | Being between the hours of 9 and 12, as the brigade was following the 3d in an ob-
lique advancing line, the general, with the piquet at their head, entered the town, hurried down the street
to the left, but had not rode above 20 or 30 yards, which was to the top of a little rising ground, when a
party of the enemy, about 100, rushed out from behind a house about 500 yards in front, the general being
then in the street, and even in front of the piquet, and all alone, only me, he wheeled round, and. putting
spurs to his horse, and calling to me. he received a whole volley from the enemy. The fatal ball entered
Me small of his back, near the back seam of his coat, right side, and came out a little below his left breast.
Another ball went through and through his right hand. I, at the same instant, received a slight wound in
the side, but just got oil' time enough to prevent his falling, who. with the assistance of two men. took him
down, carried him into a bouse, and laid him on a bed, sent for the doctor, who was near. When he came
he could only turn his eyes, and looked steadfastly on me with seeming affection. The doctor and Major
Leslie just came in time enough to see him depart this life, which be did without the least struggle or
agony, but with great composure, and calmness, and seeming satisfaction, which was about 10 or 15 min-
ute- after he received the ball, and I believe between 10 and 1 1 o'clock. I then bad his body brought to
his former quarters, took his gold watch, his purse, in which was four guineas and half a Johannes, which
I delivered to Major Leslie as soon as he came home. I then bad him genteelly laid out, and decently
dressed with some of his clean and best things; had a coffin made the best the place could ] luce. His
corpse was decently interred the next day in the church-yard, attended by a minister and the officers of
the 44th regiment.]
" lie during his life, in his good-humors, often told me that he would do better for me than being in the
army ; but, having no certificate from under his hand, I was ordered to join the regiment, which 1 am sure
I never would have done. With regard to his effects that were present with him, were equally divided
among all the servants, every thing being delivered over by Major Leslie to Major Hope. Payne was
cook, and came to the general in Boston; but the other man. Seymour, was only pari of one campaign,
though he received an equal proportion of every thing the same as me. Agcn, even a pickt up negro re-
ceived equal with me. who bore the burden and beat of the day. silver buckles excepted. Colonel Hope
me them extraordinary as a reward (said he) for your good and faithful services to your master; and
them I have, and am ready to part with them, if your ladyship or Captain Robert chuse to send for them.
All the rest of the things which was in store has been all lately sold by vandue, ye, even two great-coats
made for me and Payne almost a year ago, was sold, with several other things too tedious to mention, such
as remains of cloth, stockings, &c.
" Dear madam, I beg you will excuse this liberty ; and if your ladyship please to send me a few lines
after the receival of this, I will be under a great, obligation to you ; and believe me to be, with sincerity
and due respect, madam, your most obedient and humble servant while
" Alex. Andrew.
II. II
1 11
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
American Officers Killed. Washington and hia Officers Honored. General Stephen. Whitemarsh.
the same gentleman has set up a stone over the graves of Captain Turner, of North Caro-
lina, Major Irvine, and six soldiers of the American army, who were slain in the battle,
and buried there together. General Nash, of North Carolina,1 and Majors Sherburne and
White,' the two aids of General Sullivan, were also among the slain.
Although the American* were defeated, or rather retreated from almost certain victory,
no blame was attached to the commander-in-chief and the general officers under his com-
mand. On the contrary, when Washington's letter to Congress, describing the battle, was
Oi'totNYe, read, that body passed a vote of thanks to him for his "wise and welt-concerted
ll77' attack upon the enemy's army near Germautown," and to " the officers and sol-
diers of the army for their brave exertions on that occasion."3 A medal was also ordered
to be struck and presented to General Washington.' It was never executed.
Lord Comwallis sped to the succor of the British camp at Germautown as soon as in-
telligence of the attack upon it reached General Howe. He took with him a corps of cav-
alry and grenadiers ; but when he arrived, the Americans had left, and retired to their camp
October, on Skippaok Creek. There Washington remained until the 29th, when a council
1777 of war was held,1' and the next day he removed, with the whole army under his
command, to the range of hills about, three fourths of a mile northeast from the village of
Whitemarsh, where lie intended to go into winter quarters. Thither we also went on leav-
ing Germantown at noon.
Whitemarsh is situated in a beautiful little valley north of Chestnut Hill, about fourteen
miles from Philadelphia, and six from Mount Airy, the upper part of Germantown. The
sun glowed warm and bright at midday, and as we passed over Chestnut Hill it revealed
many little hamlets in every direction, half hidden behind variegated groves. Descending
the northern slope of Chestnut Hill, we passed through Whitemarsh village, and, turning
eastward, passed over a lower ridge, crossed a narrow valley watered by the romantic Wis-
sahicon, and skirting the base of a range of gentle, cultivated hills, and arrived at the spa-
cious stone mansion, tottering with age and neglect, where Washington made his head-
quarters. The house stands upon the edge of a wet meadow, at the head of a fine valley,
and was a sort of baronial hall in size and character when Elmar, its wealthy owner at the
time of the Revolution, dispensed hospitality to all who came under its roof. It is sixty
1 Francis Nash was a captain in North Carolina in 1771. where lie distinguished himself in the move
ments in the western part of the state known as the Regulator ]Var. At the commencement of the Rev-
olution, the convention of North Carolina commissioned him a colonel, and in February, 1777, he was com-
missioned by Congress a brigadier in the Continental army. When the intelligence of his death at Ger-
mantown reached that bodv, it was resolved to request Governor Caswell, of North Carolina, ''to erect a
monument of the value of 500 dollars, at the expense or' the United States," in honor of his memory. Gov-
ernment neglected to do it ; but private patriotism has been more faithful. See note *, page 469.
2 See note respecting his death at Chew's house upon page 111
3 General Adam Stephen was an exception. He was accused of " unolneer-like conduct" during the
action and the retreat. He was found guilty of being intoxicated, and was dismissed from the army. Gen-
eral Stephen had been a meritorious Virginia officer in the colonial wars. He was a captain in the Ohio
expedition in 1754. Afterward raised to the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was intrusted with the com-
mand of Furt Cumberland. He was left in command of the Virginia forces while Washington went to Bos-
ton on an official errand to Governor Shirley in 1755. He was afterward dispatched to South Carolina to
oppose the Creek Indians. On his return, he was placed at the head of troops for the defense of the Vir-
ginia frontier, and was commissioned a brigadier. Congress appointed him a major general early in 1777,
and he behaved well in the battle of Brandy wine. Yielding to a bad habit, he fell into disgrace at German-
town. On the 3d of December, 1777, the Marquis De La Fayette was appointed to the command of Gen-
eral Stephen's division. 4 Journals of Congress, hi., 335.
s General Washington reported to that council that the troops under Sir William Howe at that time, who
were stationed in Philadelphia and its immediate vicinity, lit for duty, numbered ten thousand rank and file;
and that the force under his own command, and tit for duty, was eight thousand three hundred and thirteen
Continental troops, and two thousand seven hundred militia. There were, in addition, seven hundred ami
fifty Continental troops at Red Bank and Furt Mifflin, and a detachment of three hundred militia on their
way to re-enforce these posts. A body of five hundred militia were likewise on the other side of the Schuyl-
kill. This was hi-; whole force, and it was likely soon to suffer a diminution of nearly two thousand by the
expiration of the term of service of Maryland and Virginia levies.
OF THE RE VOLITION
1 I s
1 it Whibrmarsh.
Am ric.in Bncan
«t Whitemareb.
WW
Washington's Head .jl ahtkks nkak Whiteuabsh
feet lonjr. twenty-five feet wide, and two
stories high. Through the center is a
broad passage sonic fifteen feet wide.
The old steps are of fine soap-stone, neat-
ly wrought. .Mill in many particulars the
building exhibits marks of Ibrmer ele-
uanee [n front, seen by the rough trees
on the right, is the ruin of El mar's an-
cient spring-house : and just below it is
a modern one, in which bubbles up a
large fountain ol pure water. An old
thatched barn near by is said to be a co-
temporary of the mansion in its earliest
days. At the western gable of the house
is a hinh bean or catalpa tree, the trunk
of which measures fifteen feet in circumference. The present owner is Mr. John Fitzwa-
ter. With a little cave and trilling expense, that venerated house might be preserved a
century longer. lis roof was falling in when I visited it, and in a few years its stones will
doubtless occupy mean places in the foundation of a more elegant modern mansion, or the
partition walls of cultivated fields.
The American encampment was upon the hills north of Elmar's mansion, its right wing
resting upon \\ issahicon Creek, and its left upon Sandy Run. Near Mather's mill the re-
mains of one of the redoubts are still quite prominent, and in various places in the vicinity
may be seen vestiges of the chimneys of numerous huts of lo<r and stone erected by the Amer-
icans. Here commenced those sufferings of the soldiers which became so intense during the
winter at Valley Forge. Their chief privation was a want of shoes and other clothing
On the 22d of November, Washington, in general orders, offered a reward often dol-
. . . 1777
lars to any person who should, by nine o'clock on the morning following, produce the
best substitute for shoes made of raw hides. The commissary of hides was to furnish the
materials, and the major general of the day was to "judge of the essays, and assign the re-
ward to the best artist." I have seen no record of the result. Raw-hide shoes were worn
by a few soldiers on their march to Valley Forge.
Several expeditions were suggested and planned, but a want of shoes rendered a large
portion of the army unfit for marching. A council of war was called on the 25th of No-
vember, to consider the propriety of making an attack upon Philadelphia while Cornwallis
was absent in New Jersey, whither he had gone to take possession of Red Bank and the
neighboring region. The decision of the council was a negative, and the scheme was aban-
doned. Early in December, the enemy attempted to surprise Washington In his camp, but
success was denied them by the patriotic service of Lydia Darrah of Philadelphia, noticed
on page 301. The British appeared upon Chestnut Hill, about three miles from Wash-
ington's camp, at dawn on the morning of the 5th of December. As soon as their po-
sition was discovered, the Pennsylvania militia were ordered out to skirmish with their
light advanced parties. Brigadier-general Irvine, who led the detachment, was wounded
and made prisoner. On the next day (Friday) the enemy changed ground, and approached
within a mile of the American lines, whi re they remained until Sunday, when they moved
further to the left, and seemed to be preparing for a general attack. Their advanced and
Hanking parties wore warmly attacked by Colonel Morgan and his rifle corps, and Colonel
Cist with the Maryland militia. The battle was quite severe. Twenty-seven men in
Morgan's corps were killed and wounded, besides Majol Morris, a brave and gallant officer,
who was badly maimed. Sixteen or seventeen of the -Maryland militia were December,
wounded.' The loss of the enemy was considerable. On Monday, the 8th, when
The Reverend Zaehariah Greene, now (1854) Jiving at Her p tead, I ong Island, was wounded
116
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Retreat of the British to Philadelphia.
Departure of the Americans from Whitemarsh.
the movements of the British gave Washington every reason to believe that an immediate
attack was to be made, he was surprised to perceive them, instead of advancing, commence
a precipitate march, by two routes, for Philadelphia. As their adjutant remarked to Mrs.
Darrah, they had been on a fool's errand and accomplished nothing. " I sincerely wish,"
wrote Washington to the president of Congress, " that they had made an attack, as the is-
sue, in all probability, from the disposition of our troops and the strong situation of our camp,
would have been fortunate and happy. At the same time, I must add, that reason, pru-
dence, and every principle of policy, forbade us from quitting our post to attack them."
General Howe, in his dispatches, said, " They were so strongly intrenched that it was im-
possible to attack them." They had no other intrenchments than two small redoubts, one
on each hill near the head-quarters. Three days afterward Washington broke up his en-
campment at Whitemarsh, and, in the midst of a deep snow, marched to the Schuylkill,
crossed it at Swedes' Ford, and established his winter quarters at Valley Forge. Hundreds
of the soldiers made that dreary march of nineteen miles with bare feet, and the pathway
of the patriot army might have been traced all the way by hundreds of foot-marks in the
snow stained with blood.' Let us follow them thither, and in the head-quarters of the chief,
which stands near the banks of the Schuylkill, sit down and ponder upon the wondrous love
of country which kept that suffering army together during the winter and spring of 1778.
We left Whitemarsh at about two o'clock for the Schuylkill, passing, on our way, over
Barren Hill, the scene of a skillful military movement by La Fayette, with a body of Amer-
icans, in May, 1778. Barren Hill is a small
village lying upon the western slope of a rough
eminence, about four miles west of White-
marsh. From its summit a fine view of the
surrounding country may be obtained. There,
on the right of the road leading toward the
Schuylkill from Chestnut Hill to Conshohocken
(Matson's Ford), is the old Lutheran church
which La Fayette occupied as quarters during
his brief tarry on the hill. According to an
inscription upon a tablet in the western gable,
its title is " St. Peter's," and the time of erec-
tion 1761. By the road-side near the church
is a quaint-looking school-house, covered with
stucco. The church, the school-house, and two
strong stone houses composed this settlement,
then in the wilderness, when La Fayette made
it his point of observation, and out-maneuvered
General Grant. Within the old church-yard,
sitting upon a recumbent sand-stone slab, with
half-effaced inscription, I made this sketch ; and
here let us open the record and receive instruc-
tion from the chronicler.
As this is the first time in the course of our
journey that we have met La Fayette as com-
mander-in-chief of an expedition, it is a proper
■n-:iL'cim'ni. ami carried to Washington's quarters. Mr. Greene was the father-in-law of the late Mr.
Thompson, the historian of Lonrr Island.
1 Gordon says that, while- at Washington's table, in 1784. the chief informed him that bloody foot-prints
were every where visible in the course of their march. Such was the distress of the soldiers from want of
clothing, that Washington, as a last resort, authorized the proper officers to take by force, for the use of
the army, such articles of clothing as the people refused to sell. It must be rrnieiiihercd that the people
generally, throughout that section of Pennsylvania, were opposed to the patriots, and did every thing in their
power to distress them.
St. Peter's Chuhch, Kakken Hill.
OF Til E REVO 1,1'Tl i> \
1 1 7
Li Fayette. His first Impulses favorable t. the American) His Liberality. Visit to tngieud.
place to (■oiisidt']' the circumstances attending his espousal of the cause of freedom, and lu> con-
nection with the American Continental army. lie was a young man, not yet nineteen
years old. when our Declaration of Independence went over the seas, and commanded the
admiration of thinkers in the Old World. La Fayette was of noble ancestry, He had
just married the Countess Anastasia de Noailles, daughter of the Duke De Noailles, a lady
of great personal beauty, immense fortune, and brilliant accomplishments.' When the story
of America's wrongs, and of her holy struggle for the right, just begun, reached his ears, it
inflamed his young heart with the most passionate sympathy, and an ardent desire to aid
them with his purse and sword.2 He openly espoused the cause of the patriots, and resolved
to hasten to their support. Not all the blandishments of rank and fortune, the endear-
ments of conjugal love, made doubly so by promise of offspring, nor the sad tales of reverses
to the Americaii arms at the close of 1776, which every vessel from our shores carried in
Europe, could repress his zeal or deter him from the execution of his noble purpose He
had just offered his services to Silas Deane, one of the Americaii commissioners ;tt Paris,8
when the news arrived that the remnant of the American army, reduced to two thousand
insurgents, as they were called, had fled toward Philadelphia through the Jerseys, before
an army of thirty thousand British regulars. This news frustrated all the plans of Deane
lor the moment, for it utterly destroyed the little credit which America then had in Eu-
rope. Franklin arrived at this juncture, and was greatly pleased with the young marquis
and the disinterested zeal which he exhibited, but honestly advised him to abandon his de-
sign until belter hope for success should appear. But this candid advice was of no avail.
The commissioners had not sufficient credit to command the means to fit out a vessel foi
the purpose of conveying the marquis and his friends, with arms, ammunition, and stores.
La Fayette offered to purchase a ship with his own funds. " Hitherto," he said, in the
spirit of true heroism, " I have only cherished your cause ; now I am going to serve it. The
lower it is in the opinion of the people, the greater effect my departure will have ; and since
you can not get a vessel, I shall purchase and fit out one, to carry your dispatches to Con-
gress and me to America.'" He went over to London, and mingled freely with the leading
politicians there. He danced at the house of Lord George Germaine, the minister lor the
affairs of America, and at the house of Lord Rawdon, who had just returned from New
York, paid his personal respects to the king, and met. at the opera. General Clinton, whom
he was afterward to meet on the field of battle at Monmouth.6. While he concealed his in-
tentions of going to America, he openly avowed his sentiments; often defended the Amer-
icans ; rejoiced at their success at Trenton ; and his opposition spirit obtained for him an
invitation to breakfast with Lord Shelburne. He refused invitations to visit sea-ports where
1 La Fayette himself had an independent revenue of 200.000 livres — about $37,000.
5 In the summer of 1776, La Fayette was stationed on military duly at Mentz, being then, though only
a little past eighteen years of age, an officer in the French army. The Duke of Gl jester, brother in the
King of England, visited .Mentz, and a dinner party was given to him by the commandant of that place.
La Favette was at the table. The duke had just received dispatches from England relating to the Decla-
ration of Independence, the resistance of the colonies, and the strong me;, sines adopted by the British min-
istry to crush the rebellion, and he made their contents the topic lor i versation. The details were new
to La Fayette, and he had a long conversation with the duke. The idea of a people lighting lor liberty
had a strong influence upon his imagination. He regarded their cause as just, their struggle noble, and
from that hour his chivalrous enterprise was the chief burden of his tlimiohls. lie returned to Paris, and
there perfected his plans. — Sparks's Life and Writings of Washington, v . I I >
a "When,'' savs La -Fayette, "I presented my boyish face to Mr. Deane, I spoke more of my ardor in
the cause than my experience; but I dwelt much upon the eticet my departure would excite in France,
and he signed our agreements." — See Memoirs, written bv himself La Fayette was accompanied by the
Baron De Kalb as interpreter. De Kalb had been commissioned by the Duke De Choiseul to proceed to
America for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of the revolted colonies. He came over with La
Favette, and did good service in our army. We shall meet him again on the field of battle near Camden,
in South Carolina. La Fayette persuaded Count Segur and Viscount De Noailles to accompany him. but
their friends kept them at home. Count Segur accompanied Bonaparte to Moscow in 1812, and has left
a thrilling account of that memorable campaign.
< Gordon, ii., 219. 6 Pictorial History of the Reign of George the Third, i., 302.
1 18
riCTOKIAL FIELD-BOOK
I, a Fayette's Attempts to leave France.
Sketch of his Career.
Sword presented to him by Congress
vessels were fitting out against the Americans, for he was unwilling to do aught that might
afterward be construed into an abuse of confidence.'
After remaining three weeks in England, La
La Favettk in 1777 s
From a French Print
Fayette returned to France, but not to Paris
Information had gone abroad that he was fit-
ting out a vessel for America, at Bordeaux. It
was not good policy for the government to al-
low it. He proceeded to Passy, then the res-
idence of Dr. Franklin, where he found the
Baron De Kalb. He remained concealed in
the baron's house a few days, and then pro-
ceeded to Bordeaux. His vessel was not ready,
but he felt it necessary to sail immediately
He left Bordeaux toward the close of Febru-
ary, and proceeded to Passage, a Spanish port,
where he awaited the receipt of the ship's pa-
pers. There two officers reached him, with
an order from the king (lettre de cachet) pro-
hibiting his departure, and commanding him
to repair to Marseilles. He was charged by
ministers with violating his oath of allegiance,
and by his family with conduct calculated to
bring ruin on himself and them. His young
wife, however, did not join in their reproach-
es ; she approved of his project, and urged him
to persevere.
La Fayette obeyed orders, and returned to
Marseilles. He pleaded the justice of the
1 Memoirs, written by himself.
'' The Marquis (Gilbert Mottier*) De La Fayette was born on the 6th of September, 1757, and in 1774,
when a little more than seventeen years old, married the Countesse Anastasie de Noailles, daughter of the
Duke de Noailles, a young lady possessing an immense fortune. He joined our Revolutionary army in 1777,
and with bis purse, sword, and counsel, and his influence with the French court, he greatly aided us in our
struggle for political independence. In October, 1778, he asked and obtained leave of absence, and re-
turned to France. Congress, in connection with the resolution for granting him a furlough, also resolved,
'• That the minister plenipotentiary of the United States of America at the court of Versailles he directed
to cause an elegant sword, with proper devices, to be made, and presented, in the name of the United
States, to La Fayette. Franklin, then minister at the French court, procured the sword, and sent it to the
marquis in August, 1779, accompanied by a very complimentary letter from his band, to which La Fay-
ette feelingly replied.! La Fayette returned to America in the spring of 1780, bringing joyful news [see
* In the Biographic dot Hommes his name is written Marie-Paul Jdseph-Roch-Yvcs-GUbert-Mottiers de La Fayette.
t The following is a copy of the correspondence :
" Cnssy, 21th August, 1779.
"Sib, — The Congress, sensible of your merit toward the United States, but unable adequately to reward it, determined to
present you with a 6word as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgment. They directed it to be ornamented with suita-
ble devices. Some of the principal actions of the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your bravery and conduct, are
therefore represented upon it. These, with a few emblematic figures, all admirably well executed, make its principal value.
By the help of the exquisite artists Prance affords, 1 find it easy to express every thing but the sense we have of your worth,
and our obligations to you. For this, figures, and even words, are found Insufficient. I therefore only add, that, with the most
perfect esteem, I have the honor to be, &c. B. Fkanklin.
" P.S. My grandson goes to Havre with the sword, and will have the honor of presenting it to you."
The marquis, in reply, after acknowledging the presentation of the sword, said :
41 In some of the devices I can not help finding too honorable a reward for those slight services which, in concert with my
fellow-soldiers, and under the god-like American hero's orders. I had the cood luck to render. The sight of these actions, where
1 was a witness of American bravery and patriotic spirit. I shall ever enjoy with that pleasure which becomes a henrt glowing
with love for the nation, and the most ardent zeal for their glory and happiness. Assurances of gratitude, which I beg leave lo
present to your excellency, are much too inadequate to my feelings, and nothing but those sentiments may properly acknowl-
edge your kindness toward me. The polite manner in which Mr. Franklin was pleased to deliver that estimable sword, lays me
under great obligations to him, and demands my particular thanks. With the most perfect respect, I have the honor to be, &£.,
"Lafayette."
OF THE REVOLUTION.
110
Memoir of I. a Fayette.
Pictorial Devices on hb Sword-
mm
m i ■ ■■■ -
as . j
cause in which the Americans were engaged ; their declared independence as a people, and
various precedents which might justify his course, and petitioned for leave to proceed. His
pleadings were in vain, and he resolved to risk the displeasure of his king. Stealthily mak-
p. G55. vol. i ]. and w.is received
with creat affection. After the
capture of Cnrmvallis. in which
be performed a conspicuous part,
he again went to France, and.
bv his own exertions, was rais-
ing a lai^e army of allies for
America, when intelligence of
peace reached bim. He return-
ed to America in 1784, and was
received with unbounded enthu-
siasm l>v his did companions in
arms. Again lie returned to his
native land, bearing the honors
and blessings of a free people.
From thai time until his death
he was often a conspicuous aet-
or in the ureal scenes of his
country's history. He was an
active member ol the Legislat-
ive Assembly of France during
the stormy period of the incipi-
ence and development of its first
Revolution, from 1789 to 1793.
He was always the advocate of
civil liberty, but conservative in
his country, where representa-
tives and constituents were alike
inordinatelv radical. When the
Revolution was at its height, he
was obli«ed to flee from France,
because of his moderation, and,
being caught, he was for three
years confined in a dungeon at
Olmutz, in Germany. He suf-
fered much in person and for-
tune during the convulsions in
France, and for several years
previous to 1814 he lived in
comparative retirement. The
first downfall of Bonaparte
brought him again into public
life, and in 1815 he was a mem-
ber of the Chamber of Deputies.
In that assembly he offered the
resolution for the appointment
of a committee to demand the
abdication of the emperor. He
was again a member of the
Chamber of Deputies in 1818.
In 1824 he accepted an invita-
tion to visit the United States as
the guest of the nation. The
FOB I. A KiYBl n '« SWOBDOI ,„o I
' I here give a fac simile of the pen-and ink sketches, made by a French art.u _„„rd of the sword presented
U La Kave.te, I copied from the originals in the archives of .be State Department at \\ ..h.ngton. Accomp.nymg the
*ltT« *"3fM=2t:i- M.H.-U-. arms in low relief, and on .he o.hcr .he device of. New Moon reflect^
Rays of Light on . Coun.ry par.lv covered with wood and p.r.ly cultivated-Symbol of the Republ.C of .he Um.ed Suies-
witta .his mono Crescam ul prosim. " 1 shall increase .ha. I may do good." It was Intended to express.
•• I The present Mediocrity of Strength . as the Light ofihe Moon, thoagh considerable. ,s weaker than that of .he San.
«2. Her expectation of becoming mure powerful as she Increase*, and thereby rendering her.se r more useful I to mankind
•■ 3 The gratitude With which she remembers .hat .he Light she spreads is principally owing to the kind aid of a great La-
1 20
PICTORIAL FIELD- BOOK
A-rrival of La Fayette in America.
His Biography continued.
His Burinl-pJace,
ing his way back to Passage, he set sail with a favorable wind, accompanied by De Kalb,
and eleven other French, German, and Polish officers, who were about seeking service in
America. He arrived safely at Georgetown, in South Carolina, on the 19th of April, after
a boisterous passage of seven weeks, where he and his company were entertained by Major
Huger, who provided horses to convey them to Charleston. His vessel likewise was taken
to Charleston harbor.'
Although the French government secretly favored the plans of La Fayette, as it had not
yet publicly expressed even a friendly intention toward America, policy required that it
should act in seeming good faith toward Great Britain, with which it was then on terms of
amity. Vessels were accordingly dispatched to the West Indies to intercept La Fayette.
The marquis apprehended this movement, and avoided the islands in his voyage. His pro-
ceedings, in opposition to positive orders, were rash ; for the loss of all his property in France,
and an indefinite term of imprisonment, might have been the consequence had he been ar-
rested on the high seas. In the face of all this immediate and prospective danger, he res-
olutely persevered, and the French government winked at his disobedience.
La Fayette and his companions traveled by land from Charleston to Philadelphia.
When arrived at the latter place, he put his letters into the hands of Mr. Lovell, the chair-
[.a Fayette's Tomb
United States vessel of war Brandywine bore
him to our shores, and his journey ilraonj us
was a continued ovation. He was every whore
received with the most affectionate demonstra-
tions of regard, as next to Washington in the
great American heart. Even his grandson,
who is now (1850) traveling in this country,
has been received with marked public atten-
tion on account of his relationship to the great
and good man. La Fayette was conspicuous
in the Republican Revolution in France in
1830, and generously refused the proffered
crown of constitutional monarch, and desig-
nated the Duke of Orleans (Louis Philippe) as
a proper recipient of the trust. It was unwor-
thily bestowed; for the ungrateful monarch
not only treated La Fayette with coldness and
disdain, but, by a despotic course, betrayed the
confidence of the people. La Fayette died in
1 834, at the age of seventy-seven years. His
remains rest in the cemetery of Pigpers, a pri-
vate burial-ground of several families of the nobility of Paris, back of the gardens of what was once a nun-
nery, but now a boarding-school for young ladies. The sketch here given is from a French picture by
C'hampin, which the artist dedicated u To the Americans, the friends of La Fayette." The monument is
inolnsed h\ an iron railing, [r is about eight feet square, and composed of dark sandstone. The tablets
slope from a ridge upon which is a cross. The inscriptions are in French. On one side of the tablet is an
inscription referring to La Fayette ; on the other, to his wife. The cross seen in the picture stands over
the grave of another.
1 This vessel was afterward laden with rice for the French market, but was foundered on going out of
the harbor, and vessel and cargo were lost.
minary [the King of France, whose symbol is the Sun] in another Hem-
isphere, w
"On the Bow is the Legend, 'From the American Congress to
the Marquis De La Fayette, 1779.'
"The Handle is ornamented with two medallions. In one, America,
represented by a Woman, presents a Bunch of Laurel to a Frenchman.
On the other, ft Frenchman is treading on a Lion.
"On tin ■ Guard are separately represented, in fine Relievo,
"The affair at Gloucester (Yurktown] ;
"The Retreat off Rhode Island;
"The Battle of Monmouth ;
"And the Retreat nt Barren Hill.
"The Hilt is of massive gold, and the Blade two-edged. Cost two
hundred Louis. Made by Liger, Sword-cutler, Rue Coquilliere, at
Paris.
D CB8 ON THE HANDI
OK THE RE Vi) I.I' I' [O.N.
1 21
L#F«yeito*s Application to Con^T, His Appointn [nterriew with Washington. Attached to thi
man of the committee of Congress on foreign affairs. The next day his papers were handed
back to him by .Air Lovell, with the remark that so many foreigners had offered themselves
for employment that Congress was embarrassed vfith their applications, and he was sorry
to inform him that there was very little hope of his success. The marquis was convinced
that his papers had not been read, lie immediately senl a note to the president of Con-
gress, in which he asked permission to serve in the Continental army upon two conditions:
first, that he should receive no pay ; secondly, that he should act as a volunteer. These
conditions were so different from those demanded by other foreigners, thai thej were at once
accepted by Congress Although he was not yet twenty years of age, the peculiar position
in which Ins wealth, fervent zeal, and social eminence at home, placed him before the Amer-
ican people, gave him great importance, and on the 31st of July Congress appointed
him a major general in the Continental army. This appointment-was considered by
Congress as merely honorary, hut such was not the intention of the recipient, as subsequent
events will show.'
Washington arrived in Philadelphia soon after La Fayette's appointment, and they were
first introduced to eacli other at a dinner party, where several members of Congress were
present. When they were about to separate, Washington took the marquis aside, compli-
mented him upon the noble spirit he had manifested toward the cause of the Americans,
and invited him to become a member of his military family. His kind invitation was joy-
fully accepted, and while he remained in America the closest intimacy existed between La
Fayette and the commander-in-chief. The marquis joined the army, and continued in it
as a volunteer, without any command, until the battle on the Brandywine, two months aft-
erward, where we shall meet him presently fighting with all the zeal of a September li.
champion of liberty. lm
La Fayette was anxious to have a command suitable to the rank which his commission
conferred : but Congress, fearing his appointment to the command of a division might ex-
cite the jealousy of American officers, had withheld the coveted honor from the marquis.
Washington repeatedly suggested the expediency of a different course ; but it was not until
the 1st of December that the wishes of La Favette were gratified, (hi that day
- 1777.
Congress resolved, "That General Washington be informed it is highly agreeable to
Congress that the Marquis Be La Fayette be appointed to the command of a division in
the Continental army."3 Three days afterward it was proclaimed, in public or-
I ttvi ■tuber 4.
ders, that he was to take command of the division recently under General Adam
Stephen, who, as we have seen, was dismissed from the army.'
La Fayette was engaged in various important services during the winter and spring ol
1778, while the American army was at Valley Force ; and about the middle of May we
find him on Barren Hill, our present point of view. Intelligence had reached Washington
in his camp that the British were making preparations to evacuate Philadelphia. They
were frequently sending out foraging parties between the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers ;
and on the 7th of May an expedition went up the Delaware to destroy all the American
shipping between Philadelphia and Trenton. Forty-four American vessels were burned ; a
considerable quantity of provisions and stores were destroyed, and a number ot the inhabit-
ants killed and wounded. To restrain these depredations; to cut. oil' all communication in
that direction between the country and Philadelphia ; to obtain correct information concern-
ing the movements of the enemy ; and to be ready to follow with a considerable force im-
mediately in the rear of the British army, when it should leave Philadelphia, Washington
' The following preamble and resolution were adopted: ''Whereas the Marquis IV La Fayette, ont ol
his great zeal to the cause of liberty, in which the United Stales are engaged, has left his family and con-
nections, and, at his own expense, come over to offer his services to the I iiited States, without pension or
particular allowance, and is anxious to risk his life in our cause:
"Resolved, That his service be a pted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and con-
nections, he have the rank and commission of major general in the army of the United States." — Journals
of Congress, iii., 247.
' Journals, iii., 429. 3 See page 114.
122 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Lh Fayette on Barren Hill. Maneuvers of the two Armiea. The British deceived
detached La Fayette, with about twenty-one hundred troops and five pieces of cannon, across
the Schuylkill on the 18th of May. He took post at Barren Hill (nearly twelve miles
from Valley Forge), a little west of the church It was a position skillfully chosen.
On his right were rocky ledges of considerable extent, and the Schuylkill; on his left were
thick woods, several strong stone houses, and the substantial stone church seen in the en-
graving. His cannon were placed in front ; and at about three hundred yards in advance
of the left wing were Captain M'Lane's company and fifty Indians. Picket-guards and vi-
dettes were stationed upon the woods leading to Philadelphia, and six hundred Pennsylvania
militia were posted near Whitemarsh. The church was at the forks of the road, one branch
of which led to Valley Forge, by the way of the Swedes' Ford, and the other to Matson's
Ford.'
La Fayette at first quartered at the house of a Tory Quaker, who sent a messenger with
the information to Sir Henry Clinton, then in the chief command of the British army in
Philadelphia. Howe having returned to England. Clinton immediately formed a plan for
surprising La Fayette. On the night of the 19th, he sent out a detachment of
five thousand of his choicest troops, under General Grant, assisted by Sir William
Erskine. They marched toward Frankford, and at dawn the next morning turned toward
the left, passed Whitemarsh, and proceeded on the road leading to Swedes' Ford, to a posi-
tion in the rear of the Americans. Another strong force, under General Grey, crossed to
the western bank of the Schuylkill, and took post about three miles below Barren Hill ;
while Sir Henry Clinton led, in person, a third division through Gennantown, and before
daylight halted on Chestnut Hill.
The situation of La Fayette was now critical. Owing to the disobedience of orders on
the part of the militia, on leaving Whitemarsh, General Grant's approach was undiscov-
ered, and the little band of Americans were nearly surrounded by a greatly superior force
before they were aware of their danger. Early in the morning, scarlet coats were seen
through the trees in the distant forest ; and an officer, sent by La Fayette to reconnoiter,
came back in haste with the information that a large British force was on the road leading
from Whitemarsh to Swedes' Ford, a little more than a mile from his encampment. The
marquis at once comprehended the full extent of the danger, and a skillful maneuver was
instantly conceived. He changed his front without disorder, stationed a large party in the
church-yard, around which was a strong wall,2 and drew up the remainder in such a man-
ner as to be protected by the stone houses and thick woods. Ascertaining that the only
road leading to Swedes' Ford was in possession of the enemy, he resolved to retreat to Mat-
son's Ford, although the distance from his position was greater than from that of Grant.
The road lay along the southern slope of hills, and was concealed by woods from the view
of the enemy. The marquis dispatched several small parties through the woods, with or-
ders to show themselves, at different points, as heads of columns, that the enemy might be
deceived into the belief that he was marching to an attack. The maneuver was success-
ful ; and, while General Grant was halting, and preparing troops to meet these supposed
attacks upon his flank, the Americans made a quick march to Matson's Ford — General
Poor3 leading the advanced guard, and the marquis bringing up the rear. The heads of
1 Matson's Ford was at the present village of CoDshohocken, and Swedes' Ford was at or near Norris-
town, lour miles above. They were about equally distant from Valley Forge.
3 This wall yet surrounds the old church-yard, and is sufficiently perfect to form a strong breast-work.
British writers, following the narrative of Stedman (ii., 337), assert that Washington, from his camp upon
tin' high hills of Valley Forsc, discovered the peril of La Fayette, anil discharged heavy alarm-guns to ap-
prise liim of his danger. None of the earlier historians of the war, except Stedman, mention this circum-
stance ; it must have been inferential on the part of that generally correct and fair writer. Barren Hill
may be distinctly seen from the highest point of Washington's encampment at Valley Forge. Though
twelve miles distant, I saw the church on Barren Hill from the observatory, hereafter to be noticed, which
stands upon the site of Washington's marquee at Valley Forge.
3 Brigadier-general Enoch Poor was a native of New Hampshire. He was a colonel in the Continental
army in the expedition against Canada in 1776, where he served with distinction. He was afterward at
Crown Point, and was one of the twenty-one inferior officers who signed a remonstrance against the docis-
OF THE RE VOL FT ION.
12:
Retreat of La Fayette across the Schuylkill to Valley Forge.
Oenerala Poor Slid Wofdtke.
columns, who had deceived General Grant, gradually fell back and joined in the retreat,
and the whole army arrived at the ford in safety. Thej crossed the Schuylkill with their
artillery, took possession of the high grounds on the west side of the river, and funned in
the order of battle < reneral ( rrant had
marched in the church on Barren Hill,
where he joined the division under Clin-
ton, and discovered, with mortified pride,
that he had been outmaneuvered by the
" stripling Frenchman." It was too late
to overtake the retreating patriots: the
British pursued them as far as the ford,
but, finding it impossible to cross over,
they wheeled, and returned, disappointed
and chagrined, to Philadelphia. In a
skirmish with the enemy's advanced par-
ties at the ford, while the artillery was
crossing, the Americans lost nine men
killed and taken. The British lost two
light horsemen killed, and several wound-
ed. La Fayette and his troops march-
ed back to the camp at Valley Forge,
where they were greeted with the most
enthusiastic congratulations.
It was almost sunset when we left
the old church-yard on Barren Hill and
departed for Conshohooken' (Matron's
Ford), on the Schuylkill, where we intended to pass the night. Although four miles dis-
tant, we could see the smoke of its furnaces ascending above the intervening hill-tops, and
marring the placid beauty of the western sky. where a thin purple haze fringed the horizon,
and half hid the crescent moon and its more sprightly neighbor on the occasion, the belted
ion of a council of officers there, consisting of Generals Gates. Schuyler, Sullivan. Arnold, and Woedtke,*
when it was resolved that the post was untenable, and that the army should retire to Mount Independence.
He was appointed brigadier in 1777, and served in that
/"~~i'-> capacity in the battles in which Burgoyne was defeated
o, /^ IS^?^ and captured. He soon afterward joined the army under
(Is ^^ sf/ //' Washington in Pennsylvania. He was in the camp at
^Ty~f £^"2 t2^£sr7. ev £7~~C7't Valley Forge, and with lus brigade was among tin- first
troops that commenced a pursuit of the British across
New Jersev in the summer of 177N. lie fought gallantly in the battle of Monmouih which -ue, -ceded
He commanded a brigade of licht infantry in 1780, in which service he died, near Hackensack, in New
Jersey. His funeral was attended by Washington and La Fayette, and a lens line of .subordinate officers
and soldiers. On account of the vicinity of the enemy, the usual discharges of cannon were omitted. Rev-
erend Israel Evans, chaplain to the New Hampshire brigade, delivered a funeral discourse. General Poor
was buried in the church-yard at Hackensack, where an humble stone, with the following inscription, marks
his grave : " In memory of the Hon. Brigadier-general Enoch Poor, of the State of New Hampshire, who
departed this life on the' 8th day of September. 1781). aged 44 years." General Poor was grea •-teemed
bv La Fayette, who. it is said, 'was much affected on visiting his 2,-ave when in thi^ country in 1825.
*l Conshohocken is a thriving manufacturing village on the east bank ol the Schuylkill, in Montgomery
county, about twelve miles from Philadelphia. It has recently grown up in connection with the water-
power of the Schuylkill Navigation Company. There is also a great deal of lime burned there for the Phil-
adelphia market.
£ f)Qitfa*v^z Ueii)C^c
* The Baron De Woedtke had been for many years an officer
in the army of the King of Prussia, and risen to the rank of ma
He brought strong letters of recommendation from Dr. Frank
and on the 16th of March, 1776, he was appointed by Congress a
brigadier general, and ordered to Canada. He died at Lake George at the close of July, 1776, and was buried with the honors
due to LU rank.
124 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Iron Ore near the Schuylkill. Conshohocken and its Industry. Norristown. Swedes' Ford.
Jupiler. That whole region abounds in iron ; and all the way from Barren Hill to the
Schuylkill, large heaps of ore, dug from near the surface, were piled. In many places the
road was literally paved with iron ore lying in small fragments upon the surface. It was
quite dark when we arrived at the village, and it was with some difficulty that we made
our way along a steep road to the " hotel," a tavern near the river bank, kept by a good-
natured Dutchman. lie was so well patronized by the coal-heavers and workmen in the
furnaces, that not a single bed was in reserve for strangers ; so we were obliged to ride on
to Norristown, four miles further up the stream, for supper and lodgings. As we thridded
our way among the " fiery furnaces," belching huge volumes of ruddy flarne, and observed
the rushing rail-way train sweeping along the river brink, while the din of hammers, and
bellows, and voices of busy men was rife on every side, T contrasted the past and present,
and, in a degree, realized the wonderful strides of progress in our country. Here, where a
numerous population are plying the tireless fingers of industry in the creation of substantial
wealth, and spreading pleasant dwellings along the banks of the rapid Schuylkill, there was
only the solitary hut of a hunter, deserted more than half the year, when La Fayette made
his admirable retreat across the river toward Valley Forge. And far more suggestive of
true greatness and glory were the noises of these work-shops than the trumpet-notes and
clangor of battle.
" The camp has had its day of song ;
The sword, the bayonet, the plume
Have crowded out of rhyme too long
The plow, the anvil, and the loom.
Oh, not upon our tented fields
Are Freedom's heroes bred alone;
The training of the work-shop yields
More heroes true than war has known.
" Who drives the bolt, who shapes the steel,
May, with a heart as valiant, smite,
As he who sees a foeman reel
In blood before bis blow of might !
The skill that conquers space and time.
That graces life, that lightens toil,
May spring from courage more sublime
Than that which makes a realm its spoil."
Epes Sargent.
After losing our way in the gloom, and making quite a circuitous journey, we found Ihe
" pike," a fine Macadamized road leading from Philadelphia to Norristown, and reached the
latter place at about eight o'clock.1 I was informed that traces of the breast-works thrown
up here by Duportail, by order of Washington, to prevent the passage of the British across
the Swedes' Ford, were yet quite prominent about half a mile below the village ; and also
that the Swedes' Ford tavern,3 directly opposite these intrenchments, was still in existence,
though changed in appearance by additions. Being anxious to visit Valley Forge and Paoli
the next day, we departed from Norristown too early in the morning to allow a view of
these vestiges of the Revolution.
1 Norristown is a thriving manufacturing village, and the capital of Montgomery county. It has entirely
grown up since the Revolution. Its name is derived from Isaac Norris, who, wilh William Trent, the
founder of Trenton, purchased the land from William Pcnn. Swedes' Ford was here. The site of Norris-
town was owned by a farmer named John Bull. Ho was a stanch Whig, and for this crime the John
Bulls under General Howe, when the British marched toward Philadelphia in 1777, burned his barn. The
first house erected at Norristown was framed at Valley Forge, and floated down the Schuylkill.
2 The name of Swedes' Ford was given to this passage of the Schuylkill from the fact that the first set-
tlers there wen., Swedes. The principal characters were Matts Holstein and Mauritz Rambo. The latter
was a famous hunter, and his exploits are yet the theme of many an old man's story. It is related that at
one time Rambo seized a wounded deer, when the animal made oil with the hunter on his back. Rumbo
finally checked the buck by cutting his throat.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 125
ch to Vnlley Forge. -KingofPruMiaTsrern." ViUnge of Vnll.-y For,-.-
CHAPTER V.
"The men of seventy-six in their good arm —
Sustain M In Heaven — reposed a manly trust;
O'er all the land was sounded war's alarm,
And vict'ry erown'd the valor of the just.
The fire of liberty Till down from heaven,
Till from our shores the enemy was driven;
And Freedom, with the land's redemption shod,
Her benison flung o'er every hill ami plain.
Few of that band of noble men remain ;
Their spirits have obey'd the eall of God,
Anil where they rest is deem'd a ballow'd sod.
Their perils fearful — measureless their gain!
While love of home the freeman's breast shall till.
Their fame shall cause the freeman's breast to thrill."
Thomas MacKellar.
ALLEY FORGE! How dear to the true worshiper at the shrine of
{ Freedom is the name of Valley Forge ! There, in the midst of frost and
snows, disease and destitution, Liberty erected her altar ; and in all the
world's history we have no record of purer devotion, holier sincerity, or
V more pious self-sacrifice, than was there exhibited in the camp of Washing-
^ ton. The courage that nerves the arm on the battle-field, and dazzles by
its brilliant but evanescent flashes, pales before the steadier and more in-
tense flame of patient endurance, the sum of the sublime heroism displayed
at Valley Forge. And if there is a spot on the face of our broad land
"^- whereon Patriotism should delight to pile its highest and most venerated
monument, it should be in the bosom of that little vale on the bank of the Schuylkill. To-
ward its " templed hills," consecrated by the presence and sufferings of those who achieved
our independence, we journeyed, filled with the pleasant emotions of a pilgrim approaching
the place he most adores.
We crossed the Schuylkill at Norristown, a little after sunrise, and took the road leading
to Valley Forge by the way of " The King of Prussia Tavern," a half-way locality, famous
for its good cheer long before the Revolution. There bung i<* sign, emblazoned with a
figure of a noble-looking warrior on horseback, ancient enough in its appearance to warrant
the belief that it creaked in the breeze when the officers of Howe refreshed themselves there
with flip from the hands of old Harman de Vriest." The country through which we rode
is broken but fertile, every where abounding with iron. Here, also, large heaps of quar-
ried ore flanked the road in various places, and for many furlongs the highway had a fer-
ruginous pavement. Descending a long and stetp bill, sloping northward, we came Bud
denly upon the little village of Valley Forge before we were aware of its proximity. It is
1 In the Pennsylvania Journal. 1761, there is a notification that Jacob Colman intended lo run a stage,
with an awnin2. «h times a week, " ft the King of Prussia Inn. to the George [nn, southwest corner
of Second and Arch Streets. Philadelphia." Kilter's tavern, in Germantown, was called " I he King ..I
Prussia Inn," according to Wats,,,,, the annalist, from the following circumstance Toward the close ol the
last century, Gilbert Stuart, the eminent portrait painter, resided in Germantown. In one ol his eccentric
moods, he executed a fine painting of the King of Prussia, on horseback, and presented it to Hitter |. r o
si2n. stipulating thai the name of the painter should not be divulged. It bung there foi ars the
admiration of all. until the letters ■• The King of Prussia Inn" were painted over it. The sign afterward
came into the possession ol' Mr. Watson, wl herished it as a valuable memento of the genius and char-
acter of the Lrl eat painter.
1 2 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Washington's Headquarters.
The old Flour-mill and its Associations.
Hamilton and Lee.
(ington's Head quarters -
situated in Chester county, on the west side of the Schuylkill, between six and seven miles
above Nonistown, in a deep, short hollow, scooped out from a low, rugged mountain, and
opening upon the great valley which stretches away toward Phcenixville. A small creek
runs through the little valley, turn-
ing, in its course, the water-wheel
cf a cotton factory, which stands
upon the site of the old forge of
Isaac Potts.' Upon the mount-
ainous flanks of this little valley,
Washington established his winter
quarters in 1777—78. His own
residence was at the house of Mr.
Isaac Potts, a Quaker preacher.
It is a substantial stone dwelling,
situated near the mouth of the
creek. It was occupied, when I
visited it, by James Jones, November,
a member of the Society of Friends, who was then eighty-three years old. He 1848-
was quite feeble ; but his v/ife, a cheerful old lady of nearly the same age, was the reverse,
and, with vigorous step, proceeded to show us the interior of the building. Washington's
room was small indeed. In the deep east window, whence he could look out upon a large
portion of his camp upon the neighboring slopes, are still preserved the cavity and little trap-
door, arranged by the commander-in-chief as a private depository for his papers. It an-
swered the purpose admirably ; for even now the visitor would not suspect that the old blue
sill upon which he was leaning to gaze upon the hallowed hills, might be lifted and disclose
a capacious chest. Mr. Jones and his wife were not residents at Valley Forge when the
Americans were encamped there, and hence they had no interesting traditions of their own
experience.
Near the head-quarters of Washington were the ruins of an old flour-mill, whose clack
was heard before the Revolution, nor ceased until within a few years. Immediately after
ihe battle of Brandywine, and previous to the encampment here, the "Americans had made
a considerable deposit of stores at this mill. Howe sent a detachment of British troops to
seize them ; but Washington, anticipating this attempt, had sent Lieutenant-colonel (after-
ward General) Hamilton, and Captain (afterward General) Henry Lee, with a small troop
of horse for the purpose of destroying these stores. Hamilton, with proper precaution, sta-
tioned two videttes upon the southern hill overlooking the valley, and also secured a flat
bottoihed boat on which to cross the Schuylkill, in the event of the sudden appearance of
the enemy. The troops had crossed the mill-race, and were about to commence the work
of demolition, when the alarm-guns of the videttes were heard, and they were seen sweeping
down the hill, closely pursued by some British dragoons. Four of the American horsemen,
with Hamilton, took to the boat ; while Lee, with the other four, and the videttes, crossed
the bridge and escaped, amid a shower of bullets from the enemy. Hamilton and his party
were also fired upon, but were unharmed. Lee was fearful that his comrades, with Ham-
ilton, were kilhd or made prisoners, for he heard volley after volley fired from the carbines
of the enemy, while there was only an occasional response from his friends. Lee dispatched
a dragoon to the commander-in-chief, describing what had occurred, and expressing his anx-
' The Potts family, located in this vicinity, were extensive manufacturers of iron. Isaac Potts estab-
lished ;i forge upon the creek which here enters into the Schuylkill, and from that circumstance the place
obtained the name of Valley Forge.
- This view is from the Reading rail-road, looking east, and includes a portion of the range of hills in the
rear whereon the Americans were encamped. 'Ihe main building was erected in 1770; the wing is more
modern, and occupies the place of the log addition mentioned by Mrs. Washington, in a letter to Mercy
Warren, written in March, 1778: "The general's apartment," she wrote, ''is very small; he has had a
loo cabin built to .line in. which has made our quarters much more tolerable than thev were at first. :"
OF THE RKVOI.I'TIO.N.
1 2 1
View from Rogers'a Observatory.
Camp at Valley Forge.
Religious Services.
Preparation of Huts.
ious fears for the safety of Hamilton and his men. While Washington was reading Lee's
Letter, Hamilton rode up, and with quite as much distress depicted in bis /ace as the former
had exhibited in his note, expressed his fears that his friend Lee was cut ofl". Washington
quieted his apprehensions by handing him Lee's letter.
From the village we rode to the summit of the lull on the south, whereon the main por-
tion of the American army was quartered. Upon the brow of the hill, on the spot where
Washington's marquee was planted on the day of his arrival there,1 Mr. Charles II. Rogers,
who owns the cotton factory,
and much of the landed proper-
ty in the vicinity, has erected an
observatory, about forty feet in
height. It is a very neat struc-
ture of wood, of an octagon form,
with a spiral stair-case in l In-
center, by which an ascent i-
made to the open gallery on the
top. From that elevation is
obtained a fine view of a lar<re
portion of the camping-ground.
Here let us turn to the historic
and seels its instructions.
When it was decided that
Whitemarsh was not a proper
place for the winter encamp-
ment of the American army,
Washington, as usual, requested
his general officers to communi-
cate to him in writing their sen-
timents respecting the most eli-
I'lfF. Ob-KRVATOKY -
gihle site for the purpose. A council of war was held on the 30th of November, at i__j
which a wide difference of opinion prevailed as to the locality and the manner of can-
toning the troops. Some proposed occupying Wilmington for the purpose ; others suggested
hutting thern in the valley of Tredyffrin, a t'rw miles west of the Schuylkill ; and others ad-
vocated the expediency of stationing them in a line from Reading to Lancaster. So various
and contradictory were the opinions and counsels, that unanimity could not be hoped for.
and it was necessary for Washington to act according to his own judgment and upon his
own responsibility. lie decided to form an encampment at Valley Forge, where he might
be near enough to the British army in Philadelphia to watch its movements, keep its for-
aging parties in check, and protect the country from the depredations of the enemy.
The patriot army, which left Whitemarsh on the 1 1th of December, reached Valley ^_
Forge on the 19th. In general orders, issued two days previously, Washington di-
rected the preparation of huts for the comfort of the soldiers, assuring them, at the same
time, "that he himself would share in the hardships and partake of every inconvenience."
On the 18th the whole army engaged in religious services, according to a recommendation
of Congress that it should be observed as a day of public thanksgiving and praise ; and on
the morning of the 19th they spread over the hills a1 Valley Forge, and began the work of
hutting. All was activity among those who were sufficiently clad to allow them to work
in the open air. Some cut down trees, others fashioned them, and in a lew days the bar-
racks, erected upon the plan of a regular city, was completed.3 Until his soldiers were thus
1 See map on page 128.
' This view is from the field, lookins north. On the left is seen the winding Schuylkill, and the rolling
country beyond; and on the richt. the distant hills of Montgomery county.
3 Washington gave explicit .lireeiions for constructing the huts. He ordered the colonels or command" g
128
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Disposition of the American Army at Valley Forge.
The Huts and their Occupnnta
comfortably lodged, Washington occupied his cheerless marquee ; after which he made his
quarters at the house of Mr. Potts.
Near Washington's quarters,
on a gentle elevation by the river,
were stationed his Body, or Life
Guard,' under the command of
Charles Gibbs, of Rhode Island.
A little to the right of the guard
was the brigade of General M'ln-
tosh ; and further up the hills
were the brigades of Huntington,
Conway, a«d Maxwell. Between
these and ifMntosh's brigade were
a redoubt, and slight intrench-
ments ; and directly in front of
them was a line of abatis. Near-
er the Schuylkill, and on the top
of the hill, was the brigade of
General Varnum, near a star re-
doubt. At a distance of about a
mile, and forming a line from the
Schuylkill to Valley Creek, was
the main portion of the army, un-
der Brigadiers Muhlenberg, Weed-
on, Paterson, Learned, Glover,
Poor, Wayne, Scott, and Wood-
ford, with a line of intrenchments
in front. The artificers of the
army were on the north side of
the creek, opposite the general's
quarters ; and near the cotton fac-
tory was the army bake-house.
There was also an irregular line
of intrenchments along the brow
of the hill, on the south side of the
creek. Not far southward of
Rogers's observatory was a re-
doubt, and near it was Knox's
artillery. The remains of this re-
doubt are yet very prominent in
officers of regiments to cause their men to be divided into parties of twelve, and to see that each party had
its proportion of tools, and commence a hut for that number ; and as an encouragement to industry and art.
the general promised to reward the party, in each regiment, which finished its hut in the quickest and most
workman-like manner, with a present of twelve dollars. He also offered a reward of one hundred dollars
to the officer or soldier who should substitute a covering for ibe huts, cheaper, and more quickly made,
than boards. The following were the dimensions and style of the huts, as given in Washington's Orderly
Book, quoted by Sparks, v., 525 : " Fourteen feet by sixteen each ; the sides, ends, and roofs made with
logs; the roofs made tight with split slabs, or some other way; the sides made tight with clay; a fire-
place made of wood, and secured with clay on the inside, eighteen inches thick ; this firc-plaee to be in the
rear of the hut : the door to be in the end next the street : the doors to be made of split oak slabs, unless
boards can be procured ; the side walls lo be six feel and a half high. The officers' huts are to form a line
in the rear of the troops, one hut to be allowed to each general officer; one to the staff of each brigade;
one to the field officer ol each regiment; one to the st:ill of each regiment ; one to the commissioned offi-
cers "l two companies; and one to even* twelve non-commissioned officers and soldiers."
1 See ymsc 088, vol. i.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
12 9
Condition of the Army.
Great Sufferings.
Number of Soldiers in Camp.
Toryism displayed.
also, the re-
tire woods on the right side of the road leading from Valley Forge to Paol
doubt on the left wing of the encampment (now near the
Reading rail-road) is well preserved, the forest protect-
ing it from demolition.
Here, after an arduous campaign of four months, dur-
ing which neither party had obtained a decided advant-
age, other than good winter quarters at Philadelphia
on the part of the enemy, the shattered remains of
the American army' vainly sought repose. They had
marched and countermarched, day and night, in en-
deavoring to baffle the designs of a powerful enemy to
their country and its liberties ; now they were called
upon, in the midst of comparative inaction, to war with
enemies more insidious, implacable, and personal. Hunger and nakedness assailed that
dreary winter camp with all their progeny of disease and woe. Thither, as we have seen,
the soldiers came with naked and bleeding feet, and there they sat down where destitution
held court, and ruled with an icy scepter. The prevalence of Toryism in the vicinity, the
avaricious peculations of some unprincipled commissioners, the tardy movements of Congress
in supplying provisions, and the close proximity of a powerful enemy, combined to make the
procurement of provisions absolutely impracticable without a resort to force." But few
hcrses were in the camp ; and such was the deficiency, in this respect, for the ordinary, as
well as extraordinary occasions of the army, that the men, in many instances, cheerfully
yoked themselves to vehicles of their own construction, for carrying wood and provisions
when procured ; while others performed the duty of pack-horses, and carried heavy burdens
of fuel upon their backs.4 As the winter advanced, their sufferings increased. On the
1 6th of February, Washington wrote to Governor Clinton, " For some days past there i77g
has been little less than a famine in the camp. A part of the army has been a week
without any kind of flesh, and the rest three or four days. Naked and starving as they
are, we can not enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that
they have not been, ere this, excited by their sufferings to a general mutiny and desertion."
• The situation of the camp is such," wrote General Varnum to General Greene, on the
12th of February, "that in all human probability the army must dissolve. Many of the
troops are destitute of meat, and are several days in arrears. The horses are dying for want
of forage. The country in the vicinity of the camp is exhausted. There can not be a
moral certainty of bettering our condition while we remain here. What consequences have
we rationally to expect ?" " It was with great difficulty," says Dr. Thacher [Journal, p.
1 The whole number of men in the field was eleven thousand and ninety-eight, when the encampment
commenced. Of this number, two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight were unfit for duty. The Brit-
ish army numbered thirty-three thousand seven hundred and fifty-six. of which nineteen thousand five hund-
red and thirty, composed of Britons, Germans, and provincials, were in Philadelphia.
* This shows the present appearance of the embankments. They are epiite overgrown with chestnnt-
trees of considerable size, and shrubbery. The redoubt was nearly an oblong square, with a division in
the center. Its location is on the Paoli road, about half a mile from its junction with the highway leading
from Norristown to Valley Forge.
3 Washington reluctantly used the power given him by a resolution of Congress, adopted a few weeks
previously. Necessity compelled him to. He issued a proclamation, in which he required all the farmers
within seventy miles "of Valley Forge to thresh out one half of their grain by the 1st of February, no.1 the
remainder by" the 1st of March, under the penalty of having the whole seized as straw. Many farmers re-
fused to comply. They defended their grain and cattle with fire-arms, and, in some instances, burned what
they could not defend." It must be remembered that nearly all the farmers in the vicinity of Valley Forge
were disaffected toward the American cause. From these the resolution of Congress* empowered Wash-
ington to demand supplies. It must also be remembered that a fair price was to be paid for all supplies
brought in, and therefore the non-compliance of those who resisted was from opposition to the cause.
* Mrs. Warren's History of the Revolution, i., 389.
II.
November 14, 1777. Journal*, in 395.
l
130 PICTORIAL FIE I- D- BOOK
Hopefulness of Washington. Conspiracy to deprive bim of the chief Command. Persons named as Malcontents.
126), " that men enough could be found in a condition fit to discharge the military camp
duties from day to day ; and for this purpose, those who were naked borrowed of those
who had clothes." Unprovided with materials to raise their beds from the ground, the
dampness occasioned sickness and death. " The army, indeed, was not without consola-
tion," says Thacher, " for his excellency the commander-in-chief, whom every soldier ven-
erates and loves, manifested a fatherly concern and fellow-feeling for their sufferings, and
made every exertion in his power to remedy the evil, and to administer the much-desired
relief." Yet, amid all this suffering day after day, surrounded by frost and snow (for it was
a winter of great severity), patriotism was still warm and hopeful in the hearts of the sol-
diers, and the love of self was merged into the one holy sentiment, love of country. Al-
though a few feeble notes of discontent were heard,1 and symptoms of intentions to abandon
the cause were visible, yet the great body of that suffering phalanx were content to wait
for the budding spring, and be ready to enter anew upon the fields of strife in the cause of
freedom. It was one of the most trying scenes in the life of Washington, but a cloud of
doubt seldom darkened the serene atmosphere of his hopes. He knew that the cause was
just and holy ; and his faith and confidence in God as a defender and helper of right were
as steady in their ministrations of vigor to his soul, as were the pulsations of his heart to
his active limbs.5 In perfect reliance upon Divine aid, he moved in the midst of crushed
hopes, and planned brilliant schemes for the future.
While pressed with complicated cares incident to his exalted position and the condition
of the army under his command, Washington was " wounded in the house of his friends."
Jealous and ambitious men were conspiring to tarnish the fair fame of the commander-in-
chief, to weaken the affections of the people for him, and to place the supreme military com-
mand in other hands. Among those designated at the time as the most conspicuous actors
in this scheme were General Conway, a foreign officer of great pretensions, Generals Gates
and Mifflin, Samuel Adams, with two or three others of the New England delegation in
Congress, and one of the Virginia deputies. Whether the movement originated in personal
ambition, or a sincere conviction of the necessity of making a change on account of the al-
leged "Fabian slowness" of Washington in his military movements, is a question of diffi-
cult solution. The measures adopted by the opponents of the chief were certainly the re-
verse of open, manly, generous, pure and disinterested patriotism, and deserve, as they re-
ceived at the time, the unqualified reprobation of honest men.'
1 Thacher relates that a foreign officer of distinction said " that, at one time, he was walking with General
Washington among the huts, when he heard many voices echoing through the open crevices between the
logs, ( No pay, no clothes, no provisions, no rum /' And when a miserable wretch was seen flitting from
one hut to another, his nakedness was only covered by a dirty blanket." Then that officer despaired of
independence for America.
2 Isaac Potts, at whose house Washington was quartered, relates that one day, while the Americans
were encamped at Valley Forge, he strolled up the creek, when, not far from his dam, he heard a solemn
voice. He walked quietly in the direction of it, and saw Washington's horse tied to a sapling. In a thicket
near by was the beloved chief upon his knees in prayer, his cheeks suffused with tears. Like Moses at
the Bush, Isaac felt that ho was upon holy ground, and withdrew unobserved. He was much agitated,
and, on entering the room where his wife was. he burst into tears. On her inquiring the cause, he informed
her of what he had seen, and added, " If there is any one on this earth whom the Lord will listen to, it is
George Washington ; and I feel a presentiment that under such a commander there can be no doubt of our
eventually establishing our independence, and that God in his providence has willed it so."
" Oh ! who shall know the mi^ht " But wouldst thou know his name,
Of the words he utter'd there? Who wandered there alone?
The fete of nations there was turn'd Go, read enroll'd in Heaven's archives,
By the fervor of his prayer. The prayer of Washington !" — J. L. Chester.
The enemies of Washington and of the country attempted to injure both, at this time, by publishing a
pamphlet in London, entitled " Letters from General Washington to several of his Friends in the year 1776,
&c."' These letters, which contained sentiments totally at variance with the conduct of the chief, it was
reported urn- found in a portmanteau belonging to the general, in the possession of his servant Billy, who
was left behind sick at Fort Lee when the Americans evacuated it. They purported to be draughts of let-
ters to Mrs. Washington, Mr. Lund Washington, and to Mr. Custis. They were reprinted in New York,
in handbills and pamphlet form, and widely circulated. The author of these spurious letters was never
OF THE REVOLUTION > 3 ,
Porged Letters. Thomas Conway. Character of the Congress of )' Pretensions of fiuu ■ tmr) Lee
It is believed that Conway was the most active man among the secret enemies of Wash
ington. He was possessed of considerable literary abilities and military genius, and had the
advantage of thirty years' experience in the art of war. He was an Irishman by birth, but
received his military education in the French service, where he was employed from his youth
He went, with many others, to the American commissioners in France to offer his services
to Congress, and, encouraged by the injudicious
promises of the ardent Silas Deane, he came to
America with the full expectation of receiving
the commission and pay of a major general. He f £_ ^J^
was disappointed at the outset, for Congress gave
him only the commission of a brigadier. Hoping for promotion, he joined the
army under Washington at Morristown. Boastful, intriguing, presumptuous, and
selfish, looking only to his personal advantage, and unprincipled in regard to the menu* b\
which his desires might be gratified, he greatly disgusted Washington, not only at the firs!
interview, but throujhout the whole campaign. When it was rumored that Conway was
to be promoted by Congress to major general, Washington wrote a letter to a member of
that body, remonstrating against it. This fact, coming to the ears of Conway, filled him
with indignation and malice, and made him a fit instrument to be employed against the
chief.
In November, Conway, perceiving no chance for promotion, offered his resignation, and
asked permission to leave the army. Congress would not accept it, although aware of
Washington's opinion of him, and the enmity that existed, but appointed him inspector gen-
eral of the army, with the rank of major general. This act is evidence that there was then
an influence at work in the supreme Legislature unfriendly to the commander-in-chief. It
can not be denied that faction was rife in the Continental Congress, and that the purity of
purpose which controlled the acts of the first great assembly was alloyed, in an alarming
degree, with personal and sectional interests.' Instead of strengthening the hands of the
commander-in-chief when they most needed extraneous aid, men of influence were found in
the army, in Congress, and among citizens, base enough, or blind enough, to attempt to
weaken his power and accomplish his removal, either by a forced resignation of his com-
mand, or by actual supercedure by competent authority. Already Gates and Lee, English-
men born, and officers in other wars, had shown themselves impatient at holding subordin-
ate stations in the army, each deeming himself superior to Washington, and each thirsting
for supreme command. The victory of Gates over Burgoyne at Saratoga, and the defeats
of Washington in the Jerseys and Pennsylvania, were contrasted. That contrast tended to
strengthen the pretensions of the former. Inconsiderate and ardent men in Congress lent
their influence in favor of investing him with the supreme command.' The disappointed.
publicly known. They were evidently written by a person acquainted with the affairs of Washington.
Conway, who was known to have written several anonymous letters in disparagement of Washington, some
of which were signed De I.i-]f. was suspected of the authorship when his nefarions conduct became known
These letters were reproduced, many years afterward, for the vile purposes of political chicanery. Taen.
for the first time, Washington publicly pronounced them a forgery.
1 General Hamilton, in a letter to Governor Clinton, written on the 13th of February, 177s. said, 'Amer-
ica once had a representation that would do honor to any age or nation. The present falling o(T is ven
alarming and dangerous. What is the cause? and how is it to be remedied? are questions thai ihe wel
fare of these slates requires should be well attended to. The ureal men who composed our first council —
are thev dead, have they descried the cause, or what has become of them ? Very few arc dead, and still
fewer have deserted the cause ; they are all. except the few who still remain in Congress, either in the
field, or in the civil offices of their respective states ; far the greater part are engaged in t lie latter. The
onlv remedy, then, is to take them out of these employments, and return' them to the place where theii
presence is infinitely more important."
: Mr~. Mercy Warren, who was the warm personal friend of Samuel Adams, apologizes for his being
found in bad company in this affair by saying that, ;l Zealous and ardent in his defense of his injured coun-
try, he was startled at every thing that seemed to retard the operations of the war, or impede the success
of the Revolution; a revolution for which posterity is as much indebted to the talent and exertions of Mr
Adams as to those of any one in the United States." History of the Revolution, i., 39.
o0 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Anonymous Letters. Conway's Letter to Gates. Quarrel between Gates and Wilkiu-on.
irritated, and talented Conway was ready to foster discontent in the public mind ; and he
was doubtless the willing cat's-paw of Gates or his friends in making covert attacks upon
the military character of the commander-in-chief, calculated to injure his reputation as a
general and patriot. So prominently does Conway appear in the whole transaction, that it
is known in history as Conway's cabal.
The first important movement in this conspiracy was the sending of anonymous letters to
the president of Congress, and to Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia. These letters
were filled with complaints, insinuations, and exaggerated statements, ascribing the misfor-
tunes of the army to the incapacity or ill-timed policy of the commander-in-chief. Similar
letters were sent to different members of Congress, and, it is believed, to the presiding offi-
cers of some of the state Legislatures. Washington was early apprised of these secret mach-
inations, but a patriotic jealousy of the public good made him suffer in silence. "My ene-
mies," he said, in a letter to the president of Congress, when the matter became the subject
of correspondence, "take an ungenerous advantage of me. They know the delicacy of my
situation, and that motives of policy deprive me of the defense I might otherwise make
against their insidious attacks. They know I can not combat their insinuations, however
injurious, without disclosing secrets which it is of the utmost moment to conceal."
Early in November, the affair was presented to Washington in a definite shape.
When Colonel Wilkinson was on his way to Congress (then in session at York, in
Pennsylvania) from Saratoga, with Gates's dispatches, announcing the surrender of Bur-
goyne, he stopped at the quarters of Lord Stirling, at Reading, and in the course of con-
versation while there, he repeated to Major M' Williams, Stirling's aid-de-camp, a part of
the contents of a letter which Gates had received from Conway, containing strictures on the
management of the army under Washington, accompanied by reflections disparaging to the
chief.1 Lord Stirling, prompted by a sense of duty, communicated to Washington the ex-
tracts from Conway's letter, as repeated by Wilkinson. A correspondence between Wash-
ington, Gates, and Conway followed. Gates affected to be greatly distressed, and conjured
Washington to aid him in discovering the villain who had betrayed his confidence in re
peating the substance of private letters. Afterward he denied the genuineness of the ex
tract, and called it " a wicked and malicious forgery." This assertion compromised the
veracity of Wilkinson, who wrote to General Washington, indignantly repelling the ungen-
erous accusation of Gates, and affirming that he had truly given to Lord Stirling's aid the
substance of Conway's letter.3 Notwithstanding Gates denied the truth of the extract, he
never fortified his assertion by producing the original. This fact, and other things of like
tenor, which proved the duplicity of Gates, were severely commented upon by Washington,
in reply to an explanatory letter from the former. Conway's offensive letter was afterward
seen by Mr. Laurens, president of Congress, and one or two others. The words were not
Mrs. Warren further says that "Adams never harhored a feeling of disaffection toward the person of
Washington; on the contrary, he esteemed and respected his character, and loved him as a man."
' One of Conway's expressions was, " Heaven has been determined to save your country, or a weak gen-
era1 and bad counselors would have ruined it."
2 Gates, in a letter to Washington, charged Wilkinson with deceit and prevarication, and of meanly at-
tempting to fix suspicions on Lieutenant-colonel Troup, one of Gates's aids-de-eamp. This charge drew
Vom Wilkinson a letter to Washington, in which he thanked the general for exposing to him Gates's let-
ters, " which," he said, "unmask his artifices and efforts to ruin me." Wilkinson said, in his letter, "Al-
though General Gates has pledged his word, it is a wicked and malicious forgery. I will stake my reputa-
tion, if the genuine letter is produced, that words to the same effect will appear." A quarrel between
Gates and Wilkinson grew out of this matter, which resulted in the latter challenging the former to fight
a duel. They met, when, it is said, Gates burst into tears, declaring he would as soon think of shooting
his own son. Opinions are varfbus concerning the quality of Gates's heart which controlled his actions on
that occasion.
No doubt Wilkinson was acquainted with the secrets of the conspiracy against Washington, and that his
jbject in making known the contents of Conway's letter was to sound Lord Stirling, through his aid, re-
specting his opinion of the ability of Washington to perform the duties of his station. Wilkinson's want of
prudence was the match that fired the train of the cabal and produced premature explosion. Gates and
Wilkinson doubtless told the truth of each other.
OF THE REVOLUTION j3ri
Board of War. Expedition against Canada proposed. Lafayette appointed to the Command. Growly Deceived
precisely the same as quoted by Wilkinson, yet the tenor anil spirit of the whole document
were accurately represented by that officer.
Among other machinery early put in motion by the enemies of Washington, through th«
instrumentality of a faction in Congress, was the appointment of a new Board of October vj
War, of which Gates and Millliu were members, the foitner being placed at its l777-
head. This board was invested with large powers, and. by delegated authority, assumed
the control of affairs which properly belonged to the commander-in-chief,' or which, at least.
ought to have his sanction. One of its first acts was to recommend to Congress an inva-
sion of Canada. This expedition was planned by Gates, approved by Congress, and La
Payette was appointed to the command, without Washington being consulted. The first
intimation which the commander-in-chief had of the project was in a letter from the Board
of War, inclosing one to La Fayette, informing him of his appointment. No doubt January.
this was a stroke of policy to win the marquis to the interest of the faction. They m8
little understood the character of that young devotee of freedom. He deeply felt the dis-
respect manifested toward his beloved general, and immediately carried the letter to Wash-
ington.3 He told the chief that he saw the whole scope of the artifice, and asked his ad-
vice. The commander-in-chief advised him to accept the appointment, for it was an hon-
orable position, although he could not see how the expedition was to be accomplished. Thus
encouraged, La Fayette hastened to York,' where Congress was in session, to receive his
instructions. lie was greatly flattered by Gates's friends, and the Board of War promised
him every thing necessary for the success of the expedition. The marquis soon perceived
the artfully-concealed hostility to Washington ;* and when he found that General Conway
was appointed his second in command, he was convinced that the enterprise had been plan-
ned for the purpose of separating him from the general, to whom he was ardently attached.
He succeeded in having the Barou De Kalb, Conway's senior in rank, appointed to the ex-
pedition, and, of course, the baron was second, and Conway the third in command.
La Fayette hastened to Albany, where he was promised men and stores for an imme-
diate march into Canada ; but, after waiting three months, and having his patience com-
pletely exhausted by the inefficiency of the Board of War, he returned to the camp April 1
at Valley Forge.5 under instructions from Congress "to suspend the irruption into l778
1 See Journals of Congress, iii., 351. The new Board of War consisted, at first, of three persons, namely,
General Mifflin. Colonel Timothy Pickering, and Colonel Robert H. Harrison. On the 17th of November,
Mr. Dana and J. B. Smith were made additional members. On the 27th of the same nth, General Gates,
Joseph Trumbull, and Richard Peters were elected commissioners for the Board of War. (uncial Gates
was chosen president of the Board. On the appointment of Gates to this important olfiee, Congress in-
structed its presiding officer to inform him of their action, and express their high sense of his abilities and
peculiar fitness to discharge the duties of that important office, upon the right execution of which the suc-
cess of the American cause "eminently depended." — Journals, iii., 423.
3 This was not the first time that Congress had allowed Washington to be treated with disrespect. Ii
will be remembered that, in October previous, Gates sent his dispatches from Saratoga direct to Congress.
instead of transmitting them to the commander-in-chief, and that Congress never uttered a word of disap-
proval of the act. See page 84, vol. i.
3 York is situated on the Codorus Creek, eleven miles from the Susquehanna It is a thriving villagi
surrounded by a fertile and well-cultivated lime-stone region. Congress was in session here I i Septem-
ber, 1777. until July, 1778. Its sittings were in the old court-house, which stood m the centi r o\ the pub-
lic square, and was demolished in 1841. In the cemetery of the German Reformed church is the grave oi
Philip Livingston, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who died at i urk. on the 1 ltb ol
June, 1778, while Congress was in session there. A handsome white marble monument, surmounted with
an urn, is placed over his grave. See page 663.
4 Sparks relates that, when La Fayette arrived at York, he found Gates at table, surrounded by his friends.
The marquis was greeted with great cordiality, and accepted an invitation to join them :ii table. The wine
passed round, and several toasts were drank. Determined to let his sentiments be known at the outset, he
called to the company as they were about to rise, and observed that one toast had been omitted, which he
would propose. The glasses were filled, and be gave, " The Commander-in-chief of the American Armies.''
The coolness with which it was received confirmed La Fayette in his suspicions.
6 La Fayette was grossly deceived by those connected with the faction and those controlling public affairs
He was promised 3000 men. He wrote to Washington from Albany, and said, " I don't believe I can find.
in all. 1200 men fit for dutv. and the greatest part of these are naked, even for a summer campaign. J
134 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Disclaimers of Gates Jind Mifflin. Opinion of Dr. Gordon. Conway's Resignation. Duel, and Repentant Letter to Washington
Canada." Thus ended an injudicious and foolish scheme, if honestly planned ; a wicked
and treasonable scheme, if concerted by a faction to achieve its selfish purposes. It was
also the termination of the conspiracy to elevate Gates to the chief command, by seducing
the affections and confidence of the people from Washington. That great man stood firm
in his integrity, and viewed with calmness the storm of opposition which at one time beat
against him with menaces of danger. How extensive was the disaffection toward him
among the officers of the army, and in Congress, it is difficult to determine, and it is equally
difficult to fix a direct charge upon any individual of actual attempts to supersede Wash-
ington. The injudicious tattling of Wilkinson too soon unmasked a portion of the proceed-
ings, and, as in the case of the Newburgh affair, many who were disposed to join in the
cabal were alarmed and kept quiet, while the leaders were disconcerted, and affected inno-
cence. It appears clear, however, that Gates, Mifflin, and Conway were, for a long time,
engaged in endeavors to effect the removal of Washington from the chief command, and for
this posterity will always utter its voice of censure. Gates and Mifflin, however, each made
his disclaimer of other than a patriotic design to advance the true interests of his country,
and denied the charge of a desire to displace Washington. When rumors of the affair went
abroad among the people and the army, the public censure was so unequivocally expressed, that
each man engaged in the matter was anxious to wipe the stain from his own escutcheon.1
The true character of Conway, so early discovered by Washington, became at length well
understood by Congress. He had perceived the increasing manifestation of dislike among
the officers of the army, and their open deprecation of his conduct in relation to Washing-
ton, and in an impertinent and complaining letter to the president of Congress, he intimated
a wish to resign. A motion to accept his resignation was immediately carried. Conway
was astonished, and proceeded to York to ask to be restored. He said it was not his in
tention to resign, and attempted explanations, but the current of opinion was turned strongly
against him, and his request was denied. He went to Philadelphia, and was there when
the British evacuated it. His abusive language and offensive manners, heightened by irri-
tation, involved him in difficulties with the American officers, and on the 4 th of July
1778
he fought a duel with General Cadwalader. He received a wound which it was
believed would prove fatal. After lying in an uncertain state for more than a fortnight,
and believing his end near, Conway wrote an apologetic letter to Washington, as a repara-
tion for the personal injuries he had inflicted.' But he recovered from his wound and lived
was to find General Stark, with a large body; and, indeed, General Gates told me, ' General Stark will
have burned the fleet before your arrival.' Well, the first letter I receive in Albany is from General Stark,
who wishes to know what number of men, from where, what time, and for what rendezvous / desire him
Hiraise?'' Again he wrote, " I fancy the actual scheme is to have me out of this part of the continent,
and General Conway as chief, under the immediate direction of Gates."
1 Dr. Gordon says (ii., 308), " When General Gates's letters were examined by me at his seat in Vir-
ginia, the latter end of 1781, there was not a single paragraph to be met with that contained any intimation
of his being concerned in any such plan" [the removal of Washington]. Of course, a judicious man would
not preserve anv such tangible evidence of his guilt for more than three years after the matter had been
exposed. General Gates, in a letter to a friend, dated at York, April 4th, 1778, said, '; For my part, I
solemnly declare I never was engaged in any plan or plot for the removal of General Washington, nor do
I believe any such plot ever existed." Mifflin also wrote, about that time. "I never desired to have any
person whomsoever take the command of the American army from him [Washington], nor have I said or
done any thing of or respecting him which the public service did not require," &c. Botta. after weighing
the evidence against the designated leaders of the intrigue, draws therefrom the inevitable conclusion of
their guilt, and says, "The leaders of this combination, very little concerned for the public good, wore im-
moderately so for their own, and that the aim of all their efforts was to advance themselves and their friends
at the expense of others." — Otis's Botta, ii., 64. It may be well to remember that Gordon and Gales were
intimate friends. I find among Gates's papers, in the Xcw York Historical Society, several letters from
Dr. Gordon to the general, some of which are commeneed with the familiar terms, " Dear Horatio." I do
not discredit the assertion of Dr. Gordon, but mention the fact of his intimacy with Gates as a reason why
he was unwilling to believe his friend guilty of sueh dishonorable conduct.
3 The following is a copy of Conwav's letter :
•■ Philadelphia, 23d July, 177a
" Sir — I find myself just able to hold the pen during a few minutes, and take this opportunity of express
OF THE REVOLUTION.
130
Bnron De Steuben.
His Arrival in America, and Appointment as Inspector General
May 5, 1778
many years. Deserted by his former friends, deprived of employment, and every where de-
spised by the people, he left the country before the close of the war, and returned to France.'
General Conway was succeeded in the office of inspector general by the Baron
Steuben, a veteran commander and disciplinarian from the army of Frederic the
Great. He had served with distinction in the Prussian armies, and had retired from pub-
lic life, when, in the summer of 1777, while on his way to England to visit some acquaint-
ances, he saw. at Paris, his old friend the Count De St. Germaine, who persuaded him to
go to America and enter the service of the Continental army. The French and Spanish
ministers also urged
him to espouse our
cause, for they knew
how much we need-
ed the advantages of
thorough military dis-
cipline. He consent-
ed, but, on ascertain-
ing from Dr Frank-
lin that the Amer-
ican commissioners
had no authority to
enter into explicit
stipulations respect-
ing rank and pay, he
abandoned the proj-
ect and returned to
Germany. A few
days after his arrival
at Rastadt, the Bar-
on received a letter
from Beaumarchais,
the financial agent
between the United
seilles, in which he
could have a passage
to America. The
Count De St. Ger-
maine assured him
that satisfactory ar-
rangements could be
made. Steuben re-
turned to Paris, and.
it being represented
to him that letters
from Dr. Franklin to
the president of Con-
gress and to Wash-
ington would be suf-
ficient to insure him
all he might require,
he consented. Am-
ple funds for his im-
mediate purpose was
supplied by Beaumar-
chais, and on the 26th
of Sept. the baron
embarked for Amer-
ica. He landed at
Portsmouth, in New
States and France, pressing anew the proposal of the ministers
and informing him that a vessel was about to depart from Mar-
Hampshire, on the 1st of December, whence he journeyed to York, where Congress was in
session. When his papers were read, Congress adopted a complimentary resolution, ac-
cepted his services, and, at the urgent solicitation of Washington, appointed him inspector
general of the army, with the rank and pay of major general.' He had already g ^^
joined the Americans at Valley Forge as a volunteer, and, under his rigid sys-
tem of discipline, a great and salutary change was soon visible in the army. His appoint-
ment was, therefore, not more complimentary to himself than useful to the Continentals.
Before the breaking up of the encampment at Valley Forge and the pursuit of the enemy
across West Jersey, where the battle of Monmouth occurred, the ill-disciplined army of pa-
triots had acquired much of the skill in maneuvers and dignity of carriage and mariner of
the veteraii soldiers of Europe. As a disciplinarian, a brave soldier, and a generous and
warm-hearted friend to America, none ranked higher than the Baron Steuben ; his services
ing my sincere grief for having done, written, or said any thin;.' disagreeable to your excellency. My career
will soon be over; therefore, justice and truth prompt me to declare my last sentiments. You are, in my
eyes, the great and good man. May you long enjoy the love, veneration, and esteem of these States, whose
liberties you have asserted by your virtues I am, with the greatest respect, &c.,
"Thomas Conway.'-
1 See Sparks's Life and Writing! of Washington, Appendix, vol. v.
* Journals of Congress, iv., 187.
136
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Biographical Sketch of Steuben.
His Aids and his Monuments.
Washington's Efforts in behalf of his Soldiers
were invaluable.1 Our regulars were never beaten in a fair fight after their discipline at
Valley Forge.
It was at Valley Forge, while surrounded by his suffering soldiers, that Washington, in
connection with his officers, devised a plan for reforming present abuses in the army, and
to secure the future welfare of the soldiers. He made strong appeals to Congress on the
subject, and on the 10th of January that body appointed a committee, consisting of
Messrs. Dana, Reed, Folsom, Carroll, and Gouverneur Morris, to proceed to Valley
Forge. The commander-in-chief laid before the committee a memoir extending to fifty folio
pages, containing the sentiments of himself and officers. This formed the basis of a report
which they made to Congress, after remaining nearly three months in camp. Their report
was, in the main, adopted. There was one point, however, upon which there was a dif-
ference of opinion. Washington urged the necessity, as well as equity, of insuring to the
officers of the army half-pay for life. He wrote many letters to members of Congress on
this point, disclaiming all personal interest (for he had repeatedly declared that he would
receive no compensation for his own services), but pleading earnestly for his companions in
1 Frederic William Augustus, Baron de Steuben, after leaving the Prussian army, where he was aid-de-
camp of Frederic the Great, entered the service of Prince Charles of Baden, under whom he held the rank
of lieutenant general, and was also a canon of the Church. He was made grand marshal of the court ol
the Prince of Hohenzollern-Heckingen, and by the Prince Margrave, of Baden, was appointed knight of the
order of Fidelity. The King of Sardinia made him brilliant offers, and the Emperor of Austria sought to
■.cure his services. His income was nearly three thousand dollars a year. He left these offices, emolu-
ments, and honors, and came to America to fight as a volunteer in the armies battling for freedom. He
joined the Continental army at Valley Forge as a volunteer, and in that capacity (though holding the office
of inspector general) was in the action on the field of Monmouth. He was engaged in various important
services, wherein we shall hereafter meet him, and finally commanded in the trenches at Yorktown, where
the last great battle of the Revolution was fought. At the close of the war, the
State of New Jersey gave him a small farm, and the Legislature of New York
presented him with 16,000 acres of wild land in Oneida county. The general
government also granted him a pension of $2500. He built himself a log house
at Steubenville, New York, gave a tenth part of his land to his aids (North,
Popham. and Walker) and his servants, and parceled out the rest to twenty or
thirty tenants. He resided in the country in summer, and in New York city in
winter. He died of apoplexy or paralysis, at Steubenville, on the 28th of No-
vember, 1795, aged sixty-four years. Neither of his aids comforted his last mo-
ments. His neighbors buried him in his garden. Afterward, agreeably to his
desire, he was wrapped in his cloak, placed in a plain coffin, and buried in a
lonely spot in the woods, about a quarter of a mile above his log hut. His aid,
Colonel Walker, inclosed the spot ; and when a road was made to pass over his
resting-place, his remains were removed, and buried in another
grave, in the town of Steuben, about seven miles northwest of
Trenton Falls. In 1826, a monument was erected over him by
private subscription, with this brief inscription upon it : Major-
general Frederic William Augustus, Baron de Steuben.
General North,! another of his aids,
who greatly loved the baron, caused
a neat mural monument to be erected
to his memory, upon the walls of the
Reformed German Church, then situa-
ted in Nassau Street, between John Street and Maiden Lane, in
New York city. When a Baptist society, under the charge ot
the Rev. Mr. Somers, subsequently commenced worshiping in that
church, they courteously allowed the monument to be taken down and carried to the new church of the Ger-
* This Bketch is from a drawing made by the Rev. John Taylor, a missionary in the Mohawk and Black River countries in
1802. and published in the third volume of O'CallaghBD'a Documentary History of New York. Of Steuben and his grave Mr.
Taylor wrote : " He lies in a swtimp, under a hemlock, with a bier standing over the grave, and a few rouch boards nailed to
some trees t" keep the ORttle off. Alas! what is man, that the great Baron Steuben should be suffered to he in Buch a place,
and without a decent monument !"
t Very little remains on record of the military life of General North during the Revolution, except the fact that he was Steu-
ben's aid. When, in 1793, John Sloea Hobart resigned bi- seat in tli-' Senate of the United Suites, Governor Jay appointed Gen-
eral North to -u.T, , ,1 him Me was then a resident of Duaneaburgh, New York, was a conspicuous Federalist, and had been
twice speaker of the New York Assembly. General North passed the latter yeare of his life in New London, Connecticut, but
died in the city of New York on the 4th of January, lP3(j.
Steuben's Loo House.*
fifa^
Stkuben's Rural Monument.
OF THE REVOLUTION
Hostile Parties sent out from Philadelphia. The Queen's Rangers.
Advertisement for Rceruiu
arms. His representations were so judicious and forcible, that, after much discussion and
delay. Congress adopted a plan of half-pay for life, by a small majority. The vote was aft-
erward reconsidered, and a compromise resolution was proposed. By the final decision, the
officers were to receive half-pay for the term of seven years, and a gratuity of eighty dollars
was to be given to each non-commissioned officer and private who should continue in the
service until the end of the war. It was only by such manifestations of a desire on the part
of Congress to deal justly by the army that it was prevented from dissolution in the spring
of 1778.
During the encampment of the Americans at Valley Forge and of the British in Phila-
delphia, the latter sent out parties, at various times, to plunder the people, and break up
the feeble posts of the Republicans. Among the most active troops in these enterprises
were the Queen's Rangers,1 commanded by Major (afterward Lieutenant-colonel) Simcoe.
One of these expeditions, in which Simcoe was engaged, was sent out from Philadelphia in
February. It consisted of a detachment of about five hundred troops, under the com-
mand of Colonel Abercrombie, of the fifty-second regiment. They went to Salem, in
New Jersey, by water, where they remained a few days reconnoitering, with a view of as-
mans in Forsyth Street. There I found it in separate pieces, lying among rub-
bish, in a small lumber-room of the church, disfigured and mutilated. I sketched
its parts, and in the annexed figure give a representation of it as it originally
appeared. The slab, of obelisk form, ami the square frame, are ofbluish, cloud-
ed marble ; the square slab with the inscription, and the two urns, arc of w bite
marble. The lower urn has upon it a representation of the order of Fidelity (seen
on the breast of the portrait on page 13J), which Frederic the (neat presented
to the baron. The following is the inscription, from the pen of General North
'■ Saered to the memory of Frederic William Augustus, Baron de Steu-
ben, a German ; Knight of the Order of Fidelity ; Aid-de-camp of Frederic the
Great, King of Prussia ; Major General and Inspector General in the Revolution-
ary War; esteemed, respected, and supported by Washington. He gave mili-
tary skill and discipline to the citizen soldiers who, fulfilling the decrees of Heav-
en, achieved the independence of the United States. The highly-polished man-
ners of the baron were graced by the most noble I'eclmir- nf the heart. His hand,
open as day for meltinj charily, closed only in the strong grasp of death. This
memorial is inscribed by an American, who had the honor to be his aid-de-eamp.
the happiness to be his friend. Ob. 1795."
Thaeher and others have left on record many examples of the excellent char-
acter of the Baron Steuben, among the attributes of which, kindness and generos-
ity were the most conspicuous. He was always cheerful, and possessed ready
wit. At Ynrktown. a shell fell near him. To avoid its effects, he leaped into
a trench, followed by General Wayne, who fell upon him. The baron, on per-
ceiving that it was his brigadier, said, "I always knew yon was a brave general, but 1 did not know you
were so perfect in every point of duty ; you cover your general's retreat in the best manner possible." At
the house of the mother of Chancellor Livingston, the baron was introduced to a Miss Sheaf. "I am very
happy," he said, "in the honor of being presented to you, mademoiselle, though I see it is at an infinite
risk; I have from my youth been cautioned to guard myself against muchief, but I had no idea that her
attractions were so powerful."
1 The Queen's Rangers were a corps of native American Loyalists, rai-ed chiefly in Connecticul and
in the vicinity of New York, by Colonel Rogers. At one time they mustered about 400 men, and. as their
name implies, were intended lor very active service. They were quite reduced in numbers when, jn the
autumn of 1777. they were pla I under the command of Major Simcoe, a young and active officei ol thi
British army. His zeal and military skill soon made his corps a model of order, discipline, and bravery.*
He received the commission of lieutenant colonel. We shall meet him several times hereafter.
Steuben's Mckai. Mum-
KENT.
' The following advertisement appeared in Rivington's Roya, Gazette, printed in New York :
"ALL ASPIRIHG HEROES
have now an opportunity of distinguishing themselves by joining
Tin: qceen's banceb HrssABS,
commanded by
Lieutenant cohntl Sbncoe,
Any spirited young man will receive every encouragement, be immediately mounted on an elegant horse, and furnished with
clothing, accouterments, &c, to the amount of forty guineas, by applyinc to Cornet Spencer, at his quarters, No. 133 Wau.i
Street, or his rendezvous, Hewett's Tavern, near the Coffeehouse, and the Defeat of Brandywinc, on Golden Hill.
Whoever brings a recruit shall instantly receive hw) guinea*.
VIVANT BEX ET REGINA "
i;;-
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Kxpcdition ayajnst Militia Posts in New Jersey.
Skirmish at Quintan's Bridge, on Alloway's Creek.
certaining the position of Wayne, who was then actively employed in that state in procur-
ing horses and provisions for the American army. Wayne was compelled to exercise great
vigilance and dexterity to prevent being surprised by the enemy on these occasions.
On the 17th of March another British force, mustering between twelve and fifteen hund-
red men, composed chiefly of Scotchmen, under the command of Colonel Charles Mawhood
and his majors, Simcoe and Sims, marched into Salem, where they were joined by a large
number of Tories.' From these Colonel Mawhood learned that about three hundred Amer-
ican militia, under Colonel Benjamin Holmes, were posted on the south side of Alloway's
Creek, at Quintan's Bridge, about three miles from Salem. Mawhood determined to beat
up their quarters, and, as he publicly declared, " chastise the rebels." He sent out detach-
ments to procure horses, on which he mounted his best men. Holmes, in the mean while,
was on the alert. Anticipating an attack, he placed videttes at various points to watch the
movements of the enemy, while he prepared to dispute their progress at Quintan's Bridge
March, Before daylight on the morning of the 18th, Major Simcoe and his Rangers were
1778- sent out, and hidden in ambush within half a mile of the bridge. They took pos-
session of a two story brick house occupied by a Whig, named Wetherby, and drove his
family into the cellar. In that house, and in a deep ravine and tangled swamp near, Sim-
coe and his men were secreted. The Americans had thrown up a strong breast-work on
each side of the road near Quintan's Bridge ; and when they discovered a portion of the en-
emy in the morning, on the
opposite side of the stream,
they were anxious to cross
over and attack them. The
prudent officers opposed the
proposition as rash. Captain
Smith, the senior officer pres-
ent, was less cautious, and de-
termined to push on. He led
the way, and, in a confused
march, they crossed the creek,
neglecting the proper duties
of vigilant men in examining
destructive fire from all points
Affair at Quintan's Bridge.3
places where an enemy might
be concealed.5 A portion of
the enemy made a feigned re-
treat on the approach of the
patriots, who were thus de-
coyed, unsuspicious of danger,
far from the bridge. When
they had advanced some yards
beyond Wetherby's house, the
concealed enemy arose from
their ambush, and, with shouts
and the beating of drums,
poured upon the Americans a
They were thrown into great confusion, and fled toward
the bridge, fighting gallantly all the way in small squads. Although furiously attacked in
flank and rear, they made good their retreat across the bridge, with a loss of between thirty
and forty of their companions, most of whom were drowned in the creek.*
At the moment when the Americans commenced their flight, Colonel Hand, of the Cum-
berland" militia, who had been informed of the presence of the enemy, arrived with two
pieces of cannon, and posted his men in the trenches which the Americans had left a short
time before. By a well-directed fire, he checked the pursuing British, and prevented the
Americans being cut to pieces. The draw of the bridge was cut away, and the pursuers
1 In order to distinguish the Tories from the British regulars, they were dressed in a uniform of green ;
ihe coats were faced with white, and they wore cocked hats, with hroad white binding around them. — See
Johnson's History of Salem.
s Thi' enemy, who were stationed in Wetherby's house, suspecting the Americans might be vigilant, were
prepared to seize the first man who should attempt to enter the building, and Lieutenant M'Kay stood be-
hind the doin- with a bayonet ready to perform that duty.
3 A A, the American redoubts; B, a small detachment of the enemy masking the bridge; C, Simcoe's
Rangers in Wetherby's house; D, another detachment under Captain Saunders, in ambuscade; E, a por-
tion of the Rangers secreted in a wood; F, a detachment of the enemy making a feigned retreat; G, the
Americans after crossing the bridge; H II, sally of the British light infantry, and pursuit of the Rangers;
I, flight of the Americans; O O, Alloway's Creek. The straight double lines passing perpendicularly
across the map indicate the main road to Salem.
* Captain Smith had his cue shot away during the skirmish, arid was grazed by a bullet in his loins. His
horse received two bullets, but carried his rider safe over the bridge, when he fell dead under him.
Expedition to Hancock's Bridge.
OP1 THE REVOLUTION.
Perils of the March. Massacre at Hancock's House.
139
Death of the Owner.
were foiled." Colonel Mawhood, chagrined at the failure of Simcoe to dislodge the Amer-
icans at Quintan's Bridge, determined to attack another post at Hancock's Bridge with his
whole force. The Americans, on the night of their retreat, entered into a solemn com-
pact, agreeing that " no British soldier should set his foot or eat bread on that side of Alio-
way's Creek while there was a man left to defend the soil." They properh apprehended
a great augmentation of the British force, and made preparations to meet it. Mawhood
intrusted the expedition against the patriots at Hancock's Bridge to the direction of Major
Simcoe. That officer, in secretly reconnoitering, ascended a tree, and from it made a sketch
of a two story brick house near the bridge, owned by Judge Hancock, a Quaker and Loy-
alist, and formed therefrom a
plan of attack. On the night
M„rchi of the 20th, the British
l71& marched to Salem, and,
in flat-boats, proceeded to the
Delaware, and thence to Al-
loway's Creek, up which they
pushed until within a conven-
ient distance from Hancock's
Bridge, when they debarked.
It was a very dark night; not
Hancock's House.2
a star was to be seen, and
heavy scuds, freighted with
rain, came up from the sea.
Simcoe sent the boats back to
prevent the retreat of his men,
and artfully concealed from
them a knowledge of the dan-
gers which awaited them. Ev-
ery thing depended upon a sur-
prise. Through marshes, some-
times up to their knees in wa-
ter, they marched two miles before they reached the solid earth. In a wood, upon dry
land, Simcoe formed his men for an attack, and then commenced his march in silence. The
main body passed along the public road toward Hancock's house, while Captain Saunders.
with a small detachment, ambuscaded the dike that led to Quintan's Bridge. Captain
Dunlop was detached to the rear of Hancock's house, in which it was supposed the Amer-
ican officers were quartered, with directions to force, occupy, and barricade it, as it com-
manded the bridge. There were several stone houses and cot-
tages near, and detachments were arranged to attack and take
possession of them. The inmates of Hancock's house were unsus-
picious of danger. Fortunately for the patriots, a large proportion
of them had quitted the place the evening before, leaving only
about twenty men as a garrison. The surprise was complete
While all were sleeping, the invaders approached, and simulta-
neously the front and back doors of the house were forced. All
within perished ; not even the Tory owner escaped.3 A patrol
of seven men, who had been sent down the creek, were surprised,
k.dge.4 and all but one killed. The British, after committing some dep-
redations in the neighborhood, returned to the mouth of Alloway's
1 A militia-man named Andrew Bacon cut away the draw of the bridge with an ax while the British
were firing volleys at him. He succeeded in his task, but received a wound which made him a cripple
for life.
2 This is a view of an old brick dwelling in the little village of Hancock's Bridge, upon Alloway's
Creek. It stands a few yards from the bridge over the creek] and is known as Baker's tavern. The pic-
lure here given is copied from one in the Historical Collections of New Jersey.
3 Simcoe supposed Judge Hancock was absent. He says (Journal, page 52), "Some very nnfbrtnnate
circumstances happened here. Among Ihe killed was a friend to government, then a prisoner wilh the
rebels, old Hancock, the owner of this house, and his brother. Major Simcoe had made particular iii<|niry,
and was informed that he did not live at home since the rebels had occupied the bridge. The information
was partly true. He was not there in the daytime, but unfortunately returned home at night. Events
like these are the real miseries of war."
* This and the preceding map are reduced copies of those published in Simcoe's Journal of the Opera-
tion* of the Queens Rangers. A. is Hancock's house; B, the bridge which the Americans had broken
down; C C C, march of the Rangers through the village; D, the enemy's advanced L'uard ; E, Captain
Dunlop detached to the rear of the house ; F, Captain Saunders, to ambuscade the dike and take up its
bridge; G, Lieutenant-colonel Mitchell and the 27th Regiment; H H, Alloway's Creek.
140 PICTORIAL FIE LD-BOOK
Return of the Marauders to Philadelphia. Light from Europe. Alliance with France. Rejoicings at Valley Forge.
Creek and sailed for Philadelphia.1 The aflair at Hancock's Bridge was unmitigated mur-
der. Some who were massacred were not fighting men ; no resistance was made, and yet
those who begged for quarters were inhumanly slain. The chief perpetrators were unprin-
cipled Tories — the blood-hounds of the Revolution.
A ray of light from France beamed upon the American army while it was encamped at
Valley Forge. It was preceded by a faint gleam from England, and a glimmer upon out
own shores. That ray was the intelligence that France had acknowledged the independ-
ence of the colonies, and entered into a treaty of amity with them ;3 that gleam was the
arrival of Lord North's conciliatory bills ; that glimmer was the advent and first proce
dures of commissioners bearing the olive branch of reconciliation. The first event has been
already noticed ;' the two latter have also been referred to, and have an intimate relation
to each other.
The position assumed by France toward the revolted colonies greatly embarrassed the
British ministry, and the sagacious Lord North was obliged to stoop from his haughty stilts
and talk of concessions, contending, at the same time, that these concessions " ought not to
be considered as the tardy result of defeat or weakness." He produced a conciliatory plan
on the 17th of February, eleven days after the treaty between France and the United
States had been signed. It was contained in two bills, one " for declaring the inten-
tions of the Parliament of Great Britain concerning the exercise of the right, of imposing
taxes within his majesty's colonies in North America ;" the other, " to enable his majesty
to appoint commissioners, with sufficient powers to treat, consult, and agree upon the means
of quieting the disorders now subsisting in certain of the colonies, plantations, and provinces
of North America." By the first bill he designed to quiet the minds of the Americans in
regard to taxation ; by the second, he intended to grant the royal commissioners more am-
ple powers than those formerly intrusted to Lord Howe and his brother.' He proposed to
1 Johnson's History of Salem ; Simcoe's Journal.
" Intelligence of this event reached the camp on the 1st of May, and on the 7th Washington issued the
following general order :
" It having pleased the Almighty Ruler of the universe to defend the cause of the United American
States, and finally to raise us up a powerful friend among the princes of the earth, to establish our liberty
and independence upon a lasting foundation, it becomes us to set apart a day for gratefully acknowledging
the divine goodness, and celebrating the important event, which we owe to his divine interposition. The
several brigades are to be assembled for this purpose at nine o"clock to-morrow morning, when their chap-
lains will communicate the intelligence contained in the postscript of the Pennsylvania Gazette of the 2d
instant, and offer up a thanksgiving, and deliver a discourse suitable to the occasion. At half past ten
o'clock a cannon will be fired, which is to be a signal for the men to be under arms ; the brigade inspect-
ors will then inspect their dress and arms, and form the battalions according to the instructions given them,
and announce to the commanding officers of the brigade that the battalions are formed.
" The commanders of brigades will then appoint the field officer to the battalions, after which each bat-
talion will be ordered to load and ground their arms. At half past eleven a second cannon will be fired
as a signal for the march ; upon which the several brigades will begin their march by wheeling to the
right by platoons, and proceed by the nearest way to the left of their ground by the new position. This
will be pointed out by the brigade inspectors. A third signal will then be given, on which there will be
a discharge of thirteen cannon ; after which a running fire of the infantry will begin on the right of Wood-
ford's, and continue throughout the front line ; it will then be taken up on the left of the second line, and
continue to the right. Upon a signal given, the whole army will huzza. Long live the King of France !
The artillery then begins again, and fires thirteen rounds : this will be succeeded by a second general dis-
charge of the musketry in a running fire, and huzza, Long live the friendly European Powers! The last
discharge of thirteen pieces of artillery will be given, followed by a general running fire, and huzza, The
American States /"
Washington, with his lady, and suite, Lord Stirling and his lady, with other general officers and ladies,
attended the religious services of the Jersey brigade, when the Rev. Mr. Hunter delivered a discourse.
Afterward all the officers of the army assembled, and partook of a collation provided by the commander-
in-chief. When he took his leave, there was universal huzzaing, Long live General Washington! The
huzzas continued until the general had proceeded a quarter of a mile, and a thousand hats were tossed in
the air. Washington, with his retinue, turned round and huzzaed several times. 3 See p. 86, vol. i.
4 In 1776. Lord Howe and his brother were authorized to treat with the rebellious colonies for recon-
ciliation, but upon a hnsis; not to be thought of for a moment with favor by the Americans. It was absc
lute submission to the crown, as a condition of royal pardon ! This commission will be noticed hereafter
OF IHE REVOLUTION. in
Lord North's Conciliatory Bills. AppoinUmnt of Commissioners. Chnlhsm's Opposition to Annrrican Independence
allow them to treat with Congress as if it were a legal body, and competent to bind all the
states by its acts and negotiations ; to treat with the conventions or provincial Congresses ;
with individuals in their actual civil and military capacities, without any cavil in address-
ing them according to the rank held under Congress;' to suspend hostilities; intermit the
operation of laws ; grant pardons, immunities, and rewards; restore charters and constitu-
tions, and nominate governors, judges, magistrates, &c., until the king's pleasure should be
known. It was also proposed that a renunciation of the independence of the colonies should
not be insisted upon, nor debated, until a definitive treaty had received final ratification by
the king and Parliament. The commissioners were to be instructed to negotiate for a rea-
sonable and moderate contribution toward the common defense of the empire, when reunited ;
but this was not to be insisted upon as a sine qua rum. Such is an outline of North's con-
ciliatory plan, which, if it had been presented two years before, would probably have been
accepted by the Americans.
These bills met with great opposition in Parliament, and excited a long and stormy de-
bate. The question assumed the distinct form of a proposition to dismember the British
empire, by allowing the American colonies to withdraw as independent states. This prop-
osition was affirmatively supported as the only sure means of detaching the colonies from
France, the ancient enemy of England. The Earl of Chatham (William Pitt) vehemently-
opposed it. Though a warm friend of the Americans, he could not bear the thought of
their separation from the mother country, and, with all the strength of his eloquence, he de-
nounced the proposition. On the 7th of April, the debates on the question ran high,
and Chatham became greatly excited. Sickness and age had broken his physical
strength, but the fire of his intellect burned as clear as ever. He came into the House of
Lords, that day. wrapped in flannel, and leaning upon two friends ; and when he arose to
speak, at the conclusion of a speech by Lord Weymouth, he leaned upon crutches. " I
thank God," he said, with a trembling voice, " that I have been enabled to come here this
day to perform my duty, and to speak on a subject which has so deeply impressed my mind.
I am old and infirm ; I have one foot, more than one foot, in the grave ; I am risen from
my bed to stand up in the cause of my country ; perhaps never again to speak in this
House." A deep and solemn silence pervaded the assembly as he uttered these words ;
gradually his voice assumed its wonted strength and harmony, and with all the power and
beauty of the oratory of his best days, he addressed the House. " My lords," he continued,
" I rejoice that the grave has not closed upon me ; that I am still alive to lift up my voice
against the dismemberment of this ancient and most noble monarchy. Pressed down as ]
am by the hand of infirmity, I am little able to assist my country in this most perilous junc-
ture ; but, my lords, while I have sense and memory, I will never consent to deprive the
royal offspring of the house of Brunswick, the heirs of the Princess Sophia, of their fairest
inheritance. Where is the man that will dare to advise such a measure ? My lords, his
majesty succeeded to an empire as great in extent as its reputation was unsullied. Shall
we tarnish the luster of this nation by an ignominious surrender of its rights and fairest pos-
sessions ? Shall this great kingdom, that lyis survived, whole and entire, the Danish dep-
redations, the Scottish inroads, and the Norman conquest — that has stood the threatened
invasion of the Spanish Armada — now fall prostrate before the house of Bourbon '.' Surely.
my lords, this nation is no longer what it was ! Shall a people that, fifteen years ago, were
the terror of the world, now stoop so low as to tell their ancient, inveterate enemy, 'Take
all we have, only give us peace ?' It is impossible ! I wage war with no man or set of
men. I wish for none of their employments ; nor would I co-operate with men who still
persist in unretracted error ; who, instead of acting on a firm, decisive line of conduct, halt
between two opinions, where there is no middle path. In God's name, if it is absolutely
necessary to declare either for peace or war, and the former can not be preserved with honor,
' The former commissioners addressed the commander-in-chief " Mr. Washington," and refused to treat
with Franklin, Adams, and Rutledge, as members of Congress, for the legality of that body was denied.
142
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Conclusion of Pitt's Speech.
His sudden Illness and Death.
Copley's Picture of the Scene
why is not the latter commenced without hesitation ? I am not, I confess, well informed
of the resources of this kingdom ; but I trust it has still sufficient to maintain its just rights,
though I know them not. But, my lords,
any state is better than despair. Let us,
at least, make one effort ; and if we must
fall, let us fall like men !" As Chatham
sat down, his brother-in-law, Lord Temple,
said to him, " You forgot to mention what
we talked of; shall I get up ?" " No, no,"
replied Chatham, "I will do it by-and-by.''
The Duke of Richmond then arose, and re-
plied to Chatham. When he sat down,
the great orator attempted to rise, but the
violence of his indignation overcame him.
and he swooned. He was caught in friend-
ly arms, and the whole House, in great agi-
tation, crowded around him with anxious
solicitude.' He was conveyed to the house
of a friend in Downing Street, and the fol-
lowing day he was carried home to his
country seat at Hayes. That speech was,
indeed, his last, for, in a little more than a
month afterward, he expired. Par- Mayii,
liament voted him a public funeral lm
and a monument ; and, after settling upon
his family an annuity of twenty thousand
dollars a year, a grant was made of one
hundred thousand dollars to pay off his lord-
ship's debts. The last words of the great
orator were agreeable to the royal ears,
Chatham's Monument, Westminster Adbei- :
1 John Singleton Copley, the eminent American artist, painted a representation of this scene for the
House of Lords. In a note on page 496 of the first volume of this work, I have placed Copley among the
earlv refugee Loyalists. History and fair inference have assigned him that position, partly on account of
his marriage relation with a family of Loyalists, and partly because he was one of the addressers of Hutch-
inson, left the country with him, and was intimate with him in London. Sabine places him among the Loy-
alists, and his biographers generally have given him that character. Since the publication of that volume,
I have been informed that the late John Quincy Adams, who knew Copley and his sentiments intimately,
denied that he was a Loyalist; on the contrary, he averred that he was a Whig in sentiment during the
whole controversy, and adduced, among other evidence, the fact, that when commissioned to make two
paintings, one for the House of Lords and the other for the House of Commons, he chose as a subject for
the former. The Death of Chatham, and for the latter, Charles the First in Parliament. The scene of the
last picture is at the moment when the speaker uttered to the king the republican sentiment, " I have no
eyes to see, no ears to hear, no mouth to speak, but as Parliament directs ;" implying entire subserviency
to the popular will. Mr. Adams said Copley went to England, not as a fugitive, but entirely on account
of his profession, which disturbances in Boston had almost destroyed.
2 William Pitt, the first Earl of Chatham, was born on the 5th of November, 1708. He was educated
at Eton, and entered Trinity College, Oxford, in 1726. He left that institution for a military profession,
which he entered with the rank of cornet. He was elected a member of Parliament for Old Sarum in
1735, and soon became distinguished for his eloquence and extensive information. He was in the ranks of
the opposition against Walpole, and, for his good service against that minister, Walpole's inveterate enemy.
the Duchess of Marlborough, left Pitt, in her will, fifty thousand dollars. From 1746 until 1755, he was
treasurer of Ireland, paymaster of the army, and privy counselor. He was made secretary of state in 1756,
and had the direction of the war bureau during a late portion of the progress of the Seven Years' war. Hi
retired from office on the accession of George III., but continued in Parliament. In 1766 he was created
Earl Chatham, and occupied the privy seal in the administration. This office he resigned in 1768; and
from that period until his death, an hereditary gout kept him much at home and undermined his constitu-
tion. He was struck down with apoplexy upon the floor of the House of Lords on the 7th of April, 1778,
OF THE REVOLUTION. 143
Pitt's Funeral and Monument. North's conciliatory Propositions rejected. Arrival of Commissioners. Governor Trynn
and the king: was pleased to bestow his bounty when " the trumpet of sedition'" was si-
lenced.
The conciliatory bills arrived in America about the middle of April. Governor Trynn
of New York, caused them to be printed and extensively circulated. As they did not pos-
itively propose the independence of the colonies as a basis of negotiation, they wore regarded
by the patriots with suspicion, and were denominated the " deceptionary bills." " Nothing
short of independence, it appears to me, will do," Washington wrote. "A peace on other
terms would, if 1 may be allowed the expression, be a peace of war." Congress entertained
the same sentiments. As soon as draughts of the bills were received by that body, they
were referred to a committee. When they reported, some discussion arose, but it April 22.
was unanimously resolved that the terms offered were totally inadequate, and that 1778,
no advances on the part of the British government for a peace would be met, unless, as a
preliminary step, they either withdrew their armies and fleets, or acknowledged, unequivo-
cally, the independence of the United States.2 This report, and other resolutions adopted
on the following day, were printed with the " deceptionary bills," and circulated throughout
the country.5
The king's ship of war Trident arrived in the Delaware on the 4th of June, having on
board three commissioners, appointed under the provisions of North's conciliatory bills
These commissioners were the Earl of Carlisle, George Johnstone, formerly governor of West
Florida,' and William Eden, a brother of Sir Robert Eden, the governor of Maryland from
1769 until the Revolution. They were accompanied by the celebrated Adam Ferguson,
professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of
^-y^7 Edinburgh, as secretary. General Howe was di-
//,s/'/fJit^c/'~/-//7C£ t/^Sls- rected to join the commissioners, but, as he had re-
/ turned home. Sir Henry Clinton took his place
That officer wrote to Washington, requesting a pass-
port for Dr. 'Ferguson to proceed to Congress at York, with dispatches. The request was
and died on the 1 1th of May following, at the age of 70.* " His disposition." says Brougham. ;' was ex-
ceedingly affectionate. The pride, bordering upon insolence, in which he showed himself incased to the
world, fell naturally from him, and without any effort to put it off, as he crossed the threshold of his own
door. To all his family he was civil, kindly, and gentle. His pursuits were of a nature that showed how
much he loved tc unbend himself. He delighted in poetry anil other light reading; was fond of music,
loved the country ; took peculiar pleasure in gardening , and had even an extremely happy taste in laying
out grounds."
' The Kins was applied to by Lord North, before Chatham's death, to make some provision for his fam-
ily. In a sharp letter his majesty said, " When decrepitude or death puts an end to him as a trumpet of
sedition. I shall make no difficulty in placing the second son's name instead of the father's, and making up
the pension c£3000. — Brougham's Statesmen nf the Times of George III.
2 Journals of Congress, iv., 164.
3 Governor Tryon inclosed copies of these bills to General Washington, with a request that he would
aid in circulating" them ! Washington sent them to Congress, anil after that body had passed its resolves
on the subject, the chief forwarded printed copies to Tryon, and politely requested him to have them circu-
lated anions those persons for whom they were intended. One of the resolutions recommended the Legis-
latures of the several states, "r any executive authority possessing the power, to issue proclamations offer-
ing pardon to those who had taken up arms against the continental government, and who should surrender
themselves, and return to the state to which they belonged, before the 10th of June. This resolution was
adopted on the 23d of April. — Journals, iv ., 1 (IS. This was an excellent retort upon Governor Tryon. It
is difficult, as Washington remarked in a letter to Governor Livingston, in viewing the conduct of Tryon
on this occasion, 'which to admire most, his impertinence or his folly.
4 According to M'Gregor, James M'Phcrson, the translator of Ossians Poems, went to Florida with Gov-
ernor Johnston in 1770, as surveyor jeneral, and took the original Gaelic manuscripts with him. Many
nf them were lost there, and were never recovered.
* Parliament voted him a funeral and a monument. The pallbearers on the occasion of his burial were Edmund Burke.
Sir George Saville, Jons Downing, Esq., and Right Hon. Thomas Townshend. He was buried about twenty yards from
the north entrance of Westminster Abbey. His monument is composed of six figure*, representing Lord Chatham, Prudence.
Fortitude. Britannia, Earth, and Orean. The statue of Chatham is represented in the engraving The inscription upon the
monument is as follows: "Erected by the King and Parliament, as a Testimony to the Virtues and Ability of William Pitt.
Earl of Chatham, during whose administration Divine Providence exalted Great Britain to a Height of Prosperity and Glory
inknown to any former Age."
1 It
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Letter of Commissioners to Congress.
Action of Congress concerning them, and their Mission. Mrs. Graeme
declined on the ground that the matter was wholly of a civil nature, and the letter was
forwarded to Congress. The commissioners then sent their papers, by a flag, directly to the
president. Among these was an address to that body. The president was desired to read
it immediately. When he came to a part containing strong expressions of disrespect for
the King of France, he was interrupted. The House, after some debate, directed him to
read no further, but to seal the papers. The subject was resumed in debate two days aft-
erward, when a reply was ordered to be returned to the commissioners, signed by the pres-
ident, the substance of which was in accordance with the former proceedings in relation to
North's bills. They were informed that no reconciliation could possibly be effected on the
proffered terms, but, when the king should manifest a sincere desire for peace, " by an ex-
plicit acknowledgment of the independence of the states, or the withdrawing of his fleets
and armies, Congress would be ready to enter into a treaty therefor." It was not in the
power of the commissioners to accede to either of these propositions, nor was it the intention
of Parliament to grant them.1
The proceedings of Congress previous to the arrival of the commissioners' had effectually
barred the door to negotiations. The commissioners remained in the country until October,
and made various attempts by art, and by official intercourse, to gain their object. They
failed, however, and finally returned to England. Just previous to their departure, they
issued a long manifesto and proclamation to Congress, to the state Legislatures, and to all
the inhabitants of the States, in which they briefly recapitulated the steps they had taken
to accomplish a reconciliation ; denounced the rebels, and warned the people of the total
and material change which was to take place in the future conduct of hostilities. Should
they still persist in refusing obedience, they were menaced with all the extremes of war
Packages of these manifestoes,
with one printed on vellum, and
signed by Clinton, Carlisle, and
Eden, were made up to be sent
to Congress and the several states
by a flag. Congress declared that
the agents employed to distribute
them were not entitled to the pro-
tection of a flag, and recommended the several
states to seize and imprison them. Congress also
published a manifesto, which, after charging the
commissioners with mean attempts to bribe mem-
bers of its body and other persons ; with deceit
and servility of adulation, they concluded by sol-
emnly declaring, "If our enemies presume to ex-
ecute their threats, or persist in their present ca-
reer of barbarity, we will take such exemplary
vengeance as shall deter others from like conduct.
1 Sparks's Washineton, v., 397.
2 It is worthy of note, that these proceedings of Congress took place ten days before the arrival of the
intelligence that France had acknowledged the independence of the United States; that event, therefore,
had no influence on the mind of Congress.
3 These I copied from an original manifesto of the commissioners, dated October 3d, 1778. and preserved
in the office of the secretary of state of Connecticut. The name of Johnstone is not attached to the mani-
festo. His openly corrupt proceedings caused Congress to declare that no intercourse should be had with
him. Johnstone endeavored to gain by flattery what the nature of his commission denied him. Finding
no door open for negotiation with Congress, he determined to attempt to win over influential members to
a favorable consideration of the propositions of the ministers. For this purpose he employed an American
lady, the daughter of Doctor Thomas Grame of Pennsylvania, then the wile of Hugh Ferguson, a relative
of the secretary of the commissioners. Her husband being in the British service, she was much in the com-
pany of Loyalists. She was a woman of superior attainments, and, although the wife of an enemy to the
try, she maintained the confidence and respect of leading patriots. Johnstone made his residence at
the hoiise of Charles Stedman (one of Cornwall's officers, and an historian of the war), where Mrs. Fer-
^2_
Signatures of the Commissioners.3
OF Til K RE V(> I.ITION.
Attempt to Bribe Oencral Reed.
Mrs. Grteme's part in the Affair.
1 I-
Memoir of General Reed.
We appeal to that God who searcheth the hearts of men for the rectitude of our intentions ;
ami in his holy presence declare, that, as we are not moved by any light and hasty sugges-
tions of anger or revenge, so, through every possible change of fortune, we will adhere to
this our determination."
The American army remained encamped at Valley Forge until the 18th of June,
when intelligence reached them that the enemy had evacuated Philadelphia and
goson often visited. Johnstone spoke to her warmly in favor of American interests, ami she believed him
to lie a true friend el' their country. He expressed a strong desire to stop the effusion of blood, and a be-
liel that, il a proper representation could lie made to leading men in Congress, a r< leiliulion might yd
be effected. As he was not permitted to pass the lines himself, Johnstone desired Mrs Ferguson to Bay to
General Joseph Reed, that, provided he could, conformably to his conscience and views of thinos. exert his
influence to settle the dispute, he might command ten thousand guineas and the besl post in government
Mrs. Ferguson suggested that such a proposition would be considered as a bribe by .Mr. Reed, but John-
stone disclaimed the idea. Convinced of his sinecritv and good-will, as sh.- alleged, she -ought and ob-
tained an interview with General Reed in Philadelphia, three days after the British had evacuated that city.
She repeated to him her conversation with Johnstone, when Reed, lilled with indignation, replied, "lam
not worth purchasing, but, such as I am, the King of Great Britain is not rich enough to do '.t .'" General
Reed had received a communication from Johnstone just before leaving Valley Forge. The written and
verbal communications of the commissioner he now hud before Congress, and that body declared all further
correspondence with Johnstone to he terminated. The fact soon went abroad. The reply of Reed went
from mouth to mouth, and the people looked with ineffable contempt upon the commissioners.'* Poor .Mrs.
Ferguson, whose motives seem to have been pure, was violently assailed. Unfortunately, she had been the
bearer, a lew months before, oi "an offensive letter from the Reverend Mr. Duch£ (see page 62) to General
\\ ashington, ami she was denoun 1 as a British emissary. She lived, however, to see all these suspicions
dissipated.! — See Gordon's American Revolution, ii. 378; Life and Correspondence of President Reed, i
ilM . Mrs. I'.llett's Women of the Revolution, l, 196.
* Joseph Reed wa= born in New Jersey, August 27, 1711. and graduated at Princeton in 1757. He studied law with Kit-hard
Stockton ; also at the Temple, in London. He was one of the committee of correspondence in Philadelphia in 1774, where he
took up his residence after his return from England. He whs
president of the first popular convention in Pennsylvania. He
accompanied Washington as his aid and secretary when he went
t-j Cambridge in 177."). and remained with him during the cam-
paign. In 177(1 he was appointed adjutant general of the Amer-
ican army, und proved an active and brave officer. In the spring
of 1777 lie was appointed a general officer in the cavalry, hut de-
clined the station. lie remained attached to the army, and was
En tli.- battle at Germantown in the autumn of that year. He
was chosen a member of Congress toward the close of 1777.
He was a member of that body in 177s1, when the commission-
ers arrived from F.ngkiu I ;ind, - we have noticed in the text,
was approached with honeyed words, and promises of wealth
and rank if he would favor the views of the government agents.
His noble reply was given, and. abashed, tile commissioners
sought other and more pliable instrument, for their use. Gen-
eral Reed w-as chosen president of Pennsylvania in 1778, and
continued in that office until October, 1781 , when he resumed his
practice of the law. II. ■ ever retained the confidence and high-
est esteem of Washington and the best patriots of the Revolu-
tion; and when the cloud of party rancor passed away
beheld in Joseph Reed a patriot and an honest man. In 17-1
.ie visited Kngland for his health, hut without beneficial results.
He died on the 4th of March. 17s.">, at the age oi forty I '■'■ 0. His
wife was Esther de Berdt, the leader in the patriotic cribrts of
the ladies of Philadelphia to extend comfort to the Buffering army.
mentioned in a preceding cbapti r. < leorge W. Reed, tie' youn-
ri of General R . commanded the Vixen in 1812, and died while a prisoner in Jamaica.
A few days after the death of Genera] Reed, Philip Freneau wrote a brief monody, in which the following lines occur.
•■No .-ingle art engaged his manly mind. " Firm to his purpose ■ [ilant and bold,
In every 6cene his active genius shined. Det sting traitors, and despising gel.],
Nature in him, in honor to our ag< He srorn'd b11 bribes from Britain's hustile throne,
At once composed the soldier and the ,<«f. For all his country's wrongs were thrice his own "
I Trumbull, in his M'Fingall, thus alludes to the participation of Mrs. Ferguson in (cry:
Rehold, RtBritain'sufcmost shifts "While Venus, j'oin'd to net the I
Comes Johnstone, loaded with like gifts. Strolls forth embat fMan
To venture through the Wbiggish tribe, In vain he strives; for, while he lingers,
To cuddle, wheedle, coax, and bribe ; These mastiffs bite his offring fingers ;
And call, to aid his desp'rate mission. Nor buys for George and realms infernal
His pcreen-e ,] politician: One spaniel but the mongrel Arnold."
H K
14C
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Sir Henry Clinton Commander-in-Chief. Condition of the American Army. Exchange of General Lee. Oaths of Allegiance
crossed the Delaware into New Jersey. Sir Henry Clinton had succeeded Sir William
Howe as generalissimo, and took command of the British army on the 11th of May. In
the instructions to Clinton as Howe's successor, the ministry ordered him to evacuate Phil-
adelphia. He had resolved to do so as early as the 23d of May, and to proceed by water
to New York. Fearing he might be delayed by head winds, and that Washington would
push forward to and capture New York city, he changed his plan and determined to pro-
ceed by land. In the mean while, Washington, informed of the evident intention of the en-
■3iny to evacuate Philadelphia, placed his army in a condition to march immediately at the
beating of the drum. His condition was very much changed for the better. Major-general
Charles Lee had been exchanged for Prescott, and was now in camp, and reinstated in his
old command as second general officer of the army.1 The troops fit for service numbered
about fifteen thousand ; and the warmth and comforts of pleasant summer time, co-opera-
ting with the good news from France, made the soldiers cheerful and hopeful.2
1 Washington was directed, by a resolution of Congress, to administer the oath of allegiance to the officers
of the army hefore leaving Valley Forge. The oath was administered to several at one time, each officer
placing his hand upon the Bihle. Just as the commander-in-chief began to repeat the oath, General Lee
withdrew his hand. This movement was repeated, to the astonishment of all. Washington inquired the
cause of his strange conduct, when Lee replied, " As to King George, I am ready enough to absolve myself
from all allegiance to him ; but I have some scruples about the Prince of Wales." Even the grave Wash-
ington was oblijed to join in the laughter which followed this odd reply. Lee eventually took the oath
with the rest, and subscribed his name.
In the archives of the State Department at Washington City, the original oaths of allegiance, signed by
all the officers of the army at Valley Forge, are well preserved, and present an interesting collection of au-
tographs. The oath was printed on a slip of paper, with blanks, in which the name and rank of the officei
was written, with his signature at bottom. I observed that Generals Lord Stirling, Knox, and Greene ad-
ministered the principal portion of the oaths. The following is a fac simile of Lord Stirling:s oath, admin-
istered by Washington :
do acknowledge the UNITED STATES of AME:^?
RICA, to be Free, Independent and Sovereign States, and
declare that the people thereof owe no allegiance or obedi-
ence to George the Third, King of Great-Britain ; and I re-
nounce, refufe -and abjure any allegiance or obedience to him ;
and I do «^V*a^VW — that I will to the utmoft of
my power, fupport, maintain and defend the faid United
States, againft the faid King George the Third, his heirs and
fucceffors and his or their abettors, affiftants and adherents,
and will ferve the faid United States in the office of ^4k*^0r
-&£^>^g^tisl£ — ■— " which I now hold, with fidelity,
ao-ordin<r to the beft of my fkill and underftanding.
«c<^
■/Agfc^
Of these, II, ROD were at Valley Fmrrc. which comprehended (he sick and ilmse who might be called
HI' THE REVOLUTION. 117
Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British. Pursuit by the Americans. The British harassed in New Jersey
Sir Henry Clinton made his preparations for evacuation with so much adroitness, that
Washington was not certified of his destination until he had actually crossed the Delaware.
Suspecting, however, that he would take a land route for New York, the commander-in-
chief had dispatched .Maxwell's brigade to co-operate with General Dickinson and the V v,
Jersey militia in retarding the march of the enemy. It was a little before dawn on the
morning of the 18th of June, when the British army left the city, and commenced
crossing the Delaware at Gloucester Point.' At ten o'clock the rear-guard landed;
and toward evening that motley host of British regulars and Loyalists, Hessians, and a
crowd of camp-followers, were encamped around lladdonfield, on the south side of Cooper's
Creek, five miles southeast of Camden.
When intelligence of the evacuation reached Washington, he broke up his encampment
at Valley Forge, and, with almost his whole army, pushed forward in pursuit. General
Arnold, whose wound would not allow him to engage in active service, took possession of
Philadelphia with a small detachment, while the main army marched rapidly toward the
Delaware. The admirable arrangements of the quarter-master general's department, under
the able management of General Greene, enabled the army to move with facility. The
divisions of Greene and Wayne first crossed the Delaware at Coryell's Ferry, a short jnno2C
distance above the place where Washington passed to ihe attack of the Hessians at '•■"
Trenton eighteen months previously ; and these were followed by the chief and the remain-
der of the army on the two following days. Colonel Morgan was sent with six hundred
men to re-enforce Maxwell. The army halted at Hopewell, within five miles of
■ June 24
Trenton, and there Washington called another council of war." The tardy move-
ments of Clinton induced the belief that he was maneuvering to entice the Americans into
a general action. "Will it be advisable to hazard a general engagement ?" was the ques-
tion which the chief proposed to the council. The decision was a negative : but it was
recommended to send detachments to harass the enemy on their march. General Lee was
opposed to this measure, and objected to any interference whatever with the enemy. Pur-
suant to the recommendation of the council. Washington ordered Morgan's corps to gain the
rear of the enemy's right flank, Maxwell's brigade to hang on their left, and Brigadier-gen-
eral Scott." with about fifteen hundred chosen men, to annoy them on the rear and flanks
To these were added the New Jersev militia under General Dickinson, and a party of vol-
unteers from Pennsylvania under Cadwallader.
Sir Henry Clinton intended to march from Haddonfield directly to Brunswick, and em-
bark his troops on the Raritan River. He moved on slowly, by the way of Mount Holly,*
into action on an emergency. There was a detachment at Wilmington of 1400; and on the Hudson River
mere were 1800. At a council of war held on the 18th of May. it was thought reasoi nticipate
that, when all the re-enforcements were brought in. the whole army, lit lor duly, would amount 1" al '
20,000 men.
1 Gloucester Point is on the Jersey vide of the Delaware, three miles below Camden and Philadelphia.
- A council of war was held on the 17th. the day before the Americans hit Valley Forge, and among
other questions proposed was, " Ii the enemy march through Jersey, will it be prudent t<> attack them on
the way. or more eligible to proceed to the North River in the most direct and convenient manner, t" se-
cure the important communication between the Eastern and Southern States?" Nearly ill thi
were opposed to an attack, on account of the inequalit but some thought it should depend on cir-
oumstances. Washington was desirous of attacking the enemy, but was obliged in yield to the force of
circumstances.
3 Charles Scott was a native of Cumberland county, in Virgini 1. He raised the first company of volun-
teers in that state, south of the James River, that actually entered into
the Continental service. So much was he appreciated, that, in 1777.
the shire-town of Powhatan county was named in honor of him. Con-
gress appointed him a brigadier in tin- Continental armv on the 1st "i
April. 1777 He served with distinction during the war. and at its term-
ination he went to Kentucky. He settled in Woodford county, in thai
state, in 1785. He was with St. Clair at bis defeat in 1791 ; and in
1794 he commanded a portion of Wayne's army at the battle of the Fallen Timber. He was governor cl
Kentucky from 1808 to 1812. He died on the 2 2d of October, 1820, aged seventy-four years.
' Mount Holly is the seal of justice for Burlington countv. It is situated on the north branch of the Ran
IIS PICTORIAI, FIELD-BOOK
Extent of the British Line. Washington's Determination to FiLjht. Preparations of both Armies for Battle.
to Crosswicks and Allentown. There being but a single road, his long train of basgage-
wagons and bat-horses, together with his troops, made a line nearly twelve miles in extent.
He was obliged to build bridges and causeways over the streams and marshes, and his pros-
ress, consequently, was very tardy When at Allentown, perceiving Washington almost
on his front, Clinton changed his course, rather than risk a general action with all his en-
cumbrances. Turning to the right, he took the road leading to Monmouth court-house and
Sandy Hook, with the determination of embarking his troops at the latter place. The Amer-
ican arniv had now reached Kingston, on the Millstone River. General Lee was
June 25. . .
still strongly opposed to any interference with the movements of the enemy, and,
being next in command to Washington, his opinions had considerable weight with the other
officers. Yet six general officers were in favor of continued annoyances by detachments,
and three of them (Greene, La Fayette, and Wayne) declared in favor of a general action.
Washington was at first embarrassed by these divided opinions ; but, relying upon his own
judgment, which was strongly in favor of an engagement, he asked no further advice, but
proceeded to make arrangements for a battle. He immediately ordered a detachment of
one thousand men, under General Wayne, to join the troops nearest the enemy ; gave Gen-
eral La Fayette the command of all the advanced parties, amounting to almost four thou-
juneSfi. sand men, including the militia,1 and moved forward with the main body to Cran-
i?78. berry. The weather was intensely hot, which circumstance, in connection with a
heavy storm that commenced about nine in the morning, made it impossible to resume the
march without injury to the troops.
Early on the morning of the 27th, La Fayette, with the advanced forces, proceeded to
Englishtown, a hamlet about five miles westward of Monmouth court-house. Sir Henry
Clinton was advised of the movements of the Americans, and, properly apprehending an at-
tack upon his flanks and rear, changed the disposition of his line. He placed the baggage
train in front, and his best troops, consisting of the grenadiers, light infantry, and chasseurs
of the line, in the rear. The baggage of the whole army (in which term were included the
bat-horses and wheel-carriages of every department) was placed under the charge of Gen-
eral Knyphauseu. With his army thus arranged, Clinton encamped in a strong position
near Monmouth court-house, secured on nearly all sides by woods and marshy grounds. His
line extended, on the right, about a mile and a half beyond the court-house to the parting
of the roads leading to Shrewsbury and Middletown, and on the left, along the road from
Monmouth to Allentown. about three miles.
The alteration in the disposition of his line of march made by Sir Henry Clinton, obliged
Washington to increase the number of his advanced corps, and accordingly he sent Major-
general Lee with two brigades to join La Fayette at Englishtown, and, as senior officer, to
take command of the whole division designed for making the first attack. The main army
marched the same day, and encamped within three miles of Englishtown ; Morgan's
June 27 ....
corps was left hovering on the British right ; and about seven hundred militia, under
eocus Creek, about nineteen miles from Trenton. During the war, a Whig, named William Denning, who
afterward resided in Mount Holly, constructed a wrought-iron cannon. It was made of iron staves, hooped
like a barrel with the same material. There were four layers of staves, firmly bound together, and then bored
and breeched like other cannons. He finished one in Middlesex, Pennsylvania, and beoan another in Mount
Holly. The former was captured at the battle of Brandywine, ami is now in the Tower of London ; the
latter was placed in the Philadelphia arsenal. Denning died a lew years since, at the age of ninety-four.
' This force properly fell under the command of General Lee. As he was totally opposed to the move-
ment, it placed him in an unpleasant situation. This embarrassment was mentioned to Washington by La
Payette, who offered to take command of that division. Washington agreed to give it to La Fayette, if
General Lee would consent to the arrangement. That officer readilv consented, and La Fayette was plaeed
in command. Lee afterward changed his mind, and applied to Washington to be reinstated. He could
not, with justice or propriety, recall the orders given to La Fayette : and the commander-in-chief endeavored
to preserve harmony by giving Lee the command of two brigades, with orders to join the advanced detach-
ments, when, of course, his rank would entitle him to the command of the whole. He ordered Lee to eive
La Fayette notice of his approach, anil to oiler him all the assistance in his power for prosecuting any en-
terprise he might have already undertaken. Washington wrote, also, to La Fayette, explaining the dilem-
ma, and countiicj upon his cheerful acquiescence.
OF 1 11 E R E VO LUTION. 1 19
British C.irr.p near Monnioutli Court house. Their Movement toward Sandy Hook. Leo ordered to attack the British
Dickinson, menaced their left. Washington Foresaw the increased strength the enemy would
gain by reaching the heights of Middletown, which were about three miles m advance. To
prevent thein obtaining that advantage, he determined to attack their rear the moment they
should attempt to move. For this purpose he ordered General Lee to make the necessary
disposition, and to keep his troops in readiness to move at the shortest notice. Sir Henry
Clinton, perceiving that an immediate action was inevitable, made preparations accordingly
The night of the L'7th was one of great anxiety to both parties
The 28th of June, 1778, a day memorable in the annals of the Revolution, was the
Christian Sabbath. The sky was cloudless over the plains of Monmouth when the morn-
ing dawned, and the sun came up with all the fervor of the summer solstice. It was the
sultriest day of the year : not a zephyr moved the leaves ; nature smiled in her beautiful
garments of flowers and foliage, and the birds carolled with delight, in the fullness of love
and harmony. .Man alone was the discordant note in the universal melody. He alone,
the proud " lord of creation,'' claiming for his race the sole mundane possession of the Di-
vine image, disturbed the chaste worship of the hour, which ascended audibly from the
groves, the streams, the meadows, and the woodlands. On that calm Sabbath morning, in
the midst of paradisal beauty, twenty thousand men girded on the implements of hellish war
to maim and destroy each other — to sully the green grass and fragrant flowers with human
blood !
At about one o'clock in the morning, Lee sent an order to General Dickinson to
, 1-1 • • mi r u *'une ^8'
detach several hundred men as near the British 1 - as possible, as a corps ol ob-
servation. Colonel Morgan was also directed to approach near enough to attack them on
their first movement. Orders were likewise given to the other divisions of the advanced
forces to make immediate preparations to march ; and, before daylight, Colonel Grayson,1
with his regiment, hading the brigades of Scott and Vanium. was in the saddle, and moving
slowlv in the direction of Monmouth court-house.
General Knyphausen, with the first division of the British troops, among which was the
chief body of the Hessians, and the Pennsylvania ami Maryland Loyalists, moved forward
at daybreak. Sir Henry Clinton, with the other division, consisting of the flower of his
army,3 did not follow until eight o'clock. Dickinson observed the earliest movement, and
sent an express to Lee, and to the commander-in-chief, the moment Knyphausen began his
march. Washington immediately put the army in motion, and sent orders to General Lee
to press forward and attack the enemy, unless there should be very powerful reasons to the
contrary. This discretionary clause in the orders eventuated in trouble. Lee advanced
immediately with the brigades of Wayne and Maxwell, and sent an order to Grayson to
press forward and attack the pickets of the enemy as speedily as possible, while he himself
pushed forward to overtake and support him. Grayson, with the two brigades, had passed
the Freehold meeting-house, two miles and a half from Monmouth, when he received the
order. Lee's aid, who bore it, gave it as his opinion that he had better halt, for he had
learned on the way that the main body of the British were moving to attack ihe Ameri-
cans. This information was erroneous, but it caused Grayson to tarry. General Dickin-
son, who was posted on a height on the eastern side of a morass, near s in the plan, received
the same intelligence, and communicated it to Lee, through the aid. on bis return. Lee
conformed to the reports, and, after posting two regiments of militia upon a hill southeast
1 William Grayson was a native of Prince William county, in Virginia. He was appointed one of the
commissioners to "treat with Sir William Howe respecting prisoners, while the army was at Valley Forge.
In the battle of Monmouth he commanded a regiment in the advance, I corps, and behaved with valor. At
the close of the war he returned to his native state, and was elected a representative in Congress in 1784.
In 1788 he was a member of the Virginia C ,-enlion, called for the purpose of considering the Constitu-
tion of the United States. With Patrick Henry he opposed ihe ratification of that instrument. He was
appointed one of the first senators Iron, \ irginia in 1789. with Richard Henry Lee. He died at Dumfries,
while on his way to Congress, on the l-'th of March. 1790.
2 It was composed of the thirty-fourth and fifth brigades of British, two battalions ol British grenadiers, the
Hessian grenadiers, a battalion "of light infantry, the Guards, and the sixteenth regiment of light dragoons.
1 .-, It
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Approach of the American advanced Corps. Conflicting Intelligence. Preparation for Battla Plan of the Action.
of vhe meeting-house, to secure a particular road, he pushed forward, with his staff, across
the rnorass, at a narrow causeway near the parsonage [indicated by an oblong upon the
•»*H ...,»^V*",'»'
. — -./ - M\ [p-'v- -
J$u
«a> nut
^
Plan of the Battlf. of Monmouth.1
stream toward the left of the plan), and joined Dickinson upon the height.
There conflicting intelligence was brought to him. At one moment it
was asserted that the enemy had moved off- with precipitation, leaving
only a covering party behind ; at another, that the whole army was filing off to the right
and left to attack the Americans. While he was endeavoring to obtain reliable informa-
tion on which to predicate orders, La Fayette arrived at the head of the main body of the
advanced corps.
Having satisfied himself that no important force of the enemy was upon either flank, Lee
determined to march on. His whole command now amounted to about four thousand troops,
exclusive of Morgan's corps and the Jersey militia. The broken country was heavily wooded
to the verge of the plain of Monmouth. Under cover of the forest, Lee pressed forward
until near the open fields, when he formed a portion of his line for action, and, with Wayne
and others, rode forward to reconnoiter. From observations and intelligence, he concluded
that the column of the British army which he saw deploying on the left were only a cov-
ering party of about two thousand men ; and entertaining hopes that he might succeed in
cutting them off from the main army, he maneuvered accordingly. Wayne was detached,
with seven hundred men and two pieces of artillery, to attack the covering party in the rear ;
not, however, with sufficient vigor to cause them to retreat to the main body. Meanwhile
Lee, with a stronger force, endeavored, by a short road leading to the left, to gain the front
of the party. Small detachments were concealed in the woods, at different points on the
enemy's flanks, to annoy them.
At about nine o'clock in the morning, just as Wayne was prepared to make a descent
upon the enemy, a party of American light horse, advancing on the right, observed the
Queen's Dragoons upon an eminence in the edge of a wood, parading as if they intended to
1 Explanation of the Plan. — a a, position occupied by the British army the night before the battle.
bj British detachment moving toward Monmouth, c r, British batteries, d d: Colonel Oswald's American
batteries, e, American troops formed near the court-house. _/*, first position taken by General Lee in his
retreat, g, attack of a party of the British in the woods, h h, positions taken by General Lee. i, a Brit-
ish detachment, k, last position of the retreating troops on the west side of the marsh, m, army formed
by General Washington after he met Lee retreating, n, British detachment, o. American battery, p,
place of the principal action near the parsonage, r, first position of tin: British after the action, s, second
position, t, place where the British passed the night alter the battle. 1, the spot where Washington met
Lee retreating. 2, a hedgerow. 3, the Freehold meeting-house, yet standing. A, Maxwell's brigade ;
B, Wayne's; C, Varnum's ; D, Scott's. E and F, Jackson's and Grayson's regiments. G, Carr's house.
H, I, and J, the brigades of Maxwell and Seott, with the regiments of Grayson and Jackson, marching to
the attack. K and L, Greene and Varnnm. M, Lord Stirling. N, La Fayette; and (), Greene, with
Washington. Lee's march toward Monmouth court-house, the present village of Freehold, was north of
the old road to Englishtown. The present road from Freehold to the meeting-house varies from the old
one in some places, and is very nearly on a lino with Lee's retreat.
OF THE RE VOI, UTI ON. 15]
The British attacked by Wayne. Oswald's Artillery. Wayne checked by Lee. -o ■„,..■. i ',,1,, In. I . . < 1 . ■•
make an attack. Lee ordered his light horse to allow the dragoons to approach as near as
could be done with safety, and then to retreat to where Wayne was posted, and let him re-
ceive them. The maneuver was partially successful ; the dragoons followed the retreating
light horse, until fired upon by a party under Colonel Butler, ambushed in the edge of a
wood, when they wheeled, and galloped off toward the main column. Wayne ordered Col-
onel Oswald to bring his two pieces of artillery to bear upon them, and then pushed forward
himself, with his whole force, to charge the enemy with bayonets.1 Colonel Oswald2 crossed
a morass, planted his guns on a small eminence (d), and opened a cannonade at the same
time. Wayne was prosecuting his attack with vigor, and with every prospect ol lull suc-
cess, when he received an order from Lee to make only a feigned attack, and not push on
too precipitately, as that would subvert his plan of cutting off the covering party. Wayne
was disappointed, chagrined, irritated ; he felt that his commander had plucked the palm
of sure victory from his hand ; but, like a true soldier, he instantly obeyed, and withheld
his troops, hoping that Lee would himself recover what his untimely order had lost. In
this, too, the brave Wayne was disappointed ; for only a portion of the troops on the right,
under Lee, issued out of the wood in small detachments, about a mile below the court-
house, and within cannon-shot of the royal forces. At that instant Sir Henry Clinton was
informed that the Americans woio marching in force on both his flanks, with the evident
design of capturing his baggage, then making a line of several miles in the direction of Mid-
dletown. To avert the blow, he changed the front of his army by facing about, and pre-
pared to attack Wayne with so much vigor, that the Americans on his flanks would be
obliged to fly to the succor of that officer. This movement was speedily made by Clinton,
and a large body of cavalry soon approached cautiously toward the right of Lee's troops.
La Fayette perceiving this, and believing it to be a good opportunity to gain the rear of the
division of the enemy marching against them, rode quickly up to Lee, and asked permission
to make the attempt. " Sir," replied Lee, " you do not know British soldiers ; we can not
stand against them ; we shall certainly be driven back at first, and we must be cautious."
La Fayette replied, " It may be so, general ; but British soldiers have been beaten, and
they may be again ; at any rate, I am disposed to make the trial."8 Lee so far complied
1 This first attack occurred in the vicinity of Brier Hill, about three fourths of a mile east of the court-
house.
3 Eleazer Oswald was a native of Massachusetts, and was among the earliest ofthe active patriots ol the
Revolution He exhibited great bravery at the siege of Quel at the close of 1775, where he commanded
the forlorn hope after Arnold was wounded. In 1777 he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in Lamb's
regiment of artillery, and soon afterward distinguished himself, with Arnold, at Compo, at the head ot re-
cruits raised in Massachusetts and Rhode Maud. He was with Putnam when Forts Clinton and Mont-
gomery were taken in 1777, and anxiously entreated hi- general to allow him to
tro to the relief 'if ihe forts, where his friend Lamb commanded the artillery. For /^~tr^,v> /
his braverv at the battle of Monmouth, lie was highly commended by Generals ( ( \ / , ._ /,/
Knox and Lee. Being outranked soon after this engagement, he resigned his v-v- t/ll^*^ t< — .
commission and left the service. He entered into the printing and publishing
business at Philadelphia, was appointed public printer, and was a resident there at the tune of Arnold's de-
fection. Upon constitutional questions he was an opponent of General Hamilton, and in 1789 challenged
that gentleman to fight a duel. Their friends adjusted the matter, and the meeting was prevented. In
1793, being in England on business, he went to the Continent, joined the French army, commanded a regi-
ment of artillery, and was at the battle of Minis, or Jemappe. He fell a victim to lie yellow fever which
desolated New York in 1795, and was buried in St. Paul's church-yard on the 2d of < Ictober "f that year.
— See Leake's Life ami Titne$ <>/" General Lamb.
3 The conduct of Lee throughout the day was very strange, and gives a coloring "I truth t" the eonjec-
;ere that the thorn of envy was still rankling in his bosom, and that he prefe I seeing tie- Americans dis-
graced by a defeat, ralher than Washington honored by a victory. La Fayette, who had watched with
the eye of ardent affection the progress and termination ofthe conspiracy against Washington a few months
previously, in which the name of Lee was prominent as his proposed successor, was properly suspicious.
Soon after his application to Lee for permission to attempt to gain the enemy's rear, one ol Washington's
aids arrived for information; and La Fayette took the occasion to inform his excellency, through the aid,
that his presence upon the ground was of the utmost importance. He felt convinced thai Lee's movements
were governed either by cowardice or treachery, and he was anxious to have Washington controlling tb*
movements of the day.
152 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Lee's Orders misunderstood. Retreat of two Brigades. A general Retreat ordered by Lee. General Maxwell
as to order the marquis to wheel his column by his right, and sain and attack the enemy's
left. At the same time, he weakened Wayne's detachment on the left, by ordering the
regiments of Wesson, Stewart, and Living- ^_^
stou to the support of the right. He then s /^ J
rode toward Oswald's battery to reconnoiter. (^y /F')! 10$ f///
At that moment, to his great astonishment, r^^y £-£--> y^/ {V^/^^V'L—
as he said, Lee saw a large portion of the ^^ ^y
British army marching back on the Middle-
town road toward the court-house. Apparently disconcerted, he immediately ordered his
right to fall back. The brigades of Scott and Maxwell," on the left, were already moving
forward and approaching the right of the royal forces, who were pressing steadily on in solid
phalanx toward the position occupied by Lee, with the apparent design of gaining Wayne's
rear and attacking the American right at the same moment. General Scott had left the
wood, crossed a morass, and was forming for action on the plain, and Maxwell was prepar-
ing to do the same, when Lee ordered the former to re-enter the wood, arrange his column
there, and wait for further directions. Perceiving the retrograde movement on the right,
and perhaps mistaking the spirit of Lee's order, Scott recrossed the morass, and retreated
through the woods toward the Freehold meeting-house, followed by Maxwell. As soon as
intelligence of this movement reached Lee, he sent an order to La Fayette to fall back to
the court-house The marquis obeyed, but with reluctance. As he approached the court-
house, he learned, with surprise and deep mortification, that a general retreat had begun on
the right, under the immediate command of Lee, and he was obliged to follow. The Brit-
ish pursued them as far as the court-house, where they halted, while the Americans pressed
onward across the morass above Carr's house (G) to the broken eminences called the heights
of Freehold, where they also halted. The heat was intense, and both parties suffered ter-
ribly from thirst and fatigue. In many places they sunk ankle-deep in the loose, sandy soil.
Their rest was of short duration. The royal troops pressed forward ; and Lee. instead of
making a bold stand in his advantageous position, resumed his retreat toward the Freehold
meeting-house. A panic seized the Republican troops, and over the broken country they
fled precipitately and in great confusion, a large portion of them pressing toward the cause-
way over a broad morass,2 where many perished ; while others, overpowered by the heat,
fell upon the earth, and were trampled to death in the sand by those pressing on behind
them. In the first retreat, a desultory cannonade had been kept up by both parties ; but
now nothing was heard but a few musket-shots and the loud shouts of the pursuing enemy.
While these maneuvers in the vicinity of Monmouth court-house were occurring, Wash-
ington, with the reserve, was pressing forward to the support of Lee. When the latter
1 William Maxwell was a native of Ireland He joined the army at the commencement of the war. In
1776 he was appointed colonel, and raised a battalion of infantry in New Jersey. He was with General
Schuyler on Lake Champlain, and in October, 1776, was appointed a brigadier in the Continental army.
After the battle at Trenton, be was engaged in harassing the ene-
-""} my; and during the winter and spring of 1777 was stationed near
Klizabethtown In the autumn of that year
■ battles at the Brandywine and Germantown,
succeeding winter be was with the suffering army
■le was active in pursuit of Clinton across New-
Jersey the following summer, and sustained an important part in
the battle at Monmouth. After that engagement, he was left, with
Morgan, to annoy the enemy's rear in their retreat toward Sandy Hook. He was again near Elizabethlown
during the winter ami spring of 1780, and in June was engaged in the action at Springfield. In August
In resigned bis commission and quitted the service. He was highlv esteemed by Washington, who, on
transmitting bis resignation to Congress, said, •• I believe him to be an honest man, a warm friend to his
country, and firmly attached to its interests." He died in November, 1798.
2 This causeway, alluded to before, was near the parsonage, which is still standing, though greatly decay-
ed, and known as " Tennent's House." The morass, which was then a deep quagmire, and thickly covered
with bushes, is now mostly fine meadow land, coursed by a clear streamlet, spanned by a small bridge where
the highway between Freehold and Englishtown, by way of the mecting-housc, crosses.
i y i my ; anu nunng me v
ft/ y // oL ^ne enemy's lines at
1 1/ //j jll he was engaged in the
/ / y'/f Kf^P* 1 1f&/v' and during the suceec
/ ' , ^ " ****'' *>/ at Valley Forge. He
OK THE REVOI.I'TIOX.
i s ;
Forward Movement of the Division under Washington. Meeting of Washington and Lee. Harsh Words between them.
Kkf.kholu MSKTING-HO! •-►
made the discovery that a large covering party was in the rear of the royal army, ami formed
his plan to cut them oil', he sent a messenger 1o the commander-in-chief, assuring him that
success must follow. On the reception of this intelligence. Washington ordered the right
wing, under General Greene, to march to
the right, " by the new church,'' or Free-
hold meeting-house, to prevent the turning
of that flank by the enemy, and to " fall
into the Monmouth road a small distance
in the rear of the court-house," while he
prepared to follow, with the left wing, di-
rectly in Lee's rear, to support him. To
facilitate the march of the men, and lo
contribute to their comfort on that sultry
morning, they were ordered to disencum-
ber themselves of their packs and blankets.
"Many laid aside their coats, and, thus re-
lieved, prepared for battle
While the chief was making this dispo-
sition near the Freehold meeting-house, a countryman, mounted on a fleet horse, came in
hot haste from the direction of the contending forces. He brought the astounding intelli-
gence that the Continental troops were retreating, with the enemy in close pursuit. The
commander-in-chief could not credit the report, for he had heard only a few cannon-peals in
the direction of the court-house, and he did not conceive it possible that Lee would retreat
»vithout first giving battle. He spurred forward, and, when about half way between the
meeting-house and the morass, he met the head of the first retreating column. He was
greatly alarmed on finding the advanced corps falling back upon the main army without
notice, thereby endangering the order of the whole. Giving a hasty order to the commander
of the first retreating division to halt upon an eminence, Washington, with his staff, pushed
across the causeway to the rear of the flying column, where he met Lee ( 1 ) at the head of
the second division of the retreating lorces. The commander-in-chief was fearfully aroused
by the conduct of that officer, and, as he rode up to Lee, he exclaimed, in words of bitter
aimer and tone of withering rebuke, " Sir, I desire to know what is the reason, and whence
arises this disorder and confusion !" Stung, not so much by these words as by the manner
of Washington, Lee retorted harshly, and a few angry words passed between them. It was
no time to dispute, for the enemy was within fifteen minutes' march of them. Wheeling
his horse, Washington hastened to Ramsay and Stewart, in the rear, rallied a large portion
of their regiments, and ordered Oswald, with his two pieces of cannon, to take post upon an
1 This view is from the green, outside of the church-yard, near the school-house. The church is situated
a short distance from the road leading from Freehold to Englishtown, and about midway between those
places. It was erected in 1752. on the site of a former one. which was much smaller ; hence it was called
the new church.* ft is of wood, shingled, and painted white ; at present a very dingy color. For a cen-
tury and a half. God has been worshiped on that spot. There Wbitefield, Brainerd, the Tennents, and
Woodhull preached and prayed. It has been asserted that bullet-marks, mad.' during the battle in 1778,
arc visible upon the church. Such is not the fact, for it is a mile and a half distant from the parsonage,
where the hottest of the battle occurred. At the church, and upon its roof and steeple, many were gath-
ered in anxious Mi~i>enve t,, witness the battle. A spent cannon-ball came bounding toward the church
during the action, struck a man who sat upon a small grave-stone, and so wounded him that ha died within
an hour. !!'• was carried int.. the church, and placed in the first pew ..a the right of the middle door,
where he expired. Traces of his blood were upon the Boot for nearly fifty years. The stone "ii which he
sat is still there, not far from the grave of Colonel Monkton. Its top was broken by the ball, and for more
than seventy years the fracture was left untouched. Lately some vandal hand has broken a '• relic" from
it, and quite destroyed the moss-covered wound it first received. The obelisk seen on the right of the pic-
ture is over the grave of the Reverend Robert Roy. The other ornamental monument is over that of the
Reverend Mr. Woodhull.
• See Washington's letter to the president of Congress, July 1, 1778.
154 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The pursuing Kritous checked. Courage and Skill of Washington. Lec'a Conduct, Trial, and Sentence.
eminence. By a well-directed fire from his battery, Oswald checked the pursuing enemy.
The presence of the chief inspired the fugitives with courage, and within ten minutes after
he appeared, the retreat was suspended, the troops rallied, and soon order appeared in the
midst of the utmost confusion. Stewart and Ramsay formed under cover of a wood, and
co-operated with Oswald in keeping the enemy at bay. While the British grenadiers were
pouring their destructive volleys upon the broken ranks of the Americans, the voice of Wash-
ington seemed omnipotent with the inspiration of courage ; it was a voice of faith to the de-
spairing soldiers. Fearlessly he rode in the face of the iron storm, and gave his orders
The whole patriot army, which, half an hour before, seemed on the verge of destruction,
panic-stricken and without order, was now drawn up in battle array, and prepared to meet
the enemy with a bold and well-arranged front. This effected, Washington rode back to
Lee, and, pointing to the rallied troops, said, " Will you, sir, command in that place?" "I
will," eagerly exclaimed Lee. " Then," said Washington, "I expect you to check the en-
emy immediately." " Your command shall be obeyed," replied Lee ; " and 1 will not be
the first to leave the field."'
Back to the main army Washington now hurried, and with wondrous expedition formed
their confused ranks into battle order on the eminences on the western side of the morass.
Lord Stirling was placed in command of the left wing ; while General Greene, on receiving
intelligence of Lee's retreat, had marched back, and now took an advantageous position on
the right of Stirling.
General Lee displayed all his skill and courage in obedience to the chief's order to "check
the enemy." A warm cannonade had commenced between the American and British artil-
lery on the right of Stewart and Ramsay when Washington recrossed the morass to form
the main army, while the royal light horse charged furiously upon the right of Lee's divi-
sion. At that moment Hamilton rode up to the Chief and said, ''I will stay with you,
my dear general, and die with you. Let us all die rather than retreat." But the enemy
pressed so closely upon them with an overwhelming force, that the Americans were obliged
1 It was evident that after the first vent of his indignation on seeing Lee making a shameful retreat be
fore the enemy, Washington was willing to overlook the act; and forget and forgive Lee's harsh words spo-
ken in anger. Had the latter been actuated by the same noble and generous spirit, all would have been
well. But the rebuke of the commander-in-chief struck deep into his pride, and he could not rest satisfied
with the retort he had given to his general. On the day after the battle lie wrote a letter to Washington,
in which he demanded an apology, or its equivalent, for his remarks on the battle-field. Washington re-
plied that he conceived his letter to be expressed in terms highly improper, and asserted his conviction tha.
the words which he used when he met him retreating were warranted by the circumstances. He charged
Lee with a breach of orders, and misbehavior before the enemy, in not attacking them, and in making an
" unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat." Lee wrote an insulting reply. " You can not afford
me," he said, "greater pleasure than in giving me the opportunity of showing to America the sufficiency
of her respective servants. I trust that temporary power of office, and the tinsel dignity attending it, will
not be able, by all the mists they can raise, to obfuscate the bright rays of truth." In a second letter, dated
the 30th of June (two days after the battle), Lee demanded a court of inquiry immediately, accompanying
that demand with offensive remarks. Washington immediately sent Colonel Scammel, the adjutant gen-
eral, to put Lee under arrest, on the following charges :
'■First: Disobedience of orders in not attacking the enemy on the 28th of June, agreeably to repeated
instructions.
"Secondly : Misbehavior before the enemy on the same day, by making an unnecessary, disorderly, and
shameful retreat.
"Thirdly: Disrespect to the commander-in-chief, in two letters, dated the 1st of July and the 28th of
lune."*
The court martial was convened on the 4th of July, at Brunswick, consisting of one major general (Lord
^tirliiiL', who was president), four brigadiers, and eisxht colonels. The court sat from time to time, until
the 12th of AuuiM. when they declared their opinion that General Lee was guilty of all the charges, and
sentenced him to be suspended from any command in the armies of the United States for the term of twelve
months. The testimony on the trial exhibits a minute detail of the operations in the battle of Monmouth
Congress approved the sentence of the court martial on the 5th of December, by a vine of thirteen in tha
affirmative and seven in the negative, and ordered the proceedings to be published. — See Sparks's Wash-
ington, v., 552 ; Journals of Congress, iv., 501.
* These were both erroneously dated. Lee's letters were written on the *^9th and 30th of June.
OF THE REVO l.l'TIO.N
1 5 S
The fiercest of the Battle.
Picture by Mr. Custis.
Captain Molly.
to give way. As they emerged from the woods, the belligerents seemed completely inter-
mingled.
The enemy next attacked Livingston's regiment and Varnum's brigade, which lined a
Tin-: Field of Monmouth.'
From a Pamling bj fii-or-e Washington Parke Custjs, Esq.
hedgerow [21 that stretched across the open field in front of the causeway over the morass.
Here the conflict raged severely for some time. Some American artillery took post on an
eminence in rear of the fence, and played with power ;2 but the British cavalry, and a large
1 This outline sketch is from a copy of the picture at Arlington House (the seat of Mr. Custis). which 1
made, hy permission, in November, 1850. As it exhibits none of the horrid scenes of slaughter which gen-
crally characterize battle-pieces, I have not hesitated to introduce it, for the purpose of giving a specimen
of pictorial composition upon an interesting historical subject from the pencil of the adopted son, and the
only surviving executor of the will of the great Washington. The engraving was executed by Dr. Alex-
ander Anderson, the pioneer wood-engraver in America, at the age of seventy-seven years. Both painter
and engraver have passed several years beyond the age allotted to man. Since I made this copy, Mr. Cus-
tis has completed four other historical pictures — Gcrmantown, Trenton, Princeton, and Yorktown, and thus
has perpetuated on canvas the memory of the principal battles in which his illustrious foster-father was
engaged. , ,
In "the picture here given, the chief is seen most prominently on his white charter, with Ins general offi-
cers. Washington and Greene are in front; Knox on the right, upon the most prominent horse ; and be-
hind them are Hamilton. Cadwallader, &c. On the left i- seen the group of artillery, will, "I'uptain .Molly"
at the gun. In the distance is seen a portion of the British army, and Colonel Monckton falling from his
horse. On the right, in the foreground, lying by a cannon, i- Dickinson, of Virginia; and on the left, by
a drum, Bonner, of Pennsylvania. In the center is a wounded rifleman.
- It was during this part of the action that .Molly, the wife of a cannonier. is said to have displayed great
courage and presence of mind. We have already noticed her bravery in firing 'he la-t gun at Fort Clin-
ton. (Seep. 732, vol. i.) She was a sturdy young camp-follower, only twenty-two year-, old. and. in devotion
to her husband, she illustrated the character of her countrywomen of the Emerald Isle. In the action in
question, while her husband was managing one of the field-pieces, she constantly brought him water from
a spring near by. A shot from the enemy killed him at his post : and the oiliee niini.l. having no
one competent to fill his place, ordered the piece to be withdrawn. Molly saw her husband fall as she
came from the spring, and also heard the order. She dropped her backet, seized the rammer, and vowed
that she would fill the place of her husband at the gun. and avenge his death. She performed the duty with
a skill and courage which attracted the attention of all who saw her, On the following morning, covered
with dirt and blood, General Greene presented her to Washington, who, admiring her bravery, conferred
1 56
P 1 C T 0 RIAL FIEID-BOOK
Gullfuat Conduct of Lee.
Forming of the second Line.
View of the Battleground.
body of infantry, skillful in the use of the bayonet, charging simultaneously upon the Amer-
icans, broke their ranks. Lee immediately ordered Varnum and Livingston, together with
the artillery, to retreat across the morass, while Colonel Ogden, with his men drawn up in
a wood near the causeway, gallantly covered the whole as they crossed. Lee was the last
to leave the field, and brought oil" Ogden's corps, the rear of the retreating troops, in admi-
rable order. Instantly forming them in line upon the slope on the western side of the mo-
rass, he rode to Washington, and said, "Sir, here are my troops; how is it your pleasure
that I should dispose of them ?" The poor fellows had thus far borne the whole brunt of
the battles and retreats of the day ; Washington, therefore, ordered him to arrange them
in the rear of Englishtown, while he prepared to engage the enemy himself with the fresh
troops of the second and main division of the army.
The action now became general. The second line of the main army was speedily formed
in the wood which covered the eminence on the western side of the morass ; the left com-
manded by Lord Stirling, the right by General Greene, and the center by Washington him-
self. Wayne, with an advanced corps, was stationed upon an eminence, in an orchard, a
r«^
few rods south of the parsonage, while a park of artillery was
placed in battery on Comb's Hill, beyond a marsh, on his right.
This battery commanded the height on which the enemy was
stationed, and did great service. The British, finding them-
selves warmly opposed in front, attempted to turn the Ameri-
can left Hank, but were repulsed. They also moved toward the American right, but, being
enfiladed by a severe cannonade from a battery under Knox, upon a commanding piece of
ground occupied by General Greene, they fell back. Wayne, in the mean time, kept up a
upon her the commission of sergeant. By his recommendation, her name was placed upon the list of half-
pay officers for life. She left the army soon after the hattle of Monmouth, and, as we have before observed
died near Fort Montgomery, among the Hudson Highlands. She usually went by the name of Captain
Molly. The venerable widow of General Hamilton, who died in 1854, told me she had often seen Captain
Molly. She described her as a stout, red-haired, freckled-face young Irish woman, with a handsome, pierc-
ing eye. The French officers, charmed hy the story of her bravery, made her many presents. She would
sometimes pass along the French lines with her cocked hat, and cot it almost filled with crowns.
' This view is from the orchard, upon the site of Wayne's position when Monckton fell. The old house
on the left is the ancient parsonage, occupied, at the time of the battle, hy a man named Freeman. Beyond
the house, extending right and left, is the place of the morass, now fine meadow land, with a clear stream
running through it ; and in the extreme distance are seen the slopes and elevations whereon the second di-
vision of the American array, under Washington, was drawn up. Upon the rising ground on the extreme
right, the British grenadiers were stationed ; and the two figures in the open field, about fifty yards distant
from our point of view, denote the spot where Monckton was killed.
o F T II E K E VO U'TI ii N
Advance of Grcnndier> under Munckton.
THMth of Monckton.
Close of the Dbj and the Buttle
brisk fire upon the British center from his position in the orchard, and repeatedly repulsed
the royal grenadiers, who several times crossed the hedgerow (2) and advanced upon him.
Colonel Monckton, their commander, perceiving that success depended upon driving \\ ayne
from his position, harangued his men,' and, Conning them in solid column, advanced to the
charge with all the regularity of a corps on parade.1 Wayne's troops were partially shel-
tered by a barn, situated very near the one now standing a few rods from the parsonage.
He ordered them to reserve their fire until the enemy should approach very near, and then,
with sure aim, pick out the officers. Silently the Britisli advanced until within a few rods
of the Americans, when Monckton, waving his sword, with a shout, ordered his grenadiers
to the charge. At the same moment Wayne gave a signal : a terrible volley poured de-
struction upon the assailants, and almost every British officer fell. Among them was their
brave leader, Colonel Monckton.* Over his body the warriors fought desperately, hand to
hand, until the Americans secured it, and carried it to their rear. Hotly the conflict raged,
not only at the center of the enemy's line, but at various other points. Wayne finally re-
pulsed the grenadiers ; and the whole British army soon gave way. and fell back to the
heights (r) above Carr's house (3), occupied by General Lee in the morning. It was a
strong position, flanked by thick woods and morasses, with only a narrow way of approach
on their front.
It was now almost sunset, yet Washington resolved to follow up his advantage, and at-
tack them in their new and strong position For that purpose, he ordered General Poor,
with his own and the Carolina brigade, to move round to their right ; General Woodford'
to gain their left, and the artillery to gall them in front. There were so many impediments,
owing to the broken character of the ground, that twilight came on before a proper disposi-
tion for battle could be made, and the attack was postponed until morning. The army re-
posed that night upon their arms upon the battle-field, ready to spring upon iheir prey at
the first gleam of light. Wrapped in his cloak, the chief, overpowered with fatigue, slum-
bered, with his suite, beneath a broad oak, around which many of the slain slept their last
sleep. He felt certain of victory when his troops, refreshed, should rise to battle; but tin
1 The belligerents were separated by only a lew rods in distance, and thai an open field. T-be patriots
near the parsonage, and those with Wayne, at the ham. and in the or-
chard, distinctly heard the voice of Monckton when haranguing his ~\
' It is said that the grenadiers marched with so much precision, that
a ball from Comb's Hill, enfilading a platoon, disarmed every man.
' Colonel Monckton was a gallant officer. He was a lieutenant col-
onel in the battle of Long Island, when he was shot through the body,
but recovered. He was interred, on the day after the battle of Mon-
mouth, in the burial-ground of the Freehold meeting-house, abont six
feet from the west end ol the building, upon a stone of which his name
is rudely cut. The only monument that marks the grave of th
lant officer is a plain hoard, painted red, on which is drawn, in black
letters, the inscription seen in the picture. This board was prepared
and set up a few by a worthy Scotch schoolmaster, named
Wilson, who taught the young people in the school-house upon the green,
near the old meeting-house.
4 William Woodford was a native of Caroline county, in Virginia.
He earlv distinguished himself in the French and Indian wars. \\ hen
the Virginia troops assembled at Williamsburg in 1 775, in col
of the hostile attitude assumed by Lord Dunmore, Woodford was ap-
pointed colonel of the second regiment. Patrick Henry was colonel of
the first regiment
In the battle at Creat Bridge. on
the Elizabeth River, in December, 177o. he was dis-
tinguished lor bis bravery. Congress promoted him
to brigadier, and placed him in command of the first
, ,,|,.. II.- was in the battles of Brandy-
wine (in which he was wounded] and Monmouth, and
was made a prisoner at Charleston, in South Carolina, during the siege in 1780, He was taken to New
York by the British, where he died on the 13th of November of that year, in the Ibrty-stxth year of he- age.
J
\rvr '
HICJACET
CoL.Monk.tor,
KILLEDssJune
158 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Retreat of Sir Henry Clinton. Character of the Monmouth Battle. Clinton's Official Dispatch criticised. The Loss.
morning light brought disappointment. At midnight, under cover of darkness,' Sir Henry
Clinton put his weary host in motion. With silent steps, column after column left the "amp
and hurried toward Sandy Hook. So secret was the movement, and so deep the sleep of
the patriots, that the troops of Poor, lying close by the enemy, were ignorant of their de-
parture, until, at dawn, they saw the deserted camp of the enemy. They had been gone
more than three hours. Washington, considering the distance they had gained, the fatigue
of his men, the extreme heat of the weather, and the deep, sandy country, with but little
water, deemed pursuit fruitless, and Sir Henry Clinton escaped. Washington marched
with his army to Brunswick, and thence to the Hudson River, which he crossed at King's
Ferry, and encamped near White Plains, in West Chester county. The Jersey brigade
and Morgan's corps were left to hover on the enemy's rear, but they performed no essential
service. The British army reached Sandy Hook on the 30th, where Lord Howe's
fleet, having come round from the Delaware, was in readiness to convey them to
New York.2
The battle of Monmouth was one of the most severely contested during the war. Re.
markable skill and bravery were displayed on both sides, after the shameful retreat of Lee ;
and the events of the day were highly creditable to the military genius of both command-
ers. Victory for the Americans was twice denied them during the day, first by the retreat
of Lee in the morning, and, secondly, by the unaccountable detention of Morgan and his
brave riflemen at a distance from the field. For hours the latter was at Richmond Mills,
three miles below Monmouth court-house, awaiting orders, in an agony of desire to engage
in the battle, for he was within sound of its fearful tumult. To and fro he strode, uncer-
tain what course to pursue, and, like a hound in the leash, panting to be away to action.
Why he was not allowed to participate in the conflict, we have no means of determining.
It appears probable that, had he fallen upon the British rear, with his fresh troops, at the
close of the day, Sir Henry Clinton and his army might have shared the fate of the British
at Saratoga.
The hottest of the eouflijt occurred near the spot where Monckton fell. Very few of the
Americans were killed on the west side of the morass, but many were slain in the field with
Monckton, and lay among the slaughtered grenadiers of the enemy. The Americans lost, in
killed, six; officers, and sixty-one non-commissioned officers and privates. The wounded were
twenty-four officers, and one hundred and thirty-six non-commissioned officers and privates,
in all two hundred and twenty-eight. The missing amounted to one hundred and thirty ;
but many of them, having dropped down through fatigue, soon joined the army.3 Among
' Sir Henry Clinton, in his official dispatch to Lord George Germaine, wrote, " Having reposed the troops
until ten at night to avoid the excessive heat of the day, I look advantage of the moonlight to rejoin Genera'.
Knyphausen, who had advanced to Nut Swamp, near Middletown." This assertion was the cause of much
merriment in America, for it was known that the event took place about the time of new moon. Poor
Will's Almanac, printed at Philadelphia by Joseph Cruikshank, indicates the occurrence of the new moon
on the 24th of June, and that on the night of the battle being only lour days old, it set at fifty-five minutes
past ten. Trumbull, in his M'Fingal, alluding to this, says,
•• Hr forms his camp with great parade, " Who sings how gods, that fearful night.
While evening spreads the world in shade, Aided by miracle your flight;
Then still, like some endanger'd spark, As once they used in Homer's day.
Steals off on tiptoe in the dark ; To help weak heroes run away ;
Yet writes his king in boasting tone, Tells how the hours, at this sad trial,
flow grand he march'd by light of moon ! Went back, as erst on Ahaz' dial.
While British Joshua stay'd the moon
On Monmouth's plain for Ajalon.
Go on, great general, nor regard Heed not their sneers or gibes so arch,
The scoffs of every scribbling bard, Because she set before you march."
•' Ramsay; Gordon; Marshall; Sparks; D'Auberteuil ; Stedman. &e.
:i The enemy suffered more from the heat than the Americans, on account of their woolen uniform, anu
being encumbered with their knapsacks, while the Americans were half disrobed. The Americans buried
ili. slain which were found on the battle-field in shallow graves. In fheir retreat, the British left many of
their wounded, with surgeons and nurses, in the houses at Freehold, and every room in the court-bouse was
filled with the maimed and dying on the morning after the battle. A pit was dug on the site of the pres-
OF THE REVOLUTION. 159
Sufferings of the Soldiers. Visit to the Itnttlcground. Wooilliull'» Monument William und TJilhcrt Tcnncnt
the slain were Lieutenant-colonel Bonner, of Pennsylvania, and Major Dickinson, of Vir-
ginia. The British left four officers, and two hundred and forty five non commissioned of-
ficers and privates on the field. They buried some, and took many of their wounded with
them. Fifty-nine of their soldiers perished by the heat, without receiving a wound : they
lay under trees, and by rivulets, whither they had crawled for shade and water. But why
dwell upon the sad and sickening scene of the battle-field with the dead and dying upon it?
We have considered the dreadful events of the day; let us for a moment, before returning
to Valley Forge from our long digression, glance at the ground now covered with the results
of the peaceful tiller's conquests.
I visited the battle-ground of Monmouth toward the close of September, 1850, and had
(he good fortune to be favored with the company of Doctor John Woodhull, of Freehold, in
my ramble over that interesting locality. Doctor Woodhull is the son of the beloved min-
ister of that name who succeeded William Tennent in the pastoral care of the congrega-
tion that worshiped in the Freehold meeting-house, and who, for forty-six consecutive years,
preached and prayed in that venerated chapel. Doctor Woodhull was born in the parson-
age yet upon the battle-ground, and is so familiar with every locality and event connected
with the conflict, that I felt as if traversing the battle-field with an actor in the scene
Dark clouds rolled up menacingly from the southwest when we left Freehold and rode out
to the meeting-house ; and while sketching the old fane, pictured on page 1 53, heavy peals
of thunder from a cloud that rapidly approached broke over the country. I had scarcely
finished my outline when the heavy drops came down, and we were obliged to take shelter
in the church. Resting my port-folio upon the high back of
a pew, f sketched, from the open door, the annexed picture
of a neat monument erected to the memory of the reverend
pastor just mentioned. Almost beneath the spot where I
stood, under the middle aisle of the church, rest the remains
of the Reverend William Tennent, who was pastor of that
flock for forty-three years.' On the right of the pulpit is a
commemorative tablet, with a brief inscription.' Mr. Ten-
nent was one of the most faithful ministers of his day ; and
his name is widely known in connection with curious physi-
ological and psychological phenomena, of which he was the
subject. For three days he remained in a cataleptic state,
commonly called a trance, or apparent death of the body
while the interior life is active. He had applied himself
closely to theological studies, until his health suddenly gave
way. He became emaciated, his life was despaired of, and.
KU3IEN I
ent residence of Dr Throckmorton, of Freehold, wherein the wounded were thrown and buried as last as
they expired.
It is said that nearly six hundred young men of Clinton's army, who bad formed tender attachments dur-
ing the winter cantonment in Philadelphia, deserted during the march through New Jersey, and returned
to that city.
■ Mr. Tennent's brother. Gilbert, was also an eminent preacher. Garden, in his J; Am
dotes, relates the following circumstance : " When the American army entered Philadelphia in June, 1778,
after the evacuation bv the British troops, we wen- hard pre",., I (or ammunition. We caused the whole
city to be ransacked in search of cartridge-paper. At length I thought of the garrets. &c, of old printing-
offices. In that once occupied as a lumber-room by Dr. Franklin, when a punt,!, a vast <
discovered. Among the mass was more than a cart-body load of sermons on defensive war, preached bj
as Gilbert Tennent. during the old British and French war. to rouse the colonies to indispensable ex-
ertion. These appropriate manifesto,- were instantly employed as eases for musket-cartridges, rapidly sent
to the army, came most opportunely, and were tired" away at the battle of Monmouth a»ain*t our retirin"
foe."
a The following is a copy of the inscription : " Sacred to the memory of the Reverend William Tennent,
pastor of the first Presbyterian church in Freehold, who departed this life the 8th of March, 1777, aged 71
years and 9 months. He was pastor of said church 43 years and 6 months. Faithful am, Belovbd."
3 This monument stands on the south side of the church. It is of white marble, about eight feet in
]6Q PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Inscription upon Woodhull's Monument Capture and Execution of Captain Huddy. Case of Captain Asgill
one morning, while conversing with his brother, in Latin, on the state of his soul, he fainted,
and seemed to expire. He was laid out, and preparations were made for his funeral. His
height. The following is the inscription upon it : " Sacred to the memory of the Reverend John Wooilhull,
D.D., who died Nov. 22d, 1824, aged 80 years. An able, faithful, and beloved minister of Jesus Christ.
He preached the Gospel 56 years. He was settled first in Leacock, in Pennsylvania, and in 1779 removed
to this congregation, which he served as pastor, with great diligence and success, for 45 years. Eminent
as an instructor of youth, zealous for the glory of God, fervent and active in the discharge of all public and
private duties, the labors of a long life have ended in a large reward."
Reverend Dr. Woodhull was one of the most active patriots of his day, and his zeal in the cause of his
country was largely infused into his congregation. On one occasion, while a pastor in Pennsylvania, every
man in his parish went out to oppose the enemy, except one feeble old invalid, who bade them God speed.
The zealous pastor went with them as chaplain.
Dr. Woodhull preached the funeral sermon on the occasion of the burial of Captain Huddy. at Freehold,
in the spring of 1782, from the piazza of the hotel now kept by Mr. Higgins. Captain Huddv lived in the
central part of Colt's Neck, about five miles from Freehold. He was an ardent Whiff, and by his activity
and courage became a terror to the Tories. In the summer of 1780, a mu-
latto, named Titus, and about sixty refugees, attacked Huddy 's house, in the
evening. The only inmates were Huddy and Lucretia Emmons (afterward
Mrs. Chambers), a servant girl about twenty years of age. There were sev-
eral guns in the house ; these Lucretia loaded, while Huddy fired them from
different windows. Titus and some others were wounded. They set fire to
the house, when Huddy surrendered, and the flames were extinguished. The
prisoners were taken on board of a boat near Black Point. Just as it was
pushed offfrom the shore, Huddv leaped into the water, and escaped under fire
of some militia who were in pursuit of the Tories. In the spring of 1782,
Huddy commanded a block-house, situated a short distance north of the bridge
Huddy's Residence at the village of Tours River. It was attacked by some refugees from New
York, and his ammunition giving out, Huddy was obliged to surrender. Him-
self and companions were taken to New York, and afterward back to Sandy Hook, and placed, heavily ironed,
on board a guard-ship. On the 12th of April, sixteen refugees, under Captain Lippineott. took Huddy to
Gravelly Point, on the shore at the foot of the Navesink Hills, near the light-houses, and hung him upon a
gallows made of three rails. He met his fate with composure. Upon the barrel on which he stood for
execution, he wrote his will with an unfaltering hand. His murderers falsely charged him with being con-
cerned in the death of a desperate Tory, named Philip White, which occurred while Huddy was a prisoner
in New York. To the breast of Huddy, the infamous Lippineott allixed the following label: "We, the
refugees, having long with grief beheld the cruel murders of our brethren, and finding nothing but such
measures daily carrying into execution ; we therefore determine not to suffer, without taking vengeance
for the numerous cruelties; and thus begin, having made use of Captain Huddy as the first object to pre-
sent to your view ; and further determine to hang man for man, while there is a refugee existing.
Up goes Huddy for Philip White !"
Huddv s body was carried to Freehold, and buried with the honors of war. His death excited the greatest
indignation throughout the country. Dr. Woodhull earnestly entreated Washington to retaliate, in order
that such inhuman murders might be prevented. The commander-in-chief acquiesced, but, instead of exe-
cuting a British officer at once, he wrote to Sir Henry Clinton, assuring him that, unless the murderers of
Huddy were given up, he should proceed to retaliate. Clinton refused compliance and Captain Asgill, a
young British officer (son of Sir Charles Asgill), who was a. prisoner, was designated, by lot, for execution.
In the mean while. Lippineott was tried by a court martial ; and it appeared, in testimony, that Governor
Franklin, president of the Board of Associated Loyalists, had given that officer verbal orders to hang Huddy.
Lippineott was acquitted. Sir Guy Carleton. who had succeeded Sir Henry Clinton, in a letter to Wash-
ington, reprobated the death of Huddy, and acquainted him that he had broken up the Board of Associated
Loyalists. Washington had mercifully postponed the execution of young Asgill, and, in the mean time, had
received a pathetic letter from Lady Asgill, his mother, and an intercessory one from Count De Vergennes,
the French minister. He sent these letters to Congress, and, on the 5th of November, 1782, that body re-
solved, "That the commander-in-chief be, and hereby is, directed to set Captain Asgill at liberty." The
tenderest sympathies of Washington had been awakened in the young man's behalf, and he had resolved to
do all in his power, consistent with duty, to save him ; and ye! Lne unfair compiler of the Pictorial History
of England (v., 489) accuses Washington of foul dishonor, ami expresses his belief that, "as at the crisis
when he put Major Andre to death, and refused him the last sad consolation he asked fen-, he was now ren-
dered gloomy and irascible by the constant and degrading troubles and mortifications in which he was in-
volved.'' Nothing can he more unjust than this sentence.
In a humorous poem, entitled Rivington's RpJlectionsi Philip Frencau thus alludes to the case of Asgill.
He makes Rivington (the Tory printer in New York) say,
■■ I'll petition the rebels (if York in forsaken)
For it place in their /ion which ne'er shall be sbtiken.
OF THE REVOLUTION. l 0 1
rtcmarkable Case of William Tennent. His own Description of his Feelings. Loss of his Papers
physician, who was absent, was much grieved on his return 1 1 1> skill iletecteil symptoms
of life, and he desired a postponement of burial. The body was cold and still"; there were
no signs of life to the common apprehension, and his brother insisted that he should be bur-
ied. But the entreaties of the physician prevailed; the funeral was postponed. On the
third day after his apparent death, the people were assembled to bury him. The doctor,
who had been at his side from the beginning, still insisted upon applying restoratives. The
hour appointed for the burial arrived, and the brother of Tennent impatiently demanded that
the funeral ceremonies should be performed. At that moment, to the alarm of all present,
Mr. Tennent opened his eyes, gave a dreadful groan, and relapsed again into apparent life-
lessness. This movement was twice repeated after an interval of an hour, when life per-
manently remained, and the patient slowly recovered.1 Absolute forget fulness of all knowl-
edge marked his return to consciousness. He was totally ignorant of every transaction of
his life previous to his sickness. He had to be taught reading, writing, and all things, as
if he was a new-born child. At length he felt a sudden shock in his head, and from that
moment his recollection was by degrees restored. These circumstances made a profound im-
pression on the public mind, and became the theme of philosophical speculation and inquiry
When the storm abated we left the church and proceeded to the battle-ground. The
old parsonage is in the present possession of Mr. William T. Sutphen, who has allowed the
parlor and study of Tennent and Woodhull to be used as a depository of grain and 61' agri-
cultural implements ! The careless neglect which permits a mansion so hallowed by religion
and patriotic events to fall into utter ruin, is actual desecration, and much to be reprehended
and deplored. The windows are destroyed ; the roof is falling into the chambers ; and in
a few years not a vestige will be left of that venerable memento of the field of Monmouth.
We visited the spot where Monckton fell : the place of the causeway across the morass
(now a small bridge upon the main road) ; and, after taking a general view of the whole
ground of conflict, and sketching the picture on page 362, returned to Freehold in time to
dine, and take the stage for the station at Jamesburg, on my way home. It had been to
me a day of rarest interest and pleasure, notwithstanding the inclement weather ; for no
battle-field in our country has stronger claims to the reverence of the American heart than
that of the plains of Monmouth.
I am sure they'll be clever ; it seems their whole study ;
They hung not young AsgiU for old Captain Huddy.
And it must be a truth that admits no denying—
If they spare us for murder they'll spare us for lijntg."
1 Mr. Tennent has left on record the following graphic account of his reelings while li i — body was in a
slate of catalepsy :
" While I was conversing with my brother on the state of my soul, and the fears I bad entertained foi
my future welfare, I found myself, iii an instant, in another state of existence, under the direction of a Su-
perior Beinfj. who ordered me to follow him. I was accordingly wafted along, 1 knew not how, till I be-
held at a distance an ineffable glory, the impression of which on my mind it is impossible to communicate
id mortal man. I immediately reflected on my happy change, and thought, Well, blessed be God ! I am
safe at last, notwithstanding all my fears. I saw an innumerable host of happy beings surrounding the in-
expressible glory, in acts of adoration and joyous worship j but I did not sec any bodily sha| r represent-
ation in the glorious appearance. I beard things unutterable. I heard iheir songs and hallelujahs ol
thankstrivinr: and praise, with unspeakable rapture. I felt joy unutterable and full of glory. I then applied
to my conductor, and requested leave to join the happy throng; on which he tapped n the shoulder.
and said. 'You must return to the earth.' This seemed like a sword through my heart. In an instant 1
recollect to have seen my brother standing before mc disputing with the doctor. The three days during
which 1 had appeared lifeless seemed to me not more than ten or twenty minutes. The idea of returning
to this world of sorrow and trouble <iave me such a shock, that I fainted repeatedly/' — Lift of William
Tennent, hv Elias Boudinot, LL.D.
Mr. Tennent said that, for three years, the ravishing sounds he had heard and the words that were ut-
tered were not out of his ears. He was often importuned to tell what words were uttered, but declined.
savins. "You will know them, with many other particulars, hereafter, as you will find the whole among
my papers." Boudinot was with the army when Tennent died, and. before he could reach his house, the
family, with all his effects, had none with a son to South Carolina. He was taken sick about Rfiy miles
from Charleston, and died among strangers. Although Boudinot was the executor of both lather and son.
he never discovered any trace of Tennent's papers.
II. L
I 62 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Pine Robbers.
The men and women of the Revolution, but a few years since numerous in the neighbor-
hood of Freehold, have passed away, but the narrative of their trials during the war have
left abiding records of patriotism upon the hearts of their descendants. I listened to many
tales concerning the " Pine Robbers"' and other Tory desperadoes of the time, who kept the
people of Monmouth county in a state of continual alarm. Many noble deeds of daring
were achieved by the tillers of the soil, and their mothers, wives, and sisters ; and while the
field of Monmouth attested the bravery and endurance of American soldiers, the inhabitants,
whose households were disturbed on that Sabbath morning by the bugle and the cannon-
peal, exhibited, in their daily course, the loftiest patriotism and manly courage. We will
leave the task of recording the acts of their heroism to the pen of the local historian, and,
hastening back to Valley Forge, resume the reins and depart for Paoli, for the short No-
vember day is fast waning.
1 The Pine Robbers were a band of marauding Tories, who infested the large districts of pine woods in
■he lower part of Monmouth county, whence they made predatory excursions among the Whigs of the
neighboring country. They burrowed eaves in the sand-hills for places of shelter and retreat, on the bor-
ders of swamps, and, covering them with brush, effectually concealed them. From these dens they sallied
forth at midnight to burn, plunder, and murder. Nor were the people safe in the daytime, for the scoun-
Irels would often issue from their hiding-places, and fall upon the farmer in his field. The people were
>bliired to carry muskets while at their work, and their families were kept in a state of continual terror.
Of these depredators, the most prominent were Fenton, Fagan, Williams, Debow, West, and Carter. Fen-
ton was the arch-fiend of the pandemonium of the Pines. He was a blacksmith of Freehold, large and
muscular. He early took to the business of the Tories, and began his career of villainy by robbery. He
plundered a tailor's shop in Freehold township. Already a committee of vigilance was organized. They
sent Fenton word that, if he did not return the plunder, he should be hunted and shot. Intimidated, he
-cut hack the clothing, with the following savage note appended :
■' / have returned your damned rags. In a short time I am coming to bum your barns and houses, and
roast you all like a pack of kittens /"
Fenton soon proceeded to put his threat into execution. One summer night, at the head of a gang of
desperadoes, he attacked the dwelling of an aged man near Imlaytown, named Farr. Himself, wife, and
daughter composed the family. They barricaded the door, and kept the scoundrels at bay for a while.
Fenton finally broke in a portion of the door, and, firing through the opening, broke the leg of the old man
with a musket-ball. They forced an entrance at last, murdered the wife, and then dispatched the helpless
old man. The daughter, badly wounded, escaped, and the miscreants, becoming alarmed, fled without
taking any plunder with them. Fenton was afterward shot by a young soldier of Lee's legion, then lying
at Monmouth court-house. The robber had plundered and beaten a young man while on his way from a
mill. He gave information to Lee, who detailed a sergeant and two soldiers to capture or destroy the vil-
lain. The young man, and the sergeant disguised as a countryman, took a seat in a wagon, while the two
soldiers, armed, were concealed under some straw in the bottom of the vehicle, and proceeded toward the
mill, expecting to meet Fenton on the road. From a low groggery among the Pines the robber came out,
with a pistol, and commanded them to halt. He then inquired if they had brandy, to which an affirmative
was given, and a bottle handed to him. While drinking, one of the soldiers, at a signal from the sergeant,
arose, and shot the villain through the head. His body was thrown into the wagon, and conveyed in tri-
umph to Freehold.
Fagan and West were also shot by the exasperated people. The body of the latter was suspended in
chains, with hoop-iron bands around it. upon a chestnut by the road-side, about a mile from Freehold, on
'he way to Colt's Neck, where it was left to be destroyed i > v carrion birds.
The sufferings of the people from these marauders made such a deep impression, that the lapse of years
.•ould not efface it from the hearts of those who felt their scourge, and even the third generation of the fam-
ilies of Tories were objects of hate to some of the surviving sufferers. An old lady, ninety years of age,
with whom I conversed at Bound brook, became greatly excited while talking of what her family endured
from the Pine Robbers and other Tories, and spoke indignantly of one or two families in Monmouth county
who were descendants of Loyalists. Philip Freneau, from whose poems I have frequently quoted, was a
native of this county He was graduated at Princeton College in 1771. His poems, written chiefly during
the Revolution and immediately after, were vigorous, and sometimes beautiful He was found dead in a
liog, in which he was mired, near Freehold, on the 18th of December, 1832, and was buried in that village.
See page 659.
OF THE REVOLUTION. [63
Departure from Valley Forge. The Paoli Tavern. Place where Americana were Massacred
CHAPTER VI.
• Mv country's standard waved on yonder height ;
lln red-cross banner England there display'd
And there the German, who, for foreign fight,
Had left hi- own dmiiestie hearth, and made
War. with its horrors and its blood, a trade,
Amid the battle stood; and, all the day,
The bursting bomb, the furious cannonade,
The bugle's martial notes, the musket's play.
In minded uproar wild resounded far away.
A pebble stone that on the war-field lay,
And a wild rose thai blossom'd brightly there,
Were all the relics that I bore away
To tell that I had trod the scene of war,
When 1 had turn'd my footsteps homeward far.
These may seem childish things to some; to me
They shall be treasured ones. and. like the star
That guides the sailor o'er the pathless sea,
They shall lead back my thoughts, loved Brandywine, to thee!"
Elizabeth M. Chandler.
E descended from the observatory at Valley Forge at one o'clock, and
departed for the banks of the Brandywine by way of the Paoli1 and
West Chester. A veil of moisture, deepening every hour, November 30.
obscured the sun and omened an approaching storm. I
alighted on the borders of a wood a short distance from the Norris-
town road, and sketched the remains of one of the American redoubts
pictured on page 129, which lies, almost unknown, within the em-
brace of the forest. Thence to the place memorable as the scene of
the Paoli massacre, a distance of nearly nine miles, our road passed through a broken but
well-cultivated country, spreading out into more gentle undulations on the left, toward tin-
Delaware. The place of the massacre is about a quarter of a mile from the highway, east
of the West Chester rail-way (which connects with the Columbia rail-way near " the Paoli").
a mile south of the Warren tavern, on the Lancaster turnpike, and a little more than two
miles southwest from the Paoli tavern. We left our horse to dine upon corn at a farm-
yard near, and, following a pathway northeast from the road, through the open fields, we
came to the monument which stands over the remains of those who fell there on the night
of the 20th of September, 1777. It is upon a small elevated plain, overlooking a fine roll-
ing country toward the Brandywine, and covered with a forest when the event occurred.
but now smiling with cultivation.2 The sad story which makes the place memorable in our
history is brief but touching.
I have mentioned in another chapter (page 180) the movements of the American army
after the battle on the Brandywine, and the prevention of an engagement between the bel-
ligerent forces near the Warren tavern by a violent storm of rain, which damaged their am-
munition. When Washington withdrew and crossed the Schuylkill, with the main body
1 The Paoli was one of the famous taverns on the old Lancaster turnpike. The Spread Eagle, the Buck,
the White Horse, the Black Horse, the Red Lion, &e., were all famous among travelers upon the Lancaster
and Harrisburg roads. Governor Pownall (member of Parliament daring the period of the Revolution),
who traveled the roads in 1754, mentions several of these small hamlets that had grown up near some of
the old taverns.
1 The land is owned chiefly by Mr. Joseph Rodgers, whose residence is not far distant.
1G4 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
VVriyne'd Encampment near the ThoU. British Attack upon bis Detachment. The Massacre.
of the army, at Parker's Ford, he left General Wayne, with about fifteen hundred men and
four pieces of cannon (to be joined by General Smallwood and Colonel Gist the next day1).
with directions to annoy the enemy's rear, then posted near Tredyfliin church, and to at-
tempt to cut off his baggage train. Wayne encamped two or three miles southwest of the
British lines, in a secluded spot, away from the public roads, near the place where the mon-
ument now stands. The vigilance of British sentinels did not discover him, but the treach-
ery of Tories revealed his numbers and place of encampment to the commander of the ene-
my. Howe determined to surprise Wayne, and for that purpose dispatched General Grey
(the subsequent murderer at Tappan and plunderer on the New England coasts) to steal
upon the patriot camp at night and destroy them. Wayne had intimations of this intended
movement, and, though doubting its truth, he neglected no precaution. It was a dark and
stormy night. Wayne ordered his men to sleep on their arms, with their ammunition un-
der their coats. With two regiments and a body of light infantry, Grey marched stealthily,
in two divisions, toward midnight, a through the woods and up a narrow defile « September 20.
below the Paoli, and gained Wayne's left at about one o'clock in the morn- 177T
ing.b The divisions conjoined in the Lancaster road, near Wayne's encamp-
ment. The "no-flint general" (see note on p. 764, vol. i.) had given his usual
order to rush upon the patriots with fixed bayonets, without firing a shot, and to give no
quarters! Several of the American pickets near the highway were silently massacred in
the gloom. These being missed by the patroling officer, his suspicions that an enemy was
near were awakened, and he hastened to the tent of Wayne. The general immediately pa-
raded his men. Unfortunately, he made the movement in the light of his own camp-fires,
instead of forming them in the dark, back of the encampment. By the light of these fires
Grey was directed where to attack with the best chance of success.' In silence, but with
the fierceness of tigers, the enemy leaped from the thick gloom upon the Americans, who
knew not from what point to expect an attack. The patriots discharged several volleys,
but so sudden and violent was the attack that their column was at once broken into frag-
ments. They fled in confusion in the direction of Chester. One hundred and fifty Amer-
icans were killed and wounded in this onslaught, some of whom, it is said, were cruelly
butchered after ceasing to resist, and while begging for quarter ; and but for the coolness
and skill of Wayne, his whole command must have been killed or taken prisoners. He
promptly rallied a few companies, ordered Colonel Humpton to wheel the line, and with the
cavalry and a portion of the infantry, he gallantly covered a successful retreat. Grey swept
the American camp, captured between seventy and eighty men, including several subordin-
ate officers, a great number of small-arms, two pieces of cannon, and eight wagons loaded
with baggage and stores. The loss of the British was inconsiderable ; only one captain of
light infantry and three privates were killed, and four men wounded. General Smallwood
was only a mile distant at the time of the engagement, and made an unsuccessful attempt
to march to the relief of Wayne. His raw militia were too deficient in discipline to make
a sudden movement, and, before he could reach the scene of conflict, Grey had completed
his achievement, and was on his way toward the British camp. Falling in with a party
of the enemy retiring from the pursuit of Wayne, Smallwood's militia instantly fled in great
confusion, and were not rallied until a late hour the next day.
The dead bodies of fifty-three Americans were found on the field the next morning, and
were interred upon the spot, in one grave, by the neighboring farmers. For forty years
their resting-place was marked by a simple heap of stones, around which the plow of the
agriculturist made its furrows nearer and nearer every season. At length the " Republican
Artillerists'' of Chester county patriotically resolved to erect a monument to their memory,
1 General Smallwood was advancing with 1150 Maryland militia, and Colonel Gist with 700.
1 A Hessian sergeant, boasting of the exploits of that night, exidtingly exclaimed, "What a' runninn
about, barefoot, and half clothed, and in the light of their own fires! These showed us where to chase
them, while they could not see us. We killed three hundred of ihc rebels with the bayonet. I stuck ihem
myself like so many pigs, one after another, until the blood ran out of the touch-hole of my musket."
OF Til E REVOLUTION.
I G
Chaplain David Jones.
His Address to the Troops at Ticonderoe/a.
and on the 20th of September, 1S17, the fortieth anniversary of the event, through the aiii
of their fellow-citizens, they reared the memento delineated in the engraving.' It is com-
1 On that occasion the Reverend David Jones, an eminent Baptist clergyman, who was Wayne s ohap-
lain, and with him at the time of the massacre, was pre-enl and made an address. He was then pasl
eighty years of age
David Jones was horn in While Clay Creek Hundred, Newcastle county, Delaware, on the 12th of May.
173b'. His ancestors came from Wales in the early part of the last century, and settled at Tht WtUh
Tract. Mr. Junes was educated
for the ministry by the Reverend
Isaac Eaton, of Hopewell, New
Jersey. He was for many years
pastor of the upper iBa|>tist) Free-
hold church in New Jersey, from
which plaee he proceeded to the
Northwestern Territory in 1772
and 1773, on e Gospel missii n to
the Shawnee and Delaware In-
dians. He was unsuccessful, and.
after enduring many hardships,
he returned to his charge at Free-
bold. He afterward published an
account of his mission. One of
bis companions, while navigating
the Ohio in a canoe from Fort
Pitt, was the cele-
brated George Ro-
Clarke. He
early espoused the
patriot cause, and
became so obnox-
ious to the Tories
mx&JtfM^
that, believing bis life to be
danger, he left New Jersey, and
settled in ' Chester ty, Penn-
sylvania, in the spring of 1 7 75, in
chat ge of the < freal Valley Baptist
church, i In th icasion of the
Continental Fast, s i afterward
observed, he preached a sermon
before Colonel Dewee's regiment,
entitled " Defensive War in a Jusl
Cause Sinless.'' It was publish-
ed, and, being extensively circu-
lated throughout the colonies, pro-
duced a salutary effect. In 1776,
Mr. Jones received the appoint-
ment of chaplain to a Pennsylva-
nia regiment under Colonel St.
Clair, which was or-
dered to the Noi th-
em Department.
He was on duty
with St Clair at Ti-
oga, where.
when the enemy
was hourly ex| ted (October 20th. 1776) from Crown Point, he delivered a characteristic disc se to the
regiment, which had a powerful effect upon them.* Chaplain Jones served through two campaigns under
• 1 have before me a printed copy of that address, which was published soon afterward. I priut it here as a favorable epeci-
1 the manner in which the American soldiers were addressed bj their chaplains.
"ADDRESS
" To General St. Clair"* Prigade at Tieonderoga, tchen ike Emmy were hourly expected, October -20, 17711.
"MY CorNTKYMFN. | C. CLOW SOLDIERS, AND FRIENDS.
"I am sorry that during n favored with irtnnitiea of addressing you on subjects of the
gre ileal Importance both with n life and that which is to come; but what la paat can not be recalled, and now
time will not admit an enlai greateat reason to expect the advancement of our enemies aa speedily as
en will permit. [The wind blew to the norl | Therefore, at present, let it suffice to bring to your remembrance
some necessary truths.
"It is our common faith, and n very just one too. that all events on earth are under the notice of that God In whom we live,
move, and have our being; therefore we must believe that, in this important struggle with the worst of enemies, helms assigned
ns our m li thai .if properly defended, we shall give our enemies a fatal Wow, and
in great measure prove the means of the salvation of North America.
ghting for nil that i- near mid dear to us. while our enemies are engaged in the worst
of causes, their design being to aubjugat 1 enslave a free peo] le thai have 'lone them no hRim Their tyrannical
views are so clarin-. their cause eo horribly bad tut then -till remain too much goodness and humanity in Great Britain to en-
gage unanimously against us, therefore they have been obliged (and at a most amazing i
larj people, that would cut your throats for the small reward of sixpence. No doubt these have hopea ol
onr Oisk-masters. and would rejoice at our calamities
(,h' look, thei nrrespectivi tates and anticipate the cousequenci - il these i issale are suffered to enter!
It would fail the most fruitful imagination t i reprew o in n propi i lighl n ! il an [ulsh wl il horror, what distress would
spread over the whole! See, oh ! see the dear wives of your bosoms forced from their peaceful habitations, ami i
with such indecency that modesty would forbid the description. Behold the fair virgins of your land, who il 'ouls
are now filled with a thousand _■■ and hopes of seeing their admirer* return home crowned with victory, would not
only meet with a doleful disappointment, but also with such insults and abuses that « pray
forthi ur children exposed aa vagabonds to all thi lofthialifel Then, oh ! then adieu to all
felicity lies side tile grave!
"Now all these calamities may lie prevented If our God be for us— and who can doubt of this who observes the point in which
the wind now blows— if you will only acquit your-. Ives like men, and with firmness of mind go forth against your enemies, re
jolvina either to r. I one that may fall in this dispute win bi mod a
martyr to liberty, and bis oame will be had in precious memory while the lov fr lom remains In the breasts of men. All
whom Godwin favor to see a glorious victory, will return to their i ■ mark of honor, and be received
with joy and gladness of heart by all friends to liberty innl lovi rs of mankind
" As our present case is singular, I hope, therefore, that fhe candid will excuse me, if I now conclude with an uncommon
CG
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Tho Paoli Monument.
posed of a blue clouded marble pedes-
tal, surmounted by a white marble pyr-
amid. The whole monument is about
nine teet high, and stands over the cen-
ter of" the broad grave where the re-
mains of the patriots repose. A peach-
tree shades its eastern side. Around
it, in oblong form, Is a massive stone
wall five feet in height, covered with
stucco. Upon the four sides of the
pedestal are appropriate inscriptions,1
somewhat defaced by the villain-hand
of wanton destructiveness, or the ma-
rauding relic-seeker.
Here, far away from the hum of
towns and cities, rest
The Inscriptions upon it
Paoli Monttment.
General Gates, and was chaplain to a brigade under Wayne in the autumn of 1777. He was with that
officer at the " Paoli massacre," and narrowly escaped death. He had been in the battle at the Brandv-
wine a few days before, and was in the engagement at Germantown. He accompanied the army to White-
marsh and Valley Forge ; was with Wayne in the battle at Monmouth, and in all his subsequent campaigns,
until the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in the autumn of 1781. He was so active in the cause of
Ireedom, that a reward was offered lor him by General Howe, and a detachment was sent to the Great
Valley, on one occasion, to arrest him.* At the close of the war he retired to his farm and church.
When General Wayne took command of the army in the Northwestern Territory, against the Indians, in
1794, Mr. Jones was appointed his chaplain, and accompanied him. When the war of 1812 broke out, he
again entered the army, being then seventy-six years old, and served under Generals Brown and Wilkinson
until the close of that contest. His last public act was to address the people assembled to dedicate the
Paoli Monument. He died on the 5th of February, 1820, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, and was
buried in the Great Valley church-yard, in sight of Valley Forge. The portrait here given I copied from
an excellent cabinet picture of the chaplain in the possession of his grandson, Horatio Gates Jones, Jr., of
Philadelphia, who kindly furnished me with the materials for this brief sketch of the public services of that
eminent patriot and divine.
' The following are the inscriptions written by William Darlington, M. D., L. L. D., of West Chester:
North side. — "The atrocious massacre which this stone commemorates was perpetrated by British
troops under the immediate command of Major-general Grey."
West side. — " Sacred to the memory of the Patriots who on this spot fell a sacrifice to British barbar-
ity, during the struggle for American Independence, on the night of the 20th September, 1777."
South side. — "Here repose the remains of fifty-three American soldiers, who were the victims of cold-
address, in substance principally extracted from the writings of the servants of God in the Old Testament ; though, at the same
time, it is freely acknowledged that I am not possessed of any similar power either of blessing or cursing.
" 1. Blessed be that man who is possessed of true love of liberty ; and let all the people say, Amen.
"2. Blessed be that man who is a friend to the common rights of mankind ; and let all the people say. Amen.
"3. Blessed be that man who is a friend to the United States of America ; and let all the people say. Amen.
"4. Blessed be that man who will use his utmost endeavor to oppose the tyranny of Great Britain, and to vanquish all her
forces invading North America; and let all the people say. Amen.
"5. Blessed be that man who is resolved never to submit to Great Britain ; and let all the people say. Amen.
" 6. Blessed be that man who in the present dispute esteems not his life too good to fall a sacrifice in defense of his country ;
let his posterity, if any he has, be blessed with riches, honor, virtue, and true religion; and let all the people say, Amen.
" Now, on the other hand, as far as is consistent with the Holy Scriptures, let all these blessings be turned into curses to him
who deserts the noble cause in which we are engaged, and turns his back to the enemy before he receives proper orders to
retreat ; and let all the people say, Amen.
"Let him be abhorred by all the United States of America.
" Let faintness of heart and fear never forsake him on earth.
" Let him be a magor missabile, a terror to himself and all around him.
" Let him be accursed in his outgoing, and cursed in his incoming ; cursed in lying down, and cursed in uprising ; cursed in
basket, and cursed in store.
" Let him be cursed in all his connections, till his wretched head with dishonor is laid low in the dust; and let all the soldiers
say, Amen.
'• And may the God of all grace, in whom we live, enable us, in defense of our country, to acquit ourselves like men, to bis
honor and praise. Amen and Amen.*'
• On one occasion, while reconnoitering alone, he saw a dragoon dismount and enter a house for refreshments. Mr. Jones
boldly abstracted the horseman's pistols, and, going into the house, claimed him as bis prisoner. The dragoon was unarmed,
and was obliged to obey the order* of his captor, to mount and ride into the American camp. The event caused great merri-
■rant, and Wayne laughed immoderately at the idea of his chaplain's capturing a British dragoon.
OF THE REVOLUTION. If, '
The De»d of Paoli. Journey to West < l Departure for the Brandywine Battle-.^'oun.l
" A saored bum! ;
They take their sleep together, while the year
Comes with its earl; flowers to deck their grave,
And gathers them again as winter frowns.
Here let us meet, and, while our motionless lips
Give not a sound, and all around is mute —
In the deep Sabbath of a heart too full
For words or tears — here let us strew the sod
With the first flowers of spring, and make to them
An offering of the plenty nature gives,
And they have rendered ours — perpetually."
Percival.
After making a sketch of the monument, and dining upon crackers, cheese, and apple?
using the plinth of the pedestal for a table — we resumed the reins, and retraced the Lan-
caster road as far as the Paoli tavern, where a branch road leads to West Chester. Here
I parted company with Mr. Agnew, who returned to Philadelphia in the cats, and T jour-
neyed alone toward the Brandywine. Although the fields were shorn, and the orchards
were bare of fruit and foliage, yet, on every side, were evidences of fertility and abundance
attested by fine farm-houses, spacious stone barns, and numerous plethoric barracks. The
country is beautifully diversified and well watered ; clear streams, without bridges, intersect
the highway m many places. I reached West Chester
at dark, distant eight miles from the Paoli tavern, hav-
ing passed, on the way near the residence of General Walk
West Chester is the seat of justice of Chester coun- J^rtHteS
ty. It is in Goshen township, twenty-three miles from tJJJM^HHBEffl 1 ^8 Bjf ;.
Philadelphia, and five south of the Great Valley. It tiB'^ftl 1^ ■
is a pleasant village containing a population ol ibouf K^W-t -I F^fe ■
three thousand, who are noted for their intelligence and ^Be*
general refinement It was a mere hamlet when the "■" ^tSg^SpS^^i^^^
armies passed by after the battle on the Brandywine,1 Wayne's Residence."
a few miles distant ; and there are now not many me-
mentoes of the event in existence. Eye-witnesses have gone down into the grave, and the
old dwellings have given place to more modern structures, except the Turk's Head tavern
and one or two other buildings. At Guss's Inn, where I tarried for the night, I met Mr
Joseph Townsend, a nephew of the late Joseph Townsend, of Baltimore, who wrote an ac
count of the battle of Brandywine from his own personal recollections, and which was pub
lished in 1846, with an accurate survey of the scene of action, by the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania. Mr. Townsend, who is familiar with every locality connected with the bat
tie, kindly offered to go over the ground with me the next morning.
I breakfasted by candle-light, and, at seven o'clock, we were on our way to December l,
Jefleris's Ford, on the Brandywine, two and a half miles from West Chester.
Thick clouds covered the heavens, and a biting northeast wind, bearing a few tiny snow-
flakes and pellets of soft hail, evinced the presence of winter. The old ford, where the di-
vision of the British army under Howe and Cornwallis crossed the Brandywine, was eight
blooded cruelty in the well-known 'Massacre at Paoli,' while under the command of General Anthony
an officer whose military conduct, bravery, and humanity were equally conspicuous throughout the
Revolutionary War."
East side. — "This memorial, in honor of Revolutionary Pairioti*m. was erected September 20th, 1817,
by the Republican Artillerists of Chester county, aided by the contributions of their fellow-citizens "
' The Brandywine Creek rises near the I, idary "I Lancaster an, I Chester counties, Pennsylvania, and
flows through Delaware. After uniting with Christiana Creek, if enters the Delaware River, forming the
harbor of Wilmington. It is navigable as high as Brandywine village.
s This is copied from Hay's Historical Collections of Petui ylvania The house is of stone, ami ranked
among the first country mansions of the period. It is about a mile and a half south of the Paoli tavern.
108
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
lefferia's Ford.
Sconnel Town, Osborne's Hill, and Birmingham Meeting-house
or ten rods above the bridge which now spans the stream On the high ground upon the
opposite shore, the old stone house of Emmon Jef-
feris is yet standing. In it the merchants of Wil-
mington, alarmed for the safety of their goods,
stored a large quantity of wine and other liquors,
believing that the line of march of the British
army would be through their own town, and not
as high up the stream as at this place. For rea-
sons which we shall presently consider, Cornwallis
and his division crossed the Brandywine at this
ford, and, discovering the Madeira wine in Jefler-
is's house, made themselves merry at the expense
of the " rebel merchants." Howe took Jefleris
with him as a guide to conduct him toward Binning
ham meeting-house.
From JefTeris's Ford we proceeded toward the Birming-
ham meeting-house, famous in the annals of the Brandywine bat
tie as the spot near which the most san
guinary conflict took place. We traversed "^
the road along which Cornwallis marched View at Jef
over the high ground eastward of the Bran-
dywine, passing the site of Sconnel Town,2 Strodes's
Mill, and the field where the British army formed for
action on the southern slopes of Osborn's Hill. We
were thoroughly chilled when we reached Birmingham
meeting-house, delineated on the next page, situated
about four miles below JefTeris's Ford. There we
found a comfortable shelter from the piercing wind un-
der its spacious shed, where we sat down with Bowen's and Futhey's Plan of the Battle-
ground' before us, and contemplated the memorable events which occurred in this vicinity.
The British fleet under Lord Howe, bearing a land force eighteen thousand strong, under
the command of his brother, General Sir William Howe, sailed up the Chesapeake, and
landed at Turkey Point, on the west side of the River Elk, about eleven miles from Elkton,
at its head, on the 25th of August, 1777. Howe's destination was Philadelphia. He had
• July '-':i, left Sandy Hooka with the intention of passing up the Delaware, but, when at the
1'"- capes of that river, he was informed of the obstructions which the Americans had
placed in its channel, and he proceeded to the Chesapeake.' The two days and nights after
1 This view is from the easterly bank of the Brandywine. The ford was at the month of the little creek
seen issuing from the small bridge on the left. The Brandywine here is broad and shallow, with quite a
rapid current.
3 Sconnel Town was a hamlet, of two or three dwellings, one or two sho|ts. and a school-house, situated
a short distance from JefTeris's Ford, on the road to the Birmingham meeting-house. That building having
been taken possession of by the Americans for an hospital, the Quakers who worshiped there held theii
meetings in a wheel-wright's shop at Sconnel Town. They were hoUling a week-day meeting there on
the dav of the battle. Not a vestige of Sconnel Town may now be seen, except the remains of a cellar on
the easterly side of the road.
'■' This plan is from an actual survey maile during the summer of 1846, under the direction of John S.
Bowen and J. Smith Futhey. of Chester. The position of the forces in action, many of the bouses, and
other localities as they existed, was ascertained from a map drawn by officers of the British army, and pub-
lished a few months after the battle (in April, 1778). De Chastellux, who visited the battle-ground witli
La Fayette in 1781. mentions the fact that he had one of these English maps as a guide. The roads of
the present day, and the relative position to them of the houses, w Is. &c, of the Revolution, are care-
folly laid down upon the map of Bowen and Futbey, which forms the basis of the one printed on page 171
of this work.
* On the day when Sir William Howe entered the Chesapeake, he received a letter from Lord George
tiermaine, dated May 18th, giving him the first intimation that aid would be expected from him in favor
Stone House at Jefferis's Ford.
OF THE REVOLUTION
1G9
Landing of the British at the Head of Elk. Washington's ['reparations to meet them. March of Americans from Philadelphia.
Bikmingiiam Meeting-house.*
his landing were stormy, and prevented any considerable movement being made before the
28th, when the British commander-in-chief, with
the first and second brigades of light troops
and reserve, marched to the Head of Elk. Ma-
jor-general Grey, with the third brigade and
a battalion of Highlanders, crossed the Elk on
the 30th. The fourth brigade, under General
Agnew, with a Hessian brigade, under Knyp-
hausen, crossed, on the 31st,' to Cecil
ugu" court-house, whence they proceeded on
the east side of the river, and joined the forces
under Howe on Gray's Hill, aboul
September 3. ., , ,. „,, , ,,,. ■
two miles eastward oi Klkum. 1 his
force had remained at the landing to cover the
debarkation of the stoics and artillery. General
Grant, with a suitable force, remained at the Head of Elk to maintain the communication
with the shipping.
Washington, as we have seen, was perplexed by the movements of Howe, being uncer
tain of his destination. As soon, however, as he was informed that the British fleet was
off the capes of the Chesapeake, he turned his attention in that direction. The detachments
in New Jersey, whom General .Sullivan had employed in unsuccessful enterprises against
Staten Island, were recalled, and the whole army left Philadelphia for Wilmington. Gen-
eral Stephen, with his division, witli that of General Lincoln, who had been ordered to join
Schuyler at the north, first proceeded to Chester, in which vicinity the militia of Lower
Pennsylvania and Delaware were gathering in large numbers, for the country was thor-
oughly aroused.
The divisions of Stirling, Sullivan, and Greene (the latter composed of the brigades of
.Muhlenberg and Weeden), with Morgan's corps, and Bland's regiment of horse, accompa-
nied by Washington m person, left Philadelphia on the morning of the 24th of August, and
encamped at Red Clay Creek, a few miles below Wilmington, the next day. The August 25,
principal portion of the American cavalry were under the immediate command of
Count Pulaski. General Xa>h, with Proctor's artillery, embarked in flat-boats upon the
Delaware, and proceeded to Chester, from
whence he pressed forward to Wilmington.
The whole effective force then present and
lit for duty consisted of about eleven thousand
men, including about eighteen hundred of the Pennsylvania militia.
Washington established his headquarters at Wilmington, and made immediate prepara-
tions to oppose the march of the enemy, he having been informed, by scouts, of their arrival
at the head of Elk. The Pennsylvania and Delaware militia — the former under General
Armstrong, the latter under General Pvodney — were ordered to press forward to the head
^
l^£S?7^cJ
of Burgoyne, then pressing forward toward the Hudson from Canada. He immediately si n ige to
Sir Henry Clinton, who was left in command at New York, to act in conjunction with Burgoyne, it cir-
onmstances should permit. The result we have considered
1 Manuscript letter from General Agnew to his wife, dated "Camp on the River Elk, August 30th,
1777." In this epistle he wrote, " I have not had the happiness to receive an; ■ the one which
brought me the plan of a leu-.', in which I trust in God yet to pass many, many happy years in the society
, . worthy Betty ami the two dear children, as the best and true real reward for all we have undergone."
Alas'! five weeks afterward he was slain in the battle at Germantown, and wife and children saw him no
more. . .
- This is a view of ihe southerly front of the meeting-house. The building is very substantially built ol
stone. Much of it is serpentine, which abounds in thai region, ami of which several houses are constructed.
I was informed that the stains made by the blood of the wounded carried in there at the time of the battle
are vet visible upon the floor. The'Hicksite party hold present possession of the house; the Orthodox
have built a place of worship near
170 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Encampment on Red Clay Neck. Howe's Proclamation. Retreat of the Americans acro66 the Brandywine.
of Elk, and to secure the stores deposited there. In this, however, they failed, for, before
their arrival, the British army had debarked, and all the stores, among which was a large
quantity of salt,1 fell into their hands. Generals Greene and Weeden thoroughly reconnoi-
tered the country between Wilmington and the Elk ; and Washington himself rode through
August 26, heavy rains to the head of that river, to make personal observations. An eligi-
1'"- ble place was selected by Greene for the American army to encamp, within six
miles of Howe's position on Gray's Hill ; but, before information of the selection reached
Washington, it had been determined in a council of war to take a position on Red Clay
Neck, about half way between Wilmington and Christiana, with the left of the army on
Christiana Creek, and the right extending toward Chad's Ford, upon the Brandywine.
Greene's sagacity foresaw the hazard of the chosen position, and he expressed his opinion
that the Americans must abandon it on the approach of the enemy. The sequel proved the
correctness of his opinion.
Distressed for want of horses, hemmed in by strong parties of the American militia, and
almost daily annoyed by the attacks of Captain Henry Lee's and other smaller detachments
of cavalry upon his pickets, Howe did not move forward until the 3d of September. On
the 27th of August he issued a proclamation to the people, assuring them that he did not
come to make war upon the peaceable, but to put down the rebellious ; that private prop-
erty should be respected ; that their persons should be secure, and that pardon should be
extended to all who should return to their allegiance, and surrender themselves to any de-
tachment of the royal forces within a specified time. But the people of Lower Pennsylvania
had heard of the falsity of professions put forth in his proclamation to the inhabitants of New
Jersey the year previous, and his " Declaration," as he termed it, produced very little effect
in his favor. The people had learned to suspect the flattering words of British officials,
whether in Parliament or in the camp, and, instead of " remaining quietly in their houses,"
they flocked to the standard of the patriots, and annoyed the common enemy on every side.
The advance of the royal forces toward the Brandywine was marked by a series of skir-
mishes, in which the Americans made a number of prisoners.3
Cornwallis, with Knyphausen, at the head of one division of the royal army, moved for-
ward and encamped above Pencander, where a brief but severe skirmish ensued
September 3. . , „ „ 5 . . ,
between the enemy and Maxwell s regiment ot toot, lormed in ambuscade, in
which the patriots lost forty in killed and wounded. The loss of the enemy was somewhat
less. On the 6th, General Grant, having rejoined the army with the tents, baggage, and
stores, the British moved forward by way of Newark, and took post within four miles of
the right of the American encampment, extending their left far up into the country. A
strong column made a feint of attacking the American front, and, after some menacing ma-
neuvering, halted at Milllown, within two miles of the center of the Americans. Wash-
ington, believing it to be the design of Howe to turn the American right, cross the Brandy-
wine, cut ofl' their communication with Philadelphia, and thus hem them in, upon a tongue
of land, between the British fleet and army, saw at once the peril of his position, and, pur-
suant to Greene's prediction, broke up his encampment, and crossed the Brandywine at
September, Chad's Ford, at about two o'clock on the morning of the 9th. On the same
evening, the British marched forward in two columns. Knyphausen, with the
left, encamped at New Garden and Kennet Square ; Cornwallis, with the right, was posted
below, at Hockhesson meeting house.3 On the following morning the two divisions met at
1 Salt was a scarce, yet indispensable article during the war. In his official dispatch, dated Angus'
25th, 1777, Washington, alluding to the efforts to save the stores, wrote, "Among others, there is a con-
siderable parcel of salt. Every attempt will be made to save that." During the winter encampment at
Morristown in 1780, salt was eight dollars a bushel, ami it was difficult to procure it even at that price.
- On the 28th of August the Americans tool; between thirty and forty prisoners ; and. on that evening,
twelve deserters from the British navy and eight from the army came into camp. On the 29th, Captain
Lee took twenty-nine prisoners.
: The column of Cornwallis was composed of two battalions of grenadiers, two of light infantry, the Hes-
sian grenadiers, part of the seventy-first regiment, and two British brigades; in all about Li, 000 men.
OF THE KEVU U'TION
17 1
Approach of the British to the Brandywine
The FordB of that Stream.
Plan of the Battle.
Keimet Square, and at evening: advanced to within a mile of Welsh's tavern, then a public
house of considerable note, three miles east of Keimet. '
Knyphausen's division consisted of two British brigades, the residue of the Hessians, and Wemys's corps of
Rangers ; in all about 5000.
1 This tavern, and also the Kennet (Quaker) meeting-house, still exist. The reader will better under-
stand the position of places, as well as the movement of the armies, hy reference to the above map. Kennet
Square, a small village, is about seven miles west of the Brandywine, upon the high road from Chad's
Ford. Welsh's tavern is about three miles east, of the Square, and half a mile beyond is the Ke t meet-
ing-house and grave-yard, noted on the map. The several fords on the Brandywine, mentioned in the
narrative, were located as follows : First above Brandywine village was Pyles's Ford ; the nexl was Chad's
Ford: one mile above was Brinton's ; two miles above ibis was Jones's, on the Street road, and Wistar's
(now Shank's), about a mile above Jones's. These were below tbe forks of the ereek. On the north
branch was Buffington's (now Brinton's). Jefleris's, six miles above Chad's Ford, and Taylor's Ford, about
half a mile higher, where the old Lancaster road crossed. On the west branch was Trimble's Ford, about
a mile above the forks, and five miles from the British eneo yipment near Welsh's tavern. — See Bowen and
Fnthey's Sketch of the Battle of Brandywine, explained below.
Explanation of the Map. — This plan, alluded to on page 168, note 3, was carefully drawn, from those
surveys, by Edward Armstrong, Esq., the recording secretary of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
and published by that association. A A, denote the column under the command of Lord Cornwallis, aftei
having crossed the forks ol'.the Brandywine. C, two squadrons of dragoons, which were not employed in the
action. E E, the first general attack of the enemy's guards and grenadiers. V. Deborre's brigade, on the
right, forced by the enemy. G, G, the British and Hessian grenadiers entangled in e wood. II H, march
of the enemy toward and beyond Uilworth. The position of the Americans when the battle commenced
is named on the plan. I, indicates the ravine or defile where Greene checked the enemy until night No.
28 denotes the site of a blacksmith's shop which stood near the defile bul now destroyed.
172
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Position of the American Army on the Brandywine.
Movement of the British.
Localities of the Battle-ground
On the morning of the 11th of September, the day of the battle on the Brandywine, the
main strength of the American army was posted on the heights east of Chad's Ford, and
commanding that passage of the creek. The brigades of Muhlenberg and Weeden, which
composed Greene's division, occupied a position directly east of the ford ; Wayne's division
•ind Proctor's artillery (o o o on the map) were posted upon the brow of an eminence near
Chad's house (printed on page 18 0), immediately above the ford ; and the brigades of Sul-
livan, Stirling, and Stephen, which formed the right wing, extended some distance up the
river, on the left of the main body. At Pyles's Ford, two miles below, General Armstrong
was posted with one thousand Pennsylvania militia, to guard that pass. General Maxwell,
with about one thousand light troops, took post on the heights upon the west side of the
river, about a mile from Chad's Ford, to dispute that passage.
September 1L -A-t daybreak, the column under Cornwallis moved along the Lancaster road,
which, lor several miles, ran nearly parallel with the Brandywine. General
Howe was with this division. Kuyphausen and his command moved forward at nine o'clock.
A dense fog enshrouded the country, and the scouting parties of both armies often came in
close contact belbre they were aware of their proximity. From behind the walls of the
grave-yard of the Rennet meeting-house, and also of houses, trees, and clumps of bushes, par
a a, indicates the column under Kuyphausen, in march from Kennet meeting-house toward Chad's Ford
b 6, the heights and woods occupied by Maxwell and his troops, d, British riflemen behind a house, sup-
ported by one hundred men from Stein's brigade, c, the Queen's Rangers pursuing Maxwell, when he
was driven from the woods, f. Near h. which denotes a valley, were four pieces of cannon, witli the forty-
ninth regiment, to support the attack of the advanced troops, who crossed the ford in the afternoon, under
the tire of Wayne's batteries at m m. rc, position of Knvphausen's column from half after ten in the morn-
ing until he crossed the river, o o o, the position of Wayne's troops near Chad's house, q, march of the
enemy to the ford, in the face of a cannonade from Wayne's batteries. Chad's Ford is named on the map.
The position of the Americans is seen on the Chester road, a little to the left of Rocky Hill. Knyphausen
took position at u, where he remained during the night after the battle.
The following references, taken from Bowcn
and Futhey's map, show the names of the occu-
pants of houses in the vicinity when the battle
occurred, and also the names of the occupants
in 1846, two years before I visited the ground:
1. George Strode's, now Jonathan Paxson's.
2. now Dr. A. L. Elwyn's. 4. Widow Susannah
Davis's, the site now occupied by the house of
Aaron Sharpless. 5. Widow of John Davis, not
standing. 6. Widow of James Davis, now occu-
pied by Hibbert Davis. 7. William Jones, now
Brenton Jones, his grandson. 8. Isaac Davis's,
now Abraham Darlington's. 9. John Wood-
ward's, not standing. 10. Richard Evanson's,
now Lewis Brinton's. 1 1 . Supposed to have
pin. It was owned by Israel Gilpin
when Howe had possession of it. 19
John Henderson, near Harlan Webb's
house. 21. Gideon Gilpin's, now
William Painter's ; the head-quarters
of La Fayette.} 22. Benjamin Sing's,
now Joseph P. Harvey's ; Washing-
ton's head -quarters. 23. William
Harvey's, not standing,
tavern, now in ruins.
Chad's, still standing.
not standing.
Howe's Head-quarters.'
been J. Bolton's, not standing. 12.
Isaac Garrett's, not standing. 13.
Abraham Darlington's, now Clement
Biddle's. 14. John Bennett's, not
standing. 15. Edward Brinton, now
Edward B. Darlington. 16. George
Brinton's, now Ziba Darlington's ;
built in 1704. Howe's head-quarters,
given above, are denoted on the map
by a parallelogram upon the left of the
\'» Road, near the right-hand cor-
ner of the map. The house is in the
present possession of George F. (iil-
24. Davis's
25. John
26. Amos's.
La Fayette's Ui arters.
* This house is situated upon a new road, one mile south-southwest of Dilworth. This view is from the field in front.
t There is some doubt about La Fayette having occupied this house. De Chostellux, who, in 1780, visited tin battle-ground
any with La Fayette, Bays, " M. De La Fayette, attended by the other travelers, went further on to ask for quarter! at
: - called Benjamin Ring, at tohou Imnsc he lodged with General Washington the night before the battle" — Travel* in Anur
i.e. i , JJ7. This liuilding is about a mile and a half east of Chad's Ford.
OF TH E REVOI.I'TION.
173
Skirmishing on the March toward the BtBndywine. Engagement near Chad's Ford. Skirmishing on the Brandywine.
ties of militia kept up an annoying fire upon the advancing; enemy. Knyphausen, however,
pushed forward toward Chad's Ford. lie sent a strong advance party to dislodge Maxwell
They met at about ten o'clock, and a severe engagement ensued. Maxwell was driven
back to the verge of the stream at the ford, where he was re-enforced. Turning upon his
pursuers, he made a furious charge. The ranks of the enemy were thrown into confusion,
and fell back upon Knyphausen's main column. Unable to cope with Maxwell in open
battle without bringing a larger force into action, Knyphausen sent a detachment through
the woods to make an attack upon his flank. Perceiving this movement, Maxwell retreated
across the stream, leaving the whole west bank of the Brandywine in possession of the enemy
Knvphausen now brought forward his ordnance, and from the brow of the hill upon the
west side of the stream he kept up a strong cannonade upon the Americans, without at-
tempting to cross. The fire was returned with spirit by Proctor's artillery. Knyphausen
did not cross the Brandywine, because he was instructed by Howe to amuse the American?
View at Chad's Ford.*
with feigned efforts to make the passage of the ford, until Cornwallis should cross above
and gain the right and rear of the patriots. This accomplished, Knyphausen was directed
to push across Chad's Ford, when the two divisions of the royal army would make a simul-
taneous attack. During these maneuvers of Knyphausen, several detachments of the Amer-
icans crossed the river, and boldly attacked his flanking parties and those who were laboring
to throw up intrenchments. Captains Porterfield and Waggoner having secured a footing
on the western side, General Maxwell recrossed the stream with a considerable force, drove
the enemy from the ground, killed about thirty men, and seized a quantity of intrenching
tools, with which they were constructing a battery. Knyphausen sent an overwhelming
force against them, which soon drove the Americans back to their lines on the east side ol
the river.
General Sullivan, who commanded the right wing of the Americans, was ordered to guard
the fords as high up as Buffington's, just above the forks of the Brandywine. He sent
1 The loss of the enemy in this engagement was estimated at about three hundred ; that of the Ameri-
cans was trifling.
- This view is from the east bank of the Brandywine, looking southwest. The ford was about ten rods
above the present bridge. Its place is indicated in the picture by the hollow in front of the tree on the ex-
treme left. The wooded height seen on the opposite side of the river is the place where Knyphausen."
artillery was planted.
174
PICTORIAL FIELD- BOOK
iSepteniber 11.
Sullivan deceived by conflicting Intelligence. Washington's Suspense. Passage of the Brandywine by the British Army.
scouting parties in various directions to observe the movements of the enemy. Colonel Mo-
ses Hazen' was stationed with a considerable force at Jones's Ford. Between nine and ten
in the morning', Colonel Theodoric Bland,3 with some light horse, crossed the
Brandywine at Jones's Ford, and discovered a portion of Cornwallis's division
marching toward the west branch, at Trimble's Ford. Bland dispatched a messenger to
Sullivan with the information, which was confirmed by another dispatch from Colonel Ross
(dated at " Great Valley road at eleven o'clock"), who was in the rear of Cornwallis's divi-
sion, informing Sullivan that " five thousand men, with sixteen or eighteen field-pieces, were
on the march for Taylor's and Jefieris's Fords." Similar intelligence was sent by Colonel
Hazen. These accounts reached Washington, from Sullivan, between eleven and twelve
o'clock. The commander-in-chief immediately ordered Sullivan to pass the Brandy wine and
attack Cornwallis, while he, with the main division, crossed, and engaged Knyphausen at
Chad's Ford. General Greene, of Washington's division, was ordered to cross the river
above the ford and gain Knyphausen's rear. Before these several movements could be ex-
ecuted, counterintelligence was received by Sullivan from Major Spear of the militia, posted
upon the forks of the Brandywine, who informed him that there was no appearance of an
enemy in that quarter. Spear's information was confirmed by Sergeant Tucker, who had
been sent out in that direction expressly to gain information. Relying upon this intelligence,
Sullivan halted. He dispatched a messenger to Washington with the information, and the
meditated attack upon the enemy at Chad's Ford was abandoned. Greene, who had crossed
with his advanced guard, was recalled.
While Washington was thus kept in suspense by conflicting intelligence, Cornwallis gained
his coveted advantage. He made a circuitous march of seventeen miles, keeping beyond
the American patrols, crossed the west branch of the Brandywine at Trimble's Ford, and
the east branch at JefFeris's, and gained the heights near the Birmingham meeting-house,
within two miles of Sullivan's right flank, before that, general was certain that Howe and
Cornwallis had left Kennet Square ! This apparent want of vigilance on the part of his
patrols drew upon Sullivan the severest censure of the public. Already the failure of an
expedition against British posts on Staten Island,3 under his general command, had biased
public opinion against him ; and Congress, wherein Sullivan had several active enemies,
had directed General Washington to appoint a court to investigate the matter. The dis-
Moses Hazen was appointed colonel of a second Canadian regiment in 1775. He commanded at Mont-
real for a short time. Afterward he was appointed col-
onel of a regiment called Congress's Own. He was in
f . 4 y? ^ C/^/fy PS s?/-?7 '^e uatt'es of Germantown and Brandywine. Having
(Y f't^t' rf A^/\iC^ts '^~*\ charge of prisoners in Pennsylvania, he was ordered to
designate, by lot, a British officer for retaliation in the
case of Huddy, mentioned on page 366. He died at Troy, New York, January 30, 1802, aged 69 years.
2 Theodoric Bland was a native of Virginia. He was prepared by study for the medical profession, but
abandoned it for the field when the Revolution commenced. He was anions the earliest active opposers
of Dunmore in Virginia. After distinguishing himself as a leader among the volunteers, he joined the reg-
ular army, and soon rose to the rank of colonel of dragoons. He was a vigilant and energetic officer. In
1779, he was appointed to the command of the " convention troops" (as those of Burgoyne's captured army
were called), at Charlottesville, in Virginia, where he continued till the autumn of 1780, when he was
elected a delegate in Congress.
He held a seat in that body un-
til the close of the war. He
was then chosen a member of
the Legislature of Virginia, and
in that body he opposed the rat-
ification of the Federal Constitution. When adopted, he patriotically gave it his ^
linn support, and was chosen to represent his district in the first Congress under
that instrument. While attending the session in New York, he was seized with illness, and expired on the
1st of June, 1790, at the age of forty-eight. Colonel Bland was a soldier, legislator, and poet. His pa-
•pers were collected and published a lew years since, anil are interesting mementoes of the war.
3 I have briefly referred to this expedition on page 56, in connection with a notice of the political influ-
ence of the Quakers during the war.
<^
OF THE IlEVOLUTIn.X i 7 .3
Forming of the Lines for Battle. Conduct of Deborre. Commencement of the Battle. Skill and Courage of the Belligerents
asters which occurred on the Brandywine were charged to Sullivan's want of vigilance, en-
ergy, and skill, and he was held responsible for the defeat of our troops.1 Even his honor-
able acquittal, by a court martial, subsequently, did not altogether remove from the public
mind a distrust of his ability as a general officer.
When Sullivan was assured, by a note from Colonel Bland, dated at "quarter past one
o'clock," that the enemy were in great force on Osborne's Hill, a little to the right of the
Birmingham meeting-house, he dispatched a messenger to Washington with the intelligence,'
and marched immediately to oppose the enemy. His division consisted of his own, Stir-
linn's, and Stephen's brigades. Upon the gentle slopes near the Birmingham meeting-house
he began to form his line for battle, his left extending toward the Brandywine. It was an
advantageous position, for both flanks were covered by thick woods ; but, in consequence of
the delay in waiting the return of the messenger with orders from the commander-in-chief,
the rough and broken character of the ground, and the time occupied by Sullivan in making
a wide circuit in bringing his brigade to its assigned place in the line,3 he was not fully
prepared for action when the refreshed and well-formed battalions of the enemy, under Corn-
wallis, came sweeping on from Osborne's Hill,' and commenced a furious attack. The ad-
vanced guard were German troops. On arriving at the Street road, they were Sred upon
by a company of Americans stationed in an orchard north of Samuel Jones's brick dwelling-
house. The Hessians returned the tire, and the action soon became general. The artillery
of both armies opened with terrible eiiect ; and while the Americans maintained their po-
sition, the carnage was great. The most indomitable courage was displayed, and, for a
while, the result was doubtful. The Americans, many of them unskillful militia, repelled
charge after charge of the well-disciplined infantry, chasseurs, grenadiers, and guards of the
enemy, until overwhelming numbers obliged them to yield. The right wing of the Amer-
icans, under General Deborre, first gave way, and the left, under Sullivan, soon followed.
The latter officer used every exertion to rally the flying troops, but in vain. In broken
fragments they fled over the fields toward the main division of the army at Chad's Ford.
The center division (Stirling's brigade), in which was General Conway, with eight hundred
men, yet remained firm as a rock in the midst of the wild ocean of carnage. To this divi-
1 Three days lifter the battle on the Brandywine (September 14th), Mr. Burke, a delegate in Congress,
made specific charges against Sullivan. On the strength of the barges, Congress voted that Sullivan
should be recalled from the army till an inquiry should be made into his conduct. The recall was sUs.
pended at the earnest solicitation of Washington, who knew the falsity of the charges, the worth ol Sulli-
van, and the immediate wants of the army; there being a lack of general officers, in consequence of Lin-
coln, Arnold, and others, having been sent to the northern army.
- Tradition says that Thomas Cheyney, a resident Whig, gave Washington the first intelligence of the
approach of the enemy. He was alone, on a spirited mare, reconnoitering, and cam' suddi nlj upon the
British. They fired upon him, but he escaped to the quartets of Washington. The chief doubted the
truth of his intelligence at first ; but the solemn assurances of Cheyney that it was correct — an assuranci
barked by an oath — made Washington believe him. Sullivan's note soon removed all doubt. Cheyney
was an active spy while the American army was in the vicinity of the Delaware, and often suffered much
from the Tories.
3 A dissension at this time existed respecting the post of honor, on the extreme richt of the line. Gen-
eral Deborre, a French officer who had lately joined the army, claimed this post, an h ' whirl, Sullivan
would not yield. Perceiving his orders disobeyed, and Deborre fj rtinacion Ij insisting upon taking the
right, Sullivan made a circuitous march for the purpose of outreaching him. and was. consequently, late
upon the field. His brigade was not formed for action when the conflict < imenccd. Sullivan did not ac-
niplish his purpose, and Deborre obtained his coveted position on the right. His brigade was the first
to give way in the action. For his conduct on this occasion, and also in the expedition against Staten Isl-
and. Congress voted an inquiry. Deborre was offended, and resigned his commission. Having made him-
self very unpopular in the army, Congress readily accepted hi- resignation. He was an officer of thirty-
five years' service in Europe, but was totally unfit to command American troops
4 Osborne's Hill is an eminence extending eastward from the Brandywine, and crossing tin- road from
Jefferis's Ford, about a mile and a quarter above the Birmingham meeting-house. The British, under Corn-
wallis. halted and divided on the north side of Osborne's Hill, between two and three o'clock in the after-
noon. It was at this time that the two armies first disc-own d each other, and prepared for action. The
British army advanced over and down the south side of the hill (according to the narrative of Joseph Town-
send, an eye-witness), across the lands of James Carter, now (1848) occupied by his nephew, James Forsyth
17C PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Effects of the British Artillery. Retreat of the Americans. March of Greene to their Support. La Fayette wounded
sion Sullivan now attached himself, and, with Stirling and La Fayette, engaged personally
in the hottest of the battle. To this point Cornwallis directed his energies. His artillery
made dreadful breaches in their ranks, and strewed the earth with the slain.1 Resistance
was vain, and, when hope no longer encouraged the contending patriots of the center, they,
too, wheeled, and joined their comrades in their flight. Two of Sullivan's aids were killed ;
and La Fayette, who had leaped from his horse, and, sword in hand, was endeavoring to
rally the yielding patriots, was wounded in the leg by a musket-ball, and fell. Gimat, his
aid, helped him on a horse, and he escaped.2 Despair seized the troops, and every effort to
rally them was, for a time, vain. They fled to the woods in the rear, pursued by the vic-
torious enemy. Some of them were rallied half a mile northward ol'Dilworth, and a brief
encounter ensued between the fugitives and the pursuing party of the left wing of the ene-
my. The conflict was short, and the Americans again fled. The British right wing got
entangled in the woods, and did not participate in the subsequent engagement, when Greene
checked the pursuers.
On receiving intelligence of the approach of the British, Washington, with Greene's divi-
sion of Virginians and Pennsylvanians, pushed forward to the support of Sullivan, leaving
General Wayne at Chad's Ford to oppose the passage of Knyphausen. When the first
cannon-peals from the Birmingham meeting-house broke over the country, Greene pressed
forward to the support of the right wing. His first brigade, under General Weedon,' took
the lead, and so rapid was their march that they traveled four miles in forty minutes.4 Be-
tween Dilworth and the meeting-house they met the flying Americans, closely pursued by
the British. Greene, by a skillful movement, opened his ranks and received the fugitives,
then, closing them again, he covered their retreat and checked the pursuers by a continual
1 The place where the hottest of the conflict occurred was between the Birmingham meeting-house and
the present dwellings of Messrs. Hibbert Davis and Brinton Jones. Many were killed near the meeting-
house ; and, on the day after the battle, several bodies were found south of the meeting-house, doubtless
slain in the retreat. The meeting-house was taken possession of by General Howe, and used as an hospi-
tal. Several officers who died there were buried in the grave-yard, on the north side ol the building. A
popular tradition asserts that Earl Percy, the otficer who commanded the retreat from Lexington, was
killed in this engagement, and that he had a presentiment of his death on this occasion. Even the place
where he was said to be buried, near the entrance gate to the grave-yard of the Birmingham meeting-
house, was pointed out to me. This is not correct. The earl (who was afterward Duke of Northumber-
land) left America previous to this battle. He died in England at the age of ninety-four, on the 10th of
July, 1817.
2 The bullet passed quite through his leg. He met a surgeon in the rear, who put a slight bandage
around his leg. and he rode to Chester. The soldiers were retreating, in a straggling manner, in that di-
rection ; and La Fayette placed a guard near the bridge, at the entrance of the village, with orders to stop
all the retreating soldiers at that place. His wound was then dressed, and the next morning he was con-
veyed to Philadelphia, from whence, after a few days, he proceeded to Bristol. When Henry Laurens was
on his way to York, he took the route through Bristol, and conveyed La Fayette in his carriage to Bethle-
hem, where he received the kind attentions of the Moravians. There he remained about two months, till
his wound was sufficiently healed to enable him to join the army. Laurens's kindness was long remem-
bered. When, subsequently, he became a prisoner in the Tower of London, the Marchioness De La Fay-
ette wrote a touching letter in his behalf to the Count De Vergenncs, soliciting the aid of the French court
in procuring the release of Laurens. — Sparks's Washington, v., 456.
3 George Weedon was a native of Virginia, and was an inn-keeper at Fredericksburg before the war.*
We find his name first connected with military affairs, in a letter to Colonel Washington, in April, 1775,
informing him that the Independent Company of Fredericksburg were determined, with his approbation, to
march to Williamsburg, on account of the removal of powder from the magazine by order of Governor Dun-
more. This letter was signed by himself, Hugh Mercer, Alexander Spottswood, and John Willis. He
joined the Continental army in the course of the summer, and in February, 1777, he received from Congress
a commission as brigadier. He was in the battles at Brandywine and Germantown. In consequence of
some dissatisfaction about rank, he left the service while the army was at Valley Forge. He resumed the
command of a brigade in 1780, and commanded the Virginia militia at Gloucester, during the siege of
Yorktown, in October, 1781. From that time he was not engaged in active service in the field. 1 have
met with no account of his subsequent career and death. * Gordon, ii., 225.
* Dr. .! P. D. Smyth, nn English traveler in America, in giving an account of Fredericksburg, says, "I put up at the inn kept
by oin; Weedon, who was nfterward a genernl officer in the American army, and whs then very active and zealous in blowins
the names of sedition."
OK Til i: R E VOLITION.
i ; i
Tie British checked l>y Greene.
Knyphuosen preparing to cross the Bran.
"
fire of artillery. At a narrow defile about a mile from the meeting-house, in the direction
cf Chester, flanked on each side by woods, he changed Ins front, faced the enemy, and kept
them at bay while the retreating party rested
and formed in his rear. Greene defended this
pass with great skill and bravery until twi-
light, when the pursuers encamped for the
night In this defense the brigades of Weed-
on and Muhlenberg were greatly distinguish-
ed, particularly the tenth Virginia regiment,
under Colonel Stevens, and a Pennsylvania
regiment, under Colonel Stewart
We have observed that the plan of the en-
emy was to attack the Americans front and
rear at the same time, by Cornwallis gaining
the right flank of the patriots, and Knypbau-
si i! crossing the Brandywine at Chad's Ford.
The firing of heavy guns on the American
right was to be the signal for the German
general to ford the stream. When the firing
commenced at the Birmingham meeting-house,
Kuyphausen observed the departure of Greene's
division, and the consequent weakening of the de-
fense of the passage of the river. He immedi
alely made a proper disposition of his troops for
crossing. Wayne was on the alert, and. the mo-
ment Knyphausen's forces moved forward, he
1 John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg was born in the village of Trappe, Montgomery county. Penn-
sylvania, on the 1st ol October. 1746. He was the son of Henry Melchoii Muhlenberg, D.D., the founder
of the Lutheran Church in America ; ami his mother was the daughter of Conrad Weiser, a celebrated offi
cer ami Indian agent in Pennsylvania. Peter, his eldest born, was dedicated in infancy to the Church, and
he was educated for the ministry, partly in this country and partly in Europe. He was ordained a minis-
ter in 1768, and commenced Ins labors in Western New Jersey the following year. He was married to
Anna Barbara Meyer in 1770. In order to lake charge of a congregation in Virginia, to which he had
been called, he went to London in 1772, to receive ordination from an English bishop. Mr. White (after-
ward Bishop White, of Pennsylvania) was ordained at the same time (the 23d ol April, 1772) bj the Bishop
ol London. In his journal Mr. Muhlenberg states that, before their return to America, he and Mr. White
attended the theater to see the performance of Garrick, then in the height ol his career as an actor. Ke-
tnrning to America, he assumed ministerial duties at Woodstock, in Virginia, when' he soon b< a a lead-
iiilt spirit among those who opposed British oppression. In 1771. he was chairman of the c nittee of
safety in his county, and was also elected a mem her .if the House of Burgesses. At the close ol 1775, hi
was elected colonel of a Virginia regiment, and laid aside his pastoral character. In concluding his fare-
well sermon, he said, that, in the language of Holy Writ, ''there was a time for all things; a time to
preach, and a time to pray, bul tln.se times had passed away:" and then, in a voice that ech I like a
trumpet-blast through the church, he said. " that there was a time to fight, and that tunc had now
Then, laying aside his sacerdotal gown, he si I bel his Bock in the full regimental
colonel. He ordered the drums to be beaten at the church door for recruits; and almost lus entin
audience capable of bearing arms joim d his standard. .Nearly three hundred i ilisted undei Ins ban-
ner on that day. He was in the battle at Charleston in 1776, 1 served with fidelity in the Southern
campaign that year. Congress pr< ted him to the rank of brigadier gem id in February, 1777. and he
was ordered to take charge of all the Continental troops of the Virginia line in that state-. He joined the
army under Washington, at Middlebrook, in May following, and was with the < ■ in all Ins movements
until 1779. including the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the suflerii gs at Whitemai
the conflict on the plains of Monmouth, and the captun ofStom Point. At the closi
he was directed to take com ma nd of the iroop> in Virginia was very active until the attack ol
Cornwallis at Forktown. In thai battle and victory General Muhlenberg pi ipated. At the cl I thi
war. he was elevated to the rank of majoi ed to Pennsylvania and in vai ious civil ca-
pacities served that stale. He was :mber ol the firsl md third I i d in 1801 was elected a
[Tnited States senator. The s i was appointed supervi ernal n i f Pennsylvania,
•tnd in 1802 was made Philadel] bia. He remained in th
IT.
1 ; 8 P I C T O R I A I, I' 1 E 1. D - 13 O U K
Passage of the Brandy wine by Knyphausen. Bravery of Wayne. Genera? Retreat of the Americans. Result of the Battle.
opened upon him a heavy fire of artillery from his intrenchments and the battery near
Chad's house. Although in no condition to oppose nearly one half of the British array, he
stood firm at first, and gallantly confronted the heavy and steadily progressing columns.
But, on receiving intelligence of the defeat of Sullivan at Birmingham meeting-house, and
discovering that a considerable force of the enemy, who had penetrated the woods, were
coming out upon his flank, Wayne ordered a retreat. This was accomplished in great dis-
order, leaving his artillery and munitions of war in the hands of Knyphausen. They re-
treated, in broken columns and confused fragments, behind the division of General Greene,
then gallantly defending the pass near Dilworth, and joined the other defeated troops. The
approach of night ended the whole conflict. The Americans retreated to Chester that night,
where they rendezvoused, and the next day marched toward Philadelphia, and encamped
near Germantown. General Armstrong, who was stationed at Pyles's Ford, had no oppor-
tunity to engage in the action. The British remained upon the field, near Dilworth, Howe
taking up his charters at Gilpin's, a few miles from Chad's Ford.1
Military men, when considering the battle of Brandy wine, have questioned the judgment
of Washington in incurring the great risk incident to a disparity in numbers and discipline.
The numbers engaged in the action have never been accurately ascertained. The British
effective force, on the day of the battle, was probably not less than seventeen thousand men,
while that of the Americans did not exceed eleven thousand, and many of these were raw
militia. Washington was aware of the expectations of Congress and the whole country,
and wisely considered that a defeat in battle would be less depressing upon the minds of the
soldiers and the people, than permitting the enemy to march, without opposition, to the cap-
ture of Philadelphia, then ihe political metropolis of America. Influenced by these consid-
erations, he resolved to fight the enemy ; and had not conflicting intelligence perplexed and
thwarted him in his plans, it is probable that victory would have crowned the American
army. The result was disastrous, and many noble patriots slept their last sleep upon the
battle-field that night.2
which occurred at his country seat, near Philadelphia, on the 1st of October (his birth-day), 1807. at the
age of sixty-one years. His grave is near the village church where he was baptized, ami a simple monu-
ment bears this inscription : " Sacred to the memory of General Peter Muhlenberg, born October 1st,
1746 ; died October 1st, 1807. He was brave in the field, faithful in the cabinet, honorable in all his trans-
actions, a sincere friend, and an honest man."
The portrait here given is copied, by permission of the author, from an engraving in the Life of Peter
Muhlenberg, bv hi- grandson, Henry A. Muhlenberg, Ksq., from which I compiled this brief memoir.
' In M. Milliard d'Auberteuil's work, in French, published in 1782. entitled "Essais Historiques et Poli-
tique sur la Hernial tun <le I'Amerique Septcntrionalr," there is a touching story of a scene which occurred
near the Brandywine, after the battle. It is in substance as follows : A beautiful girl, named Molly Har-
vey, loved a voting patriot soldier bv the name of Seymour. Her father was wealthy; the young man was
poor. They were not allowed to marry; and young Seymour, determined to distinguish himself, went to
South Carolina, and was in the severe battle at Sullivan's Island. He afterward joined the army under
Washington, and commanded a company in the battle on the Brandywine. After the battle he obtained
leave of absence for three days, and repaired to the house of Harvey, near by. The parents consented to
the marriage, and the nuptials wore celebrated. The friends of the parties were assembled under the trees,
enjoying the festivity, when two soldiers from the British army approached, and attempted to make Sey-
mour their prisoner. A contest ensued, in which the bride was killed by a bayonet-thrust. The daj of
her marriage was the day other death. Accompanying the -lory is a beautiful engraving, representing
the sad spectacle.
' The number of the killed and wounded in the several engagements on the 11th is not known. Wash-
ington was unable to make a return of the American loss on account of the confusion which followed the
defeat, many of the militia companies being thinned by desertion ; and Howe's estimates were only conjec-
tural. Genera! Greene estimated the lo-s of the Vmericans in killed, wounded, and prisoners, at about
1200; that of the royal army nearly 800. Howe reported his loss at 90 killed, 488 wounded, and six mis--
iml'. He also slated the lo— of the Americans at .'i00 killed, 600 wounded, and 400 taken prisoners; about
the number c-ti ted h\ Greene. The Americans also lost ten small field-pieces, and a howitzer. Many
French officers were engaged in the action. The liaron De St. Ouary, serving as a volunteer, was taken
Captain Louis de Floury, the he I Stony Point, bad a horse killed under him. His bravery
led lie admiration of Washington. Two days alter the battle. Congress ordered another horse to
lie oresented to De Fleury.
OF Til E UEVOLUTIOM i ; 9
Washington again made Dictator. Attempt to attack the British Army. Du Coudray. Patriotism of the Israels.
Congress was not dismayed by the disaster on the Brandywine, but were nerved to new
exertions. They resolved to exert their whole power hi strengthening the army 111 the vi-
cinity, and for that purpose Washington was directed to order fifteen hundred troops of Put-
nam's division, on the Hudson, to march immediately lii the Delaware, while the militia of
Pennsylvania and the adjoining states were summoned to join the army. Anticipating the
necessity of leaving Philadelphia, ami. perhaps, of a temporary speedy dissolution, C --
voted to enlarge the powers of Washington, and he was partiallj reinvested with the dic-
tatorial character, first conferred upon him before the attack on the enemy at Trenton in
I77G.1 Nor was W ashington himself dispirited. Allowing his troops one day fur rest and
refreshments at Geimuntowu, he recrossed the Schuylkill/ for the purpose of September 15
giving the enemy battle even upon the field of his late defeat, if his camp yet IT77'
remained there. He took the Lancaster road, and the next day met the enemy not far from
the Warren tavern, about twenty miles from Philadelphia. Howe had left his
encampment near the Brandywine, and was on his way to Goshen (West Ches-
ter) when he heard of the approach of the Americans.3 By a quick maneuver, he gained
The day after the battle, Howe wrote to Washington informing him that the wounded Americans were
so numerous that his surgeons could not attend to them, and offering to receive any surgeons the Am an
chief nii^tn send. Doctors Rush, Leiper, Latimer, and Willet. with their attendants, were sent back to
take care of them.
1 The following is a copy of the resolution: "Resolved, That General Washington he authorized and di-
rect.,! to suspend all officers who misbehave, and to till up all vacancies in the American army under the
rank of brigadiers, until the pleasure of Congress shall be communicated j to take, wherever he mm
such provisions and other articles as may he necessary for the comfortable subsistence of the army nndei
his command, paying or giving certificates for the same ; to remove and secure, for the benefit of the own-
ers, all goods and elfects which may he serviceable to the enemy ; provided that the powers hereby vested
shall he exercised only in such parts of these States as may be within the circumference of seventy miles
of the head-quarters of the American army, and shall continue in force for the space of sixty days, unless
sooner revoked by Congress."^/burna&, hi., 318. The last clause was important, for there were a
number of disaffected persons who preferred to have their property fall into the hands ol the enemy, to
tribute to their support.
- Monsieur Du Coudray, a French officer, who had just obtained /] . Q
permission to join the army as a volunteer, set off with a party of /hX/fx JyC^V\/V~7 WA
French gentlemen to overtake Washington. Du Coudray rode a
young and spirited mare. As he entered upon a fiat-bottomed
boat to cross the Schuylkill, she went oul to the ex-
treme end. and into the river, with her rider on her
back. Du Coudray was drowned. Congress ordered
Si !'•■ rnber 17 bis corpse to In- interred at the expense of the United States, and with the honors ol war.
:! The evening alter the battle, a party of British were sent to Wilmington to seize Governor M'Kinley,
and secure such plundi 1 .1 miiiht fall in their way. They took the governor from his bed. and. seizing a
shallop, which was lying in the stream, laden with the valuable effects of the people, together with the
lie records of the county, a lame quantity of public and private money, all the papers and certificates be-
longin<.' to the loan and treasury offices there, with plate and jewels, returned to the camp. The whole
country was in a state of terror: and while the victorious Britons were on their march toward Philadel-
phia, all lower Pennsylvania and Delaware were eminent for the loyalty of their inhabitants. There
however, noble exceptions. The patriotism of the Israels, and the bold heroism of Hannah Irwin Israel,
will never he forgotten. Israil Israel, her husband, was a member of the committee of safety, and
a marked man. Betrayed bj his Tory neighbors, he and his wife's br ither were made pi mere, and taken
on hoard the Roebwk frigate, lying in the Delaware, in sicrht of his house, for trial. He was treated harsh-
ly; his bed was a coil of ropes on deck: his food of the meanest kind. It was reported that he bad de-
clared that he would sooner drive his. cattle as a present to Gen H kington, than to receivt thousands
of dollars in British sold for them. On being informed of this, the British commander ordered a detach-
ment of soldiers to 00 to his meadows, in full view, and seize and slaughter In 1 D techno there.
His young wife (only nineteen years of age) saw her husband and brother taken to the frigate, and she also
saw the movement of the plunderers. She guessed their purpose when she s.-,w the soldiers land. With
j eight years old, she hastened to the meadow, cast down the bus. and began driving out the cattle.
The soldiers told her to desist, and threatened to shoot her. ■"Fire away!" cried the heroic woman.
They toed, and the balls Bew thickly but harmlessly around her. The shield of God's pro\ idenoe was over
her. and. though the cowardly soldiers fired several shots, not one grazed her The cattle were all saved.
and the discomfited marauders returned to the frigate. The trial of Israel took place. A kind-hearted
sailor asked him if he was a Free-mason. He answered in the affirmative informed that iL
ISO
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Battle prevented.
March of the Americans toward Germantown.
Localities near the Brandywine
the high ground near the White Horse tavern with a part of his army, ami turned the right
flank of the Americans, while the main hody advanced toward the left. Skirmishing com-
menced hetween the advanced guards of the two armies, and a general battle appeared about
to ensue, when a terrible storm of rain (already noticed on page 1 0 (J), accompanied by heavy
thunder, broke upon the belligerents, and so injured their ammunition that they were obliged
to defer the battle. Washington found his loss of ammunition to be so great, that prudence
forbade a present engagement with the enemy. He accordingly withdrew his army, and
filed off' toward Reading. Wayne, in the mean while, was hanging upon the rear of the
enemy, and suffered the defeat at Paoli. Washington retired to Yellow Springs and War-
wick, among the range of mountains which extend to Valley Forge, and passed the Schuyl-
kill at Parker's Ford. The subsequent movements of the two armies — the battles of Ger-
mantown, Red Bank, and Fort Mifflin ; the encampment at Whitemarsh and Valley Forge ;
the evacuation of Philadelphia by the enemy the following spring, and the battle of Mon-
mouth which ensued, have been noticed in the preceding chapter.
We will now close the chronicle, finish the sketch of the Birmingham meeting-house,
printed on page 37o, and, leaving the venerated fane with its interesting associations, ride
to Dilworth to dine.
About half-way between the meeting-house and Dilworth, and one hundred rods west-
ward of the road, in a field belonging to Mr. Bennet, is the place where La Fayette was
wounded. The ground is very undulating; in fact, the whole scene of the battle of Bran-
dywine is a broken but very fertile country, highly cultivated, and remarkable for the good
character of its inhabitants. They were chiefly Quakers during the Revolution ; and their
dependants, professing the same faith and discipline, own a large portion of the land at
present.
From Dilworth we proceeded toward Chad's Ford, by the way of Brinton's Mills. Upon
the brow of an eminence near the mills, and overlook-
c\ , ing the Brandywine the old Brinton mansion (26 on
the map) was yet standing, a gray and moss-grown
relic of the war. In the gable toward the river is a
hole made by the passage of a cannon-ball, fired from
Knyphausen's batteries on the west side of the Bran-
dywine. About a mile below it, upon a road running
parallel with the river, is Chad's house, a small stone
building, and another relic of the Revolution. It is
upon a slope on the east side of the road. The sketch
here given was made from the highway, looking north-
east. Upon a loftier knoll, a few rods south of Chad's,
is the place where Wayne stationed Proctor with his
artillery. It was an eligible point for commanding
the passage of the ford.
Turning eastward from the road leading to the
bridge over the Brandywine at the ford, I visited the head-quarters of Washington (22 on
the map), delineated on the opposite page, then the residence of Benjamin Ring, now the
dwelling of Joseph P. Harvey. It is somewhat modernized, but its general aspect is the
same as when the patriot chief occupied it. Mr. Harvey gave me a grape-shot which was
plowed up on his farm a few weeks before. Hundreds of pounds of cannon-balls have been
uras to lie held on board the vessel that night, the officers being Masons. The trial ended, and the life of
Israel was in jeopardy. He made a manly defense before the court, and, when opportunity offered, lie gave
i sign uf the brotherhood. It was recognized ; the haughty bearing of the officers was changed tn kmd-
ness ; the Tory witnesses were reprimanded foi seeking the harm of an honorable man; presents were
prepared for his hemic wife: and himself and brother were sent on shore in a splendid barge, and set at
ibi rl The records of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania bear testimony that Mr. Israel (who was many
Grand Master) was saved from an ignominious death by the esc of masonic signs — Sec .Mrs Ellen's
' ■ Ri volution, i . 1 55.
Chad's House
OF THE RE VOLUTION.
1 - 1
TV- Quarters of Washington nnJ Howe.
Kennet Square.
A Storm.
New London and Elkton
Washington s UKAD-4VABTBBS.
found in the vicinity of Chad's Ford, and are now preserved by relic-seekers. From Wash-
ington's temporary residence I rode to the reputed quarters of La Fayette (21), situ
little more than a mile east of Chad's
Ford ; and thence, up the .V »< A
to George Gilpin's, the quarters of Howe
after the battle. From the field where
Mr. Gilpin and his sons were al work,
I made the sketch printed on page I 7 2,
and there parting company with Mr.
Townsend, my cicerone over the battle-
ground of the Brandywine, 1 turned my
face toward Kennet Square, with my
back to the keen northeast wind. It
was nearly four o'clock when I reached
Chad's Ford. The clouds were deep-
ening, and every aspect of nature was
dreary. I alighted, tied my horse to a
bar-post, and, shivering with cold, stood
upon the hank of the congealing stream,
and sketched the picture on page 17 3 — giving it the effects of sunlight and foliage as in
pleasant summer time, after a warm supper at Kennet Square. The shadows of evening
were coming on when I crossed the Brandywine, and it was too dark to see objects clearly
when I passed the old Kennet meeting-house and Welsh's tavern, places of historic interest
upon the highway. I arrived at Kennet Square, seven miles west of the Brandywine, at
about half-past five o'clock, and passed the night at Wiley's tavern, a venerable edifice, in
which Howe had his quarters while his army was encamped in the vicinity.
I arose at daybreak, in anticipation of beholding a furious snow-storm, for the wind reined
in the spacious chimneys, and the neighboring shutters and sign-boards were beating a tat-
too. But the wind had changed to the southeast, and, though blowing with the fury ol a
December tempest, it was as warm as the breath of early spring 1 breakfasted early, and
departed for Elkton, twenty-four miles distant, with a prospect of receiving a drenching, for
scuds, dark and billowy, came up from the ocean upon the wiims of the gale like a flock of
monster birds. I had just passed the " Hammer and Trowel'' inn, a few miles from Ken-
net, when a thick mist came sweeping over the hills in the van of a tempest of wind and
rain. For more than an hour, it seemed as if the " windows of heaven were opened,'' and
that /Eolus and Jupiter Pluvius were joined in merry-making upon the earth. The huge
leafless oaks in the forests swayed to and fro like the masts and spars of tempest-tossed na-
vies ; and a thousand turbid streamlets poured from the hill-sides, and made rivers ol the
gentle water-courses in the vales. Twice, while passing over a lofty hill, I felt my wagon
lifted from the ground by the wind, its spacious cover acting like a parachute. The storm
ceased as suddenly as it arose, and, when I reached New London (a village of some twenty
houses), about ten miles from Kennet Square, the clouds broke, and the wind.- were hushed
A brilliant, mild afternoon made the ride from New London to Elkton a delightful one,
and fully compensated for the Buffering of the morning. The country is hilly, until within
a few miles of the head of the Elk, when it becomes flat, and marshy, and penetrated by
deep estuaries of the bay and river
Klkton (the •■ Head of" Elk" of the Revolution) is an old town, the capital of Cecil county,
in Maryland. It is situated at the junction of the two branches of the Elk River, the upper
portion of Chesapeake Bay, and at the head of tide-water. The rail-way from Philadelphia
to Baltimore passes within half a mile of the town. Here the British made their first halt.
after leaving the place of debarkation at Turkey Point, twelve miles below ; and Elkton
may be considered the dividing point, in the military operations of the Revolution, between
the North and South. The accompanying map, divided by the Delaware River, with New
I--.'
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Scene of Military Operations iu New Jersey aud IVnmylviinia,
An Evening on the Chesapeake.
Baltimore
Jersey on the right and Pennsylvania on the left, is introduced to exhibit the relative posi-
tion of the principal places in those two states, from Am-
boy to Elkton, mentioned in preceding pages, and made
memorable by military events.
My tarry at Elkton was brief. While Charley (my qJ \\
irse) was " taking a bite" at an inn stable, I made («j/ M
inquiry of the post-master and other
citizens, concerning vestiges of the J? ,
% '
"Urr.; .',^3
and
that
Revolution
ascertained
nothing was visible
in the neighborhood of Elk-
ton except the water, and the
fields, and the hills on which Howe
encamped, some two miles from the
town. The place of the debarkation of
the British was Turkey Point, a cape formed
by the junction of the Elk River and the broad
ith of the Susquehanna, twelve miles below the village. In-
that the enemy cast up no intrenchments, and, consequent-
o tangible marks of their presence there, and assured that a
"the Point might be obtained from the steam-boat, when go-
ing down the Chesapeake, I resolved to be satisfied with a distant observation. I accord-
ingly rode to Freuchtown, three miles below Elkton, whence the boats connecting with the
Delaware and Chesapeake rail-way depart for Baltimore ; " took tea" with a widow lady,
residing in a fine brick dwelling on the bank of the river, and, just before sunset, embarked
Charley was restive when walking the plank, but, using all the philosophy he possessed, he
soon decided that the hubbub in the steam-pipe was harmless, and his footing on deck se-
cure. These problems settled, he seemed to enjoy the evening voyage quite as much as the
bipeds around him. It was, indeed, a glorious evening. When the George Washington
cast off her moorings, the last gleams of the evening sun gilded the hills of Delaware, and,
while passing Turkey Point, the scene was truly gorgeous. The tall trees of the cape were
sharply penciled upon a back-ground of blended ruby, orange, gold, purple, and azure, glow-
ing like opal, and spreading over many degrees of the western horizon ; while above, far up
in the dark blue, was the crescent moon, with Jupiter in her lap, beaming so brightly that
he cast a line of silver light upon the calm waters of the bay. Both had gone down behind
the hills when we passed North Point' light-house, and entered the ratapsco. We arrived
1 North Point, at the entrance of the Patapseo, was the scene of a sanguinary battle between the Amer-
icans, under General Striker, and the British, under General Ross, in September, 1814. The Americans
were defeated, and the British lost their commander-in-chief. In 1815, the citizens of Baltimore erected a
monument on the corner of Calvert and Fayette Streets, in memory of those Americans who fell in that en-
gagement, and also daring the bombardment of Fort M'Henry, the. next day. This monument was planned
by Maximilian Godefrnv, ami erected under his supervision. It is entirely of pure while marble, and rests
■ ipi hi a square plinth, or terrace, of the same material, forty feet square, and four feet in height. From
this platform rises a square Egyptian basement, entirely rusticated, to indicate strength. It is composed
of eighteen layers of stone, to signify the number of states which formed the confederacy at the time of the
battle thus commemorated. This basement is surmounted by a cornice, each of the lour angles of which
bears an elegantly executed griffin. A winged globe adorns each center of the Egyptian cornice, sym-
bolical iif eternity and the flight of time. On each of the four fronts of the basement is a false door, like
those of ancient cenotaphs. Three steps ascend to these doers, and indicate the three years' duration of
the war. The shaft represents an enormous lasers, symbolical of union, the rods of which are bound with
uK I lit: REV OLU riON I Bo
; nument at Baltimore.
at Baltimore, sixty-eight miles from Elkton, at ten o'clock. The city was in a tumult. A
destructive fire was raging; and the grand diapason of the trumpet shouts of the firemen
and the clangor of bells met us upon the waters, almost as far distant as the lurid glare of
the flames.
"Oh the bells, bells, bells,
What a tali.- their terror tells
01" despair !
How they clang, and clash, and roar!
What a horror they outpour
On the bosom of the palpitating air !
In the startled ear of ni^ht
How they seream out their affright !
Too much horrified to speak,
They can only shriek, shriek,
Out of tune,
In a clamorous appeal to the mercy of the fire.'1
Edgar A. Poe.
1 had traveled since dawn, by land and water, in rain and sunshine, full ninety miles ; and
it was a pleasant thought that to-morrow would be the Sabbath — a day of rest.
fillets. Upon these fillets, inscribed in letters of bronze, are the names of those who fell in defense of the
city of Baltimore. Around the top of the fasces are two wreaths ; one of laurel, the other of cypress, in-
dieatiiiL' glory and grief. Between these wreaths are the names of the officers who were killed, inscribed
in bronze letters. The fasces is ornamented with two epic sculptures, in low relief; one representing the
battle at North Point, the other a battery of Fort M Henry On the cast and west fronts are lachrymal
urns, emblematic of regret and sorrow. Beneath the epic sculptures are inscriptions, as follows : North
side. — "Battle of North Point. I2tb September, AD. 1^14: and of the independence of the United
. s, the thirty-ninth." Fouth side. — " Bombardment of Fori M'Hemrt, 13th September. A.D. 1814 .
and of the independence of the United States, the thirty-ninth."
The basement and fasces form, together, thirty-nine feet. Upon the top is a beautifully-wrought colossal
statue. It is a female figure, intended to personify the city of Baltimore. Upon,her head is a mural
crown, emblematic of cities; in 3 hand she holds an antique rudder, symbolic of navigation, and in the
other she raises a crown of laurel, as with a graceful inclination of the head she looks toward the fort and
battle-ground. At her feet, on one side, is the American eagle ; on the other, a bomb-shell. The heisht
of the monument, includinc the statue, is fifty-two feet, two in
The following are the names of the slam, inscribed apon the n amenl :
Officers. — .lames Lowry Donaldson, adjutant 2~th rcg. ; Gregorius Andree, lieut. 1st rifle battalion-
Levi Clairirelt. 3'/ lieut., Nicholson's artillery.
Nok-i it n Officers and Privates.— John Clemm. T. V. Beaston. S. Haubert, John Jephson,
T. Wallace, J. H. Marriol of John. E. Marriot, Wm. Ways, J. Armstrong, J. Richardson, Benjamin Pond,
Clement Cox C< celias Belt. John Garrett. H. G. M'Comes, Wm. M'Clellan, John C. Bird. M. Desk. Danl.
Wells. Jr.. John R. Cop. Benjn. Neal, C. Reynolds, D. Howard, Uriah Prosser, A. Randall. R. R. Cooksey,
J Gresg. J. Evans. A. Maas. G. Jenkins, W. Alexander, C. Fallier.T. Burniston, J. Dunn. P. Byard. J. Craig.
Note.— At the beginning nfthis chapter (page 411 1 have mentioned some ofthe operations ofthe Queen's Rangers, under
Saiicoe. in the vicinity ol Philadelphia, but inadvertentl] omitted an occurrence in which Brigadier-general Lacey, ol Penn-
ona, was conspicuous. It occurred on the first oi May, 1778, at a place called The (rooked llillet (now Hatborough),
about fourteen miles from Philadelphia. There General Lacey had his head-quarters. His command were encamped there
most ofthe tune during manv weeks in the spring of 1778, and proved a great annoyance n> the British loraging parties. It
deemed important to attack and disperse these troops, and that service the sctiv. Major Si « ilh las Rangers, and
Lieutemuu-i n< I Lbercromble, with light infantry and cavalry, as commander-, n-rhe i. attempted Htej Burpris. I nil
i at dawn on the morning ofthe first of May. He was unsuspicious of an enemy until they were within two hundred
rardaol Us camp He was In bed, and by the time he was in his saddle the enemy were with lUBketshoi squatters,
and attacked him front and rear. Retreat was his only chance for safety, for the number ofthe enemj was overwhi
To accomplish that incurred the necessity of seven- fighting. He literally " cut Ins waj through," and skirmishing continued
for more than two miles II succeeded in retreating in tolerable order, and most ofhis command escaped. General 1...
skill and braver] on this occasion were highly commended.
John Lacey was horn in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the fourth of February, 1755. He was commissioned a
under Wayne early in i: , at the head of a company inFebruarj of that >e,r Hew,
Bucks count) m the spring of 17". for the purpose of organising the,, iihlia. On the sixth of Maj ~„„,c. l..u-
tenant colonel, and In January, 1778, was made brigadier general. He commanded on the ini - between the British „, I
detphiaandtto Americans at ^ and was esteemed by Washington as one of 0 si useful i officers in the serv-
ice \fter the affair at The I Tooked «,/W, above noticed, he was elected a m, mbt t ol the Gi n, ml i.88, mblj ol 1 ennsylvams
and the follow,,,. Mar he was .eat in the Council, where he served three y, are at the same thite he p, rformed
much miUtary service. After the war, he made his residence at I'emberton ; and as justice ofthe peace, district judge, and
legislator, he continued in publ.c life until the last. He died on the 17th of Febroary, 1814, at the age ol fifty-nine years
1 - 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
. Baltimore and its Associations.
Washington's Monument
CHArTER VII.
" Hear the holy Sabbath bells,
Sacred bells !
Oh what a world of peaceful rest
Their melody protests !
How sweetly at the dawning
Of a pleasant Sabbath morning,
Sounds the rhyming,
And the chiming
Of the bells!"— H. S. Nolen.
UNDAY was as mild anil bright in Baltimore as a Sabbath in May, although
it was the 3d of December. That city has no old churches hallowed by the
presence of the patriots of the Revolution.
Annapolis was the only city in Maryland,
except little St. Mary's, on its western bor-
der, when the battles for independence were
fought ; and " Baltimore towne," though
laid out as early as 1729, contained, in
1776, less than one hundred houses. It
is a eity of the present ; and yet, in extent, commerce,
and population, it is the third city of the republic, num-
bering now about one hundred and sixty-five thousand in-
habitants.'
1 passed half an hour in the Roman Catholic cathedral
during the matin services. Toward noon I listened to a,
persuasive sermon from the lips of Doctor Johns, of Christ
Church (brother of the Virginia bishop), predicated upon
the words of Moses to Hobah ;" employed the remainder
of the day in reading ; and, early on Monday morning,
started out, with port-folio and pencil, to visit the celeb-
rities of the city.
The noble monument erected by the State of Maryland
in honor of Washington is the object of first and greatest
attraction to visitors. It stands in the center of a small
square, at the intersection of Monument and Charles
Streets, in the fashionable quarter of the city, one hund-
red and fifty feet above tide-water. It is composed of a
base of white marble, fifty feet square, and twenty feet in
height, with a Doric column, one hundred and sixty feet
in height, and twenty feet in diameter at the base, grad-
ually tapering upward to a handsomely-formed capital. Washington Monumknt.*
' The census for 1850, which shows this result, also exhibits a case of remarkable longevity in Balti-
more. Sukt-v Wright, a colored woman, whose age is well certified, was then 1:20 years old. She had a
child twenty-five years of age when the Revolutionary war broke out in 1775.
2 "We are journeying toward the land of which the Lord said, I will give it you, and we will do thee
good." — Numbers, x., 29.
3 The following are the inscriptions on the monument: East front. — "To George Washington, by
the State of Maryland. Hern 22d February. 1732. Died 14th December, 1799." South front. — "To
George Washington, President of the United States, 4th March, 1789. Returned to Mount Vernon, tth
OF THE REVOLUTION. L 8 5
Maryland Historical Society. Pulaski's Banner. Moravian Nuns at Bethlehem.
T"l>on the top is a statue of Washington, by Causici, sixteen feet in height, winch is reached
by a winding stair-way on the interior. It represents the chief in the act of resigning his
commission. The statue cost nine thousand dollars. The ground on which the monument
stands was given for the purpose by John E:ii; i Howard, the " hero of the Cowpens." The
corner stone of the monument was laid on the 4th of July, 1815, with imposing ceremonies.
This view is From Monument Street, looking northeast. The Battle Monument, near Bar-
num's Hotel, erected to the memory of those who fell in defense of Baltimore in 1811, is
beautiful and chaste in design and execution, and is an ornament to the city. It cost about
sixty thousand dollars. A description of this structure, and copies of the inscriptions upon
it. are given in a note on page 1 v~
After sketching these mementoes, I visited the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society,
bearing a letter of introduction to its president, General Smith, a son of Colonel Samuel
Smith, the hero of Fort Mifflin, portrayed on page 90. To that gentleman, and to Pres-
ident N. C. Brooks, of the Baltimore Femalo College, T am indebted for Kind attentions
and local information. The Historical Society is young, but vigorous and flourishing Its
collection contains but few relics of the Revolution worthy of special notice. There is an
old painting representing Yorktown, in Virginia, in 1781, and also a portrait of Governor
John Eager Howard, a copy of which will be found in another part of this work. One of
the most interesting relics which I saw during my tour is carefully preserved in the library
of the society — the crimson banner of the Count Pulaski, beautifully wrought by the Mora
vian sisters, at Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania. Count Pulaski (whose portrait and biogra-
phy will be hereafter given) was appointed a brigadier in the Continental army on the
15th of September, 17 77. just alter the battle on the Brandywine, in which he participa-
ted, and was honored with the command of the cavalry. He resigned this honor within a
few months, and asked and obtained permission from Congress to raise and command an
independent corps, to consist of sixty-eight horse and two hundred foot. The mode March as,
of raising these was left to the direction of General Washington.1 This corps was' l7?a
chiefly raised, and fully organized in Baltimore in 1778. Pulaski visited La Fayette while
that wounded officer was a recipient of the pious care and hospitality of the Moravians at
Bethlehem. His presence, and eventful history, made a deep impression upon the minds of
that community. When it was known that the brave Pole was organizing a corps of cav-
alry in Baltimore, the «//«s,5 or single women of Bethlehem, prepared a banner of crimson
Mnn-h. 1797.'' Wtttfront. — "To George Washington. Trenton, 25th December, 1776. York-town.
19th October, 1781." North front. — "To George Washington. Commander-in-chief of the American
armies, 15th June. 1775. Commission resigned at Annapolis, 23d December, 1783."
1 Journals of Congress, iv., 127.
• The word nun. a- applied to the single sisters of the Moravian sect, has a different meaning than when
applied to the recluses of the Roman Catholic Church. De Chastellux, who visited Bethlehem in 1782.
says of the community : "Their police, or discipline, is of the monastic kind, since they recommend celi-
bacy, but without enjoining it. and keep the women separate from the men. There is a particular house,
lor the widows, which I did not visit. The two sexes being thus habitually separated, none of :hnsp
familiar connections exist between them which lead to marriage ; nay, it is even contrary to the spirit of
the sect to marrv from inclination. It a young man finds himself sufficiently at ease to keep bouse for him-
self, and maintain a wife and children, he presents himself to the commissary, and ask- for a girl, who, after
consulting with the superintendent of the women, proposes one to him. which he may. in fact, refuse to ac-
cept; but it is contrary to custom to choose a wile lor himself. Accordingly, the Moravian colonies have
not multiplied in any proportion to the other American colonics. That at Bethlehem is composed of about
six hundred persons, more than half of whom live in a state of celibacy." De Chastellux visited the " house
for simile women," a spacious -tone edifice, provided with well-heated rooms for working in, and a large
vaulted chamber, well ventilated, where all the girls slept in single beds. He refers to their skill in em-
broidery. His whole a unit of his wsit is an interesting picture of the simple habits of the Moravians.
He says they "have no bishops, being governed by synods." They have had bishops from the beginning,
but their office allows them no elevation of rank or pre-eminent authority; and the communities are. in-
deed, governed by councils, or synods, composed of deputies from the different congregations, who meet in
conference once in seven years. There are two bishops in the tinted States at present. The principal
Moravian establishments are at Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania, and Salem, in North Carolina. Their mar
riage and other customs have materially changed within the last thirty years.
!8(j i'JCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
"Hymn of the Moravian Nuns." Patriotism in Baltimore. Committees of Correspondence and Observation.
-ilk, with designs beautifully wrought with the needle by their own hands, and sent it to
Pulaski, with their blessing. The memory of this event is embalmed in verse by Longfel-
low, in the following beautiful
" Hymn of the Moravian Nrr*s at the Consecration of Pulaski's Banner.
''When the dying flame of day Guard it — God will prosper thee!
Through the chancel shot its ray, In the dark and trying hour,
Far the glimmering tapers shetl In the breaking forth of pow'r,
Faint light on the cowled head, In the rush of steeds and men,
And the censer burning swung, His right hand will shield thee then.
When before the altar hung
That proud banner, which, with pray'r, ' ' Take thv banner. But, when night
Had been consecrated there ; CIoses r"lllul the ghas% "'-'hl>
And the nuns' sweet hymn was heard the while, lf the vanqmsh'd warrior bow,
Sung low in the dim mysterious aisle. SPare him— by our holy vow ;
**y our prayers and many tears ;
" ' Take thy banner. May it wave By the mercy that endears ;
Proudly o'er the good and brave, Spare him — he our love hath shared;
When the battle's distant wail Spare him — as thou wouklst be spared.
Breaks the Sabbath of our vale ;
When the clarion's music thrills " ' Take ,ll3' banner ; and, il e'er
To the hearts of these lone hills ; Tho" should *' Press ,he soldier a bier,
When the spear in conflict shakes,
And the muffled drum should beat
And the strong lance, shivering, breaks. To <he tread. of mournful feet,
Then this crimson flag shall be
"'Take thy banner; and, beneath Martial cloak and shroud for thee.'
The war-cloud's encircling wreath, And the warrior took that banner proud,
Guard it — till our homes are free — And it was his martial cloak and shroud."
Pulaski received the banner with grateful acknowledgments, and bore it gallantly through
many a martial scene, until he fell in conflict at Savannah in the autumn of 1779. His
banner was saved by his first lieutenant (who received fourteen wounds), and delivered to
Captain Bentalon, who, on retiring from the army, took the banner home with him to Bal-
timore.1
When oppression began to awaken a spirit of general resistance throughout the colonies,
" Baltimore towne" was not behind its sister communities in zeal and action. A meeting
•May 27. was held there in 1774,2 a when the people generally agreed to support non-
tNovember la intercourse measures. Afterward they elected a Committee of Observation,' h
and also appointed a committee of correspondence.1 These committees were exceedingly
vigilant and active in watching the disaffected, giving information of importance to their
brethren abroad, and in passing intelligence between the patriots of the North and the South.
They were no respecter of persons, and Loyalists of every grade came under their surveil-
Anburey and the Baroness Riedesel were also in Bethlehem, and speak in the highest terms of the Mo-
ravians.
1 It was used in the procession that welcomed La Fayette to that city in 1824, and was then deposited
in Peale's Museum. On that occasion, it was ceremoniously received by several young ladies. Mr. Ed-
mund Peale presented it to the Maryland Historical Society in 1844, where it is now carefully preserved
in a glass case. But little of its former beauty remains. It is composed of double crimson silk, now faded
to a dull brownish red. The designs on each side, as represented on the following page, are embroidered
with yellow silk, the letters shaded with green. A deep green bullion fringe ornaments the edges. The
size of the banner is twenty inches square. It was attached to a lanee when borne to the field.
2 Andrew Buchanan was chosen chairman, and Robert Alexander clerk or secretary.
3 This committee, consisting of twenty-nine of the leading men of Baltimore, was elected by the quali-
fied voters, at a town meeting, regularly assembled at the court-house. They not only took cognizance
of political matters, but assumed a general supervision of the public morals, not by coercive measures, but
by advice. Among other things, they recommended the discontinuance of fairs in Baltimore, and denoui I
them as nuisances, conducive to "mischiefs and disorders," "serving no other purpose than debauching
the morals of their children and servants," and ''encouraging riots, drunkenness, gaming, and the vilest
immoralities." Horse-racing, cock-fighting, general extravagance, and dissipation were inveighed against,
not only as wrong, but as derogatory to the character of patriots at that solemn hour (1775).
* The following are the names of this committee : Robert Alexander, Samuel Purviance, Jr., Andrew
Buchanan, Doctor John Boyd, John Moale, Jeremiah Townlv Chase. William Buchanan, and William Lux.
Four members constituted a quorum for the transaction of business.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
1S7
Treatment of Loyalists.
Meeting of Congress in Bui'
La Fayette in Baltimore.
Pulaski's Bakneh.?
lance. The Reverend Mr. Edmiston, pastor of St. Thomas's parish, was arraigned before
the Committee of Observation, on a charge of being favorable to
the Quebec Act. He pleaded guilty, apologized, and was for-
given. Other suspected Loyalists, of equal standing, were ar-
raigned, and middlemen soon became scarce.'
I have mentioned the fact (page 1 8) that, on the approach
of the royal troops toward the Delaware, in 1776, Congress,
then in session in Philadelphia, adjourned to Baltimore. Their
first meeting in that city, pursuant to adjournment, was on the
_ 20th of December They met, and continued their ses-
sion in the spacious brick building yet standing on Balti-
more, Sharpe, and Liberty Streets. The Reverend Patrick Al-
lison, first minister of the Presbyterian church of Baltimore, and
Reverend W.White, were appointed chaplains on the 23d. It
was there, on the 27th of December, two days after the battle
at Trenton, that Congress, by resolution, delegated so much of
their powers to Washington, for six months, as made him a mil-
itary dictator, a fact already noticed on page 25. Through
a local committee of Congress, left in Philadelphia, efficient co-
operation with the army was secure'!, and the whole military
establishment, as we have seen (page 3-1), was placed in a
higher and -yiore effective condition than it had been since the organization of the army.
Congress continued in session
in Baltimore until Friday, the
27th of February, when it ad-
journed to Philadelphia, where
the delegates met on the fol-
lowing Wednesday, the 4th of
March.
When La Fayette passed
through Baltimore on his way
to the field of his conflicts at
the South, he was greeted with
the greatest respect by the peo-
ple. A ball was given in his
honor, at which the marquis ap-
peared sad. " Why so gloomy
at a ball '" asked one of the
gay belles. "T can not enjoy
the gayety of the scene," re-
plied La Fayette, " while so
many of the poor soldiers are without shirts and other necessaries." " We will supply
them," was the noble reply of the ladies; and the gayety of the ball-room was exchanged
for the sober but earnest services of the needle. They assembled the next day In great num-
bers to make up clothing for the soldiers, of materials furnished by fathers and husbands.'
One gentleman, out of his limited means, gave La Fayette five hundred dollars to aid him
1 Purvianee's Narrative, pages 12-13.
' On one side of the '.lanncr are the letters U. S., and, in a circle around them, the words L'sitas virtcs
forcior : "Union makes valor stronger." The letter c in the last word is incorrect : it should be t. On
the other side, in the center, is the A ll-seeing Eye, with the words Non aMOS regit: " No other governs."
3 This view is from Baltimore Street, looking southeast. The front on the left is on Baltimore Street ;
the other is on Liberty Street. Its first story is now used for commercial purposes ; otherwise it exhibits
the same external appearance as when Congress assembled there.
4 M-Sherry's History of Maryland, p. 229.
The Uonghess tlous
1S8 PICTORIAL FIELD- BOOK
Journey to Annapolis. Departure from the Right Road. Hospitality. City of Annapolis.
in clothing li is soldiers. His wife, with her own hands, cut out five hundred pairs of pan-
taloons, and superintended the making of them.1
In the passage of troops between the Northern and Southern States, Baltimore was often
thu scene of activity and excitement ; beyond this, it has but little military history connected
with our subject. Its statesmen and soldiers did good service in the forum and in the field,
and their names and deeds are conspicuously recorded in various portions of these volumes.
We will make Annapolis, the old capital of Maryland, our point of view, in taking a survey
of the general history of the state, for that city was the soul and center of action during
the Revolution.
December 4, I left Baltimore for Annapolis, thirty miles southward, at a little after three
o'clock, crossing the Patapsco River at sunset, upon a long, rickety draw-bridge,
having a toll-gatherer at the southern end. The sky was clear, and the moon being suffi-
ciently advanced in illumination to promise a fair degree of light, I resolved to push forward
as far as the " half-way house," fifteen miles from Baltimore, before halting. Soon after
leaving the bridge, the road penetrated a forest of oaks and chestnuts, filled with those beau-
tiful evergreens, the laurel and the holly. Passing several cultivated openings where the
country was rolling, I reached a level, sandy region, and at dark entered a forest of pines,
its deep shadows relieved occasionally by small openings recently made by the woodman's
ax. I had passed only two small houses in a journey of six miles, and without seeing the
face of a living creature, when I met a negro man and woman, and inquired for the " half-
way house." The woman assured me that it was two miles ahead ; and, in the plenitude
of her kind feelings, promised that I should find " plenty o' liquor dar." After driving at
least four miles, I perceived that I had " run off* the track," mistaking one of the numerous
branches of the main road for the highway itself. After traversing the deep, sandy way,
in the gloom, until almost eight o'clock, when traveler and horse were thoroughly wearied,
I was cheered by the barking of a dog, and in a few moments crossed a stream, and came
in sight of a spacious mansion, surrounded by many broad acres of cultivation. The merry
voices of children, who were playing in the lane, were hushed as I halted at the gate and
hailed. A servant swung it wide open for my entrance, and when I asked for entertain-
ment for the night, the kindest hospitality was extended. The proprietor of the plantation
was the widow of a Methodist clergyman, who was drowned in the Severn a tew years ago.
Her mother, residing with her, had been, in former years, a parishioner of my own pastor,
the R,everend Stephen H. Tyng, D.D. This fact was a sympathetic link ; and a home feel-
ing, with its gentle influence, came over me as the evening passed away in pleasant conver-
sation. I left the mansion of Mrs. Robinson, the next morning, with real regret. I had
there a foretaste of that open hospitality which I experienced every where at the South, and
must ever remember with gratitude.
Under the guidance of a servant, I traversed a private road, to the public one leading to
Aunapolis. The highway passes through a barren region until within two miles of the
town, relieved, occasionally, by a few cultivated spots ; and so sinuous was its course, that
I crossed the Baltimore and Annapolis rail-way seven times in a distance of thirteen miles.
The deep sand made the journey toilsome, and extended its duration until almost an hour
past meridian.
Annapolis is apparently and really an old town. Many of its houses are of the hip-roofed
style of an earlier generation, with the distinctive features of Southern houses, so odd in ap-
pearance to the eyes of a Northern man — the chimneys projecting from the gable, from the
ground to their tops. The city is beautifully located on the south branch of the River Sev-
ern, upon a peninsula formed by Acton's and Covey's Creeks, which rise within half a mile
of each other. It commands an extensive view of the Chesapeake Bay and the surrounding
1 This gentleman was Mr. Poe. His widow, the lady who cut out the garments, was living when La
Fayette visited Baltimore in 1824. The two patriots met, and the scene was one of peculiar interest. —
Sec Vila's Register, 24th October, 1824.
OF THE RE VOL fTI ON. 180
Founding of Annapoli« First Lord Baltimore. Exploration of the Chesapeake Maryland Charter.
country, where almost every diversity of picturesque scenery is exhibited, except the gran-
deur of lofty mountains.
Annapolis was erected into a town, port, and place of trade in lGs:!, under the name of
the " Town land at Proctor's." or •• The Town land at Severn." Eleven years afterward
it received the name of " Anne Arundle Town." and was made the naval station of the in-
fant colony, and the seat of government. It received the name of Annapolis (Anne's city)
in 1703. which was given in honor of Queen Anne, the reigning sovereign of England. Be-
fore noticing the associations which give peculiar interest to the history of Annapolis, let us
consult the chronicles of the state.
.Maryland was settled at a little later period than New England. The London Com-
pany, of which Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), the first proprietor of Maryland, was
a member, claimed, under its charter, the whole of the vast region from the head of
the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays — the boundary line of the Dutch settlements in
New Netherlands — to an undefined boundary south and west. Calvert was a young man
of good birth and fine talents. lie attracted the attention and won the friendship of Sir
Robert Cecil (afterward Earl of Salisbury), first lord of the Treasury under James the First.
Calvert was appointed by Cecil his private secretary. :l which office he held for several
years. Cecil died in 1612. Calvert appears to have won the esteem oi his king,
for, in 1617, James conferred the honor of knighthood upon him, appointed him clerk of
the Privy Council, and, two years later, made him principal secretary of slate, as successor
to Sir Thomas Lake. In 1624, Calvert resigned his office, not, as Fuller says, because
" he freely confessed himself to the king that he was become a Ptomau Catholic, so that he
must be wanting to his trust, or violate his conscience in discharging his office,"1 for he was
doubtless a Roman Catholic from his earliest youth, if not born in the bosom of that Church.
but probably for the purpose of giving his personal attention to schemes of foreign coloniza-
tion, in which he was interested. On retiring from the secretary's office, the king continued
him a privy counselor, granted him a tract of land in Longford, Ireland.'' with a pen-
sion of one thousand pounds, and created him "Lord Baltimore, of Baltimore, Ireland.
He already had a patent as absolute lord and proprietor of the province of Avalon, in New-
foundland After the death of James, in 1625, Lord Baltimore went to Avalon, where.
with his family, he resided for some time, and then returned to England. He visited Vir-
ginia in 1628 ; and. although a member of the London Company, and high in the confi-
dence of Charles, tin- successor of James, he was required by the local authorities of that
colony to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy.5 Baltimore was offended, for he con-
sidered the requisition as an intended insult, he being a Roman Catholic. He refused to
take the oaths himself, or allow his attendants to do so; and soon afterward departed from
the James River, and made a voyage up the Chesapeake. lie entered the Potomac, was
pleased with the appearance of the country, projected a settlement upon the upper portions
of the Chesapeake Bay, and then returned to England.
The London Company dissolved in the mean while. Baltimore successfully applied to
Charles for a grant of the unoccupied land on the Chesapeake, and in 16:52 the knit: gave
him permission to frame a charter for a province, to suit himself. Tip- grant included the
present area of Maryland, notwithstanding the territory was clearly within the limits of the
Virginia charter, and Kent Island, opposite the site of Annapolis, was already occupied. It
is believed that the Maryland charier was penned by Lord Baltimore himself. Before it
passed the seals, Calvert died,c leaving his son Cecil heir to his title and fortune. tApriias,
The charter was executed about two months afterward,1' and signed by Cecil, with
no alteration from the original except in the name of the province. It was called ''Juneao.
Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen of Clonics the First, instead of Cresa
1 Fuller's Worth
- The Oath 'if Supremacy was one den) ing the supremacy i I the pope in ecclesiastical or temporal affairs
in England, whirl, was required to be taken, along with the Oath i i persons, in order to qual-
ify them l t ofl
100
Character of the first Maryland Charter.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Toleration its chief Glory.
Baltimore's Poliey
as the first Lord Baltimore named it. This charter was full of the ideas of absolutism and
royal prerogatives which distinguished the character and career of James and his son Charles.
It made the proprietor absolute lord of the
province — "Absolutus Dominus et Propri-
ctarius" — with the royalties of a count pal-
atine. Theoretically, he was not inferior in
rights and privileges to the king himself.
He could make laws with the advice of the
freemen, and withhold his assent from such
as he did not approve. He claimed, and
sometimes practiced, the right to dispense
with the laws, in accordance with the princi-
ples and occasional practice of King James.
He was authorized to create manorial lord-
ships ; to bestow titles upon the meritorious
of his subjects.; 1o summon, by writs, any
freemen he chose, to take a seat in a legis-
lative Assembly without election ; to make
ordinances of equal force with the laws with-
out the confirmation of the Assembly ; to
declare martial law at his pleasure — for he
had absolute control of the military and na-
val force of the colony — and to present min-
isters to the parishes. Such were the ex-
tensive powers which the charter of Mary-
land conferred upon the proprietor ; yet the
absolute authority of the " Baron of Balti-
more" was conceded rather with referencf
to the crown than the colonists, for the char-
ter contained concessions and grants to the people sufficient to guarantee them against op-
pression. The privileges, liberties, and franchises of liege subjects of England, born within
the realm, were secured to them ; they were protected against the operation of all laws re-
pugnant to the statutes and customs of England : and they were forever exempted, by an
express covenant in the charter, from all " impositions, customs, or other taxations, quotas,
or contributions whatever," to be levied by the king or his successors. The sovereign did
not reserve to himself even the right of superintendence of the affairs of the colony, or the
power to interfere, in any way. with its laws. In fact, the province of Maryland was, by
its royal charter, made independent of the crown from the beginning ; it was what the pro
prietor termed it, " a separate monarchy." The dependence was acknowledged only by the
provision of the charter which obliged the proprietor to acknowledge fealty by paying a trib-
ute to the king of two Indian arrows yearly, and a fifth of all gold or silver ore which might
be found.
The true glory of the first Maryland charter consists in the religious freedom which it
recognizes; a freedom reasserted and enforced by an act of the Assembly in 1649, seven-
teen years after the charter passed the seals, when the whole realm of England was in com-
motion on account of the execution of the king and establishment of the commonwealth un-
der Cromwell. To Lord Baltimore belongs the honor of bring the first lawgiver in Chris-
tendom who made freedom of conscience the basis of a stale constitution. There seems to
be something paradoxical in the fact, that an absolutist in political affairs should have been
so democratic in matters of religion. But Baltimore was a latitudinarian ; sagacious, far-
sighted, and awake to the best temporal interests of himself and his successors. He clearly
perceived that the growth of his colony depended greatly upon the extent of religious free-
dom which might be guaranteed to emigrants. Persecution was overturning many peaceful
OF THE REVOLUTION
1 01
Buliimore's Toleration. Leonard Cslrert Sen' ■ Mnry'n
homes in Great Britain ; and, to wherever the light of toleration was Been, thousands of the
oppressed made their way. He was exceedingly tolerant himself, or he never would have
retained the friendship of James ; and therefore bis feelings and interests we oincident.
\\i< Catholic brethren were more or less persecuted in England : while the Puritans, who
were peopling the coasts of Massachusetts Bay, had also been " harried out of the land" by
• he hierarchy. Maryland was made thi asylum for the persecuted : not for Roman Cath-
done, bul for the English Puritans, and the equally harassed reformers of Virginia,
under the administration of the bigoted Berkeley.
The first two hundred settlers, who came with Leonard Calvert" (brother of Cecil,
and first governor of the province), were principally Roman Catholics, but in a few
years Protestants became almost as numerous as they These settled upon the unoccupied
territory ninth of the Patuxent, and formed a new county which they called Severn, or
Anne Arundel, extending nearly to the present site of Baltimore. "All the world outside
of these portals [St. Michael's and St. Joseph's, as the first emigrants denominated the two
headlands at the mouth of the Potomac, now Point Lookout, and Smith's Point] was in-
tolerant, prescriptive, vengeful against the children of a dissenting faith. Only in Mary-
land, throughout this wide world of Christendom, was there an altar erected, and truly ded-
icated to the freedom of Christian worship."1 Yet it must not he forgotten that, fifteen
mouths before the charier of .Maryland was executed Roger Williams had sounded the trum-
pet of intellectual freedom in New England, and " it 1 ame his glory to found a state upon
that principle, and to stamp himself upon its risinir institutions, in characters so deep that,
the impress has remained to this dav-
it is not within the scope of my design to notice in detail the progress of the Maryland
colony. The first sett lenient was made by Leonard Calvert, who. m February, 1G34. ar-
rived at Point Comfort, in Virginia, with about two hundred Roman Catholics. The Vir-
ginians had remonstrated against the grant to Baltimore, but, by express commands of the
king, Harvey, then governor, received Calvert with courtes) Early in March he sailed up
the Potomac, and, casting anchor under an island which he called St. Clement, he fired his
first cannon, erected a cross, and took possession " in the name of the Savior of the world
and the King of Great Britain. ''3 He then proceeded up the Potomac to the mouth of the
Piscataway Creek, opposite Mount Vernon, and near the site of the present Fort Washing-
ton, fifteen miles south of Washington City. The chief of the Indian village at that place
was friendly; but Calvert, deeming it unsafe to settle so high up the river, returned, and
entered the stream now called St Mary's. He purchased a village of the Indians, and com-
menced a settlement h Founded upon religious toleration and the practice of jus-
tice,' the colony rapidly increased in population and resources ; and peace, except
1 Kennedy's Discourse on the Life and Character of George Calvert, before the Maryland Historical So-
ciety, 1845, page 43. - Bancroft, i., 375. 3 Belknap
1 As an instance of the determination to preserve peace within his borders, Li ard Calvert issued e
proclamation in 11338. to prohibit "all unreasonable disputations in point ol religi m tending to the 'li-iuii>-
ance of the public peace and quiet of the colony, and to the opening of faction in religion." A Catholic
gentleman (Captain Cornwaleys) had two Protestant servants. They were one day reading al I, together,
Smith's Sermons, and were overheard by Cornwaleys's overseer, n Roman Catholic, while rcaditi"; a passage
in which the pope was culled anti-Christ, and the Jesuits anti-Christian ministers. The overseer abnsed
them, and ordered them to read no more. The servants preferred a formal complaint against the ovet
and submitted it to the governor and council. Of the latter. Cornwaleys was one. The parries were heard,
and the overseer was fined five hundred pounds of tobacco, and ordered to remain in prison until he should
find sureties for In- good behavior in future. Tin- case -hows the tolerant spirit of a Catholic administra-
tion.— Kennedy's Discourse, page 45.
The act fur religio passed in 1649. contained a clause anthoi iziiiLr the imposition of a fine of
ten shillings for abnsive expressions between the parties; such a- idolater, popish priest, Jesuit, and Jes-
uited papist, on the one side, and. on the other, heretic, schismatic, round-head, and -miliar epithets. — Lanji-
ford. par/e 29.
The clause for religious freedom in the act of 1649 extended only to Christians. It was introduced by
the proviso that, '"whatsoever person shall blaspheme God, or -hull deny or reproach the Holy Trinity, ot
any of the th^ec persons thereof, shall be punished with death
192 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
First Legislative Assembly. Religious Animosity. Toleration of the Roman Catholics. Civil Commotions.
during- the troubles arising from the refusal of Claybome, an original settler, to acknowledge
the authority of the governor, reigned within its borders until 1642, when petty hostilities
were carried on against the Indians. Leonard Calvert was appointed governor1 of the prov-
ince, as the proprietor's lieutenant ; and in 1 63-5 the first Legislative Assembly convened at
St. Mary's. A representative government was established in 1639, the people being al-
lowed to send as many delegates to the General Assembly as they pleased. At the same
time, a declaration of rights was adopted, the powers of the proprietor were defined, and all
the privileges enjoyed by English subjects were confirmed to the colonists The Indian
hostilities closed in 1644, and the next year a rebellion under Clay borne involved the prov-
ince in a civil war. The revolt was suppressed in August the following year.
Religious animosity between the Protestants and Roman Catholics finally became a
source of great trouble, and in 1649 the Assembly adopted the Toleration Act. This al-
layed party strife for a while. At this time Charles the First was beheaded, and Crom-
well became the chief magistrate of Great Britain. Lord Baltimore, who was warm in
his professions of attachment to the king while his affairs were prosperous, when he saw the
downfall of royalty inevitable, was equally loud in proclaiming his attachment to the Re-
publicans. Thomas Green, his governor, who had hastily proclaimed Charles the Second,
on hearing of the execution of his father, was removed, and his place was filled by William
Stone, a Protestant, who "was always zealously affected to the Parliament."
In 1650, the legislative body was first divided into two branches, an Upper and a Lower
House; the former consisting of the governor and his council, appointed by the proprietor,
and the latter of the representatives chosen by the people. At that session, all taxes were
prohibited except by the consent of the freemen.
In 1651, the Long Parliament, which had established its supremacy in England, ap-
pointed commissioners to govern Maryland. Stone, Lord Baltimore's lieutenant, was re-
moved ; but, on the dissolution of that Parliament by Cromwell in 1654, he was restored
lo his full powers. The commissioners, however (who had retired to Virginia), entered Ma-
ryland, and compelled Stouc to surrender his warrant into their hands. The Protestants,
who acknowledged the authority of Cromwell, and had the power, by majority, in their own
hands, questioned the rights and privileges of an hereditary proprietor. They stoutly con-
tended for religious liberty, yet they actually disfranchised those who differed from them in
religious opinions. Roman Catholics were excluded from the Assembly ; and an act was
passed toward the close of 1051, declaring that they were not entitled to the protection of
the laws of Maryland !
Early in 1 655, Stone, with greater loyalty to his master, the proprietor, than to his re-
ligious profession, organized an armed body of Catholics, and seized the provincial records.
Civil war raged wilh fury, and was intensified by the heat of religious acrimony. The
Catholics were finally defeated, Stone was made prisoner, and four of the principal men ol
the province, attached to Baltimore's party, were executed.
Josiah Fendall, who had actively supported Stone, and headed an insurrection, was ap-
pointed governor, by Lord Baltimore, in 1656, but he was soon arrested by the Protestant
party. He was a man of good address, and finally succeeded in having himself acknowl-
edged as governor." The proprietor was restored to all his rights, but he did not long
* 1G58. .
enjoy them, for, on the restoration of Charles the Second, the Assembly, knowing the
animosity of the king against Lord Baltimore, dissolved the 1'pper House, and assumed to
1 Clayborne having obtained a royal license in 1631 to traffic with the Indians, had established two set-
tlements, "tic on Mi'1 island "I Kent, and one other near the mouth of the Susquehanna, i llayborne not only
refused to acknowledge the authority of Baltimore, but sought to maintain his own claims by force of arms.
He- w:iv defeated, and Bed to Virginia, whence he was sent to England for trial as a traitor. He applied
:o the Kins for a redress of grievances, hut. after a full hearing, the charter of Lord Baltimore was declared
valid, against the earlier license of Clayborne. The latter returned to -Maryland, got up a rebellion in 16 IS
and drove Governor Calvert into Virginia. For a year and a half the insurgents held the reins of govern-
ment, and the horrors of civil war brooded over tin- infant colony. CLi\ I nam- aliri ward became one of the
ers appointed by Parliament under the Protectorate, to govern Maryland.
OF THE REVOM'THiN 193
Baltimore a Courtier. Civil Wur. Maryland a Royal Province. Republican Constitution. AnnouolU
itself the whole legislative power of the shite. a They declared that no power
should be recognized in Maryland except their own and the king's. Fendall "M"r,'h ■ "'""
then surrendered his trust to Lord Baltimore, and accepted I rum the Assembly a new ci m
u as governor. Charles, however, forgave Baltimore for his homage to the Repub-
licans, for he was assured by that courtier that his partialities had always been really in
favor of the royal cause. The same year the rights of the proprietor were restored, and
Philip Calvert appointed governor. Fendall was arrested upon a charge of treason, was
tried, and found guilty, but, under a general pardon to political offenders, wisely proclaimed
by Lord Baltimore, he escaped death. lie was only fined a trifling sum, and declared in-
eligible for office forever . '
Cecil, Lord Baltimore, died in 1675, and was succeeded in title and fortune by his sou
Charles, who had been his lieutenant in Maryland from 1662 to 1GG8. The new propri-
etor caused the government to be administered by Thomas Notley, who governed with equity,
and he became very popular with all parties. Tranquillity prevailed in the province until
the Revolution in England in 1688, which drove James the Second from the throne, and
shook every colony in America. False rumors, alleging that the Catholics and Indians had
coalesced for the purpose of massacreing the Protestants, aroused all the fire of religious an-
imosity which had been slumbering for years, and caused the formation of an armed asso-
ciation for the alleged defense of the Protestant faith, and of the rights of William and
Mary, the successors of James A compromise was finally effected, and the Catholic party
surrendered the powers of government to the association, by capitulation. A convention of
the associates assumed the government, and exercised its functions until 16Q1, when the
king, by an arbitrary act, deprived Charles, Lord Baltimore, of his political rights as pro-
prietor, and constituted Maryland, for the first time, a royal government. Sir Lionel Cop-
ley was appointed governor, and, on his arrival, b the principles of the proprietary gov-
ernment were overturned ; religious toleration, so freely conceded and so firmly main-
tained when the Catholic proprietors held sway, was abolished, and the Church of England
was established as the religion of the state, and demanding support from general taxation
Maryland continued a royal province under the successive administrations of Copley, Nich-
olson, Blackstone, Seymore, Lloyd, and Hart, until 1720, and tranquillity prevailed. The
inheritance of the proprietorship having fallen to Charles, infant heir of Lord Balti-
more, c who. on attaining his majority,1' professed the Protestant faith, George the jjlijj
restored the patent to the family. It remained a proprietary government until
our Revolution,3 when, as an independent state, it adopted a constitution," and ,A„
took its place (the fourth in the point of time) in the confederation of states. A 177,;
large number of Presbyterians from the north of Ireland had settled in the province, and
the principles of their ecclesiastical polity being favorable to republicanism, they exerted a
erful influence in casling oil' the royal yoke.
Annapolis being the capital of the province, it was the heart of political action. In com-
mon with the people of the other colonies, Maryland took a bold stand against the oppress-
ive measures of the mother government, commencing with the Stamp Act. On the 27th
"I August, 1765. a meeting of " Assertors of British American privileges" met at Annap-
olis, "to show their detestation of anil abhorrence to some late tremendous attacks -on lib-
erty, and their dislike to a certain late arrived officer, a native of this province."* The
1 Fendall afterward became concerned in a rebellious movement, with an accomplice named Coode. Hi
was arrested, fined four thousand pounds of tobacco, imprisoned for non-payment, and banished from thi
province.
8 The successive governors were Charles and Benedict Leonard Calvert ; Samuel Ogle Lord Baltimore :
Ogle again ; Thomas Bladen : Oulc again; Benjamin Tasker. acting governor ; Horatio Sharpe, and Roberl
Eden. Thomas Johnson was the first republican governor.
* This was a Mr. Hood, who had been appointed stamp-master, while in England, on the recommenda-
tion of Dr. Franklin. Such was the indignation of the people against bim, that no one would purchase g Is
of him, though offered at a very low price. Just before the burning of his effigy he escaped to New joi !<.
'n time to save himself from being presented with a coat- of tar and feathers.
II. N
194
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Stamp-master's Effigy banned and burned.
The Sons of Liberty.
Statue of the Kirnz and Portrait of Camden
landing of that officer was at first opposed and prevented, but he was finally permitted to
enter the town. They made an effigy of him, dressed it curiously, placed it in a cart, like
a malefactor, with some sheets of paper before it, and, while the bell was tolling, paraded
it through the town. They proceeded to a hill, where, after punishing it at the whipping-
post and pillory, they hung it upon a gibbet, set fire to a tar-barrel underneath, and burned
it.1 Governor Sharpe informed the colonial secretary of the proceedings, and plainly told
him that, such was the temper of the people, that any stamped paper which might arrive
would doubtless be burned. Some of the proscribed paper, which arrived in Decem-
ber,a was sent back by Governor Sharpe. The people refused to use the odious
stamps, and all legal business was suspended for a while. The Maryland Gazette, like the
Pennsylvania Journal (see page 53), appeared in mourning on the 31st of October, de-
claring, like its eotemporary, that " The times arc Dreadful, Dismal, Doleful, Dolorous, and
Dollarless." The editor issued "an apparition of the late Maryland Gazette" on the 10th
of December, and expressed his " belief that the odious Stamp Act would never be carried
into operation."
On the 1st of March, 1766, the Sons of Liberty of Baltimore, Kent, and Anne Arundel
counties held their first formal meeting at the court-house in Annapolis. The Reverend An-
drew Lendrum was appointed moderator, and William Paca (afterward a signer of the Dec-
laration of Independence) was chosen secretary. Joseph Nicholson, from Kent county, pre-
sented an address from that district, signed by twenty-three of the leading men.3 It was an
application to the chief justice of the provincial court, the secretary and commissary general.
and judges of the land-offices, asking them to
resume the business of their respective offices
regardless of the law. The Anne Arundel
and Baltimore committees also signed the re-
quest,3 which, being forwarded to those offi-
cers, was complied with. The Stamp Act
thus virtually became a nullity a month be-
fore the intelligence of its repeal arrived.
That intelligence reached Annapolis at noon
on the 5th of April, and diffused unu-
sual joy through the city. The remain-
der of the day was spent by the people in
mirth and festivity, and at an assemblage in
the evening, " all loyal and patriotic toasts
were drank." The Assembly of Maryland
voted a statue to the king, and ordered a por-
trait of Lord Camden, a parliamentary friend
of the Americans, to be painted for the Stale
House. On the 1 1 th of June, great rejoic-
ings were again held at Annapolis, that day
having been appointed for the purpose b\ the
Lord Camden.4
Frmn an English Print.
' Ridgeley's Annuls of Annapolis, page 136.
■ The following are the names of the Sons of Liberty of Kent county, appended to the address : "Joseph
Nicholson, William Ringgold, William Stephenson, Thomas Ringgold, Jr., Joseph M'Hard, Gideon M'Cau-
ley, Daniel Fox, Benjamin Binning, William Bordley, Jarvis James. William Stukely, Joseph Nicholson. Jr..
James Porter, Thomas Ringgold, James Anderson, Thomas Smyth, William Murray. Gecrge Garnet, S.
Boardley, Jr., Peroy Frisby, Henry Vandike, and John Bolton."
1 The Anne Arundel committee consisted of William Paea, Samuel Chase (also a signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence), and Thomas B. Hands. The Baltimore county committee were John Hall, Robert
Alexander, Corbin Lee, James Heath, John Moale, and William Lux. The Baltimore town committee
consisted of Thomas Chase, D. Chamicr, Robert Adair, Reverend Patrick Allison, and W. Smith.
4 Charles Pratt, earl of Camden, was the third son of Chief-justice Pratt, of the King's Bench. He was
born in 1713, and educated at Eton and Cambridge. His fine talents as a legal scholar having been made
known in a ease wherein he defended Mr. Pitt, that gentleman, when chancellor in 1757, procured for Pratt
OF THE REVOLUTION.
195
•jnrcrnor Eden. Arrival of a Ten Ship. Burning of the Vessel and Cargo.
mayor. A large concourse of people from the neighboring counties were assembled, and in
the evening the city was brilliantly illuminated.
Robert Eden was the last royal governor of Maryland. Fie arrived at Annapolis on the
oth of June, 176'), and continued in office during the stormy period preceding the actual
hostilities of the Revolution, and until the colonies had declared themselves independent
when he returned to England. Governor Eden was respected by all for his urbanity and
kindness of heart, but his duty to his king brought him into collision with the leading minds
in the colony as the Revolution advanced, and at length, in consequence of several inter-
cepted letters, Congress recommended the Council of .Safety of Maryland to put him under
arrest, and to take possession of his papers' a The Baltimore committee volun- « April lfi
teered to carry out the recommendation of Congress, and, in consequence, became 177,i
involved in difficulty with the Maryland convention.3 A committee of the convention, before
whom Eden's letters were laid, reported that, in such correspondence as the governor had car-
ried on with the ministry, he did not evince hostility to the colonists ; and the matter ended
by signifying to Eden that the public safety and quiet required him to leave the province.
Annapolis was a scene of great excitement in the autumn of 177 1. Already public sen-
timent had been expressed against the Boston Port Bill at a general meeting, •> and b May 12
the people were ripe for rebellion. On Saturday, the 15th of October, the ship 1774
/, Captain Stewart, arrived from London, bringing, among other things, seventeen pack-
ages of tea, consigned to T. C.Williams & Co., of Annapolis. This was the first arrival
of the proscribed article at that port. As soon as the fact was known, the citizens were
summoned to a general meeting. It was ascertained that the consignees had imported the
tea, and that Anthony Stewart, proprietor of the vessel, had paid the duty upon it. This
was deemed an acquiescence in the justice of the claim of Great Britain to tax the colonies
and it was resolved that the tea should not be landed. The people of the surrounding coun-
try were summoned to a public meeting in Annapolis the following Wednesday. Mr. Stew-
art issued a handbill explaining the transaction, and disclaiming all intention to violate the
non-importation pledge ; and expressed his regret that the article had been placed on board
his ship. But the people, too often cajoled by the whining of men when their bad conduct
had brought them into trouble, were more disposed to punish than to forgive, and they re-
solved, at the Wednesday meeting, to destroy the vessel, with its packages of tea. To pre-
vent raising a tempest that might not be allayed by the simple destruction of the vessel, and
to soften the asperity of |m'ulic feeling toward him, Mr. Stewart, under the advice of Charles
Carroll of Carrollton, and others, consented to burn the vessel himself. Accompanied bj
some friends, he ran her aground near Windmill Point, and set her on fire. The people
were satisfied, and the crowd dispersed. "The tea burning at Boston,'' says M'Mahon,
"has acquired renown, as an act of unexampled daring at that day in the defense of Amer-
ican liberties ; but the tea burning of Annapolis, which occurred in the ensuing fall, far
surpasses it, in the apparent deliberation, and utter carelessness of concealment, attending
the bold measures which led to its accomplishment."3
the office of attorney general. He was raised to the dignity of chief justice of the Common Pleas in 1762.
and had the manly courage, while in office, to pronounce in favor of John Wilkes, n lt •' ■ i ri -~ t the wjshes "I
iii'ni. For this he was applauded throughout the kingdom. He was made a peer of the realm, with
the title of Earl of Camden, in 1765, and in 1766 was advanced to the Seals. Throughout the struggle
of the Americans for right and liberty, he was a consistent friend of the colonists. In IT1*-', he was ap-
pointed president of the Privy Council, which place he held, except for a short interim, until his death.
He died on the 18th of April. 1794, a<jed eighty-one years.
These Inters, which fell into the hands of the Baltimore committee, and were by them transmitted to
Congress, were addressed to the colonial secretary and other members of the British cabinet, and were con-
sidered "highly dangerous to the liberties of America." — Journals of Congress, ii., 130.
1 General Charles Lee, who was then at Williamsburg, in Virginia, wrote to Samuel Purviance, chair-
man of the Baltimore committee, advising particular military action in respect to the seizure of Eden and
his papers. For this the Council of Safety blamed lorn, and be was charged with unwarrantable interfer-
ence. In an explanatorv letter to Mr. Jenifer, chairman of the council. Lee fully justified himself, and ut-
tered the noblest sentiments of patriotism. 3 History of MarylanJ.
19C
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Treatment of John Parka.
Maryland und Independence.
The State House and its Associations.
At Elizabethtown (now Hagerstown, in Washington county) the committee of vigilance
of the district caused one John Parks to go with his hat off] with a lighted torch, and set
fire to a chest of tea in his possession. The committee recommended entire non-intercourse
with Parks ; but the populace, thinking the committee too lenient, satisfied themselves by
breaking the doors and windows of his dwelling. Tar and feathers were freely used in va-
rious places, and the town committees exercised supreme authority in all local matters hav-
ing a relation to the great subject which engrossed the public mind.
• May 10 When Congress recommendeda the several colonies to establish provisional gov-
1776. ernments, where it had not already been done, the Maryland convention, as we
have noticed (page 76), did not at first concur with the resolution. On the contrary, they
voted that it was not necessary to suppress every exercise of authority under the
crown. b Through the efforts of Samuel Chase and others in calling county con-
ventions, a change of public sentiment was speedily wrought in Maryland, and on the 28th
of June the convention empowered its delegates in Congress to vote for a resolution declar-
ing the colonies "free and independent." Her representatives, Samuel Chase, William Paca,
Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll, were among the most active of those who signed the
great Declaration. A stale Constitution was adopted on the 14th of August following, and
from that period Maryland labored assiduously, shoulder to shoulder, with her sister colonies,
n maintaining the independence which Congress had declared.
Annapolis, like Baltimore, was frequently the scene of military displays, but not of san-
guinary conflicts. When Washington, covered with all the glory which victory in battle
can bestow, came fresh from the fields of Yorktown, on his way to Philadelphia, he passed
c November ai, through Annapolis. c On his arrival, all business was suspended, and crowds of
1781. eager gazers thronged the windows and the streets. A public address was pre-
sented by the citizens, and every
manifestation of esteem for the great
chief was exhibited. Again, late
in 1783, when the war was ended.
the Continental army was disband-
ed, and Great Britain had acknowl-
edged the independence of the Unit-
ed States, the State House at An-
napolis, now venerated, because ol
the glorious associations which clus-
ter around it, was filled with the
brave, the fair, and the patriotic of
Maryland, to witness the sublime
spectacle of that beloved chief re-
signing his military power, wielded
with such mighty energy and glo-
rious results for eight long years,
into the hands of the civil author-
ity which gave it.'1
The Continental Con-
gress having adjourned at Prince-
ton,6 to meet at Annap-
olis on the 26th of No-
ti December 23.
1783.
e November 4.
The State House at Annapolis
1 This fine building is situated upon an elevation in the center of the city, and is admired by every vis-
itor, not only for its style of architecture, but for the beauty of its location. The building is of brick. The
superstructure consists of a spacious dome, surmounted by two smaller ones, with a cupola of wood. From
the dome, a magnificent prospect opens to the eye. Around the spectator is spread out the city and harbor
like a map, while far away to the southeast stretches the Chesapeake, with Kent Island and the eastern
shore looming up in the distance. The edifice fronts Francis Street, and the hill on which it stands is sur-
rounded by a substantial granite wall, surmounted by an iron railing, having three gateways. It was
OF THE KEVOLl'TKl.N ! 9 7
The Senate Chamber where Washington resigned his Commission. Portraits. Departure of Hochambeau.
vember, was then in session there. In the Senate Chamber of the Capitol the interesting
scene took place, so well delineated by the pens of Marshall and others, and the pencil of
Trumbull. I shall here omit the details of that closing event of the war, for it is too closely
connected with the departure of the last hostile foot from our shores, a month .November 25.
previously,1 to be separated from that narrative, without marring the sublime 1783-
beauty of the picture. Never shall I forget the peculiar emotions which I felt while sitting
in that room, copying the portraits of those patriots of Maryland who signed our Declara-
tion of Independence.' The little gallery wherein stood Mrs. Washington and other distin-
guished ladies when the chief resigned his commission, is still there, and unchanged; and
the doors, windows, cornices, and other architectural belongings are the same which echoed
the voice of the Father of his Country on that occasion. The very spot where Mifflin, the
president, and Thomson, the secretary of Congress sat, when the treaty of peace with Great
Britain was ratified, was pointed out to me. Reflecting upon the events which consecrate
it, that hall, to me, seemed the shrine wherein the purest spirit of patriotism should dwell.
for there the victorious warrior for freedom laid his sword upon the altar of Peace — there
the sages of a people just made free ratified a solemn covenant of peace, friendship, and po-
litical equality with the most powerful nation upon earth, wrung from its rulers by the vir-
tues and prowess of men who scorned to be unrequited vassals. From that hall, like the
dove from the ark, the spirit of peace and reconciliation went out, never to return disap-
pointed ; for the deluge of misery which war had brought upon the land was assuaged, the
floods hail returned to their proper boundaries, and the hills and valleys of the new republic
were smiling with the blessings of returning prosperity and quiet. The gentle spirit found
a resting-place every where throughout the broad land.
I have little else to note concerning Annapolis, as connected with my subject. The
French army was encamped upon the College green for a short time, while on its march
northward in 1762. and it was from this port that Rochambeau and his suite embarked for
France. Great rejoicings were held in April, 1763, on the receipt of the intelligence of a
general cessation of hostilities. Three years after the treaty of peace was ratified, commis-
sioners from the several states met at Annapolis, :- to consider on the best means of reme-
dying the defects of the Federal government.' ° This convention was the incip- bseptember.
ient step toward framing our Federal Constitution, a subject to be noticed in de-
tail hereafter. From that period the city rather declined in commerce and general import-
ance : for Baltimore, having been established as a port of entry, with a custom-house, and
supported by a thriving agricultural population, soon outstripped it in trade. But Annap-
olis remains the political metropolis of .Maryland.
erected in 177-', a poo t he site of the old Court-house, built in 1706. The cornerstone was laid b
ernor Robert Eden. The dume was not built until niter the Revolution. The architect was Joseph Clarke
Tradition relates that when Governor Eden struck the cornerstone with a mallet, at the time of laying it,
a severe clap of thunder burst over the city, though there was not a cloud in the sky. Thomas I
who executed the stucco work of the dome, fell from the scaffold, and was killed, just as he finished the
center piece. — See Ridgeley's dnuals of j&ntutpolis.
1 Full-lenuih portraits of Carroll, Chase, Paca, and Stone, grace the walls of the Senate Chamber. Copies
of the heads of these will be found anions those of the signers in the frontispiece of the second volume of
rk. Carroll and Stone were painted by Sully, the other two by Bordley — both native artists. It
is worthy of remark that the four signers were then residents of Annapolis. The portrait of Paca is a fine
picture of a fashionable gentleman of that day. His coat is a claret color, vest white silk, black silk breech-
es, and white silk stockings. Stone, who is sitting, has a <rraver appearance. His coat is brown, vest and
- black silk, and white silk stockings. Carroll and Clui>e arc both sitting. The former has an
overcoat on, the skirt of which is thrown over his knee : the latter i- dressed in his judicial robe, a siuijile
black gown. In the same room is a portrait of John Ea<;er Howard, and William Pitt, earl of Chatham.
The latter a full-length, and in Roman costume, was painted by Charles Wilson Peale (who was also a
native of Maryland), while in Eneland. and presented by the artist to his native state in 1794. In the hall
"f the House of Dei _ all-length likeness of Washington, attended by La Fayette and Colonel Tilgh-
man — the Continental army passing in review. This picture, commemorative of the surrender at Fork-
town, was also painted by Peale, pursuant to a resolution of the Assembly of Maryland. In Trumbull's
picture of this room, in which is represented the commander-in-chief resigning his commission, the artist
lor the purpose of having proper lights ami shadows, has omitted the three larce windows
l98 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Journey from Annnpolis to Washington. Profusion of Gates. Queen Anue and its Decline
CHAPTER VIII.
" How lovely all.
How calmly beautiful ! Long shadows full
More darkly o'er the wave as day decline*.
Yet from the west a deeper glory shines,
While every crested hill and rocky height
Each moment varies in the kindling Hunt
To some new form of beauty — changing through
All shades and colors of the rainbow's hue,
' The last still loveliest.' till the srorgeous day
Melts in a flood of golden liirht away,
And all is o'er.'' — Sarah Helen Whitman.
:- 'V OWARD the decline of a brilliant afternoon, I left Annapolis for
j Washington City. The air was as balmy as spring ; "December as
yu pleasant as May." The west was glowing with radiant beauty at
1- ■jfe^"*) '*->' sunsetting when I crossed the long bridge over the South River, and
i^atj Si quaffed a cup of cold water from a bubbling spring at the toll-house
jrf*Fs2iS?. "" tne soutrieni s'de The low, sandy country was exchanged foi
^^iB^wBite^. a region more rolling and diversified . and my ride during the earlj
•--'•'r" evening, with a half moon and brilliant stars casting down their mild
effulgence, would have been delightful, but for the provoking ob-
structions .which a lack of public spirit and private enterprise had left in the way. The
highway was the "county road," yet it passed, almost the whole distance from Annapolis
to Washington, through plantations, like a private wagon-path, without inclosure. Wher-
ever the division fences of fields crossed the road, private interest had erected a barred gate
to keep out intrusive cattle, and these the traveler was obliged to open. Being my own foot-
man, I was exercised in limbs and patience to my heart's content, for, during a drive of
thirteen miles that evening, I opened fifteen gates ; who closed them I have never ascer-
tained. The miles seemed excessively long ; the gates were provokingly frequent. I never
paid tribute with greater reluctance, for it was the exaction of laziness and neglect.
I crossed the Patuxent at seven o'clock, and halted at Queen Anne, a small, antiquated-
looking village, some of the houses of which, I doubt not, were erected during the reign of
its godmother. It is close to the Patuxent, and for many years was the principal depot
in the state for the inspection and sale of tobacco. Flat-bottomed boats bore away from it,
in former years, heavy cargoes of the nauseous stuff; now sand-bars fill the river channel,
and the freight-boats stop eight miles below. The tobacco business has ceased ; the rail-
way from Annapolis to Washington has withdrawn the business incident to a post-route, and
every thing indicates decay. There was no tavern in the place, but I procured a supper
and comfortable lodgings at the post-office. We breakfasted by candle-light, and, before
" sun up," as the Southerners say, I was on my way toward the Federal city, twenty-three
miles distant.
I had hardly left the precincts of Queen Anne before a huge red gate confronted me ! I
thought it might be the ghost of one I had encountered the night before, but its substan-
tiality as a veritable gate was made manifest by the sudden halt of Charley before its bars.
I was preparing to alight, when a colored boy came from behind a shock of corn, and kindly
opened the way. "How far is it to the next gate?" I inquired. "Don't know, massa,"
said the lad; "but I reckons dey is pretty tick, dey is, twixt here and Uncle Josh's.''
Where " Uncle Josh" lived I do not know, but I found the gates more than " pretty tick"
all the way until within a short distance of Bladensburg. In the journey of thirty-six miles
OF THE REVOLUTION. 199
First View of the Cnpitol. Rainbow at Noon. The Federal City, Cnpitol, and Congress Library
from Annapolis to Washington, I passed through fifty-three gates ! Unlike the doors and
windows of the people of the South, I found them all shut.
From the brow of a hill, eight miles from Washington, I had the first glimpse of the Cap-
itol dome, and there I opened the last gate ; each a pleasing reminiscence now. I passed
to the left of Bladensburg,1 crossed the east branch of the Potomac, and entered Washington
Citv, eastward of the Capitol, at one o'clock. For thirty minutes I had witnessed a rare
phenomenon at that hour in the day. Dark clouds, like the gatherings of a summer shower,
were floating in the northeastern sky, and upon them refraction painted the segment of quite
a brilliant rainbow. I once saw a lunar bow at midnight, in June, but never before oh
served a solar one at mid-day in December.
Our national metropolis is a city of the present century : for before the year 1800, wher.
the seat of the Federal government was permanently located there, it was a small hamlet,
composed of a few houses. The selection of a site for the Federal city was intrusted to the
judgment of the first president, who chose the point of land on the eastern bank of the Po-
tomac, at its confluence with the Anacostia, or east branch of that river. A territory around
it, ten miles square, was ceded to the United States by Virginia and Maryland in 1788.
The owners of the laud gave one half of it, after deducting streets and public squares, to the
Federal government, to defray the expenses to be incurred in the erection of public build-
inn's. The city was surveyed under the chief direction of Andrew Ellicott, and was laid
out in 1791. The Capitol was commenced in 1793, but was not yet completed on the
original plan, when, in 1814,a the British troops, under General Ross, burned it,
0 i a August "■)
together with the library of Congress, the president's house, and all the public
buildings except the Patent Office. The city then contained about nine hundred houses,
scattered in groups over an area of three miles. The walls of the Capitol remained firm,
though scarred and blackened. The present noble edifice was completed in 1827," more
than a quarter of a century after the seat of government was located at Washington.
1 Bladensburg is in Prince George county, Maryland, six miles northeast of Washington. It is made
memorable in the history of the war of 1812 from the circumstance of a severe battle having taken place
there on the 24th of August, 1814, between a small body of Americans and a portion of the British army,
then on its way to destroy the Federal city. Bladensburg bad, for a long time, the unenviable notoriety
.it' being the cock-pit for duelists who congregated at Washington City. There, on the 22d of March, 1820,
i lommodores Decatur and Barron fought with pistols. The former was mortally wounded, and died in the
arms of bis distracted wife that night, at the early age of forty years. She yet (1855) survives
1 The Capitol is of the Corinthian order, built of white freestone. It. is upon an eminence almost eighty
feet above tide-water, in the center of a large square. It is composed of a central edifice, with two \\ ings
The north wing was commenced in 1793, and finished in 1800, at a cost ol §480,202. The corner stone
was laid by President Washington. The apron and trowel which he used on that occasion, as Grand Mastei
of the .Masonic Order, are preserved, and were used by Grand Master B. B. French, at the recent (1851)
Ceremonies oflaying the corner stone of another enlargement of the Capitol. The south wing was com-
menced in 1803J ami finished in 1808, at an expense of $308,808. The central building was commenced
,„ ISIS, and nplcled in 1827. at a cost ol" $'.157,647. The whole edifice covers an area of one and a
half acre-, exclusive of the circular inelosure for fuel, which form' an elegant area and glacis on the west
front. The lenrjth of the front, including the two wings, is 352 feet; the depth of the wings is 121 feet
A projection on the east, or main front, including the steps, is 65 feet wide, and another, on the west front,
S3 feet wide. There is a portico of 22 columns.. 38 feet hiirh. on the east front, and on the west front is
another portico of 10 columns. The whole height of the building to the top ol" the dome is 120 bet. N'ot-
withstandin" the spaciousness of the Capitol, it is found to be insufficient for the use of our growing repub-
lic, and another addition is now (1855) in process of erection.
The British set fire to both wings of the Capitol, and the president's house, a mile distant, at the same
time. The government officers and the people lied on the approach ofthe strong force of the enemy. The
library of Congress, the furniture ofthe president's bouse, with other articles of taste and value, were de-
stroyed. Tli. bridge across the Potomac, the public stores, and vessels and buildings at the navy-yard,
rere consumed; and, not content with this destruction, they mutilated the beautiful monument erected in
front ofthe Capitol in honor ofthe naval heroes who fought' at Tripoli. The library of Congress was re-
placed by the purchase of that of Mr. Jefferson, in 1X15. for the sum of $23,000. It contained 7000 vol-
umes, many ol" them exceedingly rare and valuable. A large portion of this library, which had been in-
creased to 55,000 volumes, was destroyed by fire on the morning of the 24th of December, 1851. It was
the result of accident. About 20,000 volumes were saved. The original portrait of Peyton Randolph,
from which the copy printed on page 61 of this work was made, and also that ofthe Baron Steuben, by
200
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The National Institute.
The Widow of General Alexander Hamilton.
Washington's Camp Chest.
Washington City has no Revolutionary history of its own ; but in the library of Con-
gress ; the archives of the State and War Departments ; in the rooms of the National In-
stitute,' and the private collection of Peter Force, Esq., I found much of value and interest
The city was full of the life and activity incident to the assembling of Congress, and I passed
four days there with pleasure and profit. My first evening was spent in the company of
the venerable widow of General Alexander Hamilton, a surviving daughter of General Philip
Schuyler. Mrs. Hamilton was then" ninety-two years of age, and yet her mind aDecember.
seemed to have all the elasticity of a woman of sixty. A sunny cheerfulness, 1848-
which has shed its bless-
ed influence around her
during a long life, still
makes her society geni-
al and attractive. Her
memory, faithful to the
impressions of a long and
eventful experience, is
ever ready, with its va-
ried reminiscences, to
give a charm to her con-
versation upon subjects
connected with our his-
tory. With an affec-
tionate daughter (Mrs.
Holly), she lives in ele-
gant retirement in the
metropolis, be
loved by her O
friends, honor- t_^ C'
ed by stran-
gers, venerated by all.
She is, I believe, the
last of the belles of the
Revolution — the last of
those who graced the
social gatherings hon-
ored by the presence
of Washington and his
lady during the strug-
gle for independence —
the last of those who
gave brilliancy to the
levees of the first pres-
ident, and, with Lucy
Knox and others, shared
the honors and atten-
tions of the noble and
£*<**t<t/£/t*in^^.
i December,
1850.
refined of all
<Z/..^. sf* lands- Wh0
crowded to the
public, audien-
ces of the venerated Pater Patriae, when chief magistrate of the nation. Two years
later," I was privileged to enjoy her hospitality, and again to draw instruction from
>■ November, the clear well of her experience. She still lives,b at the age of ninety-seven, with
the promises of centenary honors impressed upon her whole being. May Time,
who has dealt so gently with her, bear her kindly to the goal of a hundred years.2
In the rooms of the National Institute (a portion of the Patent Office building) are a few
of the most interesting relics of the Revolution now in existence, carefully preserved in a
glass case. Upon the floor stands Washington's camp chest, an old fashioned hair trunk,
twenty-one inches in length, fifteen in width, and ten in depth, filled with the table furni-
ture used by the chief during the war. The compartments are so ingeniously arranged,
that they contain a gridiron ; a cofl'ee and tea pot ; three tin sauce-pans (one movable handle
being used for all) ; five glass flasks, used for honey, salt,, coffee, port wine, and vinegar :
three large tin meat dishes ; sixteen plates ;3 two knives and five forks ; a candlestick and
Pine, on page 135, were burned, together with a large collection of ancient and modern medals, presented
by Alexander Vattemare, and other precious things, which can not be replaced. The original Declaration
of Independence was again saved from the flames.
1 The National Institution for the Promotion of Science was organized at Washington City in 1840. The
President of the United States is patron; the heads of the Departments constitute the directors on the pari
of the government, and an equal number of literary and scientific citizens are directors on the part of the
institution. Its collections (to which have been added those of the United States Exploring Expedition, ami
the Historical Society and Columbia Institute of the District) are in the great hall of the Patent Office build-
ing, a room 275 feet long and 65 feet wide.
: Site died November 9, 1854, aged 97 years and three months.
3 These are the dishes alluded to in the following letter, written by Washington, at West Point, to Dr
John Cochran, surgeon general of the northern department of the Continental army It is dated "August
16, 1779 " The original is in the present possession of the New York Historical Society, where it was
deposited by Dr Cochran's son, the late Major Cochran, of Oswego. Sec page 221, vol. i.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
201
Washington's Letter to Dr. Cochran.
Pomp of Ancient Generals.
• The Sword and the Staff."
tinder-box ;
tin boxes for tea and sugar, and five small bottles for pepper and other mate-
rials for making soup. Such composed the
appointments tor the table of the command-
er-in-chief of the American armies, while
battling lor independence, and laying the
corner stone of our republic. What a con-
trast with the camp equipage of the heroes
of other times and other lands, whom history
has apotheosized, and whom the people of
the earth call great !' With all the glitter
and the pomp of wealth and power, which
dazzle the superficial eye, the splendor which
surrounds them is but dimness compared to
the true glory that haloes the name and
I- of Washington, appreciated by the
consequences of his career.
Standing near the camp chest is Wash-
ington's war sword, and with it Franklin's
Of these relics Morris has sweetly sung, in his
?amp Chest.
cane, bequeathed to the hero by the sage.a
ode called
"The Sword and the Staff.
" The sword of the Hero!
The staff of the S _
Whose valor and wisdom
Are stamp'd on the age !
Time-hallowed mementoes
Of those who have riven
The scepter from tyrants.
' The lightning from heaven.'
" Dear Doctor. — I have asked Mrs. Cochran and Mrs. Livingston to dine with me to-morrow ; but am
I not in honor bound to apprise them of their fare ? As I hate deception, even where the imagination only
is concerned. I will. It is needless to premise that my table is large enough to hold the ladies. Of this
they had ocular proof yesterday. To say how it is usually covered is rather more essential ; and this shall
be the purport of my letter.
"Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a ham. sometimes a shoulder of bacon, to grace the
head of the table ; a piece of roast beef adorns the foot ; and a dish of beans, or greens, almost impercepti-
ble, decorates the center. When the cook has a mind to cut a figure, which I presume will be thi
to-morrow, we have two beef-steak pies, or dishes of crabs, in addition, one on each side of the center dish,
dividing the space and reducing the distance between dish and dish to about six feet, which without them
would be nearly twelve feet apart. Of late he has had the surprising sagacity to discover that apples will
make pies; and it is a question if, in the violence of his efforts, we do not get one of apples, instead
ing both of beef-steaks. If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to partake of it
on plates, once tin but now iron (not become so by the lab >"g), I shall be happy to see them;
and am, dear doctor, yours," &c.
1 Montfaucon, in his Antiquity Explained, gives an account of the splendid processions of the conquerors
gold and silver vessels used in the tents of the general-. After mentioning the vast num-
ber of gold and silver vessels, chairs, tables, couches. iV:.-.. in the magnificent tent of Ptolemy Philadelphus,
he thus describes the triumphal procession of Antiochus Epiphanes :
st came twenty thousand Macedonmna, the greatest Part of which had brass Shields, and others sil-
ver Shields. Then three thousand Horsemen otjintioch, most of whom had gold Collars and gold Crowns.
Two thousand Horsemen more, all with gold Collars. Eight hundred young Men, each rearing a gold
Crown. A thousand voung Men, each carrying a silver Vase, the least of which weighed a thousand
Drachms. Six hundred young Men more, each carrying a Vase of Gold ; and two hundred Women, each
with a Gold Vase to scatter Perfumes. Eighty Women carried on Chairs, the feet of which wen- Gold;
and five hundred other Women, carried on Chairs with silver feet. This pompous Procession would appear
very magnificent, were it not put after the former [Ptolemy Philadelphus], which surpasses every thing that
can be imagined. " — Supplement, tome iii., book v., p. 323.
I refer to this parade .as an example of the contrast alluded to.
s Doctor Franklin, in the codicil to his Will, wrote as follows : " My fine crab-tree walking-stick, with
a gold head curiously wrought in the form of the cap of liberty. I give to my friend, and the friend of man-
kind, General Washington. If it were a scepter, he has merited it, and would become it. It was a present
to me from that excellent woman, Madame De Forbach, the dowager duchess of Deux-Ponts, connected
with some verses which should tjo with it."'
202
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Revolutionary Relics.
Franklin's Press.
History of its Importation to Amenta
" This weapon, 0 Freedom !
Was drawn by thy son,
And it never was sheath'd
Till the battle was won !
No stain of dishonor
Upon it we see !
'Twas never surrender1!] —
Exeept to the free !
Washington's W biting-case.
Sword and Staff.
" While Fame claims the hero
And patriot sage,
Their names to emblazon
On History's page,
No holier relies
Will Liberty hoard.
Than Franklin's staff, guarded
By Washington's sword."
The war sword of the chief is incased in a black leather sheath, with
silver mountings. The handle is ivory, colored a pale green, and wound
spirally with silver wire at wide intervals ' It was manufactured by
J. Bailey, Fishkill, New York,2 and has the maker's name engraved
upon the hilt. The belt is white leather, with silver mountings, and
was evidently made at an earlier period, for upon a silver plate is en-
graved " 1757."
Washington's commission, signed by John Hancock, and the suit of
clothes which he wore when he
resigned that instrument into the
custody of Congress, at Annapolis,
are also there, together with a
piece of his tent, and the portable
writing-case represented in the en
graving, which he used during all
of his campaigns. The case is of
board, covered with black leather, ornamented with figured borders.
But the most precious relic of all was the original Declaration of Inde-
pendence, written upon parchment, and bearing the autographs of the signers. In the year
1818, this priceless document was allowed to go into the hands of Benjamin Owen Tyler,
a teacher of penmanship, for the purpose of making a fac simile of it lor publication. By
some process which he used for transferring it, it narrowly escaped utter destruction. Many
of the names are almost illegible, while others are quite dim. This document (which was
since removed to the Congress Library), with other precious things, was saved when the
public buildings were burned by the British in 1814. In another part of the rooms of the
Institute, which is devoted chiefly to the scientific collections made by the exploring expe-
dition a few years ago, is the printing-press with which Franklin labored in London, when
a journeyman printer, in 1725— 6. 3 It is carefully preserved in a glass case. It is an ex-
ceedingly rude apparatus, and presents a wonderful contrast to the printing machines of Hoe,
of the present day, from which twenty thousand impressions may be thrown each hour. The
platen is of wood, the bed of stone. Its construction is in the primitive style universally
1 Upon the thigh of the chief, in Leutze's picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware, is a perfect rep-
resentation of this sword. * See note on page (S9U. vol. i.
3 In 1841, John B. Murray, Esq., of New York, being in Liverpool, was informed that this press was in
the possession of Messrs. Harrild and Sons, of London. Mr. Murray visited their establishment, and pro-
posed to purchase the press for the purpose of sending it to America. The owners informed him that they
had thought of presenting it to the government of the United States, and assured him that they would not
part with it for any other purpose. After some negotiation, the Messrs. Harrild agreed to let Mr. Murray
have it, on condition that he should procure, a donation to the Printers' Pension Society of London. The
press was forwarded to Liverpool, and there exhibited. It attracted great attention; and finally the Rev-
erend Hugh M'Nei'.e, of Liverpool, was induced to deliver a public lecture on the Life of Franklin, the
proceeds from admission tickets to be given to the society above named. In November, Mr. Murray had
the pleasure of remitting to the treasurer of the Printers' Pension Society $752. to be appropriated to the
relief of one pensioner, a disabled printer of any country, to be called the Franklin pension. Mr. Murray
brought the press to the United States, and it now occupies an appropriate place among the historical relics
of our country at the Federal metropolis.
The lecture of Mr. M'Neil was published, with a fac simile of a letter written by Franklin in 1756, to
the Reverend George Whitefield, and also a page containing an engraving of the press, which was printed
upon the identical machine thus honored.
UF THE REVOLUTION
20:
Character of the Press.
Franklin's Remark* in
Peale' s Picture of Washington.
Us History.
used before the improvements made by the Earl of Stanhope ; the power beiiijr obtained by
a single screw, like a common standing-press,
instead of a combination of lever and screw, as
applied by that nobleman, or the combination
of levers alone, as seen in ih&Cohonhimi press
invented by our countryman, George Clymer.
Upon a brass plate affixed to the front of the
press is the following inscription :
" Dr. Franklin's remarks in relation to this
press, made when he came to England as
agen of Massachusetts, in the year 17G8.
The doctor, at this time, visited the printing-
office of Mr. Watts, of Wild Street, Lincoln' s-
Inn-Fields, and, going up to this particular
press (afterward in the possession of Messrs
Cox and Son, of Great Queen Street, of whom
it was purchased), thus addressed the men who
were working at it : ' Come, my friends, we
will drink together. Tt is now forty years
since I worked, like you, at this press, as a
journeyman printer.' The doctor then sent
Franklin's Pbess.
out for a gallon of porter, and he drank with them,
SUCCESS TO PE1NTING.
" From the above it will appear that it is one hundred and eight years since Doctor
Franklin worked at this identical press. — June, 1833."
Upon the waU of the room is a full-length portrait of Washington, painted by Charles
Wilson Peale,' under peculiar circumstances. Peale was a remarkable man. Possessed
of great versatility of talent, he brought all his genius into play as circumstances demanded
He was a sturdy patriot, and entered the army at' an early period of the contest. He com-
manded a company at the battle of Trenton, and also at Germantown ; and he was with
the army at Valley Forge. He employed the leisure hours incident to camp duty in paint-
ing, and it was at Valley Forge that he commenced the picture in question. When the
army crossed the Delaware into New Jersey in pursuit of Sir Henry Clinton, and fought the
battle of Monmouth, Peale went with it, takins his unfinished picture and his materials with
him ; and at Brunswick, a day or two after the Monmouth conflict, he obtained the last
sitting from the commander-in-chief. The picture was finished at Princeton. A distant
view of Nassau Hall, at that place, with a body of British prisoners marching, compose a
portion of the back-ground. The picture of the sword hanging upon the thigh of Washing-
1 Charles Wilson Peale was born at Charlestown, in Maryland, in 1741. and was apprenticed to a sad-
ller in Annapolis. He became also a silver-smith, watch-maker, and carver. Carrying a handsome saddle
to Hesselins, a purtrait-painter in his neighborhood, he begged him to explain the mystery of pntting colors
upon canvas. From that day his artist life began. He went to Engl:, id, where he studied under Benja-
min West in 1770 and 1771. He returned to America, and for fifteen years was the only portrait painter
of excellence in this country. By close application he became a l"""1 naturalist and preserver of animals.
ican and foreign. Many were oflife size,
and others in miniature. A large num-
ber of the former are now in the posses-
sion of P. T. Barnum, proprietor of the
American Museum in New York, and
grace the gallery of that establishment.
Mr. Peale opened a picture gallery in Philadelphia, and also commenced a museum, which, in time, be-
came extensive. He delivered a course of lectures on natural history, and was very efficient in the estab
lishment and support of the Academy of Fine Arts. He lived temperately, worked assiduously, and was
Ereatly esteemed by all who knew him. He died in February, 1827, aged eighty-five years. I once saw
a full-length portrait of himself which he painted at the age of eighty — a fine specimen of art.
He practiced dentistry, and invented sev-
eral machines. During the war he con-
ceived the grand design of forming a por-
trait gallery, and for that purpose he
painted a great number of likenesses of
the leading men of the Revolution. Amer-
20 I
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Senate and House of Representatives.
Greenough's Statue of Washington.
The Rotunda and its Contents.
ington is an evidence of the truthfulness of the costume, for it is an exact representation of
the real weapon just described and depicted, which stands in a case on the opposite side of
the room.
Leaving the room of the National Institute, I went up to the Capitol, and peeped in upon
the sages of the Senate and House of Representatives, who seemed busily engaged in pre-
paring to do something in the way of legislation. It is a practice quite too common for our
writers to speak disparagingly of members of Congress, with the apparent feeling that they
being the servants of the people, every scribbler has a right to exercise his freedom of utter-
ance, censuring them to the fullest extent. Doubtless some of our representatives are enti-
tled to much censure, and some to ridicule ; but, as a body, they generally appear to the
candid visitor as a collection of wise and honorable men. An English gentleman who ac-
companied me to both chambers, assured me that he had often sat in the gallery of the
House of Commons of England, of the Chamber of Deputies of France, and of the Diet of
Frankfort and other Germanic Legislatures, and not one of them could rival in apparent
talent, wisdom, decorum, and faithfulness to their constituents, the members of the Senate
and House of Representatives of the United States, in listening to whose debates he had
spent many weeks during three consecutive
sessions. Being more interested in the his-
torical pictures in the Rotunda of the Cap-
itol, and in the books in the library of Con-
gress, than in the preliminary business of
the Legislature, I repaired thither, and oc-
cupied the remainder of the day in making
sketches of portraits contained in Trum-
bull's celebrated pictures, which adorn four
of the panels of that spacious room.1
Early on the following morning I again
went up to the Capitol, and sketched the
statue of Washington, by Greenough ; the
group of Columbus and the Indian Girl, by
Persico ; and the elegant monument erect-
ed to the memory of the naval heroes who
fought at Tripoli. The first is a colossal
statue of the Father of his Country, sculp-
tured in Parian marble by Greenough,
draped in classic style, and seated upon an
elaborately-wrought chair, the whole sup-
ported by a granite pedestal. In his left
hand the chief holds a Roman short sword,
in the act of presenting ; the right hand,
with the index finger extended, is lifted to-
ward heaven. The chair has a filagree
scroll-work back. On the left is a small
1 The Rotunda is under tlie dome, in the middle of the center building. It is 95 feet in diameter, and of
the same height. Just below the cornice, at the base of the dome, are four basso relievos, representing Smith
delivered from Death by Poeahontas ; The Landing of the Pilgrims ; The Conflict of Daniel Boone with the
Indians : and Penn's Treaty The Rotunda has eight panels, in four of which ate pictures by Colonel John
Trumbull, representing The Presentation of the Declaration of Independence to Congress ;* The Surrender
* According to Colonel Trumbull's circular, now hefore me, the picture of the Presentation of the Declaration of Independ.
■ ncc, so familiar to every American, was begun in Europe in 1787. It contains faithful portraits of thirty six members, who
were then living, and of all others of whom any correct representation could, at that early period, be obtained. These, with
others which have since been obtained, to the number of forty-nine, are faithfully given in the frontispiece to this volume.
There are two heads among them who were not signers of the Declaration : Julm Dickenson and Thomas Willing, of Pennsyl.
vania. Trumbull's picture was engraved by A. B. Durand, the now eminent painter, in L830-1. The paper on which it was
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Description of Greenough's Statue. Tuckerman's Poem. A Chippewa's Speech. Persico's Group
figure of an aged man, with flowing beard, covered by a mantle ; on the right stands an
Indian of similar size, and both are in a contemplative attitude. On the left side of the
seat, in low relief, is an infant Hercules, holding a serpent in one hand. Near him is an-
other infant, prostrate, with its hand over its face. On the other side is Phoebus, with "his
coursers of the sun." On the back of the seat, below the filagree work, is a Latin inscrip
tion, in raised letters.' This statue was originally intended for the center of the Rotunda
Too large for that room, it was placed upon the open grounds facing the east front of the
Capitol, where, exposed to the sun and storm, its beauty, except in form, must soon pass
away. It is a noble work of art, and, as I gazed upon the features of the great chief in the
solemn grandeur of the inert marble, the beautiful lines of the poet came like a gushing
stream from the deep well of memory, and the heart chanted,
" 0, it was well, in marble firm and white,
To carve our hero's form,
Whose angel guidance was our strength in fight,
Our star amid the storm !
Whose matchless truth has made his name divine,
And human freedom sure,
His country great, his tomb earth's dearest shrine,
While man and time endure !
And it is well to place his image there,
Upon the soil he bless'd ;
Let meaner spirits, who our councils share
Revere that silent guest !
Let us go up with high and sacred love
To look on his pore brow,
And as. with solemn grace, he points above,
Renew the patriot's vow !"
Henry T. Tuckerman.
Eloquently did one of the chiefs of the Chippewa delegation address this statue, while
standing before it a few years ago. " My Great Father," he said, " we all shake hands
with you ; we have traveled a long way through the great country that you acquired for
your people by the aid of the Great Spirit. Your people have become very great ; our peo-
ple have become very small. May the Great Spirit, who gave you success, now protect us.
and grant us the favor we ask of our Great Father, who now fills the place first occupied
by you." What orator or sage ever expressed more in so few words?
The group of Columbus and the Indian Girl, by Persico, is a good specimen of that
sculptor's skill. It is in while marble, and is intended as a representation of the idea of
the discovery of America. This group is on the south side of the steps of the eastern por-
tico of the Capitol. In the Discoverer's hand is a globe, appearing to the spectator, at first,
like a simple ball. The relative position of this figure to the statue of Washington, whose
right hand is elevated, impresses the beholder, at first sight, with the ludicrous idea of the
Navigator and the Patriot engaged in tossing a ball at each other. The naval monument
is upon the highest terrace on the western front of the Capitol. It is of white marble, with
of Burgoyne ,- the Surrender of Cornwallis ; and Washington resigning his Commission to Congress at An-
napolis. Besides these i- a representation of the Baptism of Pocahontas, by John G. Chapman ; -The Em-
barkation of the Pilgrims, by Robert W. Weir ; and The Landing of Columbus, by John Vanderlyn. One
panel remains to be filled.
' The following is a copy of the inscription : "Simulacrum istud ad magnum Libertatis exempli m,
ski sine ipsa dubaturum, Horatius Greenough faciebat." — "Horatio Greenough made this effigy.
for a great exemplar of freedom, and one destined only to endure with freedom itself. '
Dpon the granite pedestal are the following words, in large cameo letters: South siile. — "First in
Peace." North side. — " First in War." Wat side. — " First in the hearts of his COUNTRYMEN."
prink 'J was made by Messrs. Gilpin, at P,randywine, and the printing was executed in New York. It was first published in
1822. and is the original of the millions of copies of all sizes which are in circulation.
The portraits of the officers of the French army in America, delineated in tile picture of the Surrender of Cornwallis, were
painted from life, by Colonel Trumbull, at the house of Mr. Jefferson, at Paris. Copies of these portraits, fourteen in number
tnav be found on pu^es :(0j to 3'21 inclusive.
2 0 G
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
rripoll Monument
' President Polk.
Arlington House.
Mr. Custis and the "Washington Treasures.'
a brown stone pedestal, and is about forty feet high. It stands within a large basin of
water, eight or ten feet deep, and supplied by a fountain in which gold fishes in abundance
are seen sporting. The basin is surrounded by a strong iron fence. Upon one side of the
pedestal, in low relief sculpture, is a view of Tripoli and the American fleet, and upon the
other the following inscription :
" To the Memory of Somers, Caldwell, Decatur, Wadsworth, Dorsey, Israel."1
This monument, although too small to appear grand, is a fine embellishment, and com-
mands the attention of every visitor to the Federal Capitol.
• December. I passed the morning of the 8th^ in the library of Mr. Force, preparing from
1848. 0i(] mapS a piall 0f nly Southern route. Toward noon I went up to the presi-
dential mansion, and enjoyed the pleasure of an hour's interview with the chief magistrate,
the late Mr. Tolk. It was not a visit prompted by the foolish desire to see the exalted, but
for the purpose of seeking information respecting an important movement in North Carolina
at the commencement of the war of the Revolution, in which some of the family of Mr.
Polk were conspicuous actors. I allude to the celebrated Mccklenburgh Convention, in
May, 1775. The president readily communicated all the information in his possession, and
kindly gave me a letter of introduction to the grandson of the secretary of that convention,
then residing in Charlotte, where the meeting was held. This matter will be considered in
detail hereafter.
At meridian I crossed the Potomac upon the mile-long bridge, and rode to Arlington
Housr, the seat of George Washington Parke Custis, Esq. His mansion, wherein true Vir-
ginian hospitality prevails, is beautifully situated upon high ground overlooking the Poto-
mac,Washington City, and Georgetown, half surrounded by a fine oak forest, and fronting
broad lawns. Mr. Custis received me, though a stranger, with cordiality, and when the
object of my visit was made known, the "Washington treasures of Arlington House" were
opened for my inspection. As executor of the will, and the adopted son and member of the
immediate family of Washington, Mr. Custis possesses many interesting mementoes of that
great man. He has several fine paintings. Among them is the original three-quarter length
portrait of his grandmother (Lady Washington'), by Woolaston, from which the engraving
in Sparks' s Life of Washingto?i was made ;
also the original portrait of the chief by Trum-
bull ; of the two children of Mrs. Washington
(the father and aunt of Mr. Custis) ; of Parke,
an ancestor, who was aid to the great Marl-
borough in the battle of Blenheim, painted by
Sir Godfrey Kneller ; crayon profile sketches
of Washington and his lady, made in 1796 ;
a beautiful painting on copper, in imitation of
a medallion, of the heads of Washington and
La Fayette, executed by the Marchioness De
Brienne, and presented to Washington in
1 789 ; and a number of other fine family por-
traits, choice engravings, and sculpture. Mr.
Cuslis is himself an amateur artist, anil has
painted several historical subjects, among which
is a cabinet picture of Washington at York-
town, wherein the figure of the chief is truth-
VVashington and La Fayette.2
1 This monument was wrought in Italy, by Capelano, in 1804, by order of the surviving olficers of the
siege "I Tripoli, and paid lor by them. It was creeled in the navy-yard at Washington City in 1806, where
ii was damaged by tin- British in 1814. This fact was kept in perpetual remembrance by the inscription
cut upon ii, ■' Mutilated by Britons, .August, 1814.'' When the monument was placed in its present posi-
tion, that record was generously erased.
• The head of Washington is" from a bust by Hotidon. in possession of Mr. Cusi.s.
OF THE REVOLUTION
207
Alexandria.
Its Museum.
The HessiRn Flag captured at Trenton.
Anecdote of Washingtoa
fully delineated. A copy of his battle of Monmouth is printed on page 15 6. With books
and pencil, in the bosom of an affectionate family. Mr. C ust is, the last survivor of Wash-
ington's immediate household, is enjoying the blessings of a green old age. He has been
present at the inauguration of every president of the United States (now numbering thir-
teen) ; and he has grasped the hand in friendly greeting of almost every distinguished per-
sonage who has visited our national metropolis during the last half century. For many
years he communicated to the National Intelligencer his Recollections of Washin
These are graphic pictures of some of the most eventful scenes in the life of the patriot chief,
described by eye-witnesses, and it is hoped that they will yet be arranged and published in
a volume by the author.
It was almost sunset when I left Arlington House and returned to the Federal city.
Before breakfast the next morning I rode down to Alexandria, an old town on the Virginia
side of the Potomac, seven miles below Washington. It is quite a large place, and was
once a commercial mart of considerable importance. The town is handsomely laid out in
rectangles, and is said to be remarkably healthy. It has but little Revolutionary history,
except such as appertains to the personal affairs of Washington, whose residence, at Mount
Vernon, was near.' In its museum, which is closed to the public, are many relics of the
war for independence, of exceeding rarity and value, most of which belongs to Mr f ' u~i i-
I procured permission to visit the museum from Mr. Vietch, the mayor of Alexandria, under
whose official charge the corporation has placed
the collection ; and, accompanied by an officer, I
passed an hour among its curiosities. Among them
is the flag which Washington took from the Hes-
sians at Trenton, mentioned on page 22. It is
composed of two pieces of very heavy white damask
silk, on which the devices are embroidered with silk
and cold thread. The lettering is all done with
gold thread. On one side is an eagle, bearing in
its talons a scroll and olive branch. Over it, upon
a ribbon, are the words Pro principe et patria;
•' For our prince and country ;" a curious motto for
the flag of mercenaries. Upon the other side is a
monogram, composed of the letters E. C. T. S. A ,
and supposed to be that of the general command-
ant of the Anspachers. Under it are the initials
M. 7. B . and the date 1775. The whole is sur-
mounted by the British crown. This flag was
probably wrought in England, while the German
troops were awaiting embarkation for America, to-
ward the close of 1775. It is four feet square.
The tassels, made of silver bullion, are suspended
to a plait of silver tinsel.
Near the Hessian flag was the royal union stand-
' The following anecdote is illustrative of the generous and noble character of Washington in his early
manhood : When colonel of the Virginia troops in 1754, he was stationed at Alexandria. At an election
for members of Assembly, Colonel Washington, in the heat of party excitement, used offensive language
toward R Mr. Payne. That gentleman struck the colonel a blow which prostrated him. Intelligence went
to the barracks that Colonel Washington had been murdered by a mob. His soldiers rushed to the city to
avenge his death. Joyfully they met him, and, beins quieted by an address, they returned peaceably to
their barracks. Next day. Mr. Payne received a note from Washington, requesting his attendance at the
tavern in Alexandria. Mr. Payne anticipated a duel. but. instead of pistols in the hands of an irritated man.
he saw wine and glasses, and was met with a friendly smile by his antagonist. Colonel Washington fell
that himself was the aenrcssor, and determined to make reparation. He offered Mr. Payne bis hand, and
said. " To err is nature : to rectify error is <;lory. I believe I was %vrong yesterday ; you have already had
some satisfaction, and, if you deem that sufficient, here is my hand — let us be friends " And they were so.
View of the two sides of the Hessian Flag
•Jll>
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Washington's Uier, and other Relics.
Departure for Mount Vernon.
The Mansion
ard which Corawallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown. The picture of this flag will
be given when considering that last great triumph of the Americans. The Hessian and the
British flags are labeled, respectively, Alpha and Omega, for they were the "Jirst and the
last'' captured by Washington.
A (lag which belonged to the Cmnmamlcr-i 'm-chief .s- Guard, printed on page 688, vol. i.,
and one that belonged to Morgan's rifle corps, were also there ; and in the midst of common
curiosities, covered with dust and cobwebs, stood the
birr on which Washington was carried to the tomb at
Mount Vernon. It is of oak, painted a lead color, anil
is six feet in length. The handles, which are hinged
to the bier, bad leather pads on the under side, fastened
with brass nails. Hanging over the bier was the letter
of Washington, printed in a note, page 683, vol. i. ; and
near by laid a napkin said to have been used on the occasion when he was christened. The
museum contains many other things of general and special interest ; but, bcinn- closed to the
Washington's Bier.
Mount Vernon.1
public, they are quite useless, while neglect is allowing the invisible fingers of decay to de-
stroy them. I was glad to learn that the precious relics above named, which belong to Mr
1 This view is from the lawn in front, looking down the Potomac The mansion is built of wood, cut
so as to resemble stone, like Johnson Hall, at Johnstown, in New York, and is two stories in height. Tin-
central part was built by Laurence Washington, a brother of the chief. The wings were added by the
general. Through the centre of the building is a spacious passage, level with the portico, and paved with
tesselated Italian marble. This hall communicates with three large rooms, and with the main stair-way
leading to the second storv. The piazza on the eastern or river front is of square paneled pilasters, ex-
tending the whole length of the edifice. There is an observatory and cupola in the center of the roof, from
whence may he obtained an extensive view of the surrounding country.
The Mount Vernon estate was inherited by Laurence Washington, who named it in honor of Admiral
Vernon. He bequeathed it to George, an 1 \\ passed into his possession on the death of Laurence, which.
occurred in the mansion we are now noticing, on the 26th of July, 1752
OF THE REVOLUTION. oqq
Approach to Mount Vernon. The Library ami its Associations. Key of the Bastile. Destruction of that Prison.
Custis. are about to be transferred to the rooms of the National Institute, where they may-
be seen by the thousands who visit the metropolis.
Toward noon I rode to Mount Vernon, nine miles below Alexandria. It was a mild,
clear day, almost as balmy as the Indian summer time. After crossing an estuary of the
Potomac the road was devious, passing through a rough, half-cultivated region, and almost
impassable in places on account of gulleys scooped by recent rains. Leaving the main road
when within about three miles of Mount Vernon, I traversed a winding carriage-way through
partially-cultivated fields, over which young pines and cedars were growing in profusion ;
the unerring certifiers of that bad husbandry which many regions of the Southern States
exhibit. When within about two miles of the venerated mansion, I passed a large stone
upon the left of the road, which denotes a boundary line of the ancient estate. It is in the
midst of stately forest trees ; and from this land-mark to the residence, the road, unfenced
and devious, passed through a greatly diversified region, some of it tilled, some returning to
a wilderness state, and some appearing as if never touched by the hand of industry. Sud-
denly, on ascending a small steep hill from the edge of a wild ravine, the mansion and its
surroundings were before me, and through the leafless branches of the trees came the sheen
of the meridian sun from a distant bay of the Potomac. I was met at the gate by an in-
telligent colored lad, who ordered another to take charge of my horse, while he conducted
me to the mansion. I bore a letter of introduction to the present proprietor of Mount Ver
non, John Washington, a grand-nephew of the patriot chief; but himself and family were ab-
sent, ami not a white person was upon the premises. 1 felt a disappointment, for I desired to
pass the time there in the company of a relative of the beloved one w'.iose name and deeds
hallow the spot.
Silence pervaded the life-dwelling of Washington, and the echoes of every footfall, as I
moved at the beck of the servant from room to room, seemed almost like the voices of in-
truders. I entered the library (which, with the breakfast-room, is in the south wing of the
building), and in the deep shadows of that quiet apartment sat down in the very chair often
occupied by the patriot, and gazed and mused with feelings not to be ut-
tered. Upon brackets were marble busts of Washington and La Fay-
ette, and a small one of Necker, the French Minister of Finance when
the Revolution broke out in France. The first is over the door of en-
trance into the library. It was executed by Houdon, from life, he hav-
ing obtained a mask, in plaster, and is doubtless the best likeness extant
Upon the walls hung the portraits of Laurence Washington, brother ol
the general, and of several female members of the family. In the great
hall, or passage, in a glass case of prismatic form, hung the Key of the
Bastile, and near it was an engraved view of the demolition of that re-
nowned prison. The large north room wherein Washington entertained
his political friends, with the furniture, is kept in the same condition as
when he left it. Upon the walls were pictures of hunting and battle Key of the >*«■««■■■ '
1 This key of the old Paris prison known as the Bastile, was sent by La Fayette to Washington after
he destruction of that edifice by the infuriated populace on the 14tli of July, 1789. This was the begin-
ning of the French Revolution. The Bastile was originally a royal palace, built by Charles the Fifth ol
France in 1369. It was afterward used as a state prison, like, the Tower of London, and became the
scene of dreadful sufferings and frightful crimes. When the mob gained possession of it in 1789, the) took
'he governor and other officers to the Place de Grcve, where they first cut off their hands ami then their
heads. With the key. La Fayette sent a plaster model of the old building. The model, somewhat defaced
from long exposure in the Alexandria museum, is among the collections of the National Institute, while the
kev retains its ancient position at Mount Vernon. It is of wrought iron, seven inches long. La Fayette,
in his letter to Washington which accompanied the key and picture, dated "Paris. .March 17th, 1789,"
said, " Give me leave, my dear general, to present you with a picture of the Bastile, jnst as it appeared a
few days after I had ordered its demolition, with the main key of this fortress of despotism. It is a tribute
which I owe as a son to my adopted father; as an aid-de-camp to my general ; as a missionary of liberty
to its patriarch."
Thomas Paine, then in London, employed in constructing an iron bridge which he had invented, was
II. 0
'J 111
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Pictures at Mount Vernon.
Chimney-piece.
Monu mental Eulogy.
The Old Vault of the Washington Family.
scenes. Among them were prints of the death of Montgomery, and the battle of Bunker
Hill, but not one of any engagement in which Washington himself participated. There
hung the small portrait of the chief, on the back of which an unknown hand wrote an ad-
mirable monumental eulogy.' There, too, was a large painting — a family group — repre-
senting the mother and children of the present proprietor. The fire-place of the drawing-
room is decorated with a superb Italian chimney-piece, made of variegated Sienna marble, in
which is sculptured, in bold relief, on the tablets of the frieze, prominent objects of agricul-
ture and husbandry. It was presented to Washington in 1785, by Samuel Vaughn, Esq.,
of London. One room is closed to the public gaze, and I honor the holy motives which
prompt the veiling of that apartment from the eyes of prying curiosity ; it is the chamber
whence the spirit of the illustrious Washington departed for its home in
"The bosom of his Father and his God."
I passed out upon the eastern piazza (seen
in the engraving), which overlooks the Poto-
mac. By the side of the door hung the spy-
glass often used by Washington ; and, prompt-
ed by curiosity, I drew its tubes, and through
them surveyed the hills of Maryland stretch-
ing away eastward on the opposite side of
the river.
From the mansion of the living I went to
the dwelling of the dead, the old family vault,
situated upon the declivity of a dell in full
view of the river. It is about three hundred
yards south of the mansion. Therein the
body of Washington was first laid, and re
mained undisturbed for thirty years, when it
was removed to a new tomb, erected in a
more secluded spot, in accordance with direc-
Washington's old Familv Vault.
chosen by La Fayette as the medium through which to forward the key to Washington. Paine, in his letter
to the general accompanying the key, dated "London, May 1, 1789," wrote, " Our very good friend, the
Marquis De La Fayette, has intrusted to my care the key of the Bastile, and a drawing, handsomely framed,
representing the demolition of that detestable prison, as a present to your excellency, of which his letter
will more particularly inform you. I feel myself happy in being the person through whom the marquis has
conveyed this early trophy of the spoils of despotism, and the first ripe fruits of American principles trans-
planted into Europe, to his great master and patron. When he mentioned to me the present he intended
you, my heart leaped with joy. It is something so truly in character, that no remarks can illustrate it, and
is more happily expressive of his remembrance of his American friends than any letters can convey. That
the principles of America opened the Bastile is not to be doubted, and therefore the key comes to the right
place.
" I have permitted no drawing to be taken here, though it has been often requested, as I think there is
a propriety that it should first he presented. But Mr. West wished Mr. Trumbull to make a painting of the
presentation of the key to you."
1 It is supposed to have been written b)r an English gentleman. The following is a copy :
" Washington —
The Defender of his Country — the Founder of Liberty — The Friend of Man. History and Tradition are
explored in vain For a Parallel to his Character. In the Annals of Modern Greatness He stands alone:
And the noblest names of antiquity Lose their Luster in his Presence. Born the Benefactor of Mankind.
He united all the qualities necessary to an illustrious career. Nature made him great : He made himself
virtuous. Called by his country to the defense of her Liberties, He triumphantly vindicated the rights or
humanity, And on the Pillars of National Independence Laid the foundations of a great Republic. Twice
invested with supreme magistracy, By the unanimous voice of a free people, He surpassed in the Cabinet
The Glories of the Field, And voluntarily resigning the Scepter and the Sword, Retired to the shades of
Private Life. A spectacle so new and so sublime Was contemplated with the profonndest admiration, And
the name of Washington, Adding new luster to humanity, Resounded to the remotest regions of the earth.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
21 ]
Attempt 10 steal the Remains of Washington.
The New Tomb.
Sarcophngi of Washington and his Lady
tions in his will.1 The construction of this tomb was delayed until many years ago, when
an attempt was made to carry off" the remains of the illustrious dead. The old vault was
entered, and a skull and some bones were taken away. They formed no part of the remains
of Washington. The robber was detected, and the bones were recovered.
The new vault is on the side of a steep hill, on the edge of a deep wooded dell leading
toward the river. The interior walls are built of brick, arched over at the height of eight
feet from the ground. The front of the tomb is rough, and has a plain iron door inserted
in a freestone casement. Upon a slone panel over the door are inscribed the words, " I am
THE RESURRECTION- AND THE LIFE ; HE THAT BEI.IEVETII IN ME, THOUGH HE WERE DEAD, YET
shall he live." Inclosing this tomb is a structure of brick twelve feet high. In front is
an iron gateway, opening several feet
^ v ■
.
in advance of the vault door, and form-
ing a kind of ante-chamber. This
gateway is flanked with pilasters, sur-
mounted by a stone coping, covering
a pointed Gothic arch.2 Over this
arch is a tablet, on which is inscribed.
"Within this ixclosuke rest the
remains of general george wash-
INGTON." I was much disappointed in
the exterior appearance of the lomb.
for it seems to me that in material and
design it is quite too common-place.
It justifies the description of it given
recently by Lord Morpeth, who visited
it in 1 84 1 . " The tomb of that most
illustrious of mortals," he said, " is
placed under a glaring red building.
somewhat between a coach-house and a cage
best offerings of genius in enshrining the mortal remains of George Washington.
In the ante-chamber of the tomb are two marble sarcophagi, containing the remains of
Washington and his lady. That of the patriot has a sculptured lid, on which is represented
the American shield suspended over the flag of
the Union ; the latter hung in festoons, and the
■P whole surmounted, as a crest, by an eagle with
open wings, perched upon the superior bar of
the shield. Below the design, and deeply cut
in the marble, is the name of Washington.
[ This sarcophagus was constructed by John
Struthers, of Philadelphia, from a design by
Washington's new Family Vault.
Art should be allowed to contribute the
The Sarcophagus of Washington. *
Magnanimous in voulh, Glorious through life, Great in Death : His highest ambition, the Happiness of Man-
kind : His noblest Victory, the conquest of himself. Bequeathing to posterity the inheritance of his fame.
And buildin" his monument in the hearts of his countrymen, He Lived The Ornament of the 1 Sth'Cenlurv
He Died regretted by a Mourning World."
1 The following is the clause referred to: "The family vault ai Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and
being improperly situated besides. I desire that a new one of brick, and upon a larger scale, may be built
at the foot of what is called the Vineyard Inclosure, on the ground which is marked out. in which my re-
mains, and those of my deceased relatives (now in the old vault), and such others of my family as may
choose to be entombed there, may be deposited '
a This exterior structure was made for the special accommodation and preservation of the sarcophagi
inclosed within it. the vault being too small and damp for ihe purpose.
3 Lecture on America, before the Mechanic's Institute at Leeds. November, 1850.
* This was placed in the family vault in the autumn of 1837. Mr. Strickland wrote an interesting ac-
count of the transaction. While the sarcophagus was on its way by water, he and Mr. Struthers repaired
to Mount Vernon to make arrangements for the reception. On entering, they found every thing in confu-
212
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Tomb of I. aily Washington.
Narrutive of the Re-entombing of Washington's Remains.
Their Appearance.
William Strickland, and was presented by him to the relatives of
Washington. It consists of an excavation from a solid block of Penn-
sylvania marble, eight feet in length and two in height. The marble
coffin of Lady Washington, which stands upon the left of the other, is
from the same chisel, and plainly wrought. Both may be seen by the
visitor, through the iron gate.
Who can stand at the portals of this tomb, where sleeps all that
is left of the mortality of the Father of his Country, and not feel the
outgoings of a devotional spirit — an involuntary desire to kneel down
with reverence, not with the false adulations of mere hero-worship,
but with the sincere sympathies of a soul bending before the shrine of
.■superior goodness and greatness ?
" There is an awful stillness in the sky,
When, after wondrous deeds and light supreme,
A star goes out in golden prophecy.
There is an awful stillness in the world,
When, after wondrous deeds and light supreme,
A hero dies with all the future clear
Before him, and his voice made jubilant
By coming glories, and his nation hush'd
As though they heard the farewell of a God.
A great man is to earth as God to heaven."
William Ross Wallace.
I lingered long at the tomb of Wash-
ington, even until the lengthening evening
shadows were cast upon the Potomac ;
and I departed with reluctance from the
precincts of Mount Vernon, where the
great and good of many lands enjoyed
the hospitality of the illustrious owner
when living, or have poured forth the si- Mount vkmjon, Wkw
The Lid.
sion. Decayed fragments of coffins were scattered about, and bones of various parts of the human body
were seen promiscuously thrown together The decayed wood was dripping with moisture. "The slimy
snail glistened in the light of the door-opeiung. The brown centipede was disturbed by the admission of fresh
air, and the moldy cases of the dead gave out a pungent and unwholesome odor." The coffins of Washing-
ton and his lady were in the deepest recess of the vault. They were of lead, inclosed in wooden cases.
When the sarcophagus arrived, the coffin of the chief was brought forth. The vault was first entered by
Mr. Strickland, accompanied by -Major Lewis (the last survivor of the first executors of the will of Wash-
ington) and his son. When the decayed wooden case was removed, the leaden lid was perceived to be
sunken ami fractured. In the bottom of the wooden case was found the silver coffin-
opiate, in the form of a shield, which was placed upon the leaden coffin when Wash-
ington was first entombed. "At the request of Major Lewis.'7 says Mr. S., "the
Vactured part of the lid was turned over on the lower part, exposing to view a head
[and breast of large dimensions, which appeared, by the dim light of the candles, to
have suffered but little from the effects of time. The eye-sockets were large and
deep, and the breadth across the temples, together with the forehead, appeared of
unusual size. There was no appearance of grave-clothes ; the chest was broad ; the
color was dark, and had the appearance of dried flesh and skin adhering closely to
the bones. We saw no hair, nor was there any offensive odor from the body ; but
we observed, when the coffin had been removed to the outside of the vault, the dripping down of a yellow
liquid, which stained the marble of the sarcophagus. A hand was laid upon the head and instantly re-
moved the leaden lid was restored to its place; the body, raised by six men, was carried and laid in the
marble coffin, and the ponderous cover being put on and set in cement, it was sealed from our sight on
Saturday, the 7th day of October, 1837 The relatives who were present, consisting of Major Lewis,
Lorenzo Lewis, John Augustine Washington, George Washington, the Rev. Mr. Johnson and lady, and Miss
Jane Washington, then retired to the mansion."
1 This view is from the lawn, looking cast; the buildings seen upon each side, and connected with the
mansion by arcades, are the servants' houses.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
213
.
Departure from Mount Vernon. Pohick Church. Occoquan and its Reminiscences. Dunraore'a Repulse at Occoqunn.
lent euloginm of the heart at his grave. The sun was disappearing behind the forest when
I passed the gate, at the verge of a spacious lawn on the western front of the mansion and
departed for Occoquan, about twelve miles distant, where I purposed to spend the Sabbath.
The road was in a wretched condition. It passes through a series of small swamps and
pine barrens, where once fertile plantations smiled under the lettering care of industry. At
sunset I crossed a large stream at the Occatunk saw-mills, where the aspect of nature is
grand and romantic, and at early twilight reached the venerated Pohick or Powheek Church
where Washington worshiped, and
\Vo>ms, his first biographer, preach-
ed. It is about seven miles south-
west of Mount Vernon, upon an ele-
vation on the borders of a forest, and
surrounded by ancient oaks, chest?
nuts, and pines. The twilight lin-
gered long enough with sufficient
intensity to allow me to make the
annexed sketch from my wagon in
the road, when I gave my horse a
loose rein, and hastened toward Oc-
coquan as last as the deep mud in
the highway would permit. A thick
vapor came up from the southwest
and obscured the stars, and when I
heard the distant murmurs of the
falls of the Occoquan, the heavens were overcast, and the night was intensely dark. As 1
approached the village, I perceived that I was upon the margin of the waters lying deep
below, for there came up the reflected lights from a lew dwellings upon the opposite shore.
1 bad more confidence in my horse's sight than in my own, and allowed him to make his
way as he pleased along the invisible road to the bridge ; how near to the precipice I knew
not. until the next morning, when I traced my wagon tracks, in one place, within a few feet
of the brow of a chffscores of feet above the deep waters.
Occoquan is a small manufacturing village in Prince William county, near the mouth
of a creek of that name, and at the head of navigation up from the Potomac' The creek
falls seventy-two feet within the distance of a mile and a half. All around the scenery is
remarkably picturesque, and to the dweller and traveler, under favorable circumstances, it
may be a delightful place. To me, the remembrance of a night at Occoquan is the most
unpleasant reminiscence of my journey. There was but one tavern in the place. It was
kept by a kind-hearted woman, who seemed desirous of contributing to my comfort, but her
"in, where strong liquors appeared to be dealt out with unsparing hand, was the
source of all my discomfort. There I could hear the ribald voices of loungers growing
more vociferous as the evening wore away ; and in my chamber I was not relieved. It
was midnight before the revelry ceased, and then two or three negroes, with wretched
voices, accompanied by a more wretched fiddle, commenced a serenade in the street. It
was two hours past midnight before I slept, and when I awoke in the morning the dram-
drinkers were again there, guzzling, and talking profanely. Greatly annoyed, I determined
to leave the place, and, contrary to my custom, travel on toward Fredericksburg, rather than
I'OHICK CHUHCH.
1 Alter Lord Dunmore, the last royal governor of Virginia, with his motley force of whites and negroes,
was driven from Gwyn's Island in July, 1776, he sailed up the Potomac, and, with petty spite, laid waste
several fine plantations upon its banks. He proceeded as far as the mills at Occoquan falls (where the
now is), and destroyed them. He was repulsed and driven on hoard his ships by a few of the
Prince William militia, and then descended the river. This circumstance will be noticed more in detail
' r. It is supposed that Dunmore intended to capture Lady Washington, and destroy the estate at
Mount Vernon. A heavy stcrm and the Prince William militia frustrated his design.
214
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Visit to Pohick Church. Ita dilapidated Condition. Worship there. Rev. Mason L. Weems. Washington's Pew
' -
spend the Sabbath there. Informed that the roads between Occoquan and Fredericksburg
were worse than those I had traversed the day before, I concluded to return to Alexandria,
and go down the Potomac to Aquia Creek on Monday.
I left Occoquan after a late breakfast, and rode as far as Pohick Church, on the road to
Alexandria, where I understood a Methodist meeting
was to be held that day. No person had yet arrived,
but the broad doors of the church stood wide open, in-
viting ingress. Within that venerated fane I awaited
the slow-gathering auditory for more than an hour.
When they were all assembled, men and women,
white and black, the whole congregation, including
the writer, amounted to only twenty-one persons.
What a contrast with former days, when some of the
noblest of the Virginia aristocracy filled those now de-
serted and dilapidated pews, while Massey or Weems
performed the solemn and impressive ritual of the
Church of England ! No choir, with the majestic
organ, chanted the Te Dcum or the Gloria in Ex-
eel sis ; the Decalogue was not read, nor did solemn,
audible responses, as in other days, go up from the lips
of the people. Yet the glorious hymn, beginning
"Come, holy Spirit, heavenly Dove!" was sung
with fervor ; and, standing behind the ancient com-
munion-table, a young preacher in homely garb, with
the eloquence of true piety, proclaimed the pure Gospel
of love, and warmed the hearts of all present with emo-
tions of Christian charity, the burden of his discourse.
I sat in the pew, near the pulpit, wherein Washington
and his family were seated, Sabbath after Sabbath, for
many years,' and I looked with peculiar interest upon the
Law, the Prayer, and the Creed, inscribed upon the
walls back of the chancel, on which, a thousand times,
the eyes of the Washington?, the Masons, the Fairfaxes, the Coffers, and the Hendersons
had rested. It was a melancholy sight to behold the dilapidation of that edifice, around
which cluster so many associations of interest.3 A large portion of the panes of glass were
Rev. Mason L. Weems.1
The Communion-Table.
1 Reverend Mason L. Weems was rector of Pohick Church for a while, when Washington was a parish-
ioner. He was possessed of considerable talent, but was better adapted tor "a man of the world" than a
clergyman. Wit and humor he used freely, and no man could easier be " all things to all men" than Mr.
Weems. His eccentricities and singular conduct finally lowered his dignity as a clergyman, and gave rise
to man)' false rumors respecting his character. He was a man of great benevolence, a trait which he ex-
ercised tu the extent of his means. A large and increasing family compelled him to abandon preaching for
a livelihood, and be became a book agent for Mathew Carey. In that business he was very successful, sell-
ing in one vcar over three thousand copies of a high-priced Bible. He always preached when. invited, dur-
ing bis travels ; and in bis vocation he was instrumental in doing much good, for he circulated books of the
highest moral character. He died at Beaufort, South Carolina, May 23, 1825.
Mr Weems wrote an attractive Life of Washington, which became so popular that it passed through some
forty editions. He also wrote a Life of Marion, which the cotemporaries and fellow-soldiers of that leader
disliked. They charged the author with filling bis narrative with fiction, ' '•en facts were wanting to give
it interest. He left a larjrc and well-educated family
* A grand-daughter of Mrs. Washington, and sister of Mr Custis of Arlington House, writing to Mr.
Sparks, in 1K33, respecting the religious character ofWashington, said. •• His pew was near the pulpit. I
have a perfect recollection of being then1 before his election to tin' presidency, with him and my grandmoth-
er. It was a beautiful church, and had a large, respectable, and wealthy congregation, who were regular
attendants
3 Pohick Church derived its name from a small river near it. called by the Indians Powheek or Pohick.
It is within old Truro parish, and its particular location is ascribed to Washington. Mount Vernon was
OF THE REVOLUTION
21.
l.-n«Ilow'iNelt Location of the Church Vestrymen. A curious Document l.ut of Bfaddock's Men
broken out, admitting freely the wind and rain, the bats and the
birds. The elaborately-wrought pulpit, placed by itself on one side
of the church, away from the chancel, was marred by desecrating
hands. • Under its sounding-board a swallow had built its nest, and
upon the book-ledge of the sacred desk the fowls of the air had evi-
dently perched. I thought of the words of the "sweet singer of
Israel," "Yea, the sparrow has found* a home, and the swallow a
nest for herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altar, O
Lord of hosts !'" The chancel, too, is disfigured ; but the Law, the
Prayer, and the Creed, painted on a blue ground above it, are quite
perfect. The pews are square,
with seats upon three side-, and
painted lead color, ('pen the
doors of several of them yet re-
main the initials of the former
occupants, among which I no-
ticed those ol George Mason and
George William Fairfax, who,
with Washington, were the leading men in the parish."
The whole country around Pohick seems to be de-
generating in soil and population, and the old church
edifice is left without a guardian, to molder into oblivion.
The 1'el.riT.
Signatures of Mason and Fairfax.
within Truro parish, and in the affairs of the church Washington took a lively interest. About 17«i4. the
old church, which stood in a different part of the parish, had fallen into decay, and it was resolved to build
a new one. Its loeation became a matter of considerable excitement in the parish, some contending for
the site on which the old edifice stood, and others for one near the center of the parish, and more conven-
iently situated. Among the latter was Washington. A meeting for settling the question was finally held.
ge Mason, who led the party favorable to the old site, made an eloquent harangue, conjuring the peo-
ple not to desert the sacred spot, consecrated by the bones of their ancestors. It had a powerful etlect, and
it was thought that there would not be a dissenting voice. Washington then arose, and drew from his
pocket an accurate survey which he had made of the whole parish, in which was marked the site of the
old church, ami the proposed location of the new one. together with the place of residence of each parish-
ioner. He spread this map before the audience, briefly explained it. expressed his hope that they would
not allow their judgments to be guided by then feelings, and sat down. The silent argument of the map
was potent ; a large majority voted in favor of the new site, and in 1765 Pohick Church was built.
1 Psalm Ixxxiv., 3.
- Washington was a vestryman, in 1765, of both Truro and Fairfax parishes. The place of worship of
the former was at Pohick, and of the latter at Alexandria. Among the manuscripts in the library of the
New York Historical Society, is a leaf from the church record of Pohick. It contains the names of the first
vestry, and a few others. By whose desecrating hand it was torn from the records, or how it found its way
to its present resting-place, I know not. The following is a copy from the original, from which I also ob-
tained the signatures ol Mason and Fairfax, given above. The names were signed at different times, during
immer and autumn of 1765.
" I. A B. do declare that I will be conformable to the Doctrine and Discipline of the Church of England,
as by law established.
'•1765. May ZOtk. — Thomas Withers Coffer, Thomas Ford, John Ford.
"19th August. — Geo. Washington, Daniel M ('arty. Edward Payne, Thomas Wither- Coffer; Thomas
Ford, Edw. Dulin. John Dalton, Danl. French. Richard Sanford, Thos. Shaw, Thos. Wren, Townsend Dade.
Charles Broadwater,* J. W. Payne. William Adams.
20th August. — (J. W. Fan lax. John West. William Lynlon, Win. Gardner.
" 16th September. — Edward Blackburn.
" \7th September. — George Mason, Charles Henderson.
"October 21st. — John Possey.
"21«< April, 1766.— T. Ellzy."
* Captain Broadwater was the owner of a slave who drove a team with n provision-wagon, belonging to his master, over the
Alleghany Mountains in the memorable campaign in which Braddock was killed. The slave's name was Samuel Jenkins. He
was in the battle at the Great Meadows, but escaped unhurt. On the death of his master, when he was about forty years of
age, he was purchased by a gentleman, who took him to Ohio and manumitted him. He settled in Lancaster, Ohio, where he
resided until his death, which occurred in 1849. when he was 115 years old. He was probably the last survivor of Braddock's men.
21G
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Return to Washington. Thunder-shower in December. Aquia Creek. Almost a Serious Accident. Potomac Church.
The preacher told me that I might travel ten miles in any direction from Pohiek (except
to Alexandria) and not find a school-house ! A few northern farmers are now redeeming
some of the upper portions of Fairfax county ; and it is to be hoped that the circles of their
influence may enlarge until Pohiek Church is included, and its walls saved from destruction.
When I left the church, a slight drizzle omened an approaching storm, and I hastened
to Alexandria, where I ascertained that I could not get upon the Potomac steamer with my
horse without, going to Washington City. Damp, Weary, and vexed, I gave Charley a loose
rein, for the day was fast waning. When within half a mile of the Long Bridge, a vivid
flash of lightning, followed by a loud thunder-peal, burst from the clouds, and seemed to
open "the windows of heaven," and set free all the " treasures of the cherubim." Another
flash and thunder-peal, with the accompanying deluge, came while I was crossing the draw-
bridge, and I reined up at the " Indian Queen," on Pennsylvania Avenue, at twilight, with
all the concomitants of a disappointed disciple of Isaack Walton. A thunder-shower in
December is a phenomenon so rare that I almost enjoyed the misery.
The steam-boat for Aquia Creek left Washington the following morning at two o'clock
I was upon her deck in time, but a careless servant having left a part of my baggage be-
hind, I was obliged to return and remain in Washington another day. It proved a fine one
for traveling, and the very reverse of the next day, when I was upon the road. The dawn
opened with sleet and rain, and a raw east wind. This was sutficiently unpleasant for a
traveler ; yet a more vexatious circumstance awaited my debarkation at Aquia Creek.
From the landing to a plantation road leading to the Fredericksburg pike, almost two miles,
there was no wagon-track, the rail-road being the only highway. I mounted my wagon
upon a hand-car, employed two stout negroes as locomotives, and, leading my horse along
the rough-ribbed iron way, finally reached a plantation lane on the edge of a swamp. Where
the rail-way traverses a broad marsh, deep ditches cross it transversely. My horse, in at-
tempting to leap one of these, fell between the iron bars, with a hinder leg over one of them,
which prevented the use of his limbs in efforts to leap from the ditch. I momentarily ex-
pected to hear the thigh-bone snap, for almost the entire weight of his body rested upon it
The salvation of the animal depended upon getting that leg free. I had no aid, for the
negroes had neither will nor judgment to assist- At the risk of being made a foot-ball, I
placed my shoulder in the hollow of the hoof, and with strength increased by solicitude, ]
succeeded in pushing the limb over the rail, and the docile animal, who seemed to feel the
necessity of being passive, stood erect in his prison of iron and soft earth. Within a rect-
angle of a few feet, and a bank, shoulder high, he was still confined. He made several
efforts to spring out, but his knees would strike the margin. At length, summoning all his
energies, and appearing to shrink into smaller compass, he raised his fore-feet upon the bank.
gave a spring, and, to my great joy, he stood safe and unhurt (though trembling in every
limb) upon the road. With a light and thankful heart I traveled the sinuous pathway,
through gates and bars, for five or six miles, to the high road, the storm increasing.
The distance from Aquia Creek to Fredericksburg is fifteen miles. When about half-
way, I passed the ruins of old Potomac Church, once one of the
finest sacred edifices in Virginia. The plan of the interior was
similar to that of Pohiek. The roof is supported by square col-
umns, stuccoed and painted in imitation of variegated marble
The windows are in Gothic style. The Law, the Prayer, and
the Creed were quite well preserved upon the walls, notwith-
standing the roof is partly fallen in, and the storms have free
passage through the ruined arches. It is surrounded by a thick
hedge of thorn, dwarf cedars, and other shrubs, festooned and gar-
landed with ivy and the wild grape, which almost effectually
guard the venerable relic from the intrusion of strangers. With proper care, this church might
have been a place of worship a century longer, but like many other old churches, consecrated
in the appreciating mind of the patriotic American, this edifice is moldering through neglect.
Ruins ok Potomac Church.
OF THE RE VOLUTION 217
• 17
1 he Rappahanoock. Fredericksburg. Washington's Birth-place. First Monumental Stone. Notables of Westmoreland
"They arc all passing firam the land ;
Those ehurehes old anil play.
In which our fathers used lo stand,
In year- gone by, to pray.
Ay. pull them down, a< well yon may.
Those altars stem and old;
They speak of those long pass'd away.
Wlins,' ashes now are eolil.
Few. lew, are now the strong-aim'd men
Who worshiped at our altars then.
Then pull them down, and rear on high
New-fangled, painted things,
For these but mock the modern eye,
The past around them brings.
Then pull them down, and upward real
A pile whieh suits who worships here.
Elizabeth Oakks Smith.
1 crossed the Rappahannock' upon a loti<r toll-bridge, and entered Fredericksburg at noon
The city is old in fact, and antique in appearance. A century and a quarter ago the set
tiers who had begun to cultivate extensively the rich lands upon the Rappahannock, applied
for a town charter It was granted ;■ and in honor of Prince Frederick, the father
of George III., and then heir-apparent to the British throne, it was called Fredericks-
burg. At that time there was only a tobacco warehouse on the site of the present, city with
its four thousand five hundred inhabitants. The town is regularly laid out. Many of the
houses are of brick, but few are in modern style, or of apparently recent construction.
Fredericksburg is interesting, as connected with our subject, chiefly from the fact that
Washington passed his youthful days in its vicinity, and that near the city, beneath an un-
finished monument, repose the remains of his beloved mother. The place of Washington's
birth was about half a mile from the junction of Pope's Creek with the Potomac, in West-
moreland county, the •■ Athens of Virginia."" It is upon the " Wakefield estate." now owned
by John E. Wilson, Esq. The house in whieh he was born was destroyed before the Rev-
olution. Upon its site, George W. P. Custis, Esq., placed a slab of free-stone," ,,June 1815
represented in the engraving on the following page, on which is the simple in-
scription, " Here, the 1 1 th of February |0. S.], 1732, George Washington' was born.'"
1 The Rappahannock is one of the largest streams in Virginia. It vises in the Blue Ridge, 130 miles
northwest ol its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay. 25 miles south of the Potomac. It is navigable lor ves-
sel- requiring tea feel of water, to the Falls of the Rappahannock, a little ahove Fredericksburg.
; IMiis name has been given to Westmoreland on account of the groat number of men. distinguished in
our annals, who were horn there. Washington ; the two Lees, who signed the Declaration of Independence,
the brothers of Richard Henry Lee (Thomas, Francis, anil Arthur); General Henry Lee; Judge Bushrod
Washington, and President Monroe, were all born in that county. Richard Henry Lee's residence was
ChantiUy, on the Potomac. Monroe was horn at the head of Monroe's Creek. In Stratford, upon the Po-
tomac, a lew miles above the residence of Richard Henry Lee. is still standing one of the most remarkabli
buildings in this country. I greatlv desired to visit it. and portray it for this work, hut circumstances pre-
vented. It was built b'v Mr. Thomas Lee, father of Richard Henry Lee, who was president of the Kings
Council, and acting governor of Virginia. While governor, his dwelling was burned, and this edifice was
erected for him. either by the government or by the voluntary contributions of London merchants, by whom
he was greatlv esteemed. There is no structure in our country to compare with it. The walls of the first
v are two 'and a half feet thick, and of the second story, two feet, composed of brick imported from En-
gland. It originally contained about one hundred rooms. Besides the main building, there are four offices,
one at each corner, containing fifteen rooms. The stables are capable of accommodating one hundred
horses. Its cost was about 880,000.
3 The public career of Washington is illustrated in every part of these volumes, for he was identified
with all the important events of the Revolution. His life is too well known to need an .Mended memoir
I will here briefly chronicle a notice of his family, and the events of his early life. He was descended from
an old family of'the English aristocracy. The name of Washington, as a family, was first known aboui
the middle of the thirteenth century. Previously there was a manor of that name, in the county of Dur-
ham, owned by William de Hertbufne. who, as was the custom in those days, took the name of his estate
21b
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Washington's Birth-place. II. s Ancestors. Arms anil Monuments First Monumental .sinne to the Memory of Washington
The house in which his nativity took place was precisely the sunn- in appearance as the
family residence on the Rappahannock, delineated opposite, being of the better class of plain
,'<^*L'
■ s
TKi^V. ''JS&&- —
Site of Washington's Birth place.1
From I hat gentleman have descended the branches of the Washington family in England and America.
The name is frequently mentioned in the local histories of England as belonging to per-
sons of weallh and distinction. Sir Henry Washington was renowned for his bravery at
the siege of Worcester against the parliamentary troops, and at the taking of Bristol.
Monuments erected in churches with the name of Washington upon them, are proofs of
their opulence. The ancient seat of the Washington family is said to be yet well preserved.
It is built of stone of great solidity. The timber is chiefly of oak ; and in several of
the rooms, particularly in the large hall or banqueting-room, are remains of rich carv-
ing and gilding in the cornices and wainscoting. Over the mantel-pieces, elaborately
carved, are the family arms, richly emblazoned upon escutcheons. The walls of the
house are five feet thick. The entire residence is surrounded by a beautiful garden and
orchards. The old family monument, erected to the memory of " Sin Lalbence Wash-
ington, Nite," grandson of the first proprietor of the name, of Sulgrave, and the ances-
tor of General Washington, is in the cemetery of Gardson Church, two miles from Malms-
burv. It is of the mural style, and bears the family arms. Sir Laurence Washington
died in May. 1643. Two of his sons, John and Laurence Washington, emigrated to
Virginia about the year 1657, and settled at Bridge's Creek, on the Potomac, in West-
moreland county. The eldest brother of the emigrants, Sir William Washington, married
a hall sister of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham.
John Washington, soon after settling in Virginia, engaged in military expeditions
against the Indians, and rose to the rank of colonel. He married Ann Pope, by whom
he had two sons, Laurence and John, and a daughter. Laurence married Mildred War-
ner, of Gloucester county, and had three children, John, Augustine, and Mildred. Au-
gustine first married Jane Butler, by whom he had three sons and a daughter. His sec-
' This, and the picture of the residence of the Washington family on the Rappahannock, are from draw-
ings by John G. Chapman. Esq. Under date of August 21. 1851, Mr. Custis kindly furnished me with an
interesting account of the dedication of this Jirst monumental stone to the memory of Washington. In June.
1815 (a few days before the corner stone of the Washington monument at Baltimore was laid), accompanied
by two gentlemen (Messrs. Lewis and Grymes), he sailed from Alexandria in his own vessel, the Latly of
the Lake, for Pope's Creek. Arrived at the hallowed spot with the inscribed tablet, they proceeded to
deposit it in a proper place. " Desirous of making the ceremonial of depositing the stone as imposing as
circumstances would permit," says Mr. Custis, "we enveloped it in the ' Star-si-ankled Banner' of our
country, and it was borne to its resting-place in the arms of the descendants of four Revolutionary patriots
and soldiers — Samuel Lewis, son of George Lewis, a captain in Baylor's regiment of horse, and nephew
of Washington; William Giiymes, the son of Benjamin Grymes, a gallant and distinguished officer of thi
Life Guards; 'he Captain of the vessel, the son of a brave soldier wounded in the battle of Guilford; anr1
George W. P. Custis, the son of John Parke Custis, aid-de-camp to the commander-in-chief before Cam
bridge and Yorktown. We gathered together the bricks of the ancient chimney that once formed the heartl
around which Washington in his infancy had played, and constructed a rude kind of pedestal, on which we
reverently placed the first stone, commending it lo the respect and protection of the American people in
general, and the citizens ofWestmoreland in particular."
ARMS OF THE WASH-
INGTON Family *
' The shield with tin- stars and -stripes, in the lower part of the picture, forms the seal or General Washington,
ropy of it, taken from the death warrant of a soldier.
1 have a
OF THE RE VOLET I ON.
21 9
\ irginia Residence of the Washington Family.
Barl) Lile of Genexal Washington.
Death of lus Brother Luur n. .
Virginian farm-houses. It had four rooms, with an enormous chimney at each end, on the
The estate on the Rappahannock was owned by bis father, Augustine Washington
ond wife was Mary Ball, in whom he was married on the 6th of March. 173U. By her he had six children ;
the first-born was George, the subject of our memoir. He was the great-grandson of the first emigrant to
America, and sixth in descent from the first Laurence of Sulgrave. He was born on the 22d (11 th O. S.)
of February. 1732. His parents soon afterward removed to an e St ifford county, near Fredericks-
burg, when- his rather died on the 12th of April. 174.'i. and was buried at Bridie's Creek. To each of
his sons he left a plantation. To his oldest survivor he bequeathed an estate on Hunting Creek (afterward
Mount Vernon), and to George he left the lands and mansion (pictured above) where his father lived. His
mother had five young children to nurture and prepare for active life. It was a ereat responsibility, yet
she performed her duty with entire success. To her guidance the world probably owes much of the good
which has emanated from the career of her illustrious son.
Washington received few advantages from early school education. There were then few good schools
in the colonies. The wealthy planters sent their children to England to be educated. The mother of George
did not feel able to incur the expense, and he was obliged to rely upon her, a neichborinir school, and
occasionally a private tutor in mathematics, for his elementary knowledge. His practical mind developed
nobly under even this deficient culture. He left school when almost sixteen years of aire, pretty thoroughly
versed in mathematics, and fully competent for the profession of a practical surveyor. When he was four-
teen years old, his half-brother. Laurence Washington, having observed in him a fondness for military mat-
ters, obtained for him a midshipman's warrant, in 1746. That gentleman had served under Admiral Ver-
non at the siege of Carthagena, and in the West Indies, and kept up a friendly correspondence with his
commander. He regarded the British navy as an attractive field, where his voung brother might become
distinguished. The mother of young Washington partly consented; but when the time approached, and
the boy with buoyant spirits prepared for departure, her maternal feelings were too strong to allow a
separation, and the project was abandoned.
Laurence Washington married a daughter of the wealthy William Fairfax, who was for some time presi-
dent of Ins majesty's council in the colony. When young Washington left school, he went to live with his
brother Laurence at Mount Vernon, and his intimacy with the Fairfax family led to those initial steps in
his public life which resulted so gloriously. He was employed to survey the immense tracts of land in the
rich valleys of the Alleghany Mountains, belonging to Lord Fairfax, a relative of William. When onlv
sixteen years and one month old, he set out with George W. Fairfax (whose signature, with that of George
is on page 215) to survey these immense tracts. They suffered great privations, and encountered
many dangers ; but this expedition proved a school of immense advantage to the future hero. He executed
. very satisfactorily, and soon afterward received an appointment as public surveyor. He devoted
three years to this lucrative pursuit. His talents, probity, and general intelligence attracted the attention
of the authorities of Virginia. The encroachments of the French on the western frontiers of the state.
caused the governor to divide the province into militia districts, over which was placed an officer with the
rank of major, whose duty it was to drill the people in military tactics. Over one of these districts young
igton was placed at the age of nineteen, with the pay of $750 a vear. He had just entered upon
v. when his brother Laurence, on account of failing health, was advised by his physicians to make
i voyage to the West Indies. He desired the company of George, and they sailed for Barbadoes in Sep-
tember. 1751. They remained there a few weeks: but hope for the invalid faded awav, and he resolved
to go to Bermuda, and send George home for his wife. While in Barbadoes, young Washington was sick
three weeks with the small-pox. As soon as he recovered, he sailed for home. At first, an encouraging
letter came from Laurence ; the second was desponding, and, giving up all hope of life, he returned home
1 ."-red a short time, and died at the age of thirty-four years. His estate of Mount Vernon, as I have
elsewhere noticed, he bequeathed to George, in the event of his surviving daughter dying without issue.
220 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Washington Farm. Resideuce of the Mother of Washington. Hie early Military Career
several years before his marriage with Mary Ball (daughter of Colonel Ball, of Lancas-
ter), the mother of the illustrious patriot. It is nearly opposite Fredericksburg, in Stafford
county, and when I visited that city ,a it was the property of the Reverend Thomas
Teasdale. The mansion-house, which stood near the present residence of Mr. King,
a short distance below the rail-road bridge, has long since gone to decay and disappeared.
and to the skillful pencil of J. G. Chapman, Esq., I am indebted for the accompanying
picture.
The storm continuing, and nothing of interest being left upon the soil known as " The
Washington Farm," I did not visit it, but contented myself with a distant view of its roll-
ing acres as I rode out of Fredericksburg to pursue my journey southward.
On the northwest corner of Charles and Lewis streets, in Fredericksburg, is the house
^the residence of Richard Stirling, Esq ) where the mother of Washington resided during
tile latter years of her life, and where she died. There that honored matron, and more
honored son, had their last earthly interview in the spring of 1789, after he was elected
President of the United States. Just before his departure for New York to take the oath
of office, and to enter upon his new duties, Washington, actuated by that filial reverence
and regard which always distinguished him,1 hastened to Fredericksburg to visit his mother.
She was then fourscore and five years old, bowed with age and the ravages of that terrible
disease, a deep-rooted cancer in the breast. Their interview was deeply affecting. After
the first emotions incident to the meeting had subsided, Washington said, " The people,
madam, have been pleased, with the most flattering unanimity, to elect me to the chief
magistracy of the United States ; but before I can assume the functions of that office, 1
have come to bid you an affectionate farewell. So soon as the public business which must
necessarily be encountered in arranging a new government can be disposed of, I shall hasten
George was one of his brother's executors, and the duties incumbent thereon occupied the principal part (it
In- time.
When Governor Dinwiddie came to Virginia, he apportioned the colony into four grand military divisions,
aver one of which he placed Major Washington. He exercised the functions of his office with great skill
and fidelity, and when the continued encroachments of the French and Indians called for a military expe-
dition, Major Washington was sent to reconnoiter, and-collcct all possible information. In this perilous
business he was successful, and so pleased was the governor and council, that they appointed him a com-
missioner to visit the French posts on the Ohio, and, in the name of the King of England, to demand an
explicit answer to the inquiry, "By what right do you invade British territory ?:' The particulars of this
expedition will be noticed hereafter. Washington was then only twenty-one years old. He not only faith-
fully executed the instructions of the governor, expressed on the face of his commission, but obtained a great
amount of information respecting the numbers and resources of the enemy. For eleven weeks he suffered
great hardships with his few companions, when he appeared at Williamsburg, and laid his report before
the governor and his council. War was deemed necessary, and arrangements were made accordingly. The
other colonies were called upon for aid. Washington was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Virginia forces
destined for Ohio, and in April he marched toward the Alleghanies. Some severe conflicts ensued, and
tinallv, the expedition was defeated. The. conduct of Washington was highly approved. When Braddoek
undertook an expedition against the enemy in the spring of 1755, Washington, at his request, accompanied
him as one of his military family. In the battle at the Great Meadows which ensued, Braddoek was killed.
Colonel Washington behaved with the greatest bravery, and by his skill the army was saved from entire
destruction. He returned to Mount Vernon, and continued in the military service until 1759, when he was
elected a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses for Frederick county. He was married the same
year to Mrs. Martha Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis. This event is noticed elsewhere. The estate
ol Mount Vernon haying come into hi- possession, he established himself there three months after his mar-
riage, From that period until his election as a delegate to the first Congress in 1774, his time was de-
voted to agriculture, and to the duties of a stale legislator. He early espoused the cause of the colonists
in their disputes with Great Britain, and when the crisis arrived, he was appointed, as we have noticed on
page 5(13, volume i., commander-in-chief of the Continental array. From that time his life forms an im-
portant portion of the history of our Republic. His final retirement to Mount Vernon after the war, and
In- death, will be noticed hereafter.
: It is related that on one occasion, during the Revolution, his mother was with him at a large social
gathering. Ai nine o'clock in the evening the aged matron approached her son, placed her arm in his, and
said. " Coine. George, it is time for us to be at home; late hours are injurious." With the docility of a
child the general left the company with his mother; "but," as Mrs. Hamilton said to me, when speaking of
the circumstance, "he came back again."
OF THE REVOLUTION. 09 j
Washington's Inst Interview with his Mother. Her Death, and unfinished Monument Comer stone laid by President Jackson
tn Virginia, and — " Here the matron interrupted him with, "You will see me no more.
My ■.neat age, and the disease which is fast approaching my vitals, warns me that I shall
not be long in this world. I trust to God I am somewhat prepared for a better, lint go,
George, fulfill the destiny which Heaven appears to assign you; go, my son, and may
Heaven's and your mother's blessing be with you always." Washington wept ; the great
man was again a little child, and he kissed the furrowed cheek of his parent with all the
tender affection and simplicity of a loving boy. With a full heart he went forth to " fulfill
the destiny" which Heaven assigned him, and he saw his mother no more. She died in
the autumn of 1789, and was buried on a beautiful knoll upon the estate of her son-in-law.
Colonel Fielding Lewis,1 within sound of the busy hum of the city.
In the midst of the thickly-falling sleet, I made a pilgrimage to the grave of the mothei
of Washington, and sketched the half-finished and
neglected monument which was erected over it a few
years ago. It stands near a ledge of rocks, where she
often resorted in fine weather for private meditation
and devotion. Years before her death she selected
that spot for her grave. The monument is of white
marble, and, even in its unfinished state, has an im-
posing appearance. The corner-stone was laid by
Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States,
on the 7th of May, 1833, in the presence of a great
concourse of people. He went down the Potomac
from Washington City on the 6th,3 and was met at
Potomac Creek, nine miles from Fredericksburg, by the ToMB OF THE MoTHEB 0F w«h.nQton.
Monument Committee of that city. He was also met by a military escort, and conducted
to the residence ot Doctor Wallace, where he was entertained. A large military and civic
procession was formed the following day, and proceeded to the grave, where the imposing
ceremonies were to be performed. Mr. Basset, in behalf of the citizens of Fredericksburg,
first addressed the president on the character of her whom they sought to honor. The
president made an eloquent reply ; and, as he deposited an inscribed plate in the hollow
corner-stone, he said, " Fellow-citizens, at your request, and in your name, I now deposit this
plate in the spot destined lor it ; and when the American pilgrim shall, in after ages, come
up to this high and holy place, and lay his hand upon this sacred column, may he recall the
virtues of her who sleeps beneath, and depart with his affections purified, and his piety
strengthened, while he invokes blessings upon the memory of the mother of Washington."
Referring to this event, Mrs. Sigourney thus beautifully wrote for the Fredonia Arum
" Long hast thou slept unnoticed. Nature stole
In her soft minstrelsy around thy bed,
1 Colonel Fielding Lewis married Elizabeth, the sister of Washington. He was proprietor of half the
town of Fredericksburg, and of an extensive territory adjoining. During the war, in which his feelings
were warmly enlisted, he superintended The great manufactory of arms in his neighborhood. He was a
local magistrate lor many years, and often represented his county in the Legislature. He died in Deeem-
ber, 1781, at the age of fifty-five years. His son George was at onetime a captain in the Commander-in-
■■'" ■ / ".< Guard, and his other three sons were active public men. His daughter Elizabeth marrried Charles
Carter, Esq.
: While the boat was lying at the wharf at Alexandria on this occasion, Lieutenant Randolph, who had
lately been dismissed from the navy, went on board, and proceeding into the cabin, where the venerable
president sat :it table reading and smoking, made a brutal and cowardly attack upon him. Randolph was
instantly seized by the captain, when a number of his friends, who accompanied him, rescued him, and bore
him to the wharf. A citizen of Alexandria hearing of the outrage, was so greatly incensed that he said to
the president, "Sir, if you will pardon me in case I am tried and convicted, I will kill Randolph, for this
insult to you, in fifteen minutes." " No, sir," responded the president, " I can not do that. I want no
man to stand between me and my assailants, nor none to take revenge on my account. Had 1 been pre-
pared for this cowardly villain's approach, I can assure you all that he never would have the temerity to
undertake such a thing again "
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The unnuibhuil Obeliik fur the Tumi) ut* Washington's Mother. Departure from Fredericksburg. General Mercer's Son
Spreading her vernal tissue, violet-gemm'd,
And pearl'd with clews.
She bade bright Summer bring
Gifts of frankincense, with sweet song of birds,
And Autumn cast his reaper's coronet
Down at thy feet, and stormy Winter speak
Sternly of man's neglect. But now wc come
To do thee homage — Mother of our chief! —
Fit homage, such as honoreth him who pays.
Methinks we see thee, as in olden time —
Simple in garb, majestic, and serene ;
Unmoved by pomp or circumstances; in truth
Inflexible ; and, with a Spartan zeal,
Repressing vice and making folly grave.
Thou didst not deem it woman's part to waste
Life in inglorious sloth — to sport a while
Amid the flowers, or on the summer wave,
Then, fleet like the Ephemeron, away,
Building no temple in her children's hearts,
Save to the vanity and pride of life
Which she had worship'd.
For the might that clothed
The " Pater Patria" — for the glorious deeds
That make Mount Vernon's tomb a Mecca shrine
For all the earth, what thanks to thee are due.
Who, mid his elements of being wrought,
We know not — Heaven can tell."
Almost twenty years have passed away since the imposing pageant at the laying of the
corner-stone was displayed, and yet the monument is unfinished. Still may Spring, and
Summer, and
" Stormy Winter speak
Sternly of man's neglect ;"
for the huge marble obelisk, as it came from the quarry, lies there yet,
defaced and mutilated by rude hands, and silently appealing to local pride
and general patriotism to sculpture its ornaments, and place it where it
was designed to be. Year after year the dust of the plain has lodged
upon the top of the half-finished pile, and the seeds of wild flowers have
been borne thither upon the wings of the zephyrs ; and where the base
of the noble obelisk should rest, Nature, as if rebuking insensate man,
hath woven green garlands, and hung flowery festoons. Upon the broad
tablet whereon was to be inscribed the beautiful memorial, " Mary, the
Mother of Washington," dark green fungi have made their humilia-
t„e OBM.BK.I ting record instead
I left Fredericksburg3 at two o'clock, with the intention of lodging at Bowling Green, in
Caroline county, twenty-two miles distant. The post-road is one of the finest I ever trav-
eled ; broad, and in good condition. It passes through a gently rolling, fertile country, and
apparently well cultivated. When within about twelve miles of my destination I passed
a farm-house, from which two men, with a span of horses and a rickety market wagon,
1 This is a sketch, from the original design of the monument, of the obelisk and its surmountings. in-
tended to be placed upon the present structure. Why half-hewn marble has been allowed to remain so
long unfinished that Vandal relic-seekers have ruined it, I can not comprehend. Is there not public spirit
enough in Virginia to complete this memorial of her must honored daughter? Independent of the reflected
glory of her son, she was a noble woman, because truly excellent in all her relations in life ; a sincere
Christian ; kind and benevolent ; and a mother who, like Cornelia, regarded her children as her jewels, and
cherished them accordingly.
• It is to me a matter of sincere regret, that when I was at Fredericksburg, I was not aware that Colonel
Hugh Mercer, the son of the lamented General Mercer, who was killed at Princeton, was a residont of that
eity. Educated at the public expense, by order of Congress, his name and character belong to history.
A portrait of this "foster-child of the Republic" will be found on page 668
OF THE REVOLUTION 303
rhe Wrooa Road. Pamunkoy River. Hnnover Court House. The old Tnvern. Anecdote
were just departing for Richmond, whither 1 was making my way. They, too, intended
to lodge at Bowling; Green, and offered to pilot me. Their fresh horses tried Charley's
speed and bottom to the utmost. We crossed the Mattapony River, a tributary of the
Pamunkey, at twilight, over two high bridges. Night came on with sudden and intense
darkness ; so dark that 1 could not see my pilots. At a fork I " lost my reckoning ;" they
taking one branch and I the other. Charley neighed, and tried to follow them. " I was wise
in my own conceit," and reined him into the other fork. 1 rode on for nearly an hour with-
out passing a habitation, and entirely unconscious of the nature or direction of the road I
was traveling. A heavy mist shrouded the country. At length the rays of a caudle came
feebly from a window at the road-side. I hailed, and asked for and obtained lodgings for
the night. It was the hospitable mansion of Mr. Burke, a planter, some seven miles from
Bowling Green. I had wandered four miles from the direct road to that village, but was
not far from the nearest highway to Hanover Court House, my next point of destination.
1 resumed my journey at daybreak, leaving Bowling Green on the left. ; breakfasted at a
small tavern, after a ride of six miles, and soon overtook my pilots, who, in attempting to
reach a point beyond Bowling Green the night before, had broken an axle while crossing a
swamp. We journeyed on together to Hanover Court House, within nineteen miles of
Richmond. The appearance of the country changed materially after crossing the Matta-
pony. It became more hilly, sandy, and sterile, producing dwarf pines in abundance
We crossed the Pamunkey a little below the confluence of its branches (the North and
South Anna), and, at a mile distant, reached Hanover Court House in time for a late din-
ner. The village now" consists of the ancient court-house and tavern, one brick
bouse, several negro huts, and a jail. The latter was in process of reconstruction
when I was there, having been burned a few months previously. Here was a flourishing
town before Richmond, now containing thirty thousand inhabitants, was an incorporated
village. The Pamunkey was then navigable for sloops and schooners ; now the channel
is filled with sand. Hanover was a place of considerable business. Sixteen hundred hogs-
heads of tobacco were annually exported from it, and it was regarded as an eligible site foi
the state capital. When the House of Burgesses were
deliberating upon the subject of removing the Capitol
from Williamsburg, they came within a few votes of
deciding upon Hanovei instead of Richmond Where 1 ^tffcfc^ 'Sginffi
the populous village cue- stood 1 saw traces of a re- JlS? UHI fih*»C58fci- V,
cent corn crop, but not a vestige of former habitation jjl? L^Bjffl Br^SSSSH
The old tavern where I lodged, and the court-l se -i-i^P VnfSlli 1 ^"WnS;
are objects of much interest, from the circumstance Laum EMi lu Bit* ai
that in the former Patrick [lenrj was ;i temporary .. :--|tiJ ,,;,,jS!slffi tuJiVi tyrr''''
bar-tender,' and in the latter he made those first <■{'■ "SSkiw* ^tpy^w ™j^
forts it orator} which burst forth like meteors 1 1 '^s^^^t^,fe''' "
the gloom of his obscurity. He had passed his youth- Hanover Coorthousk.'
1 The Marquis de Chastellux, who visited Hnnover in 1781, mentions this tavern as "a tolerably hand-
some inn. with a very large saloon, and a covered portico, and destined to receive the company who assem-
ble every three months at the court-hoo.se, either on private or public affairs.
I slept in the " lar^e saloon ;" and under shelter of the " covered portico" mentioned by the marquis, 1
sketched the court-house. The general external appearance of the house, I was informed, has been changed
The marquis relates the following anecdote respecting the passage of the English through that county
" Mr. Tilghman, our landlord, though he lamented his misfortune in having lodged and boarded Cornwallis
and Ins retinue, without his lordship having made the least recompense, could not help laughing at the fright
which the unexpected arrival i« Tarleton spread among a considerable number of gentlemen who came to
hear the news, and were assembled in the court-house. A negro, on horseback, came full gallop to let
thorn know that Tarleton was not above three miles off. The resolution of retreating was soon taken ; bul
the alarm was so sudden, and the confusion so great, that every one mounted lhe first horse he could find,
so that few of those curious gentlemen returned upon their own horses." — Travels, 11.. 13, 14.
1 This view is from the front, looking east-northeast. The building is of imported brick, with an arcade
in front. It was erected in 1740. An addition has been made to the rear, wherein is the judge's bench.
0O4 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Early Years of Patrick Henry. The "Pareona'a Cauae." F:s Dtbul a8 an Orator, described by Wirt
lul days in apparent idleness, and, lacking business tact and energy, he failed to succeed
in mercantile pursuits, in which he was engaged. He became bankrupt, and no one
was willing to aid him. He had married at eighteen, and yet, in the twenty-fourth year
of his age, he had done little toward supporting a wife. They lived most of the time with
his father-in-law (Mr. Shelton), who kept the tavern at Hanover, and when the proprietor
was absent, young Henry took his place behind the bar. As a last resort, he studied law.
lie applied himself diligently for six weeks, when he obtained a license, but for nearly three
years he was "briefless;" indeed, he hardly knew how to draw a brief correctly. At the
age of twenty-seven, he was employed in the celebrated Parsons 's Cause ; and in Hanover
court-house, on that occasion, his genius was first developed. The case was a controversy
between the clergy and the Legislature of the state, relating to the stipend claimed by the
former. A decision of the court in favor of the clergy had left nothing undetermined but
the amount of damages in the cause which was pending. Young Henry took part against
the clergy, and in his plea his wonderful oratory beamed out, for the first time, in great
splendor. Wirt has vividly described the scene in his life of the " American Demosthenes."'
1 "The array before Mr. Henry's eyes was now most fearful. On the bench sat more than twenty
clergymen, the most learned men in the colony, and the most capable, as well as the severest critics before
whom it was possible for him to have made his debut. The court-house was crowded with an overwhelm-
ing multitude, and surrounded with an immense and anxious throng, who, not finding room to enter, were
endeavoring to listen without in the deepest attention. But there was something still more awfully discon-
certing than all this ; for in the chair of the presiding magistrate sat no other person than his own father.
Mr. Lyons opened the cause very briefly ; in the way of argument he did nothing more than explain to the
jury that the decision on the demurrer had put the act of 1758 entirely out of the way, and left the law of
1748 as the only standard of their damages. He then concluded with a highly-wrought eulogium on the
benevolence of the clergy. And now came on the first trial of Patrick Henry's strength. No one had ever
heard him speak, and curiosity was on tiptoe. He rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his exordium.
The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement ; the clergy were observed to exchange
sly looks with each other; and his father is described as having almost sunk with confusion from his seat.
But these feelings were of short duration, and soon gave place to others of a very different character ; for
now were those wonderful faculties which he possessed for the first time developed, and now was first wit-
nessed that mysterious and almost supernatural transformation of appearance, which the fire of his own elo-
quence never failed to work in him; for, as his mind rolled along, and began to glow from its own ac-
tion, all the exuvitE of the clown seemed to shed themselves spontaneously. His attitude, by degrees, be-
came erect and lofty. The spirit of his genius awakened all his features. His countenance shone with a
nobleness and grandeur which it had never before exhibited. There was a lightning in his eye which
seemed to rivet the spectator. His action became graceful, bold, and commanding ; and in the tones of his
voice, but more especially in his emphasis, there' was a peculiar charm, a magic, of which any one who
ever heard him will speak as soon as ever he is named, but of which no one can give any adequate descrip-
tion. They can only say that it struck upon the ear and upon the heart in a manner ickieh la?iguage can
not tell. Add to all these his wonder-working fancy, and the peculiar phraseology in which he clothed its
images, for he painted to the heart with a force that almost petrified it. In the language of those who
heard him on this occasion, ' he made their blood run cold, and their hair to rise on end.'
" It will not be difficult for any one who ever heard this most extraordinary man to believe the whole
account of this transaction, which is given by his surviving hearers ; and from their account, the court-house
of Hanover county must have exhibited, on this occasion, a scene as picturesque as has been ever witnessed
in real life. They say that the people, whose countenances had fallen as he arose, had heard but a very few
sentences before they began to look up, then to look at each other with surprise, as if doubting the evidence
of their own senses; then, attracted by some strong gesture, struck by some majestic attitude, fascinated
by the spell of his eye, the charm of his emphasis, and the varied and commanding expression of his coun-
tenance, they could look away no more. In less than twenty minutes they might be seen, in every part of
the house, on every bench, in every window, stooping forward from their stands, in death-like silence, their
features fixed in amazement and awe, all their senses listening and riveted upon the speaker, as if to catch
the last strain of some heavenly visitant. The mockery of the clergy was soon turned into alarm, their
triumph into confusion and despair; and at one burst of his rapid and overwhelming invective, they lied
from the bench in precipitation and terror. As lor the father, such was his surprise, such his amazement,
such his rapture, that, forgetting where he was, and the character which he was filling, tears of ecstasy
streamed down his checks, without the power or inclination to repress them.
" The jurv seem to have been so completely bewildered that they lost sight not only of the act of 1748.
but that of 1758 also ; for, thoughtless even of the admitted right of the plaintiff, they had scarcely left the
bar when they returned with a verdict of one penny damages. A motion was made for a new trial ; but
he court, too, had now lost the equipoise of their judgment, and overruled the motion by a unanimous
N w Castle.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Komi from Hanover to Richmond.
225
Birth place of Henry Clny.
Virginia Market-wagons.
We shall meet Patrick Henry again presently in more important scenes.
Upon the Pamunkey, a few miles below Hanover Court House, is New Castle, once a
flourishing village, but now a desolation, only one house remaining upon its site. That is
the place where Patrick Henry assembled the volunteers and marched to Williamsburg, for
the purpose of demanding a restoration of the powder winch Lord Dunmore had removed
from the public magazine, or its equivalent in money. Of this I shall hereafter write.
I lodged at Hanover, and, after an early breakfast, departed for Richmond, the rain yet
falling. Between three and four miles from Hanover Court House,
I passed the birth-place of Henry Clay. It stands upon the right
of the turnpike to Richmond, in the midst of the flat piny legion
called the slashes of Hanover.1 It is a frame building, one story
high, with dormer windows, and two large chimneys on the outside
of each gable. Here the great statesman was horn in 1777. The
roads through this desolate region are wretched, abounding in those
causeways of logs known as corduroy roads. Within ten miles of
Richmond the scenery becomes diversified, and the vicinage of a
large town is denoted by the numerous vehicles upon the broad road, consisting chiefly
of uncouth market-wagons, drawn by mules, frequently six or eight in a team, as pictured
in the sketch below. The negro driver is usually seated upon one of the wheel mules, and.
without guiding lines, conducts them by the vocal direction of haw and gee. To the eyes of
a Northern man looking upon these caravans for the first time, they appear quite picturesque.
I reached Richmond at meridian," where I tarried with esteemed friends for .Dec. 14, 1848.
several days.
vole. The verdict, and judgment overruling the motion, were followed by redoubled acclamation from
within and without the house. The people, who had with difficulty kept their hands olT their champion
from the moment of closing his harangue,, no sooner saw the fate of the cause finally sealed, than they seized
him at the bar, and, in spite of his own exertions and the continued cry of ' order' from the sheriffs and the
court, they bore him out of the court-house, and, raising him on their shoulders, carried him about the yard
in a kind of electioneering triumph."
1 The word slashes is applied to tracts of flat clay soil, covered with pine woods, and always wet. The
clay is almost impervious to water, and as evaporation goes on slowly in the shadow of the pines, the ground
is seldom dry. " The mill-boy of the slashes" was an electioneering phrase applied to Henry Clay soma
vears ago, when he was a candidate for the presidency of the United States. Mr. Clay died at Washington
City on the 29ih of June, 185'J, at the age of about seventy-five years. He was United States Senator at
the time of bis death, and represented his adopted state, Kentucky. He was the last survivor of the Com-
missioners who negotiated the treaty at Ghent, in 1815, with the representatives of the British government.
His associates were John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin.
H ■ Wm
II.
Virginia Market- WAGON.
p
3 2 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Early Seuiement at Rockett'a and Powhatan.
Captain Smith.
Abandonment of " Nonesuch."
Fort Charlcjj
CHAPTER IX.
" Virginia, hail ! Thou venerable state
In arms anil council still acknowledged great !
When lost Britannia, in an evil hour.
First tried the steps of arbitrary power,
Thy foresight then the Continent alann'd ,
Thy gallant temper ev'ry bosom warm'd.
And now, when Britain's mercenary bands
Bombard our cities, desolate our lands
(Our prayers unanswered and our tears in vain).
While foreign cut-throats crowd the ensanguined plain,
Thy glowing virtue caught the glorious flame,
And (irst renounced the cruel tyrant's name!
With just disdain, and most becoming pride,
Further dependence on the crown denied !
While Freedom's voice can in these wilds be heard,
Virginia's patriots shall be still revered."
Holts New York Journal, June, 1776.
ICHMOND, the metropolis of Virginia, is situated at the Falls of
the James River, a locality known and mentioned as early as 1609,
two years alter the commencement of a settlement at Jamestown, and
the same year that Henry Hudson first entered and explored New
York Bay and the North River. In that year, Captain West was
sent, with one hundred and twenty men, to make a settlement at the
Falls. They pitched their tents at the head of navigation, at a place
- ' now known as Rockett's, just helow Richmond. It was near one
of the imperial residences of Powhatan when the foundations of Jamestown were first laid.
Captain John Smith, then president of the colony, visited West's settlement toward the
close of 1009. He disliked the situation, on account of the overflowing of the river, and,
purchasing from Powhatan a tract now known by that name, two miles below Richmond,
where the Indians had a palisade fort, he directed the settlers to remove thither. They
refused compliance, while Smith strenuously insisted upon obedience. An open rupture
ensued. Smith committed some of the ringleaders to confinement ; but this so exasperated
the remainder, that, with menaces of death, they drove him to his vessel in the river. The
Indians espoused the cause of Smith, and the settlers and the natives became bitter enemies.
Smith, greatly chagrined, sailed down the river for Jamestown. As soon as he was gone,
the Indians fell upon West's people, and slew several of them. The remainder were glad
to recall Smith, who had not proceeded far down the river, and receive his aid. He again
imprisoned some of the leaders, and established the settlement at Powhatan. There they
had a strong fort with dry wigwams, and about two hundred acres of land ready to he
planted. On account of the beauty and fertility of the place, they called it " Nonesuch."
As Smith was about to depart, West, who had been at Jamestown, returned, and, by his
influence, stirred up a mutiny, which ended in the settlers abandoning " Nonesuch" and re-
turning to the Falls.
A fortification, called Fort Charles, was erected at the Falls in 1G45. Thirty-four years
afterward, Captain William Byrd, having been granted certain privileges contingent upon
his making a settlement at the Falls of fifty able-bodied men, well armed, as a protection
against the Indians, built a trading-house and mill upon the present site of Richmond,
about three fourths of a mile above Rockett's. The place was called Byrd's Warehouse.
The building from which the name was derived stood near the present Exchange Hotel.
OF TH E RBVOLUTIO N
Founding of Richmond.
Scenery on tile James River Ht Richmond.
. .' 7
Expedition of Arnold to Vii
A town was established there with the name of Richmond (so called because of its similar-
ity in situation to Richmond on the Thames, near London), in May, 1742, on land belong-
ing to Colonel William Byrd, of Westover. It is situated upon the north side of the
.Iuiih's Iliver. upon the Ihl'Ii hills of Shockoe and Richmond, and the margin of Shockoe
Creek, which flows between them to the river
The scenery from almost every point of view around Richmond is exceedingly picturesque
The river is almost half a mile wide,
dotted with beautiful wooded islands,
and broken into numerous cascades,
which extend to Westham, six miles
up the stream. The Capitol stands in
the center of a large square, upon the
brow of Shockoe Hill, in the western
division of the city. From its south-
ern colonnade there is an extensive
view of the best portion of the town,
of the river, with its islands and cas-
cades, and the flourishing manufactur-
ing village of Manchester, on the op-
posite shore, with a back-ground of
fertile slopes. From this point the
eye takes in almost the whole area of
Richmond, made memorable by Rev-
olutionary events. Let us consider
them.
When noticing the adventures of
Sergeant Cliainpe, while endeavoring
to abduct Arnold from New York (page 774, vol.i.), I mentioned the fact that the traitor
sailed, in command of an expedition, to Virginia, taking Champe with him. Arnold left
New Yorka with nearly fifty small vessels, and six hundred troops, principally ,, Il(.,. ,,;
Loyalists, for the purpose of carrying on a predatory warfare in Virginia. Con-
trary winds detained them at Sandy Hook, and they did not leave their anchorage there
until live days had elapsed. » Arnold entered Hampton Roads on the 30th of
b Dec. 21.
December I lis fleet had become dispersed, and several ships were missing. Anx-
ious to distinguish himself in the service of his royal purchaser, and favored by the capture
of some small American vessels by his advance frigate, he pushed up the James R.iver to
seize or destroy the public stores at Richmond and Petersburg. Williamsburg, Minuted
about hall-way between the James and York Rivers, was the Capitol of the state when ihe
Revolution broke out. It was peculiarly exposed to the depredations of the enemy, and
was an unsafe place for the public records and stores. Richmond, though quite an insig-
nificant town of about eighteen hundred inhabitants, one half of whom were slaves, offered
a more secure place for public stores, and the quiet deliberations of the Virginia Legislature :
and thither, in the summer of 1779, the troops, arms, and ammunition, together with the
public records, were sent, by order of the Assembly. Finally, the Burgesses, by an act
passed in May, 1779, made Richmond the permanent seat of government, and there all
' This view is from a long shaded island extending up the river from Mayo's Bridge, one of the three struc-
tures which span the stream at Richmond. Down the river from our point of view is seen May's Bridge,
and. in the extreme distance, the lower portion of Richmond, upon Richmond or Church Hill. Several fish-
traps are seen among the rapids in the river. On the left arc observed two nr tin mailer islands Since
the above sketch was made, a bridge, for the accommodation of the Danville rail-way, has been constructed
from the Richmond end of Kayo's Bridge, diagonally, to the southern cud of the Petersburg rail-way
bridge, crossing very nearly our point of view. Not content with thus marring the beauty of one of the
linest series of islands and cascades in the country, the company have covered the bridge, so as to shut "lit
from the eyes of passengers the surrounding attractions. Wherefore?
Scene on the Ja.mks Kiveh, at Richmond.'
2 2 ,
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Arnold, with his Fleet, in the James River. Approach to Richmond. Activity of Jefferson. The Militia.
the state offices were located at the period in question, Thomas Jefferson was then Gov-
emor of Virginia.'
On the 3d of January, a Arnold, with his fleet, anchored near Jamestown," and the
next day proceeded as far as Westover, the seat of the widow of Colonel Byrd, about
twenty-five miles below Richmond, where he landed almost a thousand troops,3 and led
them toward the metropolis. Governor Jefferson had been apprised of the approach of the
fleet, but was not certain whether Richmond or Petersburg was the point of the intended
attack, until advised of the debarkation of the British troops. The whole country was
speedily alarmed. Jefferson called out all of the militia from the adjacent counties ; but so
sudden was the invasion, and so great was the panic, that only a handful could be collected.
The white population were few, and scattered over plantations, with their habitations
widely separated ; and private interest, in many cases, made the planters more intent upon
securing their slaves and horses from capture than defending public property. Only about
two hundred armed men could be collected for the defense of Richmond.4
The enemy encamped on the night of the 4th at Four Mile Creek, twelve miles below
Richmond. Governor Jefferson, perceiving that resistance with his handful of raw militia
would be useless, turned his attention to the salvation of the public stores. By his activity
a large quantity was secured. Much of the portable property was carried across the river
to Manchester, and also the stores which had been sent to Westham, six miles above Rich-
mond, were ordered to be conveyed to the south side.
One object which Arnold had in view was the capture of Governor Jefferson. That
officer left Richmond on the evening of the 4th, tarried a while at Westham to hasten the
removal of the stores, and then rode on to join his family at Tuckahoe, eight miles further.
Early the next morning he took them across the river to a place of safety, and then rode to
Britton's, opposite Westham, and gave further orders respecting the disposition of the stores.
tjRii. 5, Hastening to Manchester, he arrived there in time to see the invading troops march,
1781 unopposed, into Richmond, at one o'clock.0
When within a few miles of Richmond, Arnold so disposed his troops as to have the ap
pearance of twice their actual number. A patrol of the militia who were assembled at
Richmond, met them when within four miles of the town, and, hastening back with the
intelligence that fifteen hundred British troops were within an hour's march of the place,
produced the greatest alarm and confusion. Many of the inhabitants fled into the coun-
try, and were afterward followed by the militia themselves, when the enemy entered
the town.
Arnold, advised of the weakness of the place, halted at Rockett's, and sent Lieutenant-
colonel Simcoe, with the Queen's Rangers, to drive the military from their position
1 The public buildings were only temporary. The old Capitol in which the Legislature held its sessions
was private property, and stood upon the site of the present custom-house.
2 The Americans had a battery on Hood's Point, and when, late in the evening, the enemy anchored, a
tire was opened upon them. Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe landed with one hundred and thirty of the Queen's
Rangers and the light infantry and grenadiers of the 80th regiment, ami made a circuit of about a mile in
the dark to surprise the garrison. On approaching the battery it was found to be abandoned, and the fleet
suffered no further inconvenience. See Simroe's Journal, page 161.
3 Simcoe, who accompanied Arnold, says, " General Arnold's force did not amount to 800 men." Ameri-
can writers generally agree that the number was at least 900.
* "The bare communication of the fact," says Tucker, in his Life of Jefferson, "that a force of one
thousand, or, at most, fifteen hundred men, was able to invade a country containing at that time a popula-
tion of more than half a million, and fifty thousand enrolled militia, march to its metropolis, destroy all the
public, and much private property found there and in its neighborhood, and to leave the country with im-
punity, is a fact calculated to excite our surprise, and to involve both the people, and those who administered
its anairs, in one indiscriminate reproach. But there seems In be little ground for either wonder or cen-
sure, when it i« recollected that these fifty thousand militia were scattered over a surface of more than as
many square miles; that the metropolis which was thus insulted was but a village, containing scarcely
eighteen hundred inhabitants, half of whom were slaves ; and that the country itself, intersected by several
navigable rivers, cuuld not be defended against the sudden incursion of an enemv, whose naval power gave
it the entire command of the water, and enabled it to approach within a day's march of the point of attack."
OF THE RKVOl.TTION
British at Richmond.
(Hi] City Tavern.
Mama Steuben.
1 pn daiions by Hntisii I i
(A A) upon Richmond Hill, near St. John's Church, on the south side of the SI
Jnn. ■"'.
i?*i
('reek. He marched tip the lull m small
detachments, when the militia, after firing
a lew shots, tied to the woods in the rear.
Along the base of the hill, leading into
the portion of the town lying in the val-
ley, Simcoe sent his cavalry to surprise the
militia there. The latter escaped across
the creek to Shockoe Hill, followed l>\
the whole body of the Rangers, and made
a stand near the situ of the Capitol (B)
A large number of spectators were also
i here, and as the Rangers ascended the
hill, they lied to the country, hotly pur-
sued by the enemy's cavalry.
After taking possession of Richmond
Arnold ordered Simcoe to proceed to West-
h'am, and destroy the cannon-ibundcry and the magazine there. The trunnions of most of
the eiuinoiis were broken oil'; the powder in the magazine which they could not carry away
was thrown into the river, and, before night, the Ibundcry was a desolation. The Hangers
returned to Richmond, and the whole hostile force quartered in the town during the
night1 Arnold and Simcoe made their quarters at the Old City Tavern, yet
standing on Main Street, but partially in rums, when 1 visited Richmond. iVTnny
houses were entered and plundered by the invaders.
They obtained a considerable quantity of rum. and a
large portion of (hem spent the night in drunken
revelry.
Baron Steuben, who was then collecting the Vir-
ginia levies for General Greene's army at the South.
was at Colonel Fleming's, in Powhatan county, a few
miles from Manchester. Thither Governor Jefferson
went to solicit aid. While there, some of the citizens
wailed on him to lender an oiler from Arnold to spare
the town, provided British vessels were permitted to
come up unmolested, and carry off tobacco from the
warehouses. The governor promptly rejected lie' proposal, and the enemy applied the torch. -
Note. — This plan represents the invasion of Richmond on the 5lh of January, 1781 A A i- Ihe firsl
n ol :1m- American militia on Richmond Hill ; B, the second position of the militai eople on
Shockoe Hill: C, the Queen's Rangers marching to the attack; I'. the cavalry of the Queen' R u
E, Vol" i - . I', ili'' main bodj "I the British with General Arnold ; (J. two cannons in battery ; II. a line
plantation, opposite the present Rockett's.
' This is a frame building, and stands mi the northwest corner "f Mam ami Nineteenth streets. A por-
tion "i the lower part is yet inhabited i 1852). The glass and some "I the sashes in the upper story are
gone, and the I is parti) decayed and fallen in on the west end. Here Cornwallis and other British of-
ficers were quartered at a later period, and beneath its roof tin u I Washington w.i- m shelter*
3 British frigates ascended the rivers of Virginia, and levied contributions upon all the tide-wan' n
tics. On one of these occasions the Mount Vernon estate was menaced with destruction by Captain Gi ives,
of the Aitei.n. The manager, Mr. Lund Washington, to save the buildings, complied with Ihe tern
consented to furnish a supply of provisions, Washington highl] di approved of this proceeding, and. in a
letter to his nephew, declared that 1" vould rather have had the buildings destroyed, than saved by such
'" h pernicious example."
Old City 1 a\ i.i,.n ■
2 3 0
PIC TOR I A], FIELD-BOOK
Departure of Arnold from Richmond.
French Fleet in Hampton Roads.
Houdon's Statue of Washington.
Quito a number of public and private buildings, together with a great quantity of tobacco,
were burned. The public records had been saved through the vigilance of Jefferson ; and
Arnold, finding no more plunder or objects on which to pour out his wrath — the ire of a
most vindictive heart toward those whom he had foully wronged — withdrew to Westover,
and re-embarkeda to proceed to commit other depredations upon the river shores
and the coasts of the Virginia bays. On the same day Jefferson returned to Rich-
mond, and quiet was restored.
A large body of militia rapidly rallied around Steuben ; and General Nelson also collected
another large force lower down on the James River. Arrlold was pursued, but succeeded
in reaching Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk, where he established his head-quarters. Soon
afterward a French sixty-four gun ship (the Eveille), and two large frigates, from Newport,
entered the Chesapeake.1 Thus menaced by land and water, Arnold resolved to remain at
Portsmouth, whither the large French vessels could not follow.3 The little fleet, after
making a few captures, and
efforts to ascend the Eliza-
beth River, returned to New-
ii Feb. 24, port,1" having been
"81- absent only fifteen
.lays. We shall meet Ar-
nold again presently.
I passed the day after my
arrival at Richmond in vis-
iting and sketching some lo-
calities and objects of note
within the city. I first went
up to the Capitol, where, aft-
er loitering an hour in the
state library, I copied the
line statue of Washington, by
Houdon, a celebrated French
sculptor, which stands within
an iron railing in the center
of the rotunda. It was made
in Paris, five years after the
close of the Revolution, by
order of the Virginia Assem-
My. under the direction of
Mr Jefferson, who was then
minister at the court of Ver-
sailles. The statue is of fine
white marble, of life size ; the
costume, the military dress of
the Revolution. The righ*
hand of the patriot rests upon
a staff", the left is upon the
folds of a military cloak cov-
ering one end of the fasces,
with which is connected the
plowshare, the emblem of
agriculture, the chief pursuit
of the Virginians. The in-
scription upon the pedestal
was written by James Madi-
son, afterward President of
the United States.3 In a
small niche near is a marble
bust of La Fayette, and in
the gallery of the rotunda is
a fine full length portrait of
Chief-justice Marshall.
From the Capitol I walked
to the Monumental Church,
a neat edifice of octagon form,
belonging to the Protestant
Episcopalians. It derives its
\i the solicitation of Governor Jederson and of Congress, Luzerne, the French minister, had requested
that, if possible, a ship of the line and sum.' frigates might be sent up the Chesapeake to oppose Arnold.
It \\;iv determined to use every ell'ort in e:qihire the traitor ; and, while Steuben was narrowly watching his
movements from a nearer point of view. Washington detached La Fayette with twelve hundred men. drawn
i the New England and New Jersey line-, to march ti> Virginia, and co-operate in the double enter-
prise of defending that state and capturing the renegade. M. de Tillev was detached from Newport, on
9th nl February, with a sixty-four and two Indues, for the Chesapeake. The little sq Iron "I De
'I'll lev captured the Romulus, a British frigate of forty-four gun-, and also two privateers, one of eighteen
-anil [he other ••! fourteen guns ; sent four prizes in Yorktou n, ami burned four others. They also captured
about live hundred prisoners. Fortunately I'm" Arnold. Admiral Arbutbnol gave him timely warning of the
approach ol the French vessels, and. as I have mentioned in tin text, he escaped up the Elizabeth River.
i nts I Norfolk and \ trinity will be detailed on pages 327 in 332 inclusive.
- The Evcille did not attempt to follow him from Hampton Roads tine of the frigates, the Surveillantc,
ran aground in endeavoring to ascend the Elizabeth River, and was got off only by taking nut her guns and
casks oi' water.
following is a inp\ of the inscription:
OF THE REVOLtTION.
23 1
Mouumcntal Church. Destruction of the Richmond Theater. St. John's Church. Virginia Washington Monument
name from the circumstance that under its portico is a monumental urn, erecteil to the
memory of those who lost their lives when the Richmond theater was horned, on the night
of the 2Cth of December, 181 1.1 This church was erected upon the site of the destroyed
theater. There the late venerable Bishop Moon- pn-ached during the whole time of his
residence in Richmond ; and there I heard the voice of his successor, Bishop Mead, on whom
the mantle of his goodness hath fallen.
Crossing the deep valley of the Shockoe upon the broad and lofty causeway just com-
pleted, 1 visited and sketched old St. John's Church (see engraving on next page), upon
Richmond Hill, and lingered long among its venerable graves. It is the oldest church in
Richmond, and one of the most ancient in the state. The burial-ground which surrounds
it is embowered in trees and shrubbery, and from its southern slope there is a noble view
of the city and surrounding country. The main portion of the building is the same as it
was in the Revolution, the tower alone being modern. On Sunday I sat within its hallowed
walls, and, while the voice of the preacher was uttering the eloquence of persuasive piety,
predicated upon the apostolic annunciation, " "H e are embassadors for Christ,''2 and urged
his hearers to heed his voice of warning, and join the standard of those who sought the
i,i of the Gospel, my thoughts involuntarily glanced back over a period of seventy-
three years, to the hour when, within that same temple, a the voice of Patrick
tt -iii- ii-i i i /-, ■ ' March, 1775.
Henry enunciated those burning words which aroused the Continent to action,
■• Give me liberty, or give me death !" There the people of Virginia assembled in rep-
" GEORGE WASHINGTON.
" The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia have caused this statue to be erected. as a
monument ol affection and gratitude i" George Washington, who. uniting to the endowments of a hero
the virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in establishing the liberties of his country. Iia- rendered his name
dear lo Ins fellow-citizens, and given the world an immortal example of tv,ue glory. Done in the year ol
Christ, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, and in the year of the Commonwealth, the twelfth."
On the 22d of February, 1850, the corner-stone of a new and elegant monument, to be erected upon
Capitol Square, by order of the Virginia Legislature, was laid with imposing ceremonies. The appropri-
ation made by the Legislature for the purpose was first suggested by the Virginia Historical Society.
Crawford, the eminent American sculptor, is now engaged upon the work in Italy. The monument will
be composed of a broad base, with Mights of steps between pedestals at proper intervals. These pedestals,
six in number, will support each a colossal eaojle. From this base will arise another fur the lofty and ele-
gantly wrought pedestal in the center, designed to support a colossal equestrian statue of Washington. Upon
the second base are to be eight small pedestals, supporting the statues of Virginia and Liberty, and of sev-
eral of tin- Revolutionary patriots of that state. The mand pedestal will contain, in different parts, appro-
priate inscriptions, civic wreaths, stars, &c. This is but a meager description of the beautiful design be
lure me. It will be an honor not only to Virginia, but to the Republic.
The grand master of the Masonic Fraternity laid the corner-stone of the monument, in the presenee of
President Taylor and his cabinet, the Governor of Virginia, and a large concourse of people. On that oc-
iM- In wore the apron beautifully wrought by the hand of La Fayette's wife, ami presented to Wash-
ington by the (I rand Lodge of France. Both generals were members of the order. The apron is in the
possession of Mount N'cbo Lodge. \o. ill. Ineated at Shcpherdstown.* The oration delivered on 'lie oc-
casion was by Robert G. Scott, Esq. It is expected that the m iment will be completed in 1855
1 The audience on that night was uncommonly lame, and composed chiefly of the lost diss of citizens,
v. 1 1 . >iii was the governor of the state. George W. Smith. Some of the scenery was ignited by a chan-
delier at '!"• bach part of the stage, while the most of it was co taled by a drop-curtain. The combusti-
ble materials of all the staire arrangements made the flames spread with wonderful rapidity, and before the
! a could make their escape by the only door of egress, in the front of the building, the whole ■••■ leu
edifice was in Barnes. Seme leaped from the windows and were saved : others were thus severely injured
and a large number perished in tie- flames, or wen- suffocated by the smoke in the burning building, Sixty.
-ix white persons, and six colored ones, were destroyed. The governor was one ol the victims, ]t was a
night of woe in Richmond, and months and even years were reqo I to elapse, before tic gloom was en-
tirely dissipated. The funeral obsequies of the dead were performed on tie 28th of the month, in the pres-
'■i f almost the entire population -' Gal., \.. 20.
■ current trail it ions at Morristown, New Jersey, assign to that rillage the honor of having been the pi it re Washing-
i" i was lirst initiated into the secrets of Freemasonry. The records exhibited bj the orator on tl r laying the cor-
ofthe Virginia Monument show that he was Initiated mi the Itb ol November, 17.V.2. m Lodge No t. In Fredericks-
■i l hi wi t quite twenty-one years of age. He was raised to the degree of Master Mason on thi IthofAu-
gust 1753. It is asserted that all of the major generals nit lie Revolutionsr] arnrj were masti r masons, < \< < pi that om
isi Pleiad'*— Benedict Arnold It is a mistake. Arnold was a mi mbi i in goo i standing in b lodge In I onm ctii
232
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Constitutional Convention.
Its Members and tht-ir Vote.
Mayo's Bridge.
The "Old Stone House.'
resentative convention to rally or reject the Federal Constitution, the glorious
guaranty of our civil fr
Patrick Henry was then there, and. filled with ap-
prehension lest the new Constitution should destroy state sovereignty and concentrate a fear
ful power in the hands of the chief magistrate, he lifted up his eloquent voice against it.
There, too, were Madison and Monroe, who both subsequently filled the chair of the chief
magistracy of the republic. There was Chancellor Wythe, a signer of the Declaration of
Independence ; Marshall, the eminent chief justice, and the biographer of Washington ;
Pendleton, one of Virginia's noblest sons, and president of the Constitutional Convention ;
Mason, the sage, and personal friend of Washington ; Gray-
son, the accomplished scholar and soldier; Nicholas, an
officer of Washington's Life Guard ; Edmund Randolph,
then governor of the state ; Bushrod Washington, a nephew
of the general ; Iunes, ihe attorney general of the state :
the brave Theodoric Bland of the Continental army ; Har-
rison, another signer of the great Declaration, and many
other luminaries of less brilliancy. Of the 1GS members
who voted on the measure in that, convention, there was a
majority of only two in favor of the Federal Constitution.
Leaving r^t. John's and its interesting associations, 1
strolled into the town, and crossed the James River to
Manchester, over Mayo's Bridge.1 On my way I sketched
the ( !ity Tavern, printed on page 229, and the Old Stone House near it. which was the first
1 This view is from the burial-ground, looking southwest. The willow seen on the left, leaning by the
side "l a monument, is a venerable tree. It appears to have hem planted by the hand of affection when
the monument was reared In the progress ol its growth the trunk has moved the slab at least six inches
original position. How imperceptible was that daily motion when the sup was Bowing, and yet
bow certain and powerful !
•' This bridge is neai Ij four hundred yards in length, and spans the James River near the foot of the great
rapids. It was built, soon after the close of the Revolution, by Colonel John Mayo, who received a large
revenue from Ihe tolls.
-imni: tloutiE.
ur III E U E VD I.TTl ON.
[(iminiscences of the "Old Stone House."
Anecdote of Monroe.
233
Patrick Henry.
and Twenti
dwelling erected in Richmond. It stands upon the northwest comer of Main
eth streets, and was among the houses
in Richmond which was spared by the
incendiary in 1781. It was occupied,
when 1 visited it, by Mrs. Elizabeth
Welsh, whose great-grandfather, Jacob
Ege, from Germany, built it before
Byrd's warehouse was erected. It was
owned by Mrs Welsh's lather, Samuel
Ege, who was a commissary in the Anier
ican army during a part of the Revolu-
tion. Washington, Jefferson, Madison,
and Monroe (four of the presidents of the
United Slates) have all been beneath its
roof. Mrs. Welsh informed me that she
well remembers the fact thai Monroe
boarded with her mother, while attend
ing the Virginia Convention in 1788,
just alluded to.' She was then ten years
ol aire.
I passed a portion of the afternoon
among the tobacco factories in Rich'
mond, and the cotton and iron factories
at Manchester, and then lingered until
almost sunset upon the beautiful island
above Mayo's Bridge,2 from which I
1 Mrs. Welsh related a circumstance which she well remembered. While Monroe was boarding with
her mother, Samuel Hardy, another member of the convention, was also there. Hardy was a very modest,
retiring man. One morning at breakfast, Monroe remarked to Hardy, in a jocular manner, "1 have no
doubt yon will be governor of the state yet." "Yes," rejoined Hardy, "and you will have your hair
cued and be sent to Congress." Hardy was afterward lieutenant governor of the state, and Monroe was
ii"i only "sent to Congress" as a senator, but became a foreign minister, and chiel magistrate of the
nation.
' Another noble bridge spans the James River a short distance above, which was constructed for the
passage of the Richmond and Petersburg rail-way. A third bridge has been erected since my visit there.
which is referred I i page 433.
'■' Patrick Henry was born al the family scat of his lather, called Studley, in Hanover comity, Virginia,
cti the 29th of May, 1736. At the age of ten years he was taken from school, and placed under the tuition
of his father, in his own house, to learn Latin. He acquired some proficiency in mathematics bul it now
became evident that he had a greater taste for hunting and fishing than for study. We have already con-
sidered tl haractei of his yonth and early maul I. on page 224, until Ins power: ol eloquence were lirst
developed in a s| h in Hanover court-house. From that period Mr. Henry rose rapidly to the head nl
his profession. He removed to Louisa county in 1764, and in the autumn of that year be was employed
to argue a case before a committee on elections of the House "I Burgesses. He made an eloquent speech
en the right of suffrage, and his un tb appearance was entirely Inst sight of by the wondering burgesses.
Me was elected a member ol the Virginia Legi lat in 1765 During thai session he made his memora-
ble speech in opposition to the Stamp Act, which 1 shall notice more particularly hereafter. Mr. Henry
was admitted to the bar of the General Court in 1769. At thai time he wai again a resilient of his native
ounty; and from that period until the close of the Revolution he was connected with the House of Bur-
gesses as a member, and as governor of the state He was elected a delegate to the lirst Congress in
177-1. and there, as we have seen, gave the firsl impulse to its business. In 1775, when Lord Dunmorc
seized and conveyed on board a British vessel of war a pari of the powder in the provincial magazine at
Williamsburg, Mr- Henry assembled the independent ci'iiipauies • I Hanover and King William counties,
and, boldly demanding its restoration or its equivalent in i \ li <l a compliance, lb' was chosen the
first republican governor of Virginia, after the departure of Dnnmore, in 177(>. which office he held for
scleral successive years. In the Virginia Convention of 1 7SS. assembled to consider the Federal Consti-
tution, Mr. Henry opposed its adoption with all his eloquence. In 170o. Washington nominated him as
Secretary of State, but he declined tic honor and trust. President Adams appointed him an envoy to
France, with Ellsworth and Murray, in 1793. but his indisposition ami advanced age c msed him to decline
231
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Depalture from Richmond.
Aspect of the Scene.
Effect of Patrick Henry's Eloquence.
His Residence
made the sketch printed nn page 2 2 7, contemplating the beauty and grandeur of the scenery,
charming even in December, when the trees were leafless and the sward of a russet hue.
The storm had subsided, the clouds had dispersed, and the sun and air were as genial to
the feelings as a day in mid-May. Bright and beautiful, also, was the Sabbath ; but when
I left Richmond for Charles City and old Jamestown on Monday morning, every thing wa9
draped in a thick vapor which had arisen from the river during the night. I had scarcely
left the suburban village of Powhatan, and turned my horse's head toward the open conn,
try, when
" That sea of vapor
Parted away, and, melting into air,
Rose round me, and I stood involved in light,
As if a (lame had kindled up, and wrapp'd me
In ils innocuous blaze.'' — Percival.
The sun came forth brilliant and warm, and for an hour I could trace the sinuous course
that honor also. He died soon afterward at his seat at Red Hill,
Charlotte county, on the 6th of June, 1799, aged nearly sixty-three.
He had six children by his first wife, and nine by his second. He
left his family rich. His widow married the late Judge Winston,
and died in Halifax county in February, 1831.
In private life Mr. Henry was amiable and virtuous, and in pub-
lic and private strictly temperate. He was never known to utter
a profane expression, dishonoring the name of God. He was not a
member of any church, yet he was a practical Christian, and a lover
of the Bible.
Wirt, in his brilliant biography of the great orator, has given sev-
eral illustrations of the power of his eloquence. I give one in con-
clusion. A Scotchman, named Hook, living in Campbell county,
was suspected of being a Tory. On the occasion of the joint in-
vasion of Cornwallis and Phillips, the American army was greatly distressed. A commissary, named Vena-
ble, took two of Mr. Hook's steers, without his consent, to feed the starving soldiers. At the conclusion
of the war, a lawyer, named Cowan, advised Hook to prosecute Venable fur trespass, in the District Court
of New London. Venable employed Patrick Henry. The case was tried in the old
court-house in New London. Mr. Henry depicted the distress of the American soldiers
in the most glowing colors, and then asked, where was the man, " who had an Ameri-
can heart, who would not have thrown open his fields, bis barns, his cellars, the doors
<>f his house, the portals of his breast, to have received with open arms the meanest sol-
dier in that little band of famished patriots? Where is the man? There he stands;
hut whether the heart of an American beats in his bosom you, gentlemen, are to judge."
" He then," says Wirt, ''carried the jury, by the powers of his imagination, to the plains around York, the
surrender of which had followed shortly alter the act complained of. He depicted the surrender in the
most glowing and noble colors of his eloquence. The audience saw before their eyes the humiliation and
dejection of the British as they marched out of the trenches — they saw the triumph which lighted up ever;
patriotic lace and heard the slmuts of victory, and the cry* of 'Washington and Liberty,1 as it rung and
echoed through the American ranks, and was reverberated from the hills and shores of the neighboring
river — ■ but hark ! what notes of discord are these which disturb the general joy, and silence the acclama-
tions of victory '.' They are the notes of John Hook, hoarsely bawling through the American camp, beef!
beef! beef!' '
The whole audience were convulsed. The clerk of the court, unable to contain himself, and uu\' illing
to i lommit any breach of decorum in his place, rushed out of the court-house, and threw himself upon the
grass, in the most violent paroxysm of laughter, where he was rolling when Hook, with very different feel-
IngS, came out for relief into the yard also. ' Jemmy Steptoe,' lie said to the clerk, ' what the divil ails ye.
mon ?' .Mr. Steptoe was only able to say that lie could not help it. ' Never mind ye,' said Hook, 'wait till Billy
Cowan frets up; he'll show him the la' !' Mr. Cowan was so overwhelmed that 1 uM scan-civ utter a
.vonl The jury instantly returned a verdict against Hook. The people were highly excited, ami Honk
was obliged to leave tin inty to avoid a coat of tar and feathers." — H'/ii's Life of Patrick Henry.
Old ("innr noesr
' This is from a picture in Howe's Hiatoiical Collections of Virginia, p. 220. The house is upon a ridge, the dividing line ol
ell miri Charlotte counties. " From the brow of tin' hill, west "1 the house." says Eiowe, " the Blue Ridge, with the lofty
p< . il otter, appear in tin- horizon at the distance ol nearly sixty miles." In a grove of locusts and other trees at the foot
-I rii-- 'ravefi "I Governor Henry and his first wife. In the parlor of the house hangs the portruit. by Sully, of
which Hi. m the preceding page is a copy. Th> .he— is black, cravat white, and a red velvet mantle is thrown over
I tii.' old court-house in New London is also from How, 's valuable, hook. p. 212
OF THE Ri:\ OLUTION
Appear n.t <•; tin- Country below Richmond. Westover. Colonel Hyrd. Birth-place of President 1 1
of the James River by the line of the white vapor which stretched away, far southward
like a huge serpent measuring its mighty length over the land.
Before leaving Richmond, I endeavored to ascertain the exact location of Westover. the
famous estate of Colonel Byrd, and memorable as the landing-place of Arnold's troops. I
could not learn its relative position in distance from the direct road to Charles City court-
house, the goal of my first day's journey, ami I thought I should pass it by un visited.
After leaving Richmond a lew miles, the hilly country disappeared, and there spread out a
level or gently rolling region, bearing extensive pine forests, which inclose quite large plan-
tations. I dined in my wagon upon cold turkey and biscuit, furnished by my kind friend.
Mrs. G-., of Richmond, after giving Charley a lunch of meal and water, by tin- side of a small
stream in the way. The day was very warma — too warm to ride comfortably „nec. is,
with an overcoat. Not suspecting that I might diverge into a wrong road by one 18ls-
ot the numerous forks which characterize the highway, I allowed Charley to jog on leisurely,
and with a loose rein, while I gave myself up to contemplation, which was occasionally in-
terrupted by a passing regret that I was obliged to forego the pleasure of visiting Westover.
Suddenly, on emerging from a pine forest into an open cultivated region, the bright waters
of a broad river, dotted with an occasional sail, were before me. On the hank of the river
was a spacious brick mansion, approached from the country by a broad lane, in which a
large number of servants, men and women, were engaged shucking or husking corn. The
gleaming water was the James River, and the spacious mansion was that of John A. Sel-
den, Esq., once the residence of Colonel Byrd. I was at Westover, scarcely conscious how
I had reached it : for I supposed myself to be upon the direct road to Charles City court-
house, and probably a dozen miles from the spot I desired to see. I was between two and
three miles from the main road, led thither by a deceptive by-way, and was obliged to re-
trace the journey, after passing half an hour in viewing the location. The family of the
proprietor was absent, and not a white person was upon the plantation. It must be a de-
liL'litlul place in summer, and, when it was occupied by the accomplished family of the widow
of Colonel Byrd,' doubtless justified the Marquis de Chastellux in giving his glowing ac-
count of the beauty of its location and the charms of society there. " That of Mrs. Byrd."
he says, " to which I was going, surpasses them all [fine mansions on the James River] in
the magnificence of the buildings, the beauty of its situation, and the pleasures of societv.'"1
Mrs. Byrd was a cousin of Benedict Arnold, and this relationship, anil the fact that West
over was made the place of landing for the British troops three times under Arnold and
Cornwallis, so excited the suspicions of the vigilant Whigs, that the government once took
possession of her papers. She was wrongfully suspected, and the landings of the enemy were
gn it misfortunes to her in various ways. I made a sketch of the fine
old mansion before leaving Westover, but lost it that very evening.
A short distance above Westover, and in sight of its gardens. . jlj.
upon the river shore, is Berkeley (called Barclay in the old books]
the residence of Benjamin Harrison, one of the signers of the Dec-
laration of Independence, and the birth-place of his son, the ninth
president of the United States. It is a brick edifice, with gambrel-
roof, and stands about an eighth of a mile from the bank of the
river. Around it are tall Lombardy poplars, rising in stately
beauty above shrubbery and lesser trees. I made this sketch from
the deck of a steam-boat, while ascending the James River a lew days afterward, at the
distance of a quarter of a mile, aided in rny view of the details by the captain's spy-glass
lonel William Byrd, whose widow owned Westover when Arnold landed there, was the si I < !ol ■'
William Byrd. once president "f the Virginia Council, and one el the wealthiest and most aci
gentlemen in the province. Like his lather, he was an active public man. He was a commission: I
treat wilh the Indians in 1756. and accompanied Forbes in Ins expedition against Fort Duquesne in I 75?
B c i 1 1 ir a gay spendthrift and a gambler, his immense wealth was much li^senc-il at hi< death, and In- all airs
were left in ureal confusion. : Travel*, ii.. Ifi3
o;3G PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Aoecdote of Harrison's Father. Charles City Court House. Birth-place of President Tyler. Jeflcrson's Marriage
For many years Berkeley was the seat of elegant taste and refinement, for its distinguished
owner as a legislator, and as governor of the state, drew around him the wealthy and hon-
orable of the commonwealth. His portrait, and a sketch of li is life, will be found among
those of the signers of the Declaration of Independence in another part of this work.'
Leaving Westover, I returned to the highway, and after traversing a beautiful level
country, garnished with fertile plantations and handsome mansions, for about six miles, 1
reached Charles City Court House. It was just at sunset, and there I passed the night
with Mr. Christian, who was the clerk of the coun-
ty, the jailer, and innkeeper. His house of enter-
tainment, the old court-house and jail, and a few
out-houses and servants' quarters, compose the vil-
lage. The county is the smallest in Virginia, yet
bears the honor of having given birth to two presi-
dents of the United States, and of being the place
of marriage of a third." I passed the birth-place of
President Tyler just before reaching Mr. Christian's
inn. It is the last dwelling upon the Richmond
CllutEi (ITV CovKT-HonsE.3 roadj when |eavil|n. lhe Court House. His father,
John Tyler, was one of the leading revolutionary men in Vir- /? ^? a
ginia. He succeeded Benjamin Harrison as speaker of the 0 sT-^,. vf^Y&y
Virginia Assembly, and in lb08 he was chosen governor of the ]a i
state. While Judge of the District Court of the United States, A "
he died, at his seat, in January, 1813. Signature of president Ty-
Mr. Christian allowed me to pass the evening searching LEBS Fatmer-
among the dusty records in the old court-house. I found nothing there relating to Revolu
tionary events ; but in a bundle of papers, wrapped up and laid away probably for more
than half a century, I discovered the marriage license-bond of Thomas Jefferson, in his
own handwriting. I made a fac simile copy of it,
which is printed on the opposite page. Mr. Jefferson iJ j /
was married to Martha Skelton, of Charles' City t//UW /ruZ,
county, in January, 1772. She was the widow of
Bathurst Skelton, and daughter of John Wayles, an eminent lawyer of Virginia. She
brought her husband a considerable fortune, and was only twenty-three years of age when
she was married to Mr. Jefferson. Through the stormy period of the Revolution she
shared his joys and sorrows, and died in 1782, leaving two daughters. It will be per-
ceived that in writing the bond, which is countersigned by Francis Eppes (the father of
Mr. Eppes, who afterward married Mr. Jefferson's daughter), the usual word spinster was
introduced, but erased, and the word widow substituted by another hand.
' The Marquis de Chastellux gives an interesting ;i unt of his visit lo Mr. Harrison, at his residence
in Richmond, while he was governor of the^tate. He relates an anecdote of Mr. Harrison, which illus-
trates the confidence of the people in their delegates to the first Congress at Philadelphia. When he was
mi the point of leaving home, with Mr. Jefferson ami Mr. Lee. a large number of the country people waited
upon him. ami said, "You assert that thou; is a fixed intention to invade our rights ami privileges. We
own thai we do not see this clearly j but since you assure us it is so, we believe the fart. Wo are about
to take a very dangerous step, but we confide in you, and are ready to support you in every measure you
■•hall think proper to adopt." Shortly afterward appeared Lord North's speech, clearly avowing his inten-
tions toward the colonies. When .Mr. Harrison returned home, at the elose of the session, the same people
came to him, with the assurance that they were now convinced that he had not deceived them, thai then
confidence was net misplaced, and that henceforth they were determi I on war. — Travels, ii., 159.
: William Henry Harrison and John Tyler were both born in that county, and there Thomas Jefferson
was married.
3 The style of this building is similar to that of Hanover court-house. It is constructed of imported
brick, and was erected previous to that at Hanover. I could not discover the exact period when it was
1-uilt. Among its records I found notices "I irts held at Charles City as early as li "
' 1 copied thi* signature from a letter written to the lady ol General Gates in August, 1780.
(i F Til E RE \ 0 l.i TION
23 7
m rsoD - M t] i Licunse-bond
llisl.iih il \ss 1 s u» I ti.nlrs CltJ » «»l]il [louai
Charles City Court House was a scene of mortal strife between the Queen's Rangers.
under Simeoe, and a party of American militia, on the evening of the day alter Arnold's
return from Richmond.1 Arnold had directed a patrol on that evening toward „ .Inn. 8,
Long Bridge, in order to obtain intelligence. The patrol consisted of about forty 178L
cavalry, under .Simeoe. Falling in with some American videttes, they captured two oi
three, and from them Siineoe learned that a party of militia, under General Nelson, lay at
and near Charles City Court-house. The night was clear and frosty, and the moon at
its full.' The enemy had no knowledge of the way. A negro prisoner was made to act
1 Simcoe, in his journal, says ' the night was very dark.'' Mr. Tyler informed me that his father, who
238
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Attack upon the American Militia
Carelessness of Dudley.
" Sherwood Forest."
Ex-president Tyler.
Old Tavkk.n at l'haulks City Court House.3
as guide. The party at the Court House, consisting of one hundred and fifty militia, un-
der the command of Colonel Dudley, were completely surprised, for they had no intimation
of the immediate approach of a foe until their sentries were fired upon, and two bugles
sounded the signal of attack, upon the frosty air of that winter's night. A confused and
scattering fire ensued, when the American detachment fled and joined the main body, which
lay a few miles distant, toward the Chieka-
hominy River. A part of Simc.oe's dragoons
dismounted, rushed into the tavern, and seized
several of the Americans. Two of the militia-
men (Deane and Ballard) were killed. One
of them was slain upon the landing at the
head of the stairs, while fleeing to the cham-
ber for safety. The spot was pointed out to
me, where, until within a few years, the stains
of the victim's blood might be seen. The at-
tack was so sudden and furious, that those who
escaped and communicated the fact to the
militia under Nelson, so alarmed that body, that a large number of them broke from the
camp, and fled to Williamsburg. Simcoe collected his prisoners and a few captured horses
as speedily as possible, and before dawn he joined Arnold at Westover.
Mr. Tyler (the late President of the United States), on whom I called while on my way
from Charles City Court House to Jamestown, informed me that his father, who was then
a member of the Virginia Assembly, but at his residence at the time, aware of the force of
the enemy at, Westover and Berkeley, earnestly advised Colonel Dudley, the commander of
the county militia, to place his men in a position for defense ; offering, at the same time,
to join them, and act in any capacity. He advised him to remove his party from the tav-
ern, for, if left there drinking and carousing as usual, they would surely be surprised. The
haughty colonel would not heed his warning, and the result was defeat and disgrace.3
It was another glorious morning when I left Charles City Court House. Warm and
brilliant as May, I anticipated a delightful day's journey. Nor was I disappointed. A
heavy fog during the night had hung each bough and spray with liquid jewels, and these,
glittering in the early sun, fell in radiant showers as the light breezes touched their resting-
places. Traversing a rough road for nearly four miles, J crossed a rapid stream at a mill,
and ascending to a plain half a mile beyond, I reined up at the entrance-gate to Sherwood
Forest, the estate of ex-President Tyler. His mansion is very spacious, and stands upon
the brow of a gentle slope, half a mile from the highway. Tt is sheltered in the rear by a
thick forest of oaks, pines, and chestnuts, while from the front the eye overlooks almost the
whole of his plantation of fourteen hundred acres, with occasional glimpses of the James
River. The distinguished proprietor was at home, and received me with that courteous
hospitality so common in the South, which makes the traveler feel at ease, as if at the
house of a friend. Mr. Tyler is tall and slender in person, his locks lonar, thin, and slightly
grizzled, and he was dressed in the plain garb of a Virginia planter. After giving warm ex-
pressions of interest in my enterprise, and an invitation to remain longer at Sherwood Forest,
was then at home, and witnessed a part of the affray, always declared that the sky was cloudless, and the
moon in full orb.
2 This tavern, in which I lodged, was built about ten years before the skirmish which occurred .within
and around it. It is now occupied by Edmund F. Christian, Esq., the clerk of diaries City county when
I visited it in 1848.
3 A man named Royston, whom Mr. Tyler well knew, was hadly wounded in the affray. A pistol was
discharged so near his head, that grains of powder sprinkled Ins lace, and disfigured him for life. He was
then Struck down by a saber blow, and the troopers cruelly tried to make their horses trample him lo death.
The animals, more humane in action than their riders, leaped over him, and he was saved. He crawled to
the residenee of Mr T\ ler, where a colored nurse, the only i ale of the house, dressed his w ids and gave
him food and drink. Mr. Tyler had moved his family to a place of safety, beyond the Chiekahominy River
OF THE REV 0 I. U T 1 0 N
uka of the Chickahominy. Difficulties at the Ferry. The Chickahominy and in Association*.
he sketched a map of my route to Jamestown, as a guide among the diverging ways Time
was precious, ami I passed only an hum' at the hospitable mansion of the ex-president, and
then departed for the Chickahominy.
Soon alter leaving Sherwood Forest. I entered a low. wet region, covered with pine?,
called the s/n*hi:<. These extended to the banks of the Chickahominy, a distance of seven
miles ; and in all that journey, without a clearing to cheer the eye. J saw no living thing,
except an occasional " wild boar of the wood," a dwarf breed of hogs which inhabit this
dreary lesion. Here, where once broad fields were smiling with culture-blessings, and this
road, now almost a quagmire, but fifty years ago was one of the finest highways in Virginia.
wild deers and turkeys abound, as if the land was a primeval wilderness. It was a sad
commentary upon the past husbandry of Virginia, and a sadder picture of the inevitable re-
sult of the present bad husbandry which prevails in many regions of the South. Year after
year the tillers make constant drafts upon the vitality of the soil without an ounce of com-
pensating manure, until all fertility is exhausted. I saw thousands of acres in the course
of my journey, where tillage had levied its withering taxes until the generous soil could no
longer yield its tithe, nor even its hundredth. The earth was completely covered with
"poverty grass," dwarf pines, or stately liirests of the same tree, patiently renewing its strength
during a long Sabbath-rest of abandonment by man.
It- was at meridian when I emerged from the wilderness and halted upon the high sand-
bank of the Chickahominy, a few miles above its confluence with the James River. Above.
all appeared bright and beautiful ; below, all was gloomy and desolate. Silence reigned
here, where once the busy ferryman plied his oars from morning until night. No voice was
to be heard ; no human habitation was to be seen. The broad and turbid river moved slug-
gishly on without a ripple, and on the beach a scow, half filled with water, told only of
desolation. There appeared no way for me to cross the stream. If denied that privilege.
I must make a circuit of thirty miles' travel to a public crossing above ! T looked for the
smoke of a dwelling, but saw none. I shouted ; there was no response but that of echo
Remembering that, just before reaching the clearum upon the Chickahominy, I saw a road,
covered with leaves, diverging toward the James River, I returned, reined into it, and fol-
lowed it with hope. Presently I saw a log hut upon the shore, and heard the voices of
men. They were negroes, busily preparing a canoe for a fishing excursion. I inquired for
a ferryman, and was informed that nobody crossed now, and the scow would not float. Two
of the men speedily changed their opinion when I offered a bright half dollar to each if they
would " bail out" the craft and " pole" me across. They worked faithfully, and within half
an hour I was embarked upon the stream, with my horse and vehicle, in a shell just long
enough and broad enough to contain us. To keep Charley quiet, so as to " trim the boat,"
I allowed him to dine upon some oats which I procured at Charles City Court House. The
Chickahominy is here about a quarter of a mile wide. The current was quite strong, and so
deep, that the poles, by which the bateau was impelled, were sometimes too short for use.
We drifted some distance down the stream, and, at one time, I anticipated an evening voy-
age upon the James River, but by the great exertions of the motive-power we reached the
landing-place in safety, after rather a dangerous voyage of nearly three quarters of an hour.
The bateau was again almost half filled with water, and the ferrymen were obliged to empty
it before returning. I was too much occupied while crossing with apprehensions of an in-
voluntary bath to reflect upon the perils which Captain John Smith encountered upon this
very stream, before the empire of the white men had commenced ; but when salely seated
in my wa^on upon the Jamestown side of the river, I looked with intense interest upon the
wooded shores of those waters, up which that adventurer paddled. More than sixty miles
above the place where I crossed he was captured by Opechaucanough, the king of Pamun-
kee, and carried in triumph to Powhatan, at Werowocomoco, where he was saved from death
by the gentle Pocahontas. These events we shall consider presently
I was now eight miles from old Jamestown, the goal of my day's journey. Hungry and
thirsty, I was about entering another dreary region of slashes, five miles in extent, when 1
240
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Green Spring and its Associations.
Distant View of Jamestown Island.
Changes in the River Banks.
saw a log hut on the verge of the woods. I hailed, but no person appeared, except a lit-
tle child of six years, black as ebony, and having nothing on but its birth-day suit and .1
tattered shirt. It. brought me a draught of cool water in a gourd from a spring near by.
Dropping half a dime into the emptied shell, I pursued rny way. Emerging from the
slashes, I passed through a portion of the celebrated Green Spring plantation, its mansion
appearing among the trees on my left, half a mile distant.1 It is now in possession of two
brothers, named Ward, formerly of New Jersey, who, for many years, as skippers upon the
James River, bartered for the products of this plantation, until they were able to purchase
it. Green Spring was the theater of an interesting episode in our Revolutionary history,
for there the American army, under La Fayette, Wayne, and Steuben, were encamped for
a few days in the summer of 1781, while watching the movements and foiling the designs
of Cornwallis in Virginia.
It was almost sunset when I passed the morass in front of Green. Spring, over which
the Americans crossed lo the attack of Cornwallis at Jamestown Ford. I crossed the plan-
tation of John Coke, Esq., and halted upon the shore of an estuary of the James River,
at the cottage of Mr. Bacon, opposite Jamestown island. It was too late to visit the con-
secrated spot that evening. I sketched this distant view of the portion of the island where-
■H • .
-.■.[..-■ ;.
■jiaiiugiiUAitif»^\
B^P
Distant \ it.w ok Jamrstown Island -
1 This was the residence of Sir William Berkeley, one of the early governors of Virginia. It afterward
belonged to Philip Ludwell, one of the king's council, from whom it descended to William Lee, sheriff of
London under the celebrated John Wilkes.
- This view is from the north side of what was once a marsh, but now a deep bay, four hundred yard-
wide. On the left is seen the remains of a bridge, destroyed by a gale ami high tide a few years ago;
and beyond is the James River. Near the point of the island, toward the end of the bridge, are the remains
of an ancient church, a near view of which is given upon the opposite page. Mr. Coke resided upon the
island when the tempest occurred which destroyed the bridge. The island was submerged, and for three
days himself and family were prisoners. It was in winter, and he was obliged to cut the branches of orna-
mental trees that were close to his house, for fuel.
I was gravely informed by a man on the beach, while making the sketch, that Pocahontas crossed at that
very spot "in her skiff,'' when she went to warn the Jamestown settlers of threatened danger. The dear
child had no need of a skiff had such a thing existed in America, for I was told by Mr. Coke that, his
father-in-law well remembered when a marsh, so narrow and firm that a person might cross it upon a Icnce
rail was where the deep water at the ruined bridge now is. Every year the current of James River is
chancing its margins in this region, and within n few years Jamestown Island, made so only by a marsh on
the land side will have a navigable channel around it. Already a large portion of it, whereon the ancient
town was erected, has been washed away ; and I was informed that a eypress-tree, now many yards from
the shore, stood at the end of a carriage-way to the wharf, sixty yards from the water's edge, only sixteen
years ago. The destructive flood is gradually approaching the old church tower, and if the hand of man
shall not arrest its sure progress, that too will be swept away, and not a vestige of Jamestown will remain.
Virginians, look to it. and l»t a wall of masonry along the river margin attest your reverence for the
OF THE REVO I, I HON
241
Mr. Coke's Plai
'lb.- Council 1
i:< maini "i Old Jamestown Church nod Grave yard
en the ancient city stood, and then returned to the mansion of Mr. Cuke, (who is broth-
er ol the late Richard Coke, membei ol Congress from Accomac district), to |>ass the night
under Ins roof, where 1 experienced true Virginia hospitality. Mr. Coke was for many years
sheriff" of the county, is an influential man, and an excellent practical agriculturist. He
owns a plantation ot nineteen hundred acres, nearly one thousand of which is under cul-
tivation. I alike too many agriculturists of the ^outh, he is his own sreneral overseer, and
Ins family ol seventy persons (only eleven of whom are white), receive Ins daily personal
care. He own? all the soil that is left unsubmerged on which the English built their first
town in America. His house lias many bullet-marks, made there during the battle at
Jamestown Ford, on the Gth of July, 1 7b 1 ; and in the broad level field in front of his
mansion, the French army was encamped when on its way to Yorktown the same year.
\\ ithin that field a venerable chestnut-oak, riven, but not destroyed, by lightning, was
yet standing, under which a court-martial was held by Com wallis, and upon its branches
a culprit was hanged. It is called the 'Council Tree." Mr. Coke's plantation is truly
ilassic ground, lor upon it occurred events connected with those widely-separated incidents,
the opening and llie closing of the heroic age of America. Over it the lordly Powhatan
once walked, and the leet ol his gentle daughter pressed its soil when speeding on her mis-
sion of mercy to the doomed settlement of Jamestown Over it the royal and republican
armies marched, and there fought desperately lor victory.
1 was at .Mr. Bacon's cottage soon after an early breakfast, and belbre nine o'clock had
crossed the estuary in a punt, and
sat within the shadow of the old
church tower, which stands like a
sentinel watching the city of the
dead at its leet. This crumbling
pile, surrounded by shrubbery, bram-
bles, and tangled vines ; and the old
church-yard wall, of English brick,
inclosing a lew broken monuments,
halt buried in earth or covered with
a pall of ivy and long grass, are all
the tangible records that' remain of
the first planting of an English col
ouy in America. As 1 sat upon the
hollow trunk of a half-reclining and
decayed old sycamore, and sketched
the broken tower, the questionings ol
the eloquent Wirt came up from the
depth of feeling : " Whence, my dear
S , arises this irrepressible
reverence and tender affection with
which I look at this broken steeple ?
1
Ruins at Jamestown.1
most interesting historical relic within your borders I Sunn- remains ol the old J ■ ■ j i may be seen ai .low wa-
ter, several yards from the shore.
' This view is from the old church-yard, looking Upward James River, a i_'lmi|ise of which may he seen
through the arches. The stream is hereabout three miles wide. Ii is uncertain at what precise time the
church, ol' which now only a portion of the tower remains, was erected. It was probably built sometime
between 1617 and 1620. According to Smith, a fire consumed a large portion of the town, with the pali-
sade*, at about the close of 1607. the tirst year of the settlement. Captain Smith and Mr. Scrivener were
appointed commissioners tu superintend the rebuilding of the town and church. Afterward, in speaking of
(hi' arrival of Governor Argall in 1617. he says. " In James towne he found but live or six house*, the church
downe, the pallizados broken, the bridge in pieces, the well of fresh water spoiled, the store-house used fo]
the church,'' &c. The tower here represented was doubtless that of the third church built, and is now
(1852) about 234 years old. The, tower is now ahonl thirty feet Inch, the walls three feet thick, all of im-
ported brick.
ii. a
24 2 PI C TORI A I. FI ELD- BO OK
Wirt's Mudingfl al the CUurcb Bt Jamestown. The Ancient Monuments. Paulding's Ode. Etforts at Early Settlement
Ts it that my soul, by a secret, subtile process, invests the ruddering ruins with her own
powers ; imagines it a fellow-being — a venerable old man, a Nestor or an Ossian, who has
witnessed and survived the ravages of successive generations, the companions of his youth
anil of his maturity, and now mourns hit own solitary and desolate condition, and hails their
spirits in every passing cloud ? Whatever may be the cause, as I look at it, I feel my
soul drawn forward as by the cords of gentlest sympathy, and involuntarily open my lips to
offer consolation to the drooping pile."'
Around this
"Old cradle of our infant world,
In which a nestling empire lay,"
i he Spirit of Piomance and the Muse of Poetry delight to linger, and the bosom of the
American glows with increased patriotism as he contemplates this small beginning of the
mighty progression around him
" What solemn recollections throng, Jamestown and Plymouth's hallow'd rock
What touching visions rise. To me shall ever sacred he ;
As, wandering these old stones among, I care not who my themes may mock,
I backward turn ray eyes. Or sneer at them and me.
And see the shadows < >J' the dead flit round, I envy not the brute who here can stand
Like spirits when the last dread trump shall sound ! Without a thrill lor his own native land
The wonders ol" an age combined, And if the recreant crawl her earth, •
In one short moment memory supplies : Or breathe Virginia's air,
They throng upon my 'waken'd mind, Or in New England claim his birth.
As Time's dark curtains rise. From the old pilgrims there,
The volume of a hundred buried years, He is a bastard, if he dare to mock [rock.''
Condensed in one bright sheet appears. Old Jamestown's shrine, or Plymouth's famous
******** James Kirke Paulding.
aDec. St Although it was late in December, a the sun was shining almost as warm as at
1848. (|je close of May. While finishing my sketch, I was glad to take shelter from its
beams in the shadow of the sycamore. Here, upon this curiously. wrought slab, clasped by
the roots of the forest anak, let us sit a while and ponder the early chronicles of Virginia.'
I have mentioned, in the Introduction to this work, the efforts made by the English,
Spanish, and French adventurers to plant colonics in the New World, and their failures
The idea was not abandoned ; and the public mind, particularly iii England, was much oc-
cupied with the visions of new and opulent empires beyond the ocean, of which a few
glimpses had appeared. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a step-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, pub-
lished a hypothetical treatise on a northwest passage to the East Indies, which attracted
great attention, and exerted much influence favorable to colonizing expeditions. He obtained
b June 11 a patent from Queen Elizabeth'1 to colonize such parts of North America as were
157a not already possessed by any of her allies Raleigh, a young, ardent, and am
bitious student at Oxford, had just completed his studies, and was about to engage in a
military life in France. He was induced by his step-brother to join with him in an expe-
dition to America. They sailed early in 1579, but never reached our Continent, because,
as was alleged, their little squadron was broken up in a conflict with a Spanish fleet, when
they returned to England. Gilbert's patent was limited, and he made great efforts to plant
a colony before it should expire. He and Raleigh equipped a new squadron in 1583.3
1 Wirt's Letters of a British Si>y. page 128.
2 The slab referred to was a blue stone about four inches thick. The roots of the sycamore were so
firmly entwined around it that no church-yard thief could take it away. It bore the date of 1608. The
remainder of the inscription was so broken and defaced that 1 could not decipher a name. This is prob-
ably the oldest tomb-stone extant in the United States. Vandalism has been at work in that old grave-yard
as elsewhere. Almost every monument has a fragment broken from it. A small piece, with some letters
upon it, had been recently broken from one, and was left lying in the grass. This I brought away with
me, not, however, without a sense of being an ''accessory after the fact" in an act of sacrilege,
3 The names of the vessels were Raleigh, Swallow, Hind, Delight, and Suuirrcl. The Raleigh went
but a few leagues from Portsmouth, and returned.
OF THE REVOI.ITI'iN
21;
Loaaof Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Raleigh's Perseverance. Amidnaandt tyabused, Grtnville and Lane.
Farm <if Halrioh's Ships.3
Raleigh did not sail with the expedition. Gilbert reached Newfoundland, and :it Si John's
he performed the feudal ceremonies of taking formal possession of the country in the name
of his sovereign, in the presence of the Spanish and Portuguese adventurers who were lo-
cated there a Soon afterward the expedition sailed southward. The Bag-ship of ,Aueu»t5
Gilbert was the Squirrel. Tempests arose. One night, "about twelve o'clock. '■'"■'
the lights of the Squirrel suddenly disappeared, and neither the
vessel nor any of its crew was ever a;_raiii seen."' The survivors
el the expedition reached England in the Html, en the 22d ol
September following
Raleigh was not disheartened. He resolved to plant a colon}
in a more southern regiou, and readily obtained a patent from
Elizabeth as ample as that of his lost step-brother. He was eon
stituteil a lord proprietary, witli civil and political privileges in
his prospective domain almost monarchical. He equipped two
vessels, with an ample supply of men and provisions, and gave
the command to Philip Arnidas and Arthur Barlow, two ex-
perienced mariners. They sailed for America on the 27th of April. 1584, and reached
Cuba, in the West Indies, in July. Departing northward, they Ian. led upon Wocoken
Island, the southernmost of the group which form Ocracock Inlet, on the shores of North
Carolina. The natives, ignorant of the character and designs of the English, received them
with friendly greetings after the first emotions of fear and wonder had subsided. Arnidas
and Barlow explored Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, enjoyed the hospitality oft rranganimeo,
the lather of King Wingina, upon the beautiful island of Roanoke (now belonging to Tyr
irl county, N C ). ami then returned 10 England, accompanied by Wanchese and Manteo,
two natives ol' the forest. The glowing accounts of his captains of the beauty and fertility
of the land, and the gentleness of the natives, filled Raleigh's heart with joy The cap-
tains were presented at court, and their tales of the enchanting region which they had dis
covered made Elizabeth feel that the most glorious event of her reign had just been accom-
plished. She named the new-found regiou in the Western world Virginia, as a memorial
of her unmarried state.
Raleigh wus elected a member of Parliament for Devonshire, obtained a confirmation ol
his patent.!1 was knighted, and became one of the most popular men in England. tcec. le.
In 1585, he fitted out another fleet The command was given to Sir Richard
Grenville, one of the most gallant men of the age. The fleet consisted of seven vessels,
and bore one hundred and eight emigrants, designed to colonize Virginia. Ralph Lane
(afterward knighted by Elizabeth) accompanied them as governor of the colony, and several
men of learning were his companions Among them was With, a meritorious painter, whose
sketches of the people and scenery in the New World were made with remarkable faithful-
ness. This expedition sailed from Plymouth on the 'Jib of April, and reached Florida on
the 20th of June. Coasting northward, they arrived at the beautiful Roanoke Island, ly-
ing between Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. They went to the Main, and explored the
beautiful county ol' Secotan, around Albemarle Sound and the Chowan, in various directions.
Ignorant of the power of kindness, they foolishly quarreled with the simple natives; and
because thev supposed a lost silver cup had been stolen by one of them, a whole village was
burned, and fields of standing com were destroyed. From the ashes arose the spirit of dis-
cord which ever afterward separated the Indian and the white man.
Grenville returned with the fleet to England, leaving Pane and his colony to perfect a
settlement. Instead of cultivating the soil for the production of maize and the potato, which
were indigenous, thev sought gold A wily savage, intent on revenge, told them wondrous
tales of a land of gold at the head waters of the Roanoke River. Up that broad and rapid
stream. Lane and a portion of his people went, for the two-lold purpose of exploring the
Bancroft, i., 91.
8 This sketch is from a picture published in a Treatise on Navigation, in 1595
244 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Hostilities with the Indians. Colonists Return to England. Another Expedition. " City of Raleigh." Virginia Dara
country and seeking gold. They ascended no further than the present village of Williams-
town, when a flight of arrows from the wooded shore revealed the enmity of the natives.
Lane hastened back to Roanoke, and summoned Wingiua, the most powerful of the chiefs,
to an audience. The sachem and his followers appeared. Their secret plans for the de-
struction of the English were suspected, indeed, quite certainly known, and the white
men were on the alert. With apparent friendliness Wingina appeared at the council. At
a given signal the English fell upon the chief and his handful of warriors, and put them to
death. The calumet was now buried forever ; the hatchet was brightened and made sharp
by intensest hatred. The English felt the danger of their situation, and were desponding,
when the fleet of Sir Francis Drake anchored outside of Roanoke Inlet. He came from
the West Indies to visit, the domain of Raleigh, and generously offered to furnish the colony
with means to pursue their discoveries ; but fear gained the mastery of their avaricious de-
. June 19 sires, and the colonists sailed with Drake for England.1 A few days after their
l5So. departure a ship arrived, laden with stoics for the colony; and, within a fortnight,
Grenville also arrived with three well-furnished ships. The commander sought in vain for
the colony, and, leaving fifteen men on the Island of Roanoke to maintain English domin-
ion, he returned to England with the sad intelligence for Raleigh.'
Raleigh, undismayed by misfortunes, fitted out another expedition. He changed his
policy, and sent a colony of men, women, and children to establish an agricultural state.
John White was appointed their governor. They sailed on the 26th of April, 1587, and
arrived on the coast of North Carolina in July. When they reached E.oanoke, they found
no vestige of the fifteen men left by Grenville, except a few scattered bones. The Indians
had slain them all. Wild deers were in the untenanted habitations, and rank grass cov-
ered their gardens. They proceeded to lay the foundation of " the city of Raleigh," pur-
snant to the instructions of the proprietor, but it was an idle show.3 White endeavored to
malie treaties of amity with the natives, but failed, though aided by the friendly Manteo,
who accompanied Ainulas and Barlow to England.3 The neighboring tribes exhibited im-
placable hatred and jealousy. Winter approached, and the vessel which brought them
was prepared for departure for England. While was urged strongly to go with it, and use
his endeavors to send them immediate relief, for they had neither planted nor reaped, and
to England alone they looked for supply. He was unwilling to appear as a deserter of his
colony, and refused. He had another tie. His daughter, Eleanor Dare, had given birth
to a child, the first offspring of English parents in the New World. Little Virginia Dure
twined the tendrils of affection close around the heart of her grand-parent, and he lingered.'
He at length consented to go, leaving his daughter and child as pledges that he would re-
turn Very long the poor colonists waited for relief. Three years passed away before
White returned, and then he found the sell lenient a desolation. There was evidence upon
the bark of a tree that the people had departed for Croatan,6 the residence of Manteo ; but
1 It is believed that these returning colonists first carried the tobacco plant to England, as prepared by
the natives for smoking. Raleigh tirst used it privately. It is related that when his servant entered his
room with a tankard of ale. and for the first time saw the smoke issuing from his master's mouth and nos-
trils, he east the lienor in his face. Terribly frightened, he alarmed ihe household with the intelligence that
sir Walter was on fire.
2 The Island of Roanoke is now uninhabited, except by a lew wreckers and pilots. Slight traces of
Lane's tint may he seen near the north end.
3 By command of Raleigh, Manteo was baptized, and invested by White with the rank of feudal Baron.
is the Lord of Roanoke. It wa^ the first creation of an American peer of the realm.
4 It is a coincidence worth noticing, that White was the name of the progenitors of the first two children
born of English parents in America. One on the Island of Roanoke, in August, 1587; the other in the
May Flower, in Plymouth harbor, more than thirty-three year- afterward.
6 It was agreed, on the departure of While, that if the colony should <;o to Croatan, they would signify
the fact by inscribing the letters C R O upon the bark of a tree. This inscription, and also the lull name
of Croatan, was found. While has been censured for heartlessness in not prosecuting his search with more
perseverance, particularly as his own relatives were among the settlers. The colony was composed of
eighty-nine men. seventeen women, and two children. What was their fate is left to conjecture. Lawson,
in his Travels among Ihe Indians, with a Description of Xorlli Carolina, published in 1700, hazards the
OF THE REVO f.UTION 2 \ .;
Loss of a Colony Other Expeditions. London and Plymouth Companies. Death of Raleigh. Newport
the season was far advanced, and search was abandoned. While put to sea without in-
telligence nf the fate of his daughter and child, and returned to England. Five several
tunes Raleigh sent a vessel with trusty men to search for his colony, when hope fading, his
fortune almost exhausted, and his health and heart broken by domestic griefs, he abandoned
all ideas of settlement in America, and assigned his proprietary rights to a company.1 Vir-
ginia, then including in its indefinite boundaries all of North Carolina, remained untouched
bv the English for twenty years, except by an occasional adventurer who voluntarily searched
for Raleigh's colony. These attempts at settlement on the coasts of our Middle Slates, form
a wonderful chapter of adventure ami moral heroism in the history of the world
We will now consider the modern settlement of Virginia. The efforts of Raleigh awak-
ened intense interest in the public mind Other expeditions were fitted out, but all failed
to make permanent settlements. Gosnold, Weymouth, Pring, Smith, and others, who visited
America, gave such glowing accounts of the country, that men of rank, capital, and influ-
ence were induced to embark in colonizing schemes. They were made acquainted with the
general character of a fertile region, extending over eleven degrees of latitude, irom Cape
Fear to Halifax, all in the temperate climates, diversified with noble rivers and harbors,
and displaying the most luxuriant vegetation. An association was formed. a of men ^
eminent as merchants, and wealthy titled commoners, of London and Bristol.3 King
James encouraged the scheme, and gave them a charter.0 They formed two b April 10.
companies , the men of London for colonizing the south portion of the territory,
and called the London Company; those of Bristol for settling the more northern region,
and called the Plymouth Company. A line of three degrees between both was allowed,
upon which settlements in common might be made, it being stipulated that whenever one
should first become permanently seated, the other should settle at least one hundred miles
distant. Each of the colonies was to be governed by a council of thirteen peisons. The
companies were to have full property in all lands, fisheries, &c, except a fifth of the gold
and a fifteenth of the copper ore that might be found, which was to be paid to the king
.lames, with his usual pedantry, prepared a code of laws for them, written with bis own
hand. The colonists and their posterity were declared English subjects, but were vested
with no political rights, not even trial by jury, unless in capital charges. Minor offenses
were punished arbitrarily by the council. That body was lo be appointed by the home
government, the former choosing its own president. The property of the colonists was to
continue in joint stock for five years. The Enclish Church was exclusively established, and
strict injunctions were given tor the mild and just treatment of the natives.'
Three small vessels, whose joint tonnage amuuuled lo only one hundred and sixty, under
the command of Captain Christopher Newport, with a colony of one hundred and five men.
sailed lor Virginia on the 19th of December, 1 606. The king had placed the names of the
future council of Virginia in a sealed box, which was not to be opened until their arrival in
opinion that the colonist- intermarried with the Hatteras Indians, and ciles the physical character of tha
tribe in support of his hypothesis. Such, too, was tha tradition of the Indians at a late day.
1 Sir Walter Raleigh experienced the folly of "putting his trust in princes." For years alter abandon-
ing bis -hemes for colonization, he served In- country nobly against its enemies. He also was sent by
Queen Elizabeth on an expedition in search of gold, op the Oronoco, in South America. Once, because
he married without the queen's consent, she committed him tu the Tovrer for a brief season. Finally, on
the death of his royal mistress in 1602. and the sect ssion of James I . lie became the victim of a conspiracy
He was tried, and' condemned for treason and i"i fifteen years lie remained in the Tower n prisoner, firsl
under sentence of death, afterward under the merciful provision ol a reprieve During that long imprison-
ment he wrote his History of the M'orW. On being released, he went on another expedition to Guiana:
hut it lir-intr unsuccessful, he was east into pri~< >n on liis return, and the royal scoundrel who occupied the
throne of England allowed the decrepit old man. who had givei re true luster to the crown than any
living mortal, to be beheaded. He was then in the sixty-sixth year of his age.
; Among these were Sir Thomas Gates . Sir George Summers, Sir John Popham, lord chief justice ol
England ; Edward Mann Wingfield, a wealthy, sordid, and unprincipled merchant; Richard Hakluyt. one
of the assignees of Raleigh, who wrote an interesting collection of voyages, in three volumes . Robert Hum.
i clergyman; and Captain John Smith. :' Chalmers, pages 15, 10
216
I' I CTOIUA I, FIKI.D-UHDK
Cnptain John .Smith. Founding of Jamestown. Visit to Powhatan. Energy of Smith. Bartholomew Gosnold
America. Only twelve laborers and a few mechanics were among the voyagers; the re-
mainder of the one hundred and five persons were adventurers, with hands unused to labor.
Dissensions arose on the voyage, and, as there was no acknowledged head, in consequence
of the folly of the king, much confusion ensued. Captain Smith possessed more genius than
any rnati among them, and, consequently, great jealousy of him was felt. Under the ab-
surd accusation of an intention to murder the council, and make himself King of Virginia,
he was put in confinement After a voyage of four months, the expedition entered the
.April 26, Chesapeake,11 having been driven by a storm northward of their point of destina-
"'""■ tion. The capes of the noble bay they named in honor of the two sons of the king,
Henry and Charles. They landed upon Cape Henry, made peace with the natives, opened
the sealed paper of the king, discovered the names of the council, and chose the unscrupu-
lous and narrow-minded Wingfiuld to be president. Smith was named one of the council,
but was excluded from that body. His accusers thought it prudent, however, to withdraw
their charges, and he was released from confinement.
A few days alter their arrival in the Chesapeake, the little fleet entered the mouth of
the noble River Powhatan, which they named Jailtes, in honor of their sovereign. Up its
broad channel they sailed about fifty miles, and there, upon a charming peninsula, an island
at high tide, they determined to build a town and plant a permanent settlement. The na-
tives received them kindly ; and in the beautiful month of May, 1607, the first sound of
an ax was heard, the first tree was felled, and the first rafter was laid in Virginia. A
village was planned, and, in honor of the king, was called Jamestown. While the carpen-
ters and laborers were rearing the city, Smith and Newport, with twenty others, ascended
the river to the Falls, and at his imperial residence of twelve wigwams, just below Rich,
mond, they visited Powhatan, the " Emperor of the Country." The events connected with
that visit have been noticed on page 2 2 6.
Newport returned to England with his vessels in June, leaving one hundred men, and a
pinnace with stores, at Jamestown. The colonists, wanting habits of industry, soon per-
ceived the helplessness of their situation. Many of them were of dissolute habits; and be-
fore autumn, the dampness of the climate, and the malaria arising from the decay of luxu-
riant vegetation, produced diseases which swept away fifty of their number, among whom
was Bartholomew Gosnold,' the eminent navigator and projector of the settlement.
The survivors relied chiefly upon sturgeons and crabs, and scanty supplies of maize, for
their subsistence, while Wiugfield and a pari of his council were appropriating the stores to
their own use. Wiugfield. and Kendall (one of the council), were detected in a conspiracy
to abandon the colony, and escape with the pinnace and stores to the West Indies. They
were deposed, ami Uatelille, an irresolute and indolent man, was appointed president. For-
tunately for the colony, he was quite willing to bear the empty honors of his office without
exercising its functions, anil he allowed Captain Smith, by far the ablest man among them,
to have the principal management of affairs. The colony at once assumed a new and bet-
ter aspect under the direction of Smith. As far as possible, he infused his own energetic
spirit into his companions ; but they were generally too indolent and dissolute to profit much
by his example. Smith quelled the spirit of anarchy and rebellion ; restored order in the
midst of confusion ; visited the chiefs of the neighboring tribes, and inspired them with re-
spect for the English ; and, by his consummate skill, he procured from the natives an am-
ple stock of corn and wild fowl when winter approached.
We are now at a point in the history of the New World full of the most romantic inter-
est, and the pen is tempted from its present line of duty by a thousand seductive influences.
The exploits of Smith — his exploring voyages — his discoveries — his indomitable perseverance
Id crossed the Atlantic in 1602. ami. after a voyage of six weeks, .-aw land at the northern ex
tremity of Massachusetts Hay. He sailed southward, ami landed upon a promontory, which he called Capi
Cod. ici ounl el' ilie ureal quantity of cod fish which abounded there. Pursuing his voyage along the
coast, lie discovered and named Elizabeth Islands, thirteen in number, .Manila's Vineyard, and others in
'he neighborhood of Buzzard's I!" After an aliscnce of only four months, Gosnold returned to England
OF THE REV 0 1. U T I < > N
2 17
■y. Smith's Voyage up the Chickahominy. His Capture. Bll Adventures In Europe.
nn.l courage his hardships, sufferings, escapes, and forbearance with his ungrateful com-
panions, all plead eloquently for the services
of pen and pencil. These must be briefly
sketched in faint outline, for it is foreign to
my plan to detail colonial history, except so
much .is is necessary to illustrate the main
subject of these volumes — The War for Inde-
pendence.
The Jamestown colony was placed beyond
the effects of want in the autumn of 1607,
and Smith, with a lew companions, set out
to explore the country. He went up the
Chickahominy, in an open boat, fifty miles
from ils mouth.' There he left his boat, the
water being shallow, and, with two compan-
ions and tun Indian guides, pushed into the
interim-. He ordered those in the boat nut :..
leave it. Disobeying his instructions, they
wandered on shore and were slain. Smith
was surprised by a party id' Indians, under
Opechancanough, the King ofPamunkee;"
his two companions were killed, and he.'after slaying several Indians, was made a prisoner
His life was spared, and he was conducted in triumph through the several Indian villages,
from the Chickahominy to the banks of the Rappahannock ami Potomac, and was finally
brought back to the seat of Opechancanough, at Pamunkee, on the York River. There, for
three days, the priests performed incantations to discover the character of their prisoner, and
('attain John Smith.1
Anion" Hi.' positive instructions of the 1 don Company, was an injunction for the colonists to endeavor
In r,,i, i :l passage lo the S mth v- a, or, in other words, to the East Indies, by a northwest passage, tin- object
of the polar expeditions of the present Jay. For this purpose, they were instructed to explore ever} consider-
ate stream that came from the northward : ami hence we tin.! Smith (who did not share in the geographical
ignorance of Ins employers, but was willing to engage in discoveries) exploring the Ja s, Chickahominy,
fork, ami Potomac Rivers. The wily Indian menti I on page 243 as having invented the wonderful
5U)rT ,,| :, aold ri a hi id -i the Roanoke, informed I.: that tie' - .■•• of that river was among
hi»h rocks so near th ean on the west, that the salt water would si stimes dash over int.. the cleat
fountains of the stream !
; John S.mili wa~ hum at Willonghby, in Lincolnshire, England, in 1559. He was early distinguished
for his daring spirit ind lo e ol adventure. At the age of thirteen, he sold hi- sehool-1 ks and satchel n
procure money to paj hi- wav to the sea-board, ha- the purpose of going In sea. II.' was prevented, and
«-as apprenticed to a merchant. He left home when he was fifteen and went to France and th.'
Low Countries. For two years he studied military tactics; and. at the age of seventeen, having procured
■i portion ol a., estate left b\ Ins father, went abroad seeking adventures. On a voyage from Marseilles to
Naples, a storm arose, an. I the Roman Catholic crew believing th.' heretir, as they called Smith, I ■<
lonah, they cast him into th.' sea lo quiel th.- waters. He was a good swimmer, ami reached th.' sh I
i small island in the Mediterrai i, called St. Man'-. From St. Mary'- he went in a French vessel to
Alexandria, in Eeypt. He soon went from thence to Italy, and then to Austria, where he enli red the im-
perial armv, and, by his daring exph.it- at the siege of Olympach. was rewarded by the command ..I a
roopol horse. These oblained the name of the " Fiery Dragoons,'' in the war against th.- Turks. At the
.„ | Regall, a Turkish officer, the Lord Turbisbaw", " to amuse the ladies," offered t" engage in -ingle
i "l.it wilh any Christian soldier. The lot fell upon Smith ; ami. in the si2ht of both i <-. he cut oil
the head of Turbisbaw, and carried it in triumph lo the Austrian camp. He fought two othei champions.
Grualgo and Mulgro, with the same result. In a subsequent battle Smith was wounded, captured, an. I
-..I.I to a pacha. This .herniary sent hnn to Constantinople, a- a present to a .lam-el whom he loved
She, in turn, loved Smith, and to place him in safety, sent him to her brother. There, however, Si, ml:
,:,, cruellj treated. He heat out the brains ..l the tyrant, and esei pi I to Muscovy, an. I finally reached
Austria. He went with a Frem-h captain to Morocco ami the Canaries, encountered a sea-fight with the
Spaniards, Bnd returned to hi- native country. Hi- restless -pint made him yearn for adventures in the
\. ..v World. Here, after many ureal exploits, ami the endurance of many hard-hips, he planted the Vir-
ginia colony on a linn basis, an. I in. urn -.1 lo England He died in London in 1031. nl ibe age ..I 72.
2-1S
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The ludinns outwitted by Smith.
His Trial and Sentence.
Pocahontas — her Marriage, Death, and Descendants
the most expedient disposition of him, for they considered him a superior being.' They
finally carried him to Werowdcomoco,' the lower seat of Powhatan, and referred the de-
cision to that powerful chief.
Seated upon a raised platform, the trunk and branches of the towering pine for a palace,
the lordly Powhatan, with his two favorite daughters
beside him, and his " grim courtiers" and women
around bim, received the prisoner. In solemn state
he was tried ; with solemn words he was adjudged to
die. On the right of the Indian emperor sat Poca-
hontas, his youngest and best loved daughter. Hei
heart beat quick with sympathy the moment she saw
the manly form of Smith, and in her young bosom
glowed intense desire to save his life.
'; How trembled then the maid, as rose
That captive warrior, calm and stern,
Thus girded bv his wolfish foes
His fearless spirit still would spurn
How brisht his glance, how lair his face,
And with what proud, enfranchised grace
His footsteps free advance, as still
He follow'd firm the bloody mace
That suided to the gloomy place
Where stood the savage sent to kill.''
POCAHONTAS.3 W- GlLI.MORE Sill MS
1 Smith showed them a pocket compass, and explained its properties, and the shape of the earth; how
•the sun. and the moon, and the stars chased each other.'' They w-ere astonished, and regarded him with
awe. They made him offers of ll life, liberty, land, and women," if he would tell them how to obtain pos-
session of Jamestown. They also obtained some of his powder. Smith made them waste it (for they had
been made acquainted with its use) bv letting them sow it as seed and raise a crop for themselves. In
various ways he outwitted them, and so perfectly retained his self-possession that they regarded him with
rrreat respect.
- Werowocomoco, the scene of Smith's. sal vat ion by Pocahontas, was upon the north side of the York River,
'in Gloucester county, about twenty-five miles below the junction of the Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers,
which form the broad and navigable York. According to Charles Campbell, Esq., of Petersburg, Virginia,
who has carefully examined the matter. Shelly, the seat of Mrs. Mann Page, nearly opposite the mouth ol
Queen's Creek, is the site of Werowocomoco. Carter's Creek, emptying into the York at Shelly, afforded
a safe harbor for canoes. Such \\;i- also the opinion of Governor Page, whose plantation (Roseweli) ad-
joined that of Shelly. The enormous beds of oyster shells {on account of which Governor Page named the
place Shelly) at this point indicate that it was once a place of great resort by the natives.
3 Pocahontas was a girl " of ten or twelve" years of age when she saved the life of Captain Smith. Two
years afterward, when not over fourteen years old, she went from her father's camp, on a dark and stormy
"ni<rht. to Jamestown, and informed Smith of a conspiracy among the Indians to destroy the settlers. This
timelv interposition ^aved them. While Smith remained in the colony, she was a wel ne visitor at James-
town, and often bore messages between the white men and her kindred. In 1612, after Smith had returned
to England, sin- was treacherously betrayed, lor the bribe of a copper kettle, into the hands of Captain Ar-
orall, and by him kept as a prisoner, in order to secure advantageous terms of peace with Powhatan. The
Indian kins offered five hundred bushels of corn for her ransom; but. before her release was effected, a
mutual attachment had sprnns up between her and John Rolfe. a young Englishman of good family. With
the consent of her father she received Christian baptism, and was married to Rolfe. The former ceremony
i< the subject of a beautiful painting by John G. Chapman, Esq., which graces one of the panels of the Ro-
luuda of the Capitol at Washington.
Pocahontas accompanied her husband to England in lfil fi, where she was received at court with the dis-
tinction of a princess. The bigoted King James was highly indignant because one of his subjects had dared
10 marry into a royal familv, and absurdly apprehended that, because Rolfe had married an Indian princess,
he might lay claim to the crown of Virginia ! It is said that Pocahontas was much afflicted because Smith.
fearing the royal displeasure, would not allow a king's daughter to call him father, her usual endearing
name when addressing him. She remained in England about a year; and when on the point, of returning
to America, with her husband, in 1617, she sickened and died at Gravescnd. The Lady Rebecca (for so
she was called in England) had many and sincere, mourners. She left one son, Thomas Rolfe. who after-
ward became a distinguished man in Virginia. He left an only daughter, and from her some of the leailinu
ramilies of Virginia trace their descent Among these were (he Boilings. Hemmings. Murrays, Guvs
OF THE REVO LUTI o.n 2.,,,
Smith's Life sarcd by Pocahontas. Condition of Jamestown. Newport?! Folly. Smith's Exploring Expedition
With his arms pinioned, Smith was laid upon the ground, with his head upon a stone,
and the executioner had lifted the huge rlub to dash out his brains. With a bound like
that of a frightened fawn, Pocahontas leaped from the side of her father to that of the pris-
3iier. and interposed her delicate form between his head and the warrior's mace ;
"Then turns — with eye grown tearless now, Until. though humble as a slave.
But full of speech, as eye alone To more 'ban queenly sway sbe grew?
Can speak to eye, and heart in prayer — ■ Oh ! brief the doubt — oh ! short the strife ,
For mercy to her lather's throne! Sim win- the captive's forfeit life;
She breaks his hands, she bids him go,
How could that stern old king deny Her idol, but her country's foe,
The angel pleading in her eye '.' And dreams not, in that parting hour.
How mock the sweet, imploring grace, The gyves that from his limbs she tears
That breathed in beauty from her face, Are light in weight, anil frail in power,
And to her kneeling action gave To those that round her heart she wears."
A power to soothe, and still subdue, Simus
Smith s life was spared. The enmity of the natives was changed to friendship, and, with
a guard of twelve men. he was sent to Jamestown, a wiser man; lor, during his seven
weeks ol captivity, he had traversed a large extent of country, observed its resources, and
the habits and condition of the Indians, and made himself quite familiar with their lan-
guage. He established a friendly intercourse with Powhatan and his confederates, and
often the " dearest daughter of the king." with her companions, brought baskets of corn for
the garrison.
Disorder prevailed at Jamestown on Smith's return. Only forty men remained, and
these were on the point of abandoning the country where they had suffered so much, and
escape with the pinnace. The courage and energy of Smith compelled them to remain.
Newport soon afterward arrived with supplies, and one hundred and twenty emigrants
chiefly idle gentlemen, "packed hither." as Smith says, " by their friends, to escape ill des-
tinies," and goldsmiths, the very men least needed in the colony. Gold was the chief in-
centive of the Company and the adventurers to risk capital and life. Discovering some-
thing resembling grains of the metal near the site of Richmond, " there was no talk, no
hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." Newport loaded his ves-
sel with worthless earth, and returned to England with the idea that he was exceedingly
rich, but to have science and skill pronounce him miserably poor in useful knowledge and
well-earned reputation.
Smith remonstrated against idleness, and pleaded for industry, but in vain. He implored
the settlers to plow and sow, that they might reap and be happy. They refused to listen.
and he turned from Jamestown with disgust, and, with a lew sensible men, explored the
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. He went up the Potomac to the Falls above Wash-
ington City He also entered the Patapsco, and ate maize upon the site of Baltimore.
These long voyages were made in an open boat, propelled by oars and paddles. Jt was one
of the most wonderful of exploring expeditions, considered in all its aspects, recorded by the
pen. of history. Smith constructed a map of his discoveries, and every subsequent survey
of the region attests its remarkable accuracy.
Three days alter Smith's return to Jamestown he was made president of the colo-
ny » Newport soon afterward arrived from England with a supply of food. With „ g, „, ,,,
him came two females, the first English women seen upon the James River.
Smith again excited his energies to turn the little industry of the settlers to agriculture
and succeeded in a degree. The colony was beginning to thrive under his management,
when the features of its political character were modified. A new charter was b May 21
given to the London Company. b with provisions for a more powerful government.1 lco9
F.ldridges, and Randolphs. The late John Randolph, of Roanoke, was a descendant of the Indian prin-
cess. Her portrait here given is from a painting made in England, while she was there. Her costume
slmus the style of a fashionable dress of that day.
' The new charter extended the limits of the colony, and transferred to the Company the power which
250
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Lord De la Ware. Commissioners. Anarchy Ht Jamestown. Famine. Timely Reli. f.
The colonists had no voice in the matter ; neither their rights nor wishes were consulted
or respected. While extraordinary powers were given to the governor, not one new civil
privilege was conceded to them.
Under the new charter, Lord De la Ware, or Delaware, a virtuous and upright noble-
man, was appointed governor and captain-general of Virginia for life. Before his departure
for America, nine ships, under the command of Newport, with more than five hundred emi-
grants, were sent to the James River. Sir Thomas Gates (the governor's deputy), New-
port, and Sir George Somers, were sent as commissioners to administer the government
until the arrival of Lord Delaware. A hurricane drove the fleet toward the West Indies
The vessel in which were the three commissioners was stranded on the rocks of the Ber-
mudas, and only seven vessels of the squadron reached Virginia. The commissioners were
not lost ; hut their arrival iti the colony with the emigrants was prevented, and great con-
fusion followed. A large portion of the new comers were idle and dissolute scions of wealthy
families, without energy or good principles. They regarded the colony as without a head
until l lie arrival of the commissioners or the governor, and were disposed to set at naught
the authority of President Smith. That energetic man was equal to the exigency of the
case, and he boldly and successfully maintained his authority until an accident prostrated
his body, and he was obliged to go to England for surgical aid.' He delegated his authority
to George Percy, brother of the Duke of Northumberland, and sailed for England in the
autumn of 16 0 9.
The colonists, released from the control of Smith, now gave themselves up to every ir-
regularity of life. The Indians lost their respect for, and dread of Englishmen ; and when
the ample stock of provisions of the latter was consumed, the former refused assistance.
Famine ensued ; thirty escaped in a vessel to become pirates ; and within six months, hun-
ger, sickness, and Indian hatchets had reduced the colony of more than five hundred left
by Smith, to sixty persons, and these were perishing with hunger. " It was not the will
of God that the new state should be formed of these materials ; that such men should be
I he fathers of a progeny, born on the American soil, who were one day to assert American
liberty by their eloquence, and defend it by their valor."2 This period of distress was long
remembered with a shudder as " the starving time."
At the moment when the destitution was greatest, the commissioners and their wrecked
companions arrived. Upon the uninhabited island where they stranded they had constructed
two rude vessels, loaded them with the stores of their ship, which lay among the rocks, and
sailed for the James Iliver. They arrived in June;" but, instead of finding a large
» 1610
and flourishing colony, they were greeted by a handful of emaciated men, on the
point of dying. De^th by famine awaited all, and Gates resolved to sail for Newfoundland.
and disperse the company among the English fishing vessels there. Jamestown was utterly
abandoned, and toward Hampton Roads the dejected settlers sailed in the four pinnaces
which remained in the river. As they approached that broad harbor on the following
morning, a vision of white sails cheered their hearts ; and as the sun came up, the long-
boat of Lord Delaware was seen approaching. He came with emigrants and supplies ;
and that night, Jamestown, abandoned to the rude natives in the morning, was made vocal
with hvmns and thanksgivings from truly grateful lips.0 The next day solemn
, June 9. ". . .
religious exercises were held ; the commission of Lord Delaware was read, and
the foundation stone of the Virginia Commonwealth was permanently laid. Delaware ad-
liad before been reserved to the king. The council in England, formerly appointed by the kin<r. was now
to have its vacancies filled by ihe votes of a majority of the corporation. This council was authorized t<>
ippoint a governor, and to delegate to him almost absolute power, even in oases capital and criminal, as
well :is civil. They could give him power to declare martial law at his discretion; and thus the lives.
iberties, 1 fortunes of the colonists were placed at the will of a single man.
' I have noticed the efforts of Smith to establish a per ienl settlement at Powhatan, near Richmond.
While returning from that place down ihe James River, his powder-bag accidentally exploded and almost
killed him. He was dreadfully lacerated, and so acute was the pain, that he threw himself into the river
in ^Deviation lie was recovered when nearly drowned. ' Bai -roft. i., 13S
') F THE REVO I. [JTION. .., ;
Arrival ot new Emi rann Rnd saipjiliea. rio-pcriiy nt the rnlnny Implantation of Republicanism N«» I'miMim i
ministered the government with equity until the failure of his health required him lo return
tn England.0 Percy was left in charge of affairs until Delaware's s -ssor should
arrive. In the mean while, Sir Thomas Dale, an " e\|ierieueed soldier of the Low
Countries," arrived with supplies." and assumed the government, which he admin-
istered upon the hasis of martial law. In less than four mouths afterward, Sir
Thomas Gates arrived with supplies, and three hundred emigrants, in six ships, and as-
sumed tin- functions of governor. Under Dale and Gates, the colony, now numbering nearly
a thousand souls, thrived wonderfully. There were but few drones; industry and sobriety
prevailed, and a bright future dawned apon Jamestown
A new charter was granted to the London Company in 1612. The supreme council in
England was abolished, and its powers were transferrer] to the whole Company, who were
to meet as a democratic assembly, elect their own officers for the colony, and eslahlish the
laws therefor. Tins was the republican seed which found its way to Virginia, and took
deep root there Another important concession was made: the Bermudas, and all islands
within three hundred leagues of the Virginia shore, were included in the grant, and opened
a commercial Held The colony continued to flourish : and the marriage of John Rolfe
with Pocahontas, with the consent of her father, and tl oncnrrence of Opechancanough,
her uncle (who "gave her away" at the marriage altar), cemented the friendship which
had been gradually forming between the white men and natives.
In ](il 1, Cates went to England, and left affairs in the hands of Dale, who ruled with
energy lor live years, when he appointed George Yeardly deputy governor, and returned to
England. Yeardly encouraged agriculture, and, during his administration, the tobacco plant
began to be cultivated. It soon became not only the staple, but the currency of the colony.
lie was succeeded in office0 by Samuel Arjrall. an unprincipled man. and sort of bnc-
. c 1617.
cancer,' who ruled with tyranny for two years, and was then displaced. Yeanilv
was made governor; the planters were released from further tribute-service to the colony :
martial law was abolished ; and on the 29th of .Tune, 1(> 1 9, the first colonial assembly ever
held in America was convened at Jamestown. The domain of the English had been divided
into eleven boroughs. Two representatives from each were present at the assembly, and were
called burgesses. This was the kernel of the Virginia government which prevailed nut, I
the Revolution — a governor, his council, and a house of Burgesses. It was the beginning
of the American constitutions.
Twelve years had elapsed since planting Jamestown, and now the settlement first as
Sumed the character of permanency. Ninety respectable young women were sent over in
1620,' and the following year sixty more came to be wives for the planters. The Bettlers
"fell to building houses and planting corn," with a determination to make Virginia their
home. The gold mania had passed away, and the wealth of the rich mold was delved foi
with success. A written constitution was granted to the colony by the Company in
1 62 1 ,J which ratified the form of government introduced by Yeardly. It was ,, All.,„„i
brought over by Sir Francis Wyatt, who succeeded Yeardly, and was received "'-''•
with joy by the colonists. General prosperity prevailed, and glad dreams of happiness filled
\ru ill, as we have noticed, obtained possession of Pocahontas, and made her his prisoner, in lfija The
-nee year lie sailed with liis Beet in the coast ol Maine, to protect the English fisheries He broke up a
French colony mar the Penobscot, ami sent some of the people in Fiance and some to Virginia. He also
broke up a French settlement at Port Royal, and made the conquest ol Acadia l In his return voyage to Vir-
ginia, it is said, he entered the Bay of New York, and compelled the mile Dutch tn ding settli meni there to
acknowledge the supremacy of England. An error, probably — See Brodhead's Histtn y 1 1 .\ < u York, Ap-
pendix
* On the 20th of August in this year, a Dutch man-of-war intend the James River, and landed twenty ne-
groes for sale Almost simultaneously with the birth of civil liberty in Virginia, by the concession of the tep-
resentative system, and the tacit acknowledgment of the universal right to " life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness," the system of human bondage, which has ever weighed upon our national energies, and tarnished
our national character, was introduced. Englishmen have attempt! d to cast ell tl e stain from themselves by
dleging that the traffickers from a foreign country lirst brought the negroes here. Had not Enj -I mi n I e-
comc the willing 'purchasers^ the slave-trade and its Bystem would never have been known in this country.
252 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Massacre by the Indians. Retaliation. The Patents canceled. Policy of Charles I. Governor Harvey
the minds of the settlers. They were now four thousand strong, and fast increasing; but
a cloud was gathering.
Powhatan, the firm friend of the English since the marriage of his daughter, was now
dead.' The restraints of his influence were lifted from his people, and they, apprehending
their own annihilation by the white men, resolved to strike a blow of extermination. At
« April l, mid-day,0- the hatchet fell upon the more remote settlements around Jamestown,
and moie than seventeen scores of men, women, and children perished in an hour.'
A friendly Indian, a Christian convert, warned his white friend (Paca) in Jamestown of the
plot the night before. The people prepared for defense, and were, with the nearest settle-
ments, to whom they sent notice, saved. General alarm prevailed. The remote planters
fled to Jamestown, and tire number of plantations was reduced from eighty to eight. A
terrible reaction ensued. The English arose, and, moved with a spirit of hatred and revenge,
they smote the Indians with great slaughter, and drove them far back into the wilderness
We have seen the government of Virginia gradually changed from a royal tenure, under
the first charter, to a proprietary and representative government under the second and third
charters. The king now began to look upon it with suspicion, as inimical to royalty, and
a breeder of disloyal men. The holders of the stock of the London Company had become
very numerous, and their election of officers assumed a political character, presenting two
parties — the advocates of liberty, and the upholders of the royal prerogative. The king,
disliking the freedom of debate which prevailed at their meetings, attempted to control their
elections ; but failing in this, he determined to recover, by a dissolution of their Company,
the influence in the affairs of the New World of which he had deprived himself by his own
charter. He appointed a commission, composed of his own pliant instruments, to examine
the affairs of the Company. They, of course, reported favorable to a dissolution of the as-
sociation, and an equally pliant judiciary effected a consummation of the measure. A quo
warranto was issued; it was feebly defended, and in July, 1624, a decision was given
against the Company, and the patents were canceled. The enterprise had, thus far, been
an unprofitable speculation for the Company, and there was not much opposition. The
king took the political affairs of the colony into his own hands, and it became a royal gov-
ernment ; yet no material changes were made in the domestic policy of the settlers, and they
were allowed to retain their popular legislative assemblies as a branch of their government.
James died in 1625," and his son, the unfortunate Charles I., succeeded him.
i> April 6.
The policy of the new monarch toward the colonists was governed entirely by self-
ish motives, and he allowed them liberty under which to prosper, that gain to himself might
accrue. He imposed some restrictions, and attempted, but in vain, to gain for himself a
monopoly of the trade in tobacco, by becoming the sole factor of the planters.3 Governor
Yeardly died in November, 1627, and the king appointed John Harvey, one of his warm,
est supporters, and a member of the commission appointed by James, governor ;c
but his unpopularity in the colony lost to the king all the advantages his selfishness
coveted. The Virginians deprived Harvey of his government in 1635; summoned an as-
sembly to receive complaints against him, and appointed commissioners to proceed to England
1 Powhatan died in 1618, and his younger brother, Opechancanoutrh, heired his power, but not his friend-
ly influence favorable to the English. He always harbored a seen! aversion to the white men. Only n
few days before the massacre, he declared " thai sooner the skies would fall than his friendship with the
English be dissolved."
2 Exaggerated reports went to England. Smith, in his Jltlrertiscmcntx for the Unexperienced Planters,
stated the number ol killed at 5000. Berkeley rated it at 2000. Edward Waterhouse transmitted to the
Com.pany a statement containing the names of every victim. The number was 347- — Declaration of the
State of the Colony, &c., pages 14-21.
:i In his efforts to obtain the control of the tobacco trade, by becoming himself the sole purchaser of the
crop, the king unconsciously recognized the legality of the Virginia Assembly. In a letter to the governor
and eouneil, written in June, 1628, he offered to contract for the whole crop of tobacco, and expressed i
desire that an assembly might be convened to consider his proposal. "This is the first recognition,'7 says
Bancroft (i., 196), ''on the part of a Stuart of a representative assembly in America.'" James permittee
it, but did not expressly sanction it.
OF THE REVOLUTION
Wvatt and Berkeley. The Commonwealth. Intolerance1 in Virginia. Indian Wars. Bcrkoly and Loyalty
with an impeachment. Harvey accompanied the commissioners. The kins would not even
admit the accusers to a hearing, and the accused was sent back, clothed with lull authority
from Charles to administer the government. lie remained in office until 1639, when he
was succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt." Sir William Berkeley succeeded Wyatt in oNov.
1641.° During his first administration of ten years, the civil condition of the Air- i>Ang
ginians was much improved. The rights of property, and the rewards of industry, were
secured, and the people were prosperous and happy.'
The democratic revolution in England, which brought Charles to the block and placed
Cromwell in power, now began, and religious sects in England and America assumed a political
importance. Puritans had hitherto been tolerated in Virginia ; and Puritan ministers were
even invited by the council to come to that province from Massachusetts Bay. Now. as
the monarch and the Church were united in interest, and the Virginians were loyal to Church
and king, it was decided that no minister should preach or teach except in conformity to the
constitution of the Church of England, and Non-conformists were banished from the colony
This was a cloud upon the otherwise clear skies of the settlement. But a darker cloud was
gathering. The Indians prepared for another massacre of the white men. The war-whoop
sounded alons the frontier settlements, and a general border contest ensued.0 The i- April,
Indians were generally defeated, and old Opechancanough, the chief instigator, was
made a prisoner, and died in captivity.11 Peace was speedily effected by the In- a 1646.
dians making large concessions to the white men.2
The Virginians remained loyal during the civil war in England ; and when the king was
beheaded, and the Republicans bore rule, they recognized Charles, the son of their murdered
sovereign, though then a fugitive in a foreign country. The Parliament was incensed at the
audacity of a colony resisting the will of the supreme government, and took measures to en-
force submission.3 A powerful fleet, under Sir George Ayscue, entered the Chesapeake, and
cast anchor at the mouth of the James River. Sir William Berkeley,4 with the cavaliers
' In 1648, the number of colonists was twenty thousand. ''The cottages were filled with children, as
'lie ports were with ships and emigrants.'' Ten ships from London, two from Bristol, twelve from Holland.
.mm I seven from New England, were trading in Virginia at Christmas of that year. — Mass. Hist. Coll., ix., 118.
• Xeeotowanee, the successor of Opechancanough, was forced to acknowledge that he held his kingdom
of the crown of England. It was agreed that the Indians should remove to the north side of the York and
Pamunkey Rivers; and they ceded to the white men all the lands from the Falls of the .lane- River, at
Richmond, between the two rivers, to the Bay forever. Thus were the natives driven from their beautiful
land — the most beautiful in all Virginia — leaving few traces "I their existence behind.
3 An ordinance was passed on the 3d of Oetoher. 1650, empowering the Council of State to reduce the
rebellious colonies to obedience, and, at the same time, establish it as a law, that foreign ships should not
trade in any of the ports in Barbadoes, Antiguas, Bermudas, and Virginia.
4 Sir William Berkeley was of an ancient family near London. He was educated at Oxford, and admit-
ted Master of Arts in 1629. The next fear lie traveled extensively in Europe, and became a model of an
elegant courtier and cavalier. He succeeded Sir ^ .
Francis Wyatt as governor of Virginia in 1641, Jr ff
and held that post most of the time during the 1 A
civil wars in England, and until the restoration V A
of monarchy in 1660. He exhibited shrewdness 9
as well as courage when the fleet of Parliament,
sent to subdue the loyal eolonv of Virginia, appeared in the James River ; and, by good management, both
parties were satisfied. Cromwell appointed " worthy Samuel Mathews'' governor, and. at his death, Berke-
ley was elected governor by the people. His obsequious deference to royalty olletided the independent Vir-
ginians, anil his popularity declined. His obstinacy in refusing compliance with the expressed wishes of the
inhabitants that Nathaniel Bacon might lead an expedition against the Indians, further alienated the aflec-
tions of his people. He became irritable and revengeful : and when juries refused to aid his projects of ven-
geance against those who followed Bacon, he resorted to martial law, and fines, confiscations, and executions
ensued. In view of this conduct Charles II. remarked, "The old fool has taken more lives in that naked
country than I have taken for the murder of my father."
Berkeley returned to England, after an administration of nearly forty years, and died soon after bis ar-
rival. He was buried at Twickenham, July 13, 1677. He was possessed of quite liberal views in respect
to government, but these were often hidden or perverted by his eringiug loyally. In his reply to commis-
sioners sent in 1671 to inquire into the state of the colony, he said, " Thank God, there are no free school*
2 5 I
PICTORIAL FIEI.D-BOUK
Opposition to uurliatAcntarj I tommissiiona Concession to tlic Colonists. Ctnnniurci.il Rest! ctioti-. Kiny of Virginia
who had fled in Virginia, on the death oi' Charles, for safety, were prepared for their recep-
tion. Armed Dutch vessels, 1 y iiijJT in the river, were pressed into service ; and, although the
Virginians had resolved to submit as soon as they perceived the arrival of the fleet, they, like
Fulstalf, declared they would hoi do it "on compulsion." This unexpected show of resist-
ance made the commissioners of Parliament, who were sent out to negotiate, hesitate ; and.
instead of opening their cannon upon the colonists, they courteously proposed submission to
the authority of Parliament, upon terms quite satisfactory to the Virginians. The liber-
ties of the colonists were more fully secured than they had ever been ; indeed, they weie a1-
lowed nearly all those rights which the Declaration of Independence a century and a quarter
later charged the King of Great Britain with violating. Until the restoration of monaic,-.\
in 1 GCO, Virginia was virtually an independent state; for Cromwell made no appointments
for the state, except a governor. On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1C58, the Virginians
were not disposed to acknowledge the authority of Richard, his successor, and they elected
Matthews, and afterward Berkeley, to till the office ol governor. Universal suffrage pre-
vailed ; all freemen, without exception, were allowed to vote ; and servants, when the terms
of their bondage ended, became electors, and might be made burgesses.
When the news of the probable restoration of Charles the Second reached Virginia, Berke-
ley disclaimed the popular sovereignty, proclaimed the exiled monarch, issued writs for an
assembly in the name of the King, and the friends of royalty came into power.' High hopes
of great favor from the new king were entertained. They were speedily blasted. Com-
mercial restrictions, grafted upon the existing colonial system of the commonwealth, were
rigorously enforced.2 The people murmured, and finally remonstrated, but in vain. The
profligate monarch, who seems never to have had a clear perception of right and wrong, but
was always guided by the dictates of caprice and passion, gave away to special favorites
large tracts of laud, some of it cultivated and valuable.3 The Royalist party in Virginia
soon began to have an evil influence. The Assembly abridged the liberties of the people ;
the members, elected for only two years, assumed to themselves the right of an indefinite
continuance of power, and the representative system was virtually abolished. Intolerance
began to grow again, and heavy fines were imposed upon Baptists and Quakers. Taxes
were made unequal and oppressive. Loyalty waired ; the people learned to despise the very
name of king, and open discontent ensued. The common people foimed a Republican party,
opposed to the aristocracy and the Royalists.
The menaces of the hostile Susquehannas, a fierce tribe on the northern frontier, who
had been driven southward by the Five Nations, and were then desolating the remote set-
inn printing-press, ami I hope we shall not have these hundred years ; for learning has brought disobedience,
and heresy, and seels into the world, and printing has divulged these and libels against the best government."
In this last sentence the old bigot courtier altered one of the most glorious truths which the march of prog-
ress has practically developed. Tyranny always fears enlightenment. Napoleon said he was in more dread
of one free printing-press than a hundred thousand Austrian bayonets.
1 Berkeley proclaimed Charles the Second king of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia. Charles was
therefore made king in Virginia, by the supreme authorities of the colony, before he actually became so in
England. Already, when they were informed that Parliament was about to send a fleet to reduce them to
submission, the Virginians seal, in a small ship, a messenger to Charles, at Breda, in Flanders, to invite
him to come over and he King of Virginia. He was on the point of sailing, when he was called to the
throne of his lather. In gratitude to Virginia, he caused the arms of that province to be quartered with
those of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as an independent member of the empire. From this circumstance
Virginia received the name of The Old Dominion. Coins with these ipiarterinixs were made as late as 1773.
2 The colonial system of all kingdoms has uniformly been to make the industry of colonists tributary to
ill,- aggrandizement of the parent country. The Navigation Act, which, down to the time ofour Revolu-
tion, was a fruitful source of complaint, was now rigorously applied, and new ami mure stringent provisions
added to it. Under it, no commodities could be imported into any British settlement, nor exported front them,
except in English vessels; and tobacco, turpentine, and other principal commodities of the colonies, could
be. shipped to no country except England. The trade between the colonies was also taxed l"i the benefit ol
the imperial treasury, and in various other ways the colonies were made dependent on the mother country.
3 He gave awav to Lord Culpepper and the Karl of Arlington, two of his favorites. " all the dominion
of land and water called Virginia," for the space of thirty-one years. Culpepper became governor in 1 680
OF Til K R EV 0 I.1ITION.
Indian Hostilities. •• Bacon's Rebellion." Republican Triumphs Knglish Troops Bun, lown.
dements of Maryland, offered ihe people an excuse for arming. The Indians hovered nearer
and nearer, and committed murders on Virginia soil. The planters, with Nathaniel B i
a popular, hold, and talented man, lor their leader, demanded of Governor Berkeley the
privilege ol protecting themselves Berkeley refused ; Cor he doubtless had sagacity to per-
ceive how the people would thus discover their strength. At length, some people on Ba-
con's plantation having been killed by the Indians, that gentleman yielded to popular clamor,
placed himself at ihe head of five hundred men, and marched against the invaders, Berkeley.
who was jealous of Bacon's popularity, immediately proclaimed him a traitor,* and ,«„,
ordered a body of troops to pursue and arrest him.' Bacon was successful against """
the Indians, while Berkeley was obliged to recall his troops to put down a rising rebellion
in the lower counties The people generally sympathized with the "traitor.' Tiny arose
in open insurrection: Berkeley was compelled to yield ; the Long Assembly was dissolved,
and a new one elected ; new laws were granted ; universal sull'rage was restored ; arbitrary
taxation was abolished, and Bacon was appointed -otnmaiider-iu-chief. Berkeley, compelled
by the popular will, promised to sign Bacon's commission, but this promise was never ful-
filled. Fearing treachery, the latter withdrew to Williamsburg, then called the Middle
Plantation, where he assembled live hundred men. and marched to Jamestown, to demand
In- commission from the governor. It was reluctantly granted ; and Berkeley and the As-
sembly, overawed, attested the bravery and loyalty of B, iron, and on the 4th of July, 1G7G.
just one hundred years before the birth-day of our republic, a more liberal and enlightened
legislation commenced in Virginia. "The eighteenth century in Virginia was the child of
the seventeenth ; and Bacon's rebellion, with the corresponding scenes in Maryland, Caro-
lina, and New England, was the earlier harbinger of American independence and Ameri-
can nationality.'"
The moment Bacon left Jamestown to confront the invading Indians, Berkeley treacher-
ously and rashly published a proclamation, reversing all the proceedings of the burgesses :
an, mi declaring Bacon a traitor, and calling upon the loyal aristocracy to join him. The
indignation of Bacon was fiercely kindled, and, marching back to the capital, he lighted up
a civil war. The property of Berkeley's adherents was confiscated ; their wives were seized
as hostages ; and a general destruction of the plantations of the Royalists ensued. Berkeley
and his followers were driven from Jamestown, and sought shelter on the eastern shore of
the Chesapeake. Bacon became supreme ruler, and, having proclaimed the abdication of
Berkeley, he summoned an Assembly in his own name, and prepared to cast off all allegiance
to the English crown. When troops came from England to support Berkeley, Bacon and
his followers resolved to oppose them.' A rumor reached the capital that a strong party
of Royalists, with the imperial troops, were approaching, and, in a council of war, Bacon
and his followers resolved to bum Jamestown. The torch was applied just as the night
shadows came over the village, and the sun rose the next morning upon the smoking ruins of
the first English town built in America. Naught remained standing but a few chimneys and
the church tower, that solitary monument which now attracts the eye and heart of the traveler.
1 Nathaniel Bacon was a native of Suffolk. He was educated for the legal profession in London. He
went to Virginia, where hi* hi»h character for virtue and integrity soon procured him a seat in the council.
He purchased a plantation not far from the present city of Richmond. Handsome in person, eloquent in
speech, and thoroughly accomplished, he acquired great popularity ; and when he proposed to lend tin
young ii "i the settlement against the murderous Indians, be had many adherents. In defiance of the
wrath of the jealous Berkeley, he headed an expedition. The governor proclaimed him a traitor, and his
followers rebels. Bacon was successfully beating back the Indians on one side, and the governor's adher-
ents on ihe other, when death, fn.m a severe disease, closed his career. Had he lived to complete what he
had begun, his memorj would have been cherished as a patriot, instead of being alouded with the stigma
ol the inturgent. He died at the house of Dr. Green, in Gloucester county, October I, 1676.
; Bancroft, ii., 222.
3 This was the tir>t time that English troops were sent to America to suppress republicanism. The
same determined -pun prevailed which, a century later, made all the Anglo-American colonies lilt the arm
ol defiance against ihe armies and navies of Great Britain, when sent here "to burn our towns, ravage our
coasts, and eat out the substance of the people.
^56 PICTORIAL FIELD- BOOK
Death of Bacon. Vengeance of Berkeley. Ui- Recall and Death. Jamestown and its Associations
Leaving the smoking ruins behind, Bacon poshed forward with hie little army tn drive
the Royalists from Virginia ; but the malaria from the low lands infused its poison into his
.October, veins, and on the north bank of the York Pviver that brave patriot died. a His
"""■ death was a blow of unutterable evil to his followers, for no other man could wear
the mantle of his influence. The fugitive governor returned lo the Middle Plantation in
triumph, and began to wreak his vengeance upon the principal insurgents. Twenty were
hanged,' and others were on their way to the gallows, when the Assembly implored that
"he would spill no more blood." Berkeley yielded; but the fines, confiscations, and other
punishments continued. He ruled with an iron hand, which rule begot him many enemies
at home.3 He was soon recalled, and went to England, but died before he obtained an audi-
ence with his lung.3
As briefly as perspicuity would allow, I have sketched the early history of Virginia, in
order to illustrate the gradual development of that spirit of liberty which spoke out so boldl".
and acted with so much decision and power there, in the incipient and progressive stages of
the War for Independence. We have seen the republican tree spring up and flourish on the
banks of the James River, until its branches overspread a wide region, and sheltered thou-
sands of freemen who, a hundred years before our Declaration of Independence was pro-
claimed, were ready to forswear allegiance to the British monarch, unless he should virtually
recognize their sovereignty as a people. In the struggle between monarchy and republican-
ism, represented by Berkeley and Bacon, we have seen the capital of the new state, after an
existence of seventy years, reduced to ashes, never to be restored. For a century and three
quarters it has been a desolation. The green grass, the waving corn, and the golden wheat
now cover the earth where streets and lanes were trodden by Smith and Gosnold, Newport,
Gates and Berkeley, Powhatan and Pocahontas, and a host, of Englishmen, whose spirits
seem to have taken root in the soil, and multiplied a thousand-fold — whose scattered bones,
like dragons teeth sown upon the land, seem to have, germinated and sent up full-armed
heroes. Nothing remains of the past but this old tower and these broken tombs, among
which we have sat while pondering the antecedents of the present. We will close the
chronicle for a while, and, taking a glance at later Revolutionary events here, hasten away
to Williamsburg — the " Middle Plantation" — the second capital of Virginia.
1 Among those who suffered were Colonel Hansford ; Captains Carver, Farlow, and Wilford ; Major
Cheeseman ; William Drummond (former governor of Carolina), and Colonel Richard Lawrence. Colonel
Hansford was the first native of Virginia who died on the gallows, and he has lieen justly termed the first
martyr to American liberty. This civil war cost the colony a quarter of a million of dollars.
4 Afraid of popular enlightenment, Berkeley would not allow a printing-press in Virginia. To speak 111
of him, or any of his friends, was punished as a crime by whipping, or a fine; to speak, write, or publish
any thing in mitigation or favor of the rebellion or rebels, was made a misdemeanor, and. if tbrice repeated.
was evidence of treason. — Henning's Statutes of Virginia, ii., 385.
3 Berkeley was mucn censured in England, and those censures affected nim greatly. His brother, Lord
Berkeley, declared that the unfavorable report of the commissioners caused the death of Sir William. '
OF THE REVOLUTION
•J 5 1
Departure from Jamestown
Remains of Fortifications.
" Bpencer*i Ordinary."
Retreat of Cornwallis.
CHAPTER X.
"I look'd, and thought the quiet of the scene
An emblem of the peace that yet shall be,
• When, o'er earth's continents and isles between,
The noise of war shall cease from sea In sea.
And married nations dwell in harmony;
When millions, crouching in the dust to one,
No more shall heg their lives on headed knee.
Nor the black stake !"■ dress'd, nor in ihe sun
The o'er-labor'd captive toil, and wish his life were done.''
Bryant.
N hour before meridian I left the old church-yard at Jamestown, and saun-
tered along: the pebbly shore back to the little punt in which I was to reach
the main land. 1 picked up two or three Jamestown diamonds, and a
small brass key of antique form, which lay amour; the pebbles, and then left
that interesting spot, perhaps forever. The day was very warm, and 1
was glad to get within the shadow of the pine forests which skirt the road
almost the whole way from Jamestown to Williamsburg, a distance of four miles and a half
Not a leaf stirred upon the trees, and the silence of solitude prevailed, for the insects had
gone to their winter repose, and the birds had finished their summer carols.
A mile and a half from Jamestown, I crossed the Powhatan Creek, a sluggish stream
which finds its way into the James River through a fen in the rear of Jamestown Island
On its northern bank, a few yards from the road, are the remains of a fortification, which
was thrown up by Cornwallis in the summer of 1781. The embankments and ditches are
very prominent. Neighborhood tradition calls them the remnant of Powhatan's fort. In
this vicinity two engagements took place between the Royalists and Republicans in June
and July, 1761. The first occurred at the forks of the road, one of which makes a cir-
cuit to the Chickahominy, the other leads to Williamsburg. The place is known in history
as Spencer's Ordinary, from the circumstance that a man named Spencer kept a tavern
at the forks. Let us see what the pen of history has recorded.
In the spring of 17&1, Cornwallis left Wilmington, in North Carolina, and marched into
Virginia, to join the invading forces under Phillips and Arnold at Petersburg. After at-
tempts to capture stores in the heart of Virginia, and finding the forces of La Fayette.
Wayne, and Steuben rapidly increasing, the earl thought it prudent to return toward the
sea-shote. He accordingly retreated to Richmond, and from thence across the Chickahom-
iny to Williamsburg and Jamestown, and then down the James River to Portsmouth, op-
posite Norfolk. From the stables and pastures of the planters he took the fine horses which
they had refused to Greene,1 and well mounted his cavalry. In his retreat he was closely
pursued, and greatly annoyed by La Fayette and Wayne, with about four thousand men.'
Cornwallis reached Williamsburg on the 25th of June.11 Informed that the
n . . a 1781.
Americans had some boats and stores on the Chickahominy River, he sent Lieutenant-
colonel Sitncoe, with his Rangers, and a company of Yagers, under Major Armstrong and
Captain Ewald, to destroy them, and to collect all the cattle they could find.3 La Fayette.
1 Greene, then in command of the Southern army, had left Steuben in Virginia to collect troops, horses,
and stores, and send lliein to him at the South.
" There were 2100 regulars, of which number 1500 were veteran troops, who had experienced service
at the North.
3 Simeoe found but little to destroy on the Chiekahominv. and returning, halted at Dandrid|-e's, within
three, miles of the Diesckung Creek, a branch of the Chiekahominv. The next morning they marched to
II. R
■J ■'. -
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Siincoe's Expedition.
Engagement between the advanced Guards of the Belligerents. Battle at Sprnctr'a Ordinary.
with great circumspection, had kept about a score of miles in the rear of the royal army
while pursuing Cornwallis. He was at Tyre's plantation, about twenty miles from "Will-
iamsburg, when informed of Simcoe's expedition, and immediately detached Lieutenant-
colonel Percival Butler, a brave officer of the Pennsylvania line, to intercept that partisan
on his return.' Butler's detachment consisted of a corps of Continental troops, two rifle
corps, under Majors Call and Willis, and about one hundred and twenty horsemen, undei
Major M'Pherson. Simcoe accomplished his purpose without opposition, and was hasten-
ing back to Williamsburg with a quantity of cattle procured from the planters, when he
was overtaken at Spencer's Ordinary by M'Pherson and his dragoons, arid a very severe
skirmish ensued. Both parties were ignorant of the real strength of each other, and maneu-
vered with caution. Simcoe believed the whole force of La Fayette to he near, and But-
ler supposed his detachment was fighting with the advanced guard of Cornwallis's army
The approach of the Americans was first discovered by trumpeter Barney, of the Queen's
Rangers, who was stationed as a vidette on an
eminence about half way between Lee's farm and
the road along which the patriots were approach-
ing. A body of cavalry, under Captain Shank,
were then dismounted at Lee's farm, where they
were foraging. Barney galloped toward Spencer's,
and this averted the blow which might have fallen
fatally upon the dismounted cavalry at Lee's, if
they had been seen by the Americans. The lat-
ter, perceiving the direction of the vidette's flight,
and concluding he was retreating to his corps,
pushed on toward Spencer's. The dragoons at
Lee's immediately mounted, and, dashing through
the wood, made a furious charge upon the right
flank of the Americans. In this onset Major
M'Pherson was thrown from his horse by Sergeant
Wright of the Rangers, and so severely hurt that
he did not again engage in the conflict. The
belligerents swept on beyond him, too intent upon
battle to stop for prisoners, and his life and liberty
were spared.
The infantry and rifle corps under Simcoe were
now brought into action. Butler's riflemen had also reached the scene of conflict. The
fence on each side of the road had been thrown down by Simcoe early in the morning, to
allow greater freedom for his troops. The action became general and fierce within an
eisrhth of a mile of Spencer's. Simcoe soon perceived that he could not win a victory by
fair fighting, and turned his attention to stratagem. While Captain Althouse with the
the creek, repaired the bridge sufficiently to pass over, and then utterly destroyed it. They then marched to
Cooper's Mills, nearly twenty miles from Williamsburg. Simcoe was anxious concerning his safety, for he
could not sain a word of reliable information respecting La Fayette's movements. He promised a great
reward to a Whig to 20 to the marquis's camp and return with information by the next morning, when his
detachment should march. The Whig went; but insteail of returning with information for Simcoe, he piloted
Wavne, with a considerable force, to the place of the Rangers' encampment. The fires were yet burning,
but the coveted prize had departed an hour before. — See Simcoe's Military Journal.
' Lieutenant-colonel Butler was Morgan's second in command at Saratoga.
Note. — The letters in the above map have reference as follows: A, American infantry; B, American
cavalry: C, the Queen's Hangers halting at the forks of the road: D, the Rangers in line, prepared lor
attack ; K. the eavalrv of the Queen's Hangers, foraging at Lee's farm ; F, the British cavalry, and B, the
American cavalry, contending at the beginning of 'he battle; G, the Rangers after the battle ; and H, I.
the line of retreat back to the road near Spencer's; 1\. trumpeter Barney, when he first discovered the
Americans and gave the alarm; L. the Yagers, commanded chiefly by Ewald ; M. a three-poundor near
Spencer's; N. Captain Althouse with British riflemen.
OF THE RE VO L U T I 0 N. ■> g g
Simcoe's Stratagem. A drawn Batik'. Tiro Loss. BuriMl with tbe Honors of War. March ofCornwallia from Williamsburg.
riflemen, and Captain Ewald with the Yagers, were engaged in fierce conflict with the
corps of Call and Willis, he moved the whole body of his mounted Rangers to an eminence
near Lees, displayed them imposingly in lull view of the Americans for a few moments, and
then withdrew them. This maneuver, as was intended, deceived the patriots. The march
of Simcoe was concealed from them by intervening hills and woods, and they did not sus-
pect the party thus displayed to be that partisan's Rangers. They believed them to be the
front of a more formidable force deploying in the rear, preparatory to a general charge. At
the same moment a three-pounder, which had been stationed upon the hill (M, in the plan),
near Spencer's, was discharged ; and, while its echoes were booming over the country, Shank,
with his cavalry, made another furious attack upon the main body of the Republicans, now
gathered more compactly in the road and the adjacent fields, a short distance from Spencer's.'
The idea that Cornwallis was advancing with artillery alarmed the Americans, and,
when Shank made his charge, they fell back in confusion upon the reserve corps of Conti-
nentals in the rear, and the battle ended. Simcce was quite as much afraid of the advance
of La Fayette and his force to the support of Butler, as was the latter of the appearance
of Cornwallis. He immediately formed his corps in retreating order, and pushed on toward
Williamsburg. Butler thought it imprudent to follow them; for he was informed that
Cornwallis, on hearing the first fire, commenced a march, with a strong force, to the sup-
port of Simcoe. Neither party could fairly claim a victory, though both parties did so. It
was a sort of drawn battle. The Americans returned to Tyre's plantation.
So widely different are the official accounts of the numbers lost in this engagement that
it is difficult to ascertain the truth. La Fayette states the loss of the British at sixty
killed and one hundred wounded, while Cornwallis says that only three officers and thirty
privates were killed and wounded. The latter also states that three American officers and
twenty-eight privates were taken prisoners. The number of the Americans killed has never
been named by our writers. Simcoe says, " It is certain they had a great many killed and
wounded, exclusive of prisoners ;" but this was merely conjecture. He also says that his
own groom was the only prisoner secured by the Americans, the bat-men at Lee's, who
were captured at the commencement of the action, having been rescued, except the groom.
Cornet Jones, a promising young officer of the Rangers, who was killed, was greatly be
loved, and was buried at Williamsburg, the next day, with military honors.2
At this time, Sir Henry Clinton, having received some intercepted letters written by
Washington, in which a plan for attacking New York was divulged,' became alarmed for
his safety. He accordingly made a requisition upon Cornwallis for a portion of his troops
to be sent immediately to New York. The earl, supposing himself too weak, after com-
plying with this requisition, to remain at Williamsburg, resolved to retire to Portsmouth,
near Norfolk. He broke up his encampment at Williamsburg on the -1th of July,3
and marched for Jamestown Island. He disposed of his troops in such a manner as
1 Simcoe's Journal, p. 226-236. Lee's Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department, p. 298-301.
- The expression " baried with military honors" is often used, but, I apprehend, often without a clear
understanding of its purport. The general reader may lie- interested in knowing in what consist " military
honors'1 in the sense here used. The rules generally adopted are as follows : The funeral of a commamier-
in-chief is saluted with three rounds of 11 pieces of cannon, 4 battalions, anil 6 squadrons ; thai of a lieu-
tenant general with three i ids of 9 pieecs of cannon. 3 battalions, and 4 squadrons ; that of a major gen-
eral with three rounds of 7 pieces of cannon. 1 battalion, and 2 squadrons ; that of colonel by his own bat-
talion (or an equal number by detachment), with three rounds of small-arms ; that of a lieutenant colonel
by 300 men and ollieers, with three rounds of small-arms; that of a major by 200 men and officers, with
three rounds of small-arms; that of a captain by his own company, or 70 rank and file, with three rounds
of small-arms ; that of a lieutenant by a lieutenant. 1 sergeant, 1 drummer. 1 filer, and ,'tli rank and file,
with three rounds of small-arms ; that of an ensign by 1 ensign, 1 sergeant. 1 drummer, and 27 rank and
file, with three rounds of small-arms; that of a sergeant by 1 sergeant and 10 rank and tile, with three
rounds of small-arms ; that of a corporal, musician, private man, drummer, or filer by 1 sergeant and 13
rank and tile, with three rounds ol small-arms. The pall is supported by officers of the same rank as that
if the deceased : if that number can not be had. officers next in seniority are to supply their place.
3 These letters, written by Washington for the express purpose of deceiving Sir Henry Clinton, have beer
noticed on pajje 781. vol, i.
I
260 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Movements of La Fayette. CornwallU'8 Stratagem. March from Green Spring. Colonel Armani)
to cover the ford, and the Queen's Rangers crossed over to the island the same evening.
The two succeeding days were employed in passing over the baggage of the army.
La Fayette was exceedingly active and vigilant. As soon as he was informed by Lieu-
tenant-colonel Mercer, who had been sent to reconnoiter, that Cornwallis had left Williams-
burg, he moved forward and encamped within nine miles of Jamestown. Upon the activity
and skill of Wayne the marquis relied with confidence. America had no truer or braver
officers in the field than the " French game-cock" and " Mad Anthony." The marquis,
who had steadily pursued the earl from Richmond, but always avoiding a general engage-
ment, now resolved to fall upon his rear, when the main body should have passed over to
Jamestown Island. Cornwallis suspected this design, and prepared for the emergency. He
encamped the greater portion of his army on the main land, as compactly as possible, and
sheltered from view by a dense pine forest. He also cast up a fortification on the right bank
of Powhatan Creek, by the Williamsburg road, the remains of which, I have just mentioned,
are still very prominent. He allowed but a few soldiers to make their appearance on the
edge of the wood ; deployed those on the island to the best advantage ; drew in his light out-
guards ; suffered his pickets to be insulted ; and, by every means in his power, gave the im-
pression that only his rear-guard was upon the main. These maneuvers of Cornwallis, and
abounding false intelligence, completely deceived La Fayette, and caused him to make an
attack upon the British, a step which involved his whole army in imminent peril.
La Fayette and his troops were at Green Spring plantation' on the morning of the 6th
of July." At sunrise, the whole country was enveloped in a fog ; at noon, an un-
clouded sun poured down its almost vertical rays with fierce intensity. Assured that
only the rear-guard of Cornwallis's army remained off" the island, the marquis moved from
Green Spring, at three o'clock in the afternoon, for the purpose of attacking them. This
late hour was judiciously chosen ; the heat was less oppressive, and, if deceived concerning
the numbers of the enemy on the main land, the night-shadows would favor a retreat. In
front of Green Spring mansion, and extending to the Williamsburg road from the lower ford
of the Chickahominy, where I crossed, was low, sunken ground, and a morass bridged by
a causeway of logs. Over this, in narrow files, the Americans were obliged to make their
way, and it was almost five o'clock before they arrived in sight of the British outposts. La
Fayette detached Wayne, with about eight hundred men, to make the attack. His ad-
vanced guard consisted of the rifle corps of Call and Willis, and a patrol of dragoons. These
were followed by the cavalry of ArmandV and Mercer's troops, led by Major M'Pherson,
1 See page 240.
8 Charles Armand, marquis de la Rouarie, was a French officer in the Continental army, who had been
^_^ ten years in military service before he came to this coun-
s* // try. On the I Oth of May, 1777, Congress gave him the
/ ySf\fl~-4^^S'j?s4s2s^/^^ commission of colonel, anil authorized him to raise a corps
4^~"/ys^r/rsp/S'^C'' ^) of Frenchmen, in number not exceeding two hundred men
./ v— / ^^^, — He was a zealous anj spirited olfieer, and did good service
^— — throughout the war. He was with La Fayette in New
Jersey, after the battle of Red Bank, in the fall of 1777. and the next year was actively engaged in West-
chester county, New York, in opposition to the corps of Simcoe and Emerick, and the Loyalists under Bare-
more. The iatter was captured by Armand, who, at one time, had his quarters at a house which stood on
the site of the present St. John's College, at Fordham. He was stationed at Ridgefield, in Connecticut,
under General Robert Howe, in the summer of 177!'. Belonging to his corps was a company of cavalry
called Marerhaussle* whose duties appertained chiefly to the police of the army. Armand's corps, ex-
clusive of this company, was incorporated with Pulaski's in February, 1780. Armand was with the army
under (Jates at Clermont, near Camden, in South Carolina, and was directed by that general to form an
advance attacking party in the nioht-march against Cornwallis at Camden. He censured the conduct ol
his general on that occasion very much. "I will not say," he remarked, "that the general contemplated
treason ; but I will say, that if he had desired to betray his army, he could not have chosen a more judi-
* The Mnrcchaussee was a useful corps. In an encampment, it was its business to patrol the camp and its vicinity, for the
purposr ol nii|»r. -In mlu— il,s. -iters, thieves, rioters, &c.. and soldiers who should be found violating the rules of the army
Strangers without passes were to be apprehended by tin in, and the sutlers in the army were umlir the control of the com
tnander of the corpB. In the time of action they v(%re to patrol the roads on both flanks of the army to arrest fugitives, and ap
prehend Uiose who might be skulking away.
OF THE KEVOLUTION. 261
The Bnttie Order. Attack upon the Outpost Enemy in fall Fores. Retreat of the Amcricuna.
who had recovered from the effects of his unhorsing at Spencer's. The Continental infantry,
chieHy Pennsylvania troops, under Wayne, supported the whole. La Fayette, with nine
hundred Continentals and some militia, halted after crossing the morass, to be in readiness
to support Wayne, if necessary. Steuben, with the main body of the militia, remained as
a reserve at Green Spring.
After moving about a mile, the van patrol were attacked by some of the enemy's Yagers
and the riflemen and militia commenced the attack upon the British pickets at about five
o'clock. A desultory fire was kept up for a few minutes, when the cavalry made a furious
charge, and the pickets were driven within their lines in great confusion and with consider-
able loss. The British outpost, which covered and concealed the main body of the royal
army, was now assailed by the riflemen, who were stationed in a ditch, near a rail fence
They were under the immediate direction of M'Pherson and Mercer, and terribly galled the
Yagers who garrisoned the point assailed, yet without driving them from their position.
The assailants were speedily joined by two battalions of Continental infantry, one under
.Major Galvan, and another under Major Willis, of Connecticut, supported by two pieces of
artillery, under the direction of Captain Savage. The Americans felt certain of victory,
and were about to leave the ditch and engage hand to hand with the enemy, when more
than two thousand of the royal troops were led from their concealment into action by Lieu-
tenant-colonel Yorke on the right, and Lieutenant-colonel Dundas on the left. The brigade
of the latter consisted of the forty third, seventy-sixth, and eightieth regiments, the flower
of Coniwallis's army. Yorke soon put to flight ihe American militia on the right ; but, on
the left, the riflemen, cavalry, and the Pennsylvania infantry sustained the unequal conflict
with great bravery. Superior numbers, however, overmatched skill and courage, and the
Americans, alter a sanguinary battle of ten minutes, gave way ; first the riflemen, then the
cavalry, and finally the whole body of infantry retreated in confusion upon Wayne's line,
which was drawn up in compact order in the field in front of the present residence of
Mr. Coke.
Wayne now perceived the whole breadth of Coniwallis's stratagem, and the imminence of
the danger which surrounded his troops. Already strong detachments were rapidly outflank-
ing him and gaining his rear, while a solid body of veterans were confronting him. It was a
moment of great peril. To retreat would be certain destruction to his troops ; a false move-
ment would involve the whole in ruin. Wayne's presence of mind never forsook him, and,
in moments of greatest danger, his judgment seemed the most acute and faithful. He now
instantly conceived a bold movement, but one full of peril. He ordered the trumpeters to
cions course." Armand was dissatisfied with the promotions in the army, for he perceived no chance for
himself to advance, yi't In' < tinned in faithful service. He went to France in February, 1781, to procure
clothing and ai trements, but came back again in time to join the army before Yorktown in October ol
that year. On the earnest recommendation of Washington, who knew his worth. Congress gave Colonel
Armand the commission of brigadier general in the s|iiin<i of 1783. He returned to France in 1784. In
a letter to Rochambeau, written in May ol thai year, Washington strongly recommended General Armand as
worthy of promotion in Ins own country. He was married, in 1 78(3, to a wealthy lady, belonging o, ;m ancient
family, and on that occasion wrote a letter to Washington, inviting him to come to Europe and partake
of the hospitalities of bis home. In his reply, Washington remarked. " I must confess I was a little pleased,
if not surprised, to find you think quite like an American on the subject of matrimony and domestic felicity ;
for, in my estimation, more permanent and genuine happiness is to be found in the sequestered walks of
connubial life than in the giddy rounds of promiscuous pleasure, or the more tumultuous and imposing scenes
of si,, sslul ambition. This sentiment will account in a degree for my not making a visit to Europe."
General Armand took an active part in the revolutionary movements in his own country, and became a
prisoner in the Bastile, for a time, in 1789. He participated in tin- sanguinary scenes in I. a \ end£e, during
the first year of the French Revolution. Sick when the news of the execution of Louis \\ 1. reached him,
it produced a powerful effect upon his weakened system. A crisis in his malady was induced, and. on the
30th of January. 1793, he expired. He was buried privately, by moonlight; but his remains were disin-
lerred by the Revolutionists within a month afterward, and the papers inhumed with him revealed the names
of associates, some of whom were afterward guillotined. General Armand was ol middle size, dark com-
plexion, urbane in deportment, polished in manners, an eloquent and persuasive speaker, and a practiced
marksman. He was greatly beioved by his friends, and his opponents were not his enemies.
262 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Wayne's Charge upon the British Line. Retreat of Cornwallis to Portsmouth. Tarleton's Expedition. Williamsburg.
sound a charge, and, with a full-voiced shout, his whole force, cavalry, riflemen, and infant-
ry, dashed forward in the face of a terrible storm of lead and iron, and smote the British
line with ball, bayonet, and cutlass so fiercely, that it recoiled in amazement. La Fayette,
who had personally reconnoitered the British camp from a tongue of land near the present
Jamestown landing, perceived the peril of Wayne, and immediately drew up a line of Con-
tinentals half a mile in the rear of the scene of conflict, to cover a retreat if Wayne should
attempt it. When the latter saw this, and perceived the flanking parties of the enemy
halting or retrograding, he sounded a retreat, and in good order his brave band fell back
upon La Fayette's line. Never was a desperate maneuver better planned or more success-
fully executed. Upon that single cast of the die depended the safety of his corps. It was
a winning one for the moment, and the night-shadows coming on. the advantage gained
was made secure.
Cornwallis was astonished and perplexed by the charge and retreat. The lateness of the
hour, and the whole movement, made him view the maneuver as a lure to draw him into
an ambuscade ; and, instead of pursuing the Republicans, he called in his detachments,
ajuiy9, crossed over to Jamestown Island during the evening, and three days afterward3
1781. crossed the James R.iver with the largest portion of his troops, and proceeded by
easy marches to Portsmouth.' The other portion of his army, pursuant to General Clin-
ton's requisition, embarked in transports for New York.3 In this action, according to La
Fayette, the Americans lost one hundred and eighteen men3 (including ten officers), in
killed, wounded, and prisoners; also the _>vo pieces of cannon, which they were obliged to
leave on the field, the horses attached to them having been killed. The British loss was
five officers wounded, and seventy-five privates killed and wounded.'
The Americans, under La Fayette, remained in the vicinity of Williamsburg until the
arrival of the combined armies, nearly two months afterward, on their way to besiege Corn-
wallis at Yorktown.
bDec. 20, I arrived at Williamsburg at noon," and proceeded immediately to search out
1848- the interesting localities of that ancient and earliest incorporated town in Virginia.
They are chiefly upon the main street, a broad avenue pleasantly shaded, and almost as
quiet as a rural lane. I first took a hasty stroll upon the spacious green in front of Will-
iam and Mary College, the oldest literary institution in America except Harvard University.6
The entrance to the green is flanked by stately live oaks, cheering the visitor in winter with
their evenrreen foliage. In the center of the green stands the mutilated statue of Lord
Botetourt, the best beloved of the colonial governors. This statue was erected in the old
capital in 1774, and in 1797 it was removed to its present position. I did not make a
sketch of it, because a student at the college promised to hand me one made by his own
1 Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton and his legion were dispatched on the 9th to New London, in Bedford
county, nearly two hundred miles distant, to destroy some stores destined for Greene's army at the South,
said to be in that district. Tarleton, with his usual celerity, passed through Petersburg!) the same evening.
and pushed forward toward the Blue Ridge. He was disappointed, for he could find no magazines ol
stores. He was also informed that Greene was besieging Ninety-Six, and successfully reconquering the
districts over which the British had marched victoriously. He returned toward the sea-hoard, and rejoined
Cornwallis at Suffolk on the 24th. The whole army then proceeded to Portsmouth.
2 Before they left Hampton Roads, Cornwallis received orders to retain these troops, and occupy some
defensible position in Virginia.
3 Stedman savs (ii., 395) the American loss "amounted to about three hundred." That officer (who
belonged to the surgeon's staff) was with Cornwallis at Jamestown. He gives the whole number of the
British loss at seventy-five.
* Marshall, i., 439, 440; Stedman, ii., 394, 395; Girardin ; Simcoe's Journal; Howison.
6 William and Mary College was founded in lfi92, and the sovereigns whose name it bears granted
the corporation twenty thousand acres of land as an endowment. In lu'93 the building was erected. It is
of brick, and large enough to accommodate one hundred students. For its support a penny a pound duty
on certain tobacco exported from Virginia and Maryland was allowed, also a small duty on liquors
imported, and furs and skins exported. From these resources it received ample support. It was former-
ly allowed a representation in the House of Burgesses. There is now a law school connected with the
institution.
OF THE REVOLUTION
Remains of Dunmore' s Palace.
Brenton Church.
Lord Botetourt.
His Reception in Virginia.
263
Kkmains of Dvnxobb'9 Palace.
pencil before I left the place. He neglected to do so. and therefore I can five nothing pie-
torially of •• the good Governor Botetourt,"' the
predecessor of Dunmore.
I next visited the remains of the palace of Lord
Dunmore. the last royal governor of Virginia. Il
is situated at the head of a broad and beautiful
court, extending northward from the main street,
in front of the City Hotel. The palace was con-
structed of brick. The center building was acci-
dentally destroyed by lire, jvhile occupied by the
French troops immediately after the surrender of
Cornwallis at Yorktown. It was seventy-four feet long and sixty-eight feet wide, and oc-
cupied the site of the old palace of Governor Spottswood, at the beginning of the eighteenth
century. Attached to the palace were three hundred and sixty acres of land, beautifully
laid out in gardens, parks, carriage-ways, and a bowling-
green. Dunmore imported some fine linden-trees from
Scotland, one of which, still in existence, is one of the
finest specimens of that tree I have ever seen. In
vice-regal pomp and pageantry Dunmore attempted to
reign among the plain republicans of Virginia ; but
his day of grandeur and power soon passed away, and
the sun of his official glory set amid darkest clouds. All
that remains of this spacious edifice are the two wings
seen in the engraving above ; the one on the right was
the office, the one on the left was the guard-house.
A little eastward of Palace Street or Court, is the
public square, on which area are two relics of the olden
time, Brenton Church, a cruciform structure with a
Bbbnton Chubch.
steeple,' and the old Magazine, an octagon building, erected during the administra-
tion of Governor Spottswood. a The sides of the latter are each twelve feet in hori-
» 1716
' Norborne Berkeley (Baron de Botetourt) obtained his peerage in 1764. He was appointed Governor
of Virginia in July. 1768, to succeed General Amherst. He arrived at Williamsburg in October, and was
received with every demonstration of respect. After taking the oath of office, and swearing in the mem-
bers of his majesty's council, he supped with the government dignitaries at the Raleigh Tavern. The citv
was illuminated during the evening, and halls and festivities succeeded.* His administration was mild and
judicious. He died at Williamsburg October 15, 1770. and was succeeded by John Murray, earl of Dun-
more. The following year the Assembly resolved to erect a statue to his memory, which was accordingly
done in 1774.
' This church was built at about the commencement of the last century, and was the finest one in Amer-
ica at that time. Hugh Jones, who wrote " The present Slate of Virginia," &c., and who was one of the
earliest lecturers in that church, speaks of it as " nicely resular and convenient, and adorned as the best
churches in London." I was informed that the pew of Governor Spottswood remained in the church to
its original character until within a few years. It was raised from the floor and covered with a canopy,
and upon the interior was his name in gilt letters.
• In an ode sung on the occasion, the following air,
first independent paper published in Virginia,
nest Hia J'xcfllfncv comes.
To cheer Virginia's plains !
Fill your brisk bowls, ye loyal sons.
And sing your loftiest strains.
Be this your glory, this your hoast.
Loud Botetourt s tile favorite toast!
Triumphant vrreaflifl entwine.
Fill your bumpers swiftly round,
And make your spacious rooms rebound
With music, joy. and wine.
recuniitc. and dua occur. It is copied from the " Virginia Gazette,'' the
RX< I TATIVF.
Search every garden, strip the shrubby bowers.
And strew his path with sweet autumnal flowers!
V, virgUll baste, prepare the fragrant rose.
And with triumphant laurels crown his brows.
Duet.
Enter virgins teith flowers, laurels, tee.
See, we've stripp'il each flowery bed;
II, r--'- laurels for his lordly head ,
And while Virginia is his care.
May be protect the virtuous fair!
LMi 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ancient Powder Magazine.
The Old Capitol.
Resumption of the Historical Narrative.
Plan of Williamsburg
The Old Magazine.
zontal extent. Surrounding it, also in octagon form, is a massive brick wall, which was
constructed when the building was erected.
This wall is somewhat dilapidated, as seen
in the engraving. The building was oc-
cupied as a Baptist meeting-house when I
visited Williamsburg, and I trust it may
never fall before the hand of improvement,
for it has an historical value in the minds
of all Americans. The events which hal-
low it will be noticed presently.
On the square fronting the magazine is
the court-house. It stands upon the site
of the old capital, in which occurred many
interesting events connected with the his-
tory of our War for Independence The
present structure was erected over the ashes of the old one, which was burned in 1832.
Around it are a few of the old bricks, half buried in the green sward, and these compose
the only remains of the Old Oapitdl.' While leaning against
the ancient wall of the old magazine, and, in the shadow of
its roof, contemplating the events which cluster that locality
with glorious associations, I almost lost cognizance of the
present, and beheld in reverie the whole pageantry of the
past march in review. Here let us consult the oracle of
history, and note its teachings.
At the close of the last chapter we considered the destruc-
tion of Jamestown, the termination of " Bacon's rebellion,"
and the departure and death of Governor Berkeley- To
make the events connected with the opening scenes of the Revolution in Virginia intelligi-
ble, we will briefly note the most prominent links in the chain of circumstances subsequent
to the desolation of the ancient capital.
We have noticed the unrighteous gift of Charles the Second, of the fairest portions of
1 This view is from the square, looking southeast. South ol" it is a neat frame building, which was oc-
cupied hy President Tyler before his election to the office of Vice-president of the United States.
- Jones describes the capitol which preceded the one in question, and which was destroyed by fire in
1746. He says, "Fronting the college [William and Mary], at near its whole breadth, is extended a
>treet, mathematically straight — for the first design of the town's form is changed to a much better* — just
three quarters of a mile in length, at the other end of which stands the capitol. a noble, beautiful, and com-
modious pile as any of its kind, built at the cost of the late queen [Anne], and by direction of the governor"
[Spottswood] '" The building is in the form of an H, nearly ; the secretary's office and
the general court taking up one side below stairs, the middle being a handsome portico, leading to the clerk
of the Assembly's ollice and the House of Burges>es on the other side ; which last is not unlike the House
of Commons. In each wing is a good stair-case, one leading to the council-chamber, where the governor
and council sit in very jrreat state, in imitation of the kino; and council, or the lord chancellor and House
"I Lords The whole is surrounded with a neat area, encompassed with a yood wall, and near
it is a strong and sweet prison lor criminals ; ami. on the other side of the <5pen court, another for debtors."
On account of other public buildings having been burned, the use of fire, candles, and tobacco in the capi-
tol was forbidden ; nevertheless, it was destroyed by fire.
3 This is from an engraving in Howe's Historical Collections of Virginia, page 329. Mr. Howe obtained
the drawing from a lady of Williamsburg, ro whose patriotic taste our countrymen are indebted for a rep-
resentation of the edifice which was the" focus of rebellion in Virginia.
1 lie. i ilu Capitol.3
' The original plan of Williamsburg was in the form of a cipher, made of the letters W and M, the initials of William and
Mary. Its site was known as the Middle Plantation while Jamestown was the capital. Situated upon a ridge nearly equidis-
fane from the York and James Rivers, it was an eligible place for a town, and there Governor Nicholson established the capital
,n 1698. It was the residence of the royal governors, ami the capital of the colony, until the War of the Revolution, and was.
from that circumstance, the center o£ Virginia r, Gneinent Vet. in its palmiest days, the population of Williamsburg did not
exceed twenty-nVe hundred. Many of its present inhabitants are descendants of the old stock of Virginia aristocracy; and an
eminent seat of Learning Is Lng Located there, no place riouth is more distinguished for taste and refinement than Williamsburg
ill proportion to its population.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Culpepper. Lord Howard and Nicholson. Federal Union proposed. Orkney and his Deputies. Spottswood
Virginia to his two favorites, Arlington and Culpepper.* Two years after this
grant, Culpepper, who possessed the whole domain between the Rappahannock and
Potomac Rivers, was appointed governor for life. He was proclaimed soon after the de-
parture of Berkeley. Virginia was thus changed into a proprietary government, like Mary-
land and Pennsylvania. Culpepper came to Virginia in 1090, and was more intent upon
enriching himself than advancing the prosperity of the colonists. He was speedily impover-
ishing Virginia, when the grant was recalled.1' He was deprived of his office, and
° ~ b 1684.
the province again became a royal demesne. Arlington had already assigned his
rights to Culpepper. The name of the latter is ignoble in the annals of that colony, yet it
is perpetuated by the name of a county given in his honor, a distinction awarded generally
to men whose actions were praiseworthy.
Lord Howard, of Effingham, who succeeded Culpepper as governor, was not more popu-
lar ; for he, too, was governed by avaricious motives, and practiced meaner acts to accom-
plish his purposes of gain than his predecessor. Desiring to please his royal master, he put
all penal laws in full force, particularly those against printing and the restrictions of the
Navigation Act. The bigot, James the Second, the successor of Charles, continued Effing-
ham in office ; but when that monarch was driven from the throne,0 the governor
. c 168?.
returned to England. William the Third reappointed him, but with the stipulation
that he should remain in England, and a deputy should exercise his functions in Virginia
[lis deputy was Francis Nicholson, a man of genius and taste, who came to Virginia in
1690. Two years afterward, Sir Edmund Andross, the infamous tool of James the Second,
was made governor, and succeeded Nicholson. He administered the government badly until
1698, when he was recalled, and Nicholson was reinstated. On the return of that officer
to Virginia, he moved the seat of government to the Middle Plantations, and Williamsburg
was thenceforth the capital of the province for eighty years.
Governor Nicholson, who was a bold and ambitious man, conceived a scheme for uniting
all the Anglo-American colonies. His plan was similar in its intended results to that of
Andross, attempted twelve years before, when James issued a decree for uniting the New
England colonies. Nicholson's ostensible object was the mutual defense of all the colonies
against the encroachments of the French on the north, and the Indians made hostile by them
along the frontiers. He submitted his plan to the king, who heartily approved of it, and
recommended the measure to the colonial assemblies. Virginia refused to listen to any such
scheme, and Nicholson's ambitious dream was dissolved in a moment. Greatly chagrined,
he villified the Virginians ; impressed William and Mary with an idea that they were dis-
loyal ; and represented to the ministers of Queen Anned that they were " imbued
with republican notions and principles, such as ought to be corrected and lowered in
time." He memorialized the queen to reduce all the American colonies under a viceroy,
and establish a standing army among them, to be maintained at their own expense, declaring
" that those wrong, pernicious notions were improving daily, not only in Virginia, hut in all
her majesty's other governments." Anne and her ministers did not approve of his
scheme, and the Virginians becoming restive under his administration, he was recalled.0
The Earl of Orkney succeeded Nicholson as governor, but exercised the functions of the
office through deputies. He enjoyed the sinecure for thirty-six years. His first deputies
were Mott and Jennings ; the first remaining in office one year, and the other four years
In 171 0, Jennings was succeeded by Sir Alexander Spottswood,1 one of the most acceptable
1 In 1757, a son of Colonel Spottswood, who was with a company scouting for Indians on the frontier,
wandered from his companions, and was lust. His remains were found near Fort Duquesne. An elegaie
poem, founded on t he circumstances, was published in Martin's Miscellany, in London. The writer assumes
that he was killed by the Indians, and says,
" Courageous youth I were now thine honor'd sire " May Forbes yet live the cruel debt to pBy, ■
To breathe again, and rouce his wonted tire, And ivash the blood of Bradd»ck'» field away ;
N..r French nor Shawnee durst his rage provoke, Then fair Ohio's blushing waves may tell
From great Potomac's spring to Roanoke." How Union's fought, and how each hero fell."*
* See page 279.
a66 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Character of Spottswood. Conflicting Claims of the French and English. Injustice toward the Indians. The Ohio Cnmpmiy
governors Virginia ever had. He was liberal-minded and generous, and at once reversed
the usual practice of royal governors, by making his private interest, if necessary, subservi-
ent to the public good.' He promoted internal improvements, set ail example of elegant
hospitality, encouraged learning, revered religion, and if he had been the royal representa-
tive when the eloquence of Henry aroused every generous heart in the Old Dominion, he
would doubtless have been among the boldest rebels of the day. From the close of his ad-
ministration in 1722, until the commencement of difficulties with the French and Indians,
more than twenty years afterward, Virginia continued to increase in wealth, and general
happiness and prosperity prevailed within its borders.3
We have already considered the most important events connected with the French em-
pire in America which occurred along our northern frontier, and alluded to the fact that,
in the ambitious scheme for gaining the mastery of this continent, the French made strenu-
ous efforts to form a continuous chain of military works from the northern lakes to the Gulf
of Mexico. Upon widely different grounds did the French and English base their claims
to the possession of the territory west of the Alleghany Mountains. The former claimed
a rio-ht to the soil because of prior actual occupation ; the latter claimed the domain as
their own on account of the discovery of the Atlantic coast by the Cabots, before the French
had made any settlements. The Pacific coast was considered as the western boundary.
Upon the principle of settling claims by drawing a line interiorly at right angles from the
coast discovered, the French, from their undisputed province of Acadia, might have claimed
almost the whole of New England, and one half of New York, with all the lakes. It was
x difficult question, while the argument rested upon a foundation of unrighteousness.'
The French had long occupied Detroit. They had explored the Mississippi Valley,
formed settlements at Kaskaskias and Vincennes (the former now in the southern portion of
Illinois, and the latter in the south part of Indiana), and along the northern border of the
Gulf of Mexico, when the dispute arose. To vindicate their claims to the country they had ex-
plored, they commenced building forts. These the English viewed with jealousy, and determ-
ined to contravene the evident attempts to supersede them in the empire of the New World.
In 1749, a royal grant of six hundred thousand acres of land on the Ohio River was
made to a number of English merchants and Virginia planters, who, under the name ol
The Ohio Company, had associated for the ostensible purpose of trade. The British min-
istry, anticipating early hostility with France, had also sent out orders to the governor oi
Virginia to build two forts near the Ohio River, for the purpose of securing possession. But
the order came too late ; already the French were planting fortifications in that direction.
The establishment of this trading company was the first positive intimation which the French
had received of the intention of the English to vindicate their claims. They regarded the
movement as the incipient steps toward a destruction of their western trade with the In-
1 I have in my possession a document, signed by Spottswood, to which is attached the great seal of Vir-
ginia, a huge disk of beeswax, four and a half inches in diameter, on one side of which is impressed the
English arms, and on the other a figure of Britannia, holding a scepter in one hand and a globe in the
other and receiving the obeisance of an Indian queen, who, bowed upon one knee, is presenting a bunch
of the tobacco plant to her.
2 In the early part of his administration. Governor Spottswood led, in person, an expedition over the Blue
Rid<*e, beyond which no white man's foot had yet trodden in that direction, and obtained glimpses of those
glorious valleys which stretch away along the tributaries of the mighty Mississippi. In commemoration
of this event, Kin" George the First conferred upon him the honor of knighthood, and in allusion to the
fact that he commanded a troop of mounted men on the occasion, he Was presented with a gold miniature
horseshoe, set with garnets, on which was inscribed the motto, Sic jurat tramccndcrc mantes, "Thus he
swears to cross the mountains."
3 In these discussions the natives, the original proprietors of the soil, were not considered. The intruding
Europeans assumed sovereignty and possession without ever pretending to have purchased a mod of the
soil from the aboriginal owners. It is related that when Mr. Gist went into the Ohio Valley on a tour of ob-
servation for the Ohio Company, a messenger was sent by two Indiar »achems to inquire, "Where is the
Indian's land ? The English claim it all on one side of the river, the French on the other; where does the
Indian's land lay." The true answer to that question would have been, " Every where," and the intruders
should have withdrawn from the soil and closed their lips in shame.
OF THE REVOLUTION 267
Jealousy of Ihc French. F.rection of Forts. Dinwiddie's Measures. George Washington sent to the French Commandant
dians, and to break their communication between New France or Canada, and Louisiana.
"With such impressions they resolved on defensive measures — aggressive ones too, if neces-
sary. A pretense was not long wanting. While some English traders were engaged in
their vocation near the present site of Pittsburgh, they were seized by some French and In-
dians, and conveyed to Presque Isle, now the town of Erie, on the lake of that name The
object was to learn from them the designs of the English in Virginia. In retaliation tin
this outrage, the Twightwees,' a body of Indians friendly to the iMiglish, seized some French
traders, and sent them to Pennsylvania. Bitter animosity was now engendered, and it was
intensified by those national and religious feuds which had so long made the English and
French inimical to each other. Finally, the French began the erection of forts on the south
side of Lake Erie, sending troops across the lakes with munitions of war, and forwarding
bodies of armed men from New Orleans. One fort was built at Presque Isle (now Erie) ;
another at Le Bceuf (now Waterford), on the head waters of the Venango (now French
Creek2), and a third at Venango (now Franklin, the capital of Venango county, Pennsyl-
vania, at the junction of French Creek with the Alleghany). The Ohio Company com-
plained, and Robert Dinwiddie,3 the lieutenant governor of Virginia, within whose jurisdic-
tion the offensive movement occurred, felt called upon to send a formal remonstrance to the
French commandant, M. De St. Pierre, and demand a withdrawal of his troops. The mis-
sion was an exceedingly delicate one, and demanded the exercise of great courage, iliscre
tion, and judgment. George Washinston, then a young man of twenty-one, was chosen
from among the hundreds of the Virginia aristocracy, to execute this commission of trust.
At the age of nineteen he had received the appointment of adjutant general of one of the
four military districts of Virginia, with the rank of major. The appointment was as credit-
able to the sagacity of Dinwiddie as it was flattering to the young officer.
On the 31st of October, 1753, Major Washington, bearing a letter from Dinwiddie to
the French commandant of the Western posts, left Williamsburg. At Fredericksburg he
engaged Jacob Vanbraam, a Dutchman, to accompany him as French interpreter, and John
Davidson as Indian interpreter, and then turned his face toward the wilderness. Before
him was a journey of more than five hundred miles. At the junction of Will's Creek
with the Potomac (now Cumberland, in Maryland), fourteen days journey from Williams-
burg, he was joined by Mr. Gist (mentioned in a note on page 2 6 6) and four other , NoY H
men, two of them Indian traders.1 This point, at the mouth of Will's Creek on 1753'
the Potomac, was on the verge of civilization, and near the lofty Alleghanies, then covered
with snow. Over these the little party pushed their way, enduring every hardship incident
to a dreary wilderness and the rigors of winter. The streams in the valleys were swollen,
and upon frail rafts the travelers crossed them ; or, when occasion demanded, they entered
the chilling flood, and, by wading or swimming, accomplished a passage. At length they
reached the forks of the Ohio,1' at the present site of Pittsburgh, and, after resting
r c l» Nov. 23
part of a day, they hastened onward twenty miles down the river, to Logstown (now
in Beaver county), accompanied by Shingias. a chief sachem of the Delawares.
There Washington called the surrounding Indian chiefs together in council,0 made
1 According to Mr. Gist, who visited them in 1751, the Twightwees, or Tuigtuis, as the French wrote
it. were a very numerous people, composed of many tribes. At that time they were in amity with the Six
Nations, and were considered the most powerful body of Indians westward of the English settlements
While they resided on the Wabash, they were in the interests of the French, but left them, came eastward,
and joined the fortunes of the English. Some assert that the Twightwees and the Ottawas were the same,
originally. They were the same as the present lliamies.
; This is called Beef River on Bouquet's map.
3 The first successor of S potts wood in the chair of administration was Hugh Drysdale, in 1722, who was
succeeded by William Gooch in 1727. In 1749, Thomas Lee. president of the council, was acting govern-
or, and, in 1750. Lewis Burwell held the same responsible office. Robert Dinwiddie was appointed lieu-
tenant governor in 1752. He administered the office for six years, and was succeeded by Francis Fauquier
Ten vears later (1768), Lord Botetourt was appointed, and from the period of his death until the arrival
ol Lord Dunmore, the last of the royal governors, William Nelson, father of one of the signers of the Dpc
laration of Independence, was acting governor.
2@g PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Friendly Offices of the Indians. St Pierre. His Letter to Dinwiddie. Washington's Journfy. Preparations for Whi
known to them the ohjects of his visit, and solicited a guide to conduct him to the French
encampment, one hundred and twenty miles distant. The request was complied with, and
Tanacharison1 (Half King), with two other chiefs,' and a bold hunter, accompanied Wash-
ington and his little band. After suffering terrible hardships, they reached the French
camp. At Venango, a French outpost, attempts were made to detain the Indians, though
• Dec 5 Joncaire, the commandant, received Washington with civility." The head-quar
1753. ters 0f tne French were higher up the stream, at Fort Le Boeuf, and there the
Virginia commissioner was received with great politeness by M. De St. Pierre.1'
i) Dec. 12. . , . ...
After a perilous journey of forty-one days, Washington had reached his destination
St. Pierre was an elderly man, a knight of the order of St. Louis. He entertained Wash-
ington and his party for four days with cordial hospitality, and then delivered to him a sealed
reply to Governor Dinwiddie's letter.3 In the mean while, Washington and his attendants
made full observations respecting the fort and garrison, construction of the works, numbers
of cannon, &c. ; information of much value. After a journey marked by more perils and
hardships than the first,' a large portion of which Major Washington and Mr. Gist per-
<■ Jan. 16, formed alone and on foot, the former reached Williamsburg, c having been absent
1754. eleven weeks.6
Dinwiddie was greatly incensed when he opened the letter of St. Pierre. That officer,
writing like a soldier, said it did not belong to him as a subaltern to discuss treaties ; that
such a message as Washington bore should have been sent to the Marquis Duquesne, gov-
ernor of Canada, by whose instructions he acted, and whose orders he should obey ; and
that the summons to retire could not be complied with. There could be no longer a doubt
of the hostile designs of the French.8 Governor Dinwiddie called his council together, and,
without waiting for the Burgesses to convene, took measures for the expulsion of their troub-
lesome neighbors from Virginia soil. The council advised the enlistment of two companies,
of one hundred men each, for the service ; and the Ohio Company sent out a party of thirty
men to erect a fort at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers (Pittsburgh),
a spot which Washington strongly recommended as most eligible, and to enlist men among
1 This chief was a bold and patriotic man. He warned both the English and the French to leave the
country. He had felt the encroachments of the French, by their taking actual possession of large tracts of
land ; but as yet he mistook the character of the English, and believed that they came simply to trade with
his race. He and his brethren soon learned, by fearful experience, that the French and English were
equally governed by whatever policy was necessary for the accomplishment of those acts of rapacity and
injustice which are sanctioned by the law of nations ! " Fathers," said Tanacharison to the French,
" The Great Bein<r above allowed this land to be a place of residence for us, so I desire you to withdraw,
as I have done our brothers the English ; for I will keep you at arm's length. I lay this down as a trial
for both, to see which will have the greatest regard to it, and that side we will stand by. and make equal
shares with us." The French treated him with contempt, and hence he was the friend of the English
2 Jeskakake and White Thunder.
3 Dinwiddie, in his letter, asserted that the lands on the Ohio belonged to the Crown of Great Britain ,
expressed surprise at the encroachments of the French ; demanded by whose authority an armed force had
crossed the lakes, and urged their speedy departure.
* On one occasion, an Indian, supposed to have been induced by Joncaire, at Venango, attempted to shoot
them. On another occasion, after working a whole day in constructing a frail raft, they attempted to cross
the swift current of the Alleghany, then filled with drifting ice. Their raft was destroyed among the ice,
and the travelers, drenched in the river, were cast upon a desert island, where they lav upon the snow all
nio-ht. In the morning the ice over the other channel was sufficiently strong to bear them. They crossed
over and toward evening reached the house of Frazicr (who was a lieutenant under captain Trent the fo|.
lowing May), near the spot where a year and a half afterward was fought the battle of the .Monongahela.
The island on which they were cast now bears the name of Washington's Island. It is directly opposite
the United States Arsenal, at Lawrenceville, two or three miles above Pittsburgh.
6 See Washington's Journal. This journal was published in the newspapers here, and also in England
and France, where it excited great attention.
" Washington says in his Journal, in reference to the imprudence of Joncaire and his party, on account
of too free indulgence in wine : " They told me that it was their absolute design to take possession of
the Ohio, and by God they would do it; for that, although they were sensible the English could rai>-e two
men to their one, yet they knew their motions were too slow and dilatory to prevent an) undertal>;ug n(
theirs."
OF THE REVOLUTION 269
Expedition against the French. Attack upon the Virginians. Fort Duquesne. Fort Necessity- Surprise i>f Jumonville
the traders on the frontier. The command of the two companies was given to Major
Washington, one of which was to be raised by himself; the other by Captain Trent, who
was to collect his men among the traders in the back settlements. Washington proceeded
to Alexandria, while Trent went to the frontier and collected his corps in the neighborhood
of the Ohio Fork.
When the Virginia Assembly met, they voted ten thousand pounds toward supporting
the expedition to the Ohio The Carolinas also voted twelve thousand pounds. With
this aid, and promises of more, Dinwiddie determined to increase the number of men to be
sent to the Ohio to three hundred, to be divided into six companies. Colonel Joshua Fry1
was appointed to the command of the whole, and Major Washington was made his lieu
tenant. Ten cannons and other munitions of war were sent to Alexandria for the use of
the expedition.
Washington left Alexandria, with two companies of troops, on the 2d of April,"
and arrived at Will's Creek on the 20th. He was joined on the route by Captain
Adam Stephen, the general who was cashiered after the battle at Germantown, twenty-
three years subsequently. When about to move on, Ensign Ward arrived with the intel-
ligence that Captain Trent's corps, with those sent out by the Ohio Company to construct
a fort at the Ohio Fork (now Pittsburgh), had been obliged to surrender the post to a French
force of one thousand men, most of them Indians, under Monsieur Contrecajur.30
This was the first overt act of hostility — this was the beginning of the French and
Indian war, which lasted seven years. The French completed the fort taken from Trent,
and called it Duquesne, in honor of the governor general of Canada.
Washington pushed forward with one hundred and filly men,0 to attempt to re- c May l,
trieve this loss, confident that a larger Ibrce than his own, under Colonel Fry, would 17M
speedily follow. He marched for the junction of the lied Stone Creek and Monongahela
River, thirty-seven miles from Fort Duquesne, where he intended to fortify himself, and wait
lor the arrival of Colonel Fry, with artillery. On the way, he received intelligence from
Half Kingd that a French force was then marching to attack the English, wher-
ever they might be found. Washington was now a few miles beyond the Great
Meadows, an eligible place for a camp, and thither he returned and threw up an intrench-
ment, which he called Fort Necessity, from the circumstances under which it was erected.
On the 27th, he received another message from Half King, informing him that he had dis-
covered the hiding-place of a French detachment of fifty men. With a few Indians, and
forty chosen troops, Washington proceeded to attack them. They were found in a well-
sheltered place among rocks, and, assaulting them by surprise, he defeated them after a severe
skirmish of ten minutes. Ten of the Frenchmen were killed (among whom was M. De
Jumonville, the commander), one wounded, and twenty-one made prisoners. Washington
had only one man killed, and two or three wounded. The prisoners were conducted to
Fort Necessity, and from thence sent over the mountains into Eastern Virginia.3
1 Joshua Fry was a native of Somersetshire, England, and was educated at Oxford. He was at one
time professor of mathematics in William and Mary College, Williamsburg; was subsequently a member
of the House of Burgesses, and served as a commissioner in running the boundary line between Virginia and
North Carolina. With Peter Jefferson, he made a map of Virginia, and by these employments became well
acquainted with the frontier regions. In 1752, he was one of the Virginia commissioners for making a
treaty with the Indians at Logstown. His integrity, experience, and knowledge of the Indian cbaraetei
qualified him to command the expedition against the French in 1754. He died at Will's Creek, while on
Ins way to the Ohio, on the 31st of May, 1754.
2 Ensign Ward was in command of the post when the enemy approached] Captain Trent being then at
Will's Creek, and Lieutenant Frazier at his residence, ten miles distant. The whole number of men under
Ward was onlv Forty-one.
3 The French made a great clamor about this skirmish, declaring that Jumonville was the bearer of dis-
patches ; and French writers unjustly vilified the character of Washington, by representing the affair as a
massacre. Cotemporary evidence clearly indicates that Jumonville's embassy was a hostile, not a peaceful
one ; and, as Contrccreur had commenced hostilities by capturing the fort at the Ohio Fork. Washingtor
was justified in his conduct by the rules of war.
a70 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Death of Colonel Fry. Washington in Command. Fort Necessity. Washington's Return home. The Great Meadows.
Two days after Washington wrote his dispatch to Colonel Fry, communicating the facts
respecting the attack on the French, that officer died at Will's Creek. a His troops,
intended to re-enforce Washington, were sent forward, and swelled his little army to
four hundred men. On the death of Fry, the chief command of the expedition devolved
upon Washington, and with his inadequate force he proceeded to attack Fort Duquesne
He held a council of war at Gist's plantation, where information was received that the
French at Duquesne were re-enforced, and were preparing to march against the English.
Captain Mackay, with his South Carolina company, and Captains Lewis and Poison, with
their detachments, were summoned to rendezvous at Gist's plantation, where another council
was held, and a retreat was resolved upon. The intrenchments thrown up at Gist's were
abandoned, and, with their ammunition and stores, the whole party reached Fort Necessity
on the first of July. u There, on account of great fatigue, and suffering from hunger.
I, 1754 J . . . «
they halted, and commenced the construction of a ditch and abatis, and strengthened
the stockades.1
On the third of July, a French force under M. De Villiers, Jumonville's brother, reported
to be nine hundred strong, approached to the attack of Fort Necessity. It was about eleven
o'clock when they came within six hundred yards of the outworks, and began an ineffectual
fire. Colonel Washington had drawn up his little band outside the trenches, and ordered
his men to reserve their fire until the enemy were near enough to do execution. But the
French were not inclined to leave the woods and make an assault upon the works. At
sunrise, rain had begun to fall, and toward noon it came down in torrents, accompanied by
vivid lightning. The trenches into which Colonel Washington ordered his men were filled
with water, and the arms of the provincials were seriously injured. A desultory fire was
kept up the whole day by both parties, without any decisive result, when De Villiers sent
proposals to capitulate. Washington at first declined, but on consultation with his officers,
and being assured there was no chance of victory over such overwhelming numbers, he con-
sented, and highly honorable terms were conceded. The English were allowed to march
out of the fort with all the honors of war, retaining their baggage, and every thing except
their artillery, and to return to Will's Creek unmolested. Washington agreed to restore
the prisoners taken at the skirmish with Jumonville,3 and that the English should not at-
tempt to erect any establishment beyond the mountains for the space of one year. On their
march from the fort, a party of one hundred Indians, who came to re-enforce the French,
surrounded them, and menaced them with death. They plundered their baggage, and com-
mitted other mischief.
The provincials finally arrived at Will's Creek, and Washington, with Captain Mackay.
proceeded to Williamsburg, where the former communicated to Dinwiddie, in person, the
events of the campaign.3 The House of Burgesses of Virginia approved generally of the
conduct of the campaign, and passed a vote of thanks to Washington and his officers.1 The
1 The Great Meadows, where Fort Necessity was built, is a level bottom, cleft by a small creek. Around
it are hills of a moderate height and gradual ascent. The bottom is about two hundred and fifty yards
wide where the fort was erected. It wa-s a point well chosen, being about one hundred yards from the
upland or wooded grounds on one side, and about a hundred and fifty on the other. The creek afforded
water for the fort. On the side nearest the wood were three entrances, protected by short breast-works
or bastions. The site of this fort is three or four hundred yards south of what is now called the National
Road, four miles from the foot of Laurel Hill, and fifty miles from Cumberland, at Will's Creek. When
Mr. Sparks visited the site in 1830, the lines of the fort were very visible. — See Sparks's Writingt of Wash-
ington, ii., 457.
a This part of the capitulation the governor refused to ratify, because the French, after the surrender,
took eight Englishmen prisoners, and sent them to Canada. Vanbraam and Stobo, whom Washington left
with De Villiers, as hostages for the fulfillment of the conditions of the capitulation, were sent to Canada
The prisoners on both sides were finally released.
3 It was during this campaign that the colonial convention was held at Albany, noticed on pages 302 and
303, vol. i-, of this work, where a plan for a political union of all the colonics, similar in some of its features
to that proposed hv Governor Nicholson fifty years before, was submitted.
* All the officers were named in the resolution of thanks, except those of the major of the regiment, who
was charged with cowardice, and Captain Vanbraam, who was believed to have acted a treacherous part
OF Til E K E VOLUTION. 27 1
Los« ai Fort Necessity. French Duplicity. Genera] Braddock. Proiim in] Govi mora. March toward Tort Duqnei m
exact loss of the provincials in this engagement is not known. There were twelve killed.
and forty-three wounded, of the Virginia regiment; the number of killed and wounded be-
longing to Captain Mackay's Carolinians is not recorded. The number of provincials in
the fort was about four hundred ; the assailants were nearly one thousand strong, five hund-
red of whom were Frenchmen. The loss of the latter was supposed to be more than that
of the former.
When the British ministry called the attention of the French court to the transaction*
in America, the latter expressed the most pacific intentions and promises for the future
while its actions were in direct opposition to its professions. The English, therefore, re-
solved to send to America a sufficient force to co-operate with the provincial troops in driving
the French back to Canada. On the twentieth of February, 1755, General Braddock ar-
rived at Alexandria, in Virginia, with two regiments of the British army from Ireland, each
consisting of five hundred men, with a suitable train of artillery, and with stores and provi-
sions. His colonels were Dunbar and Sir Peter Halket. At a meeting of colonial govern-
ors,' first called at Annapolis, and afterward convened at Alexandria, three expeditions were
planned, one against Fort Duquesne, under Braddock ; a second against Niagara and Fronte-
nac (Kingston, U. C), under General William Shirley; and a third against Crown Point,
under General William Johnson. The last two expeditions have been fully considered in the
first volume of this work.
General Braddock, with the force destined to act against Furl Duquesne, left Alexandria
on the twentieth of April, and, marching by the way of Winchester, reached Will's Creek
about the tenth of May. Here a fortification was thrown up, and named Fort Cumber-
land. Washington had left the service on account of a regulation by which the colonial
officers were made to rank under those of the regular army, but being earnestly urged by
General Braddock to accompany him, he consented to do so in the character of aid, and as
a volunteer. The great delay in procuring wagonB for transporting the baggage and stores,
and in furnishing other supplies, gave the French an opportunity to arouse the Indians, and
prepare for a vigorous defense.
On numbering his troops at Will's Creek, Braddock ascertained that his force consisted
of a little more than two thousand ef-
fective men, about one half of whom
belonged to the royal regiments. The
remainder were furnished by the col-
onies, among whom were portions of
two independent companies, contrib-
uted by New Vork, under Captain Horatio Gates, unto whom Burgoyne surrendered twenty-
two years later. Braddock separated his army into two divisions. The advanced division,
consisting of over twelve hundred men, he led in person ; the other was intrusted to the
command of Colonel Dunbar, who, by slower marches, was to remain in the rear. Braddock
reached the junction of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela Rivers, within fifteen miles of
Fort Duquesne, on the eighth of July, where he was joined by Colonel Washington, who
had just recovered from an attack of fever.
On the morning of the ninth, a the whole army crossed the Monongahela, and march-
ing five miles along its southwestern banks, on account of rugged hills on the other
side, they again crossed to the northeastern shore, and proceeded directly toward Fort Du-
quesne. Lieutenant Colonel Gage, afterward the commander of the British forces at Bos-
ton when besieged by the Americans under Washington, led the advanced guard of three
erf
A
in falsely interpreting the terms of capitulation, which were written in French, by which Washington was
made to* acknowledge that Jumonville was assassinated. A pistole (about three dollars and sixty cents)
was given as :t gratuity to each soldier engaged in the campaign.
1 Six colonial governors assembled on this occasion, namely : Shirley, of Massachusetts ; Dinwiddie, of
Virginia: James Delancy. of New York; Sharpe, of Maryland ; Morris, of Pennsylvania; and Dobbs, of
North Carolina. Admiral Keppel, then in command of his majesty's fleet in America, was also present
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Alarm of the French. Passage of the Monongahela. The Battle. Washington's Advance. Death of Braddock
hundred men in the order of march. Contrecceur, the commandant of Fort Duqucsne, had
been early informed of the approach of Braddock, and his Indian scouts were out in every
direction. He had doubts of his ability to maintain the fort against the English, and con-
templated an abandonment, when Captain De Beaujeu proposed to head a detachment of
French and Indians, and meet them while on their march. The proposition was agreed to.
and on the morning of the ninth of July,8 at the moment when the English first cross-
* 1755 . . . .
ed the Monongahela, the French and Indians took up their line nf march, intending to
make the attack at the second crossing of the river. Arriving too late, they posted them-
selves in the woods and ravines, on the line of march toward the fort.
It was one o'clock, and the sun was pouring its rays down fiercely, when the rear of the
British army reached the north side of the Monongahela. A level plain extended from the
river to a gentle hill, nearly half a mile northward. This hill terminated in higher eleva-
tions thickly covered with woods, and furrowed by narrow ravines.1 Next to Gage, with
his advanced party, was another division of two hundred men, and then came Braddock
with the column of artillery and the main body of the army. Just as Gage was ascending
the slope and approaching a dense wood, a heavy volley of musketry poured a deadly storm
into his ranks. No adversary was to be seen. It was the first intimation that the enemy
was near, and the firing seemed to proceed from an invisible foe. The British fired in re-
turn, but at random, while the concealed enemy, from behind trees, and rocks, and thick
bushes, kept up rapid and destructive volleys. Beaujeu, the commander of the French and
Indians, was killed at the first return fire, and M. Dumas took his place. Braddock ad-
vanced with all possible speed to the relief of the advanced guard ; but so great was their
panic, that they fell back in confusion upon the artillery and other columns of the army, and
communicated their panic to the whole. The general tried in vain to rally his troops
Himself and officers were in the thickest of the fight, and exhibited indomitable courage.
Washington ventured to suggest the propriety of adopting the Indian mode of skulking, and
each man firing for himself, without orders ; but Braddock would listen to no suggestions so
contrary to military tactics.' For three hours he endeavored to form his men into regular
columns and platoons, as if in battle with European troops upon a broad plain, while the
concealed enemy, with sure aim, was slaying his brave soldiers by scores. Harassed on
every side, the British huddled together in great confusion, fired irregularly, and in several
instances shot down their own officers without perceptibly injuring their enemies. The
Virginians under Washington, contrary to orders, now adopted the provincial mode of fight-
ing, and did more execution than all the rest of the troops. The carnage was dreadful.
More than half of Braddock's whole army, which made such a beautiful picture in the eyes
of Washington in the morning,3 were killed and wounded. General Braddock received a
wound which disabled him, and terminated his life three days afterward.4 Through the
1 Mr. Sparks visited this battle-field in 1830. He says the hill up which Gage and his detachment were
marching is little more than an inclined plain of about three degrees. Down this slope extended two ra-
vines, beginning near together, at about one hundred and fifty yards from the bottom of the hill, and pro-
ceeding in different directions, until they terminated in the valley below. In these ravines the enemy were
concealed and protected. In 1830, they were from eight to ten feet deep, and capable of holding a thou-
sand men. It was between these ravines that the British army was slaughtered. — See Sparks's Washing-
ton, ii., 474. Although nearly one hundred years have elapsed since the battle, ifrape-shot and bullets are
now sometimes cut out. of the trees, or, with buttons and other metallic portions of military equipage, are
turned up by the plowmen.
4 It was on this occasion that the haughty and petulant Braddock is said to have remarked contemptu-
ously, ".What, a Virginia colonel teach a British general how to fight!" It is proper to remark that this
anecdote' rests upon apocryphal authority.
3 Washington was often heard to say, during his lifetime, that the most beautiful speetacle he had ever
beheld was the display of the British troops on that morning. Every man was neatly dressed in full uni-
form ; the soldiers were arranged in columns, and marched in exact order ; the sun gleamed from the bur-
nished arms ; the river flowed tranquilly on their right, and the deep forest overshadowed them with solemn
grandeur on the left. — Sparks.
* General Braddock had five horses shot under him before he was mortally wounded himself. He was
conveyed first in a tumbril, then on horseback, and finally by his soldiers in their flight toward Fort Cum-
OF THE REVOLUTION. 27 ;>
Washington's Skill. Providential Care acknowledged. I.nr.l London. New Expedition. General Forbes.
stubbornness of that general, his contempt of the Indians, and the cowardice of many of his
regular troops, an army thirteen hundred strong was hall' destroyed and utterly defeated
by about one half that number, a large portion of whom were Indians.1 Every mounted
officer, except Washington, was slain before Braddoek tell, and the whole duty of distrib-
uting orders devolved upon the youthful colonel, who was almost too weak from sickness to
be in the saddle when the action commenced.1
William Pitt entered the British ministry at the close of 1757, and one of his first acts
was the preparation of a plan for the campaign of 1758 against the French and Indians
si Lord Loudoun, who had been appointed to the chief com-
~/^s9^-~2s/ jy ^/£~~Z-->^''/ mand of the troops in America,' was also appointed the suc-
q^ £-#x-- ( cessor of Dinwiddie, who left Virginia in January, 1758.
1 — Loudoun's deputy, Francis Fauquier, a man greatly es-
teemed, performed the functions of governor. Pitt, in his arrangements, planned an expe-
dition against Fort Duquesne. Every thing was devised upon a just and liberal scale.
Brigadier-general Forbes' was intrusted with the command of the expedition. The Vir-
ginian army was augmented to two thousand men. These were divided into two regi-
ments. The first was under Colonel Washington, who was likewise commander-in-chief
of the Virginia forces ; the second was under Colonel William Byrd, of Westover, mention-
ed on page 235. After much delay in the collecting of men and munitions, the Virginians
were ordered to Fort Cumberland, on the Potomac, at Will's Creek, to join the other por-
tions of the expedition. The illness of General Forbes detained him long in Philadelphia,
and, when able to move, his perversity of judgment placed many obstacles in the way of
berland after the defeat. He was attended by Dr. James Craik." He died on the night of the 15th. and
was buried in the road, to prevent his body being discovered by the Indians. Colonel Washington rend the
impressive funeral service of the Episcopal Church over it, by torch-light. The place of his grave is a few
yards north of the present National Road, between the fifty-third and fifty-fourth mile from Cumberland, and
about a mile west of the site of Fort Necessity, at the Great Meadows. It is said that a man named Thomas
Faueett. who was among the soldiers under Braddoek. shot his general. Fancett resided near Uniontown,
Fayette county, Pennsylvania, toward the close of the last century, and never denied tin' accusation. He
excused his conduct by the plea that by destroying the general, who would not allow his men to fire from
behind trees, the remnant of the army was saved.
1 In a letter to his mother, written at Fort Cumberland nine days after the battle. Washington said, after
mentioning the slaughter of the Virginia troops; "In short, the dastardly behavior of those they call regu-
lars exposed all others who were inclined to do their duty to almost certain death; and at last, in despite
of all the efforts of the officers to the contrary, they ran as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was impossible to
rally them." He used similar language in writing to Governor Dinwiddie.
2 Colonel Washington had two horses shot under him, and four bullets passed through his coat.t Sec-
retary Shirley was shot through the head, Sir Peter Halket was instantly killed, and among the wounded
officers were Colonel Burton, Sir John St. Clair. Lieutenant Colonel Gage, Colonel Ormc, Major Sparks,
and Brigade-major Halket. Five captains were killed, and five wounded; fifteen lieutenants killed, and
twenty-two wounded; out of eighty-six officers, twenty-six were killed, and thirty-seven wounded. The
killed and wounded of the privates amounted to seven hundred and fourteen. One. half of them were sup-
posed to be killed, and these were stripped and scalped by the Indians. 3 See volume i., p. 1 10
4 John Forbes was a native of Petinccnet, Fifeshire, Scotland, and was educated for a physician. He
entered the army in 1745. After serving as quarter-master general under the Duke of Cumberland, he
was appointed brigadier general, and sent to America. The remainder of his public career is n rded in
the text. The fort at Will's Creek he called Cumberland, in honor of his former commander, and lhe town
since built there retains its name.
* See page 34.
t Speaking of this in a letter to his brother, he remarked, " By the all-powerful dispensations of Providence, I have been pro-
tected beyond all human probability or expectation ; for I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me,
and escaped unhurt, although death was leveling my companions on every side of me." Dr. Craik, the intimate friend of Wash-
ington through lite, and who was in this battle, relates that fifteen years afterward, while traveling near the junction of the great
Kenhawa and Ohio Rivers in exploring wild lauds, they were met by a party of Indians with an interpreter, headed by a vm.
erable chief. The old chief said he had come a long way to see Colonel Washington, for in the battle of the Monongahela, he
had singled him out as a conspicuous object, fired his rifle at him fifteen times, and directed his young warriors to do the same,
but not one could hit him. He was persuaded that the Great Spirit protected the young hero, and ceased firing at him. The
Rev. Samuel Davies of Hanover (afterward president of Princeton College, New Jersey), when preaching to a volunteer com-
pany a month after the battle, said, in allusion to Colonel Washington, -I can not but hope Providence has hitherto preserved
him in so "ignal a manner for some important service to his country." Washington was never wounded in battle.
II. K>
274 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Movements of Forbes. Defeat of Grant Attack on Bouquet. Abandonment of Fort Duquesne. Washington's Resignation.
success. Instead of following Braddock's road over the mountains, he insisted upon con-
structing a new one farther northward ; and in September, when it was known that not
more than eight hundred men were in garrison at Fort Duquesne, and the British might
have been successfully beleaguring the fortress if Washington's advice had been heeded,
; General Forbes with six thousand men was yet east of the Alle-
^/~/} Ar//7~Y'/y~~f // panics ■ I1 was November when he reached the scene of action,
</' ^^ and then his provisions were nearly exhausted.
In the mean while, Major Grant, of a Highland regiment, who had been ordered by Col-
onelBouquet tomarch toward Fort Duquesne with about eight hundred men, and reconnoiter
the country, exceeded his instructions, and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture it.a
■ Septal, The British were defeated with great loss, and both Major Grant and Major An-
1758. dlew Lewis, of Washington's regiment (who commanded a rear guard), were made
prisoners, and sent to Montreal. The retreat of the survivors was effected by the skill and
energy of Captain Bullit, who, with fifty men, was left in charge of the baggage. The
total loss on that occasion was two hundred and seventy-eight killed, and forty-two wounded.'
The French, greatly inspirited by this event, determined to attack Colonel Bouquet at Loyal
Ilanna,2 before General Forbes should arrive from Fort Bedford.8 A force under De Vetrie,
consisting of twelve hundred French and two hundred Indians, marched eastward, and on
the twelfth of October attacked Bouquet's camp. The battle lasted four hours, and the French
were repulsed with considerable loss. Colonel Bouquet lost sixty-seven men in killed anil
wounded. The Indians, bitterly disappointed, left the French in great numbers, and went
out upon their hunting-grounds to secure a supply of food for the winter.
General Forbes arrived, toward the close of October, at Loyal Hanna, about half way be-
tween Fort Bedford and Fort Duquesne, where he called a council of war. The increasing
inclemency of the season and scarcity of provisions, made it appear inexpedient to attempt to
reach the fort, and they were about to abandon the expedition until Spring, when a knowl-
edge of the extreme weakness of the garrison at Fort Duquesne was communicated by some
prisoners who had been taken. Encouraged by this intelligence, the expedition moved on,
the regiment of Colonel Washington forming the advanced corps. When he was within a
days' march of Fort Duquesne, he was discovered by scouts. Fear magnified his numbers,
and the garrison " burned the fort, and ran away by the light of it at night, going down the
Ohio by water, to the number of about five hundred men, according to the best information.'"
i>Nov.25, The English took possession of its site the next day.1' The blackened chimneys
1758. 0f thirty tenements stood in bold relief among the ruins.1' The works were re-
paired, and the name of Pitt was given to the new fortress. After furnishing two hundred
men from his regiment to garrison Fort Pitt, Colonel Washington marched back to Win-
chester, from whence he soon proceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the House of
Burgesses, to which he had been elected a member by the county of Frederick, while he
was at Fort Cumberland. The French being expelled from the Ohio, and the fear of front-
ier troubles subsiding, Washington determined to yield to the demands of enfeebled health
and required attention to private affairs, and leave the army. At about the close of the year,
he resigned his commission as colonel of the first Virginia regiment and commander-in-chief
of all the troops raised in the colony.6
1 Marshall, i., 25.
* Now Ligonier, Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, fifty miles west of Bedford.
3 This fort was on the site of the present village of Bedford, the capital of Bedford county.
4 Washington's letter to Governor Fauquier.
6 Dav's History of Western Pennsylvania, page 140.
6 It was on the occasion of his visit to Williamsburg, at the close of this campaign, that a touching event
in the life of Washington is said to have occurred. He went into the gallery of the old Capitol when the
House of Burgesses were in session, to listen to the proceedings. As soon as ho was perceived by Mr.
Speaker Robinson, that, gentleman called the attention of the House to the young hero, and greatly compli-
mented him for bis gallantry. Washington, who was naturally diffident, and never a fluent extemporaneous
speaker, was much confused. He arose to express his acknowledgments for the honor, but, blushing and
OF Til i: REVO LUTION. 2 7-3
Development of Washington's Military Character. Sir Frederick Philipee Robinson.
In this rapid sketch — this mere birds-eye view of the colonial history of Virginia, we
have seen the development of those principles which made that state so eminently repub-
lican and patriotic when the Revolution broke out ; and we have also seen the budding and
growth of the military genius and public esteem of him who led our armies through that
sanguinary conflict to victory and renown. We will now consider some of the events of
the war for Independence which distinguished the peninsula below Richmond, lying be-
tween the York and James Rivers.
stammering, he was unable to utter a word intelligibly. Mr. Robinson observed his embarrassment, and
with admirable tact relieved him. " Sit down, Mr. Washington," he said ; "your modesty is equal to your
valor, and that surpasses the power of anv language thai 1 possess.'1
Mr. Robinson, the speaker of the House on tly's occasion, wa> the lather ot Co]on,'l Beverly Robinson,
the distinguished Loyalist of New York during the Revolution, whose portrait is printed on page 709, vol. i.
27 6 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ed'ect of the ?tnmp Act in Virginia. Rolduess of Patrick Ucury. His Resolution in Opposition to the Act
CHAPTER XI.
Mansfield.
Would you worry the man that has found you in shoes ?
Come, courage, my lord, I can tell you good news —
Virginia is conquered, the rebels are bang'd,
You are now to go over and see them sate hang'd :
1 hope it is not to your nature abhorrent
To sign for these wretches a legfrt death-warrant.
Were I but in your place, I'm sure it would suit
To sign their death-warrants, and hang them to bout.
Dunmore.
My lord ! I'm amazed — have we routed the foe?
1 shall govern again, then, if matters be so ;
And as to the hanging, in short, to be plain,
I'll hang them so well they'll ne'er want it again.
With regard to the wretches who thump at ray gates,'
I'll discharge all their dues with the rebel estates;
In less than three months I shall send a polacca
As deep as she'll swim, sir, with corn and tobacco."
4 Dialogue between Lords Mansfield and Dunmore,'" by Philip Freneau.
URING the progress of more than a century and a quarter, the Vir-
ginians had fully appreciated the principles of civil freedom, and par-
'._ ticularly that great truth that government possesses no inherent right
to tax the people without their consent. At various times, the Vir-
ginia Assembly had resisted the attempts of Parliament to levy taxes
upon them; and when, in 1764, the Stamp Act was proposed by min-
isters, they resolved never to submit to it. The following year8
J » 1765
that act became a law. The Virginia House of Burgesses were
in session, in the old capital at Williamsburg, when intelligence of the fact reached them.
They talked boldly in private, but none were willing to act bravely in public, until near
the close of the session, when Patrick Henry, the youngest member of the Assembly, and
seated there for the first time only a few days before, took the lead. He had already
led the Democratic members successfully against a paper-money scheme, the prime object
of which was to cover up defalcations of Robinson, the treasurer of the colony. Now be
exerted his powers in a broader field. Upon a scrap of paper torn from a fly-leaf of an
old copy of " Coke upon Lyttleton," he wrote five resolutions, and submitted them to tht
House. The first declared that the original settlers of the colonies brought with them anil
transmitted to their posterity all the privileges, franchises, and immunities, enjoyed by the
people of Great Britain. The second affirmed that these privileges, &c, had been secured
to the aforesaid colonists by two royal charters granted by King James. The third assert-
ed that taxation of the people by themselves, or by persons chosen by themselves, was the
distinguishing characteristic of British freedom, and without which the ancient Constitution
could not exist. The fourth maintained that the people of Virginia had always enjoyed
the right of being governed by their own Assembly in the article of taxes, and that this
right had been constantly recognized by the king and people of Great Britain. The fifth
1 This refers to the fact that Dunmore was a great spendthrift, and always in debt. Such, in truth, was
the case of a large proportion of the English nobility, at that time, who were engaged in public affairs, not-
withstanding their large incomes. Mansfield here named, was the celebrated chief justice, who. because
he gave the weight of his legal opinions, and the services of his pen against the colonists while struggling
for independence, became very obnoxious to the Americans.
OF THE REVOLUTION. J7?
Effect of II. nrj a Re itiont Bloqra nee and Skill of the Orator. Dissolution of the Assembly. General Congress proposed.
resolution, in which was summed up the essentials of the preceding four, declared "That
the General Assembly of this colony have the sole right and power to levy taxes and imposi-
tions upon the inhabitants of this colony ; and that every attempt to vest such power in any
other person or persons whatsoever, other than the General Assembly aforesaid, lias a mani-
fest tendency to destroy British as well as American freedom."
Had lightning from the clouds fallen in the midst of that Assembly, they could not have
been more startled. The boldest were astonished ; the timid were alarmed ; the loyal lew
were amazed and indignant. Many threats were uttered, and those who were willing to
submit abused Mr. Henry without stint. A violent debate ensued, and Henry's energies
were aroused in all their majesty and might. His eloquence, sometimes deeply pathetic, at
other times full of denunciatory invective, shook that Assembly like thunder peals. In the
midst of his harangue he exclaimed, in clear bell-tones, " Crcsar had his Brutus — Charles
the First his Cromwell ; and George the Third — " " Treason!" cried the excited speaker;
and "Treason! Treason!" was shouted from every part of the House. Henry did not
falter for a moment. Rising to a loftier altitude, and fixing his eyes, beaming with the fire
of exalted genius, upon Ptobinson, the speaker, he concluded the sentence with, " may profit
hi/ their example. If this be treason, make the most of it."'
The moment Henry sat down, Randolph, Pendleton, Bland, Wythe, and others, who aft-
erward became the boldest and most ardent opposers id' British power, arose to their feet,
and denounced the resolutions as disloyal, and dangerous to the public welfare. Their
hearts were with Patrick Henry, but their heads adjudged his course to be premature and
injudicious. Again Henry took the floor, and his eloquence, like an avalanche, crushed the
most sturdy opposition. The resolutions were carried ; the fifth by a majority of only one.
They formed the first gauntlet of positive defiance cast at the feet of the British monarch,
and gave the first impulse to the storm of revolution which soon swept over the land. In
Henry's absence, the next day, the resolutions were reconsidered and modified, and the fifth
one stricken out. But manuscript copies were already on their way to other colonies, and
the timidity of the Virginia Burgesses did not soften their force.2
Francis Fauquier was at that time lieutenant governor, and the acting chiei magistrate
of Virginia. He was a man of great private worth, and, for his many virtues and righteous
administration of affairs, he was exceedingly popular. As a man, he sympathized with the
Legislature ; but as the king's representative, he was obliged to use his prerogative in sup-
pressing disloyalty. Therefore, as soon as he was informed of the action of the Burgesses
in adopting Henry's resolutions, he dissolved the Assembly and ordered a new election. The
eloquence of Henry seemed to have touched every heart in the Old Dominion ; and every
where the people re-elected the friends of the resolutions, and filled the seats of their oppos-
ers with tried patriots.
Within a fortnight after those resolutions went abroad, Massachusetts invited the other
colonies to meet her in a general representative Congress at New York. Fauquier refused
to call the Virginia Assembly together for the purpose of appointing delegates thereto.
Confiding in the patriotism and integrity of the other colonies, the members elect signed a
letter to the Congress, in which they promised to acquiesce in any action that might
be had. That Congress was held in October, a and the rights of the American col-
1 Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry. Robinson had reasons for disliking Henry, and would gladly have
crushed his influence in the bad. Already he had thwarted the speaker in his attempts to insure his power
and put money into his own purse at the public cost, by defeating a hill which provided I'm- new issues of
paper money,' on the loan-office plan. By virtue of his office as speaker, Robinson was treasurer of all
sums voted by the Assembly, and he had the means of loaning money to his friends and to himself. He
had already done 80, and was now anxious to have a colonial loan-offioe established by which he might shift
the responsibility of loaning to men unable to repay, from himself to the colony. Henry foresaw the evils
of this scheme, and his wisdom was made manifest, when, in the following year. Robinson died, and hi- de
falcntions were made known.
3 Pee a notice of copies of these resolutions in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, on page 4G6, vol-
ume i.
>.-/ -
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Repeal of the Stamp Act. Lord Botetourt. Thomas Jefferson. Dissolution of the Assembly. The Apollo Room.
onies were so lucidly set forth in their declaration, that the people lacked no sure guide in
their future course.'
The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, and Virginia, rejoicing with hope like her sister
colonies, sent an address of thanks to the king and Parliament, and voted a statue to his
majesty as a token of her gratitude and love.3 Like her sister colonies, she was doomed to
disappointment, and her sincere loyalty was speedily transformed into open rebellion. From
the repeal of the Stamp Act until the close of the Revolution, Virginia wrought hand in
hand with the other colonies in efforts to obtain justice and maintain popular liberty.
Governor Fauquier died early in 1768, and was succeeded by Lord Botetourt. That
gentleman bore to his people assurances that the king and Parliament were sincerely desir-
ous of doing justice to the colonies, and that all the obnoxious acts would be speedily re-
pealed. These assurances, and the excellent character and conduct of the governor, allayed
the excitement in Virginia for a while, and her people looked forward to seasons of prosper-
ity and repose. Their dream was of short duration. Soon the intelligence came that the
engine of oppression was again at work, and new schemes for harassing the colonies were
maturing. Virginia was much excited when its Legislature for 1769 convened. Among
its members was Thomas Jefferson, of Albemarle county, a young lawyer of eminent abili-
ties, liberality of views, and boldness of character. His first act in the Assembly evinced
his appreciation of freedom ; he proposed a law which should give the masters of slaves un-
restricted right to emancipate them. This motion did not succeed, but it drew the atten-
tion of the Assembly to his talents, and he was employed in preparing the counter- resolu-
tions, and addresses of the House of Burgesses,11 in opposition to those of the Lords
and Commons, then just received. In these resolutions Virginia displayed a man-
ifest disposition to consider the cause of Massachusetts a common one. The governor, on
being informed of their proceedings, as in duty bound, and conformable to his oath, dissolved
them. The next day they met in the Apollo room of the Raleigh tavern ; formed them-
selves into a voluntary convention ; drew
up articles of association against the use of
any merchandise imported from Great Brit-
tan ; signed and recommended them to the
people, and then repaired to their several
counties. All were re-elected except those
who had declined assent to the proceedings
of the majority.1 Botetourt, unlike some
of the royal governors, did not make the
matter a personal consideration, lose his
temper, and act unjustly and unwisely ;
but, following the prescribed line of duty,
he courteously endeavored to prevent re bell-
He was esteemed by all parties ; and, as we
The Apollo Ruo
ious proceedings and to allay excitement.
1 See page 464, volume i. 2 See page 472, volume i.
3 The room used for public meetings is in the roar building of the old Raleigh tavern at Williamsburg,
and up to the day of my visit it had remained unaltered. Carpenters were then at work remodeling its
style, for the purpose of making it a ball-room ; and now, I suppose, that apartment, hallowed by so many
associations connected with our war for independence, has scarcely an original feature left. Had my visit
been deferred a day longer, the style of the room could never have been portrayed. Neat wainscoting of
Virginia pine ornamented the sides below and partly between the windows, and over the fire-place, which
was spacious. This view is from the entrance door from the front portion of the building. On the left
were two large windows ; on the right were two windows and a door ; and on each side of the fire-place
was a door opening into small passage ways, from the exterior. Through the door on the left is seen a
flight of stairs leading to the dormitory. The walls were whitewashed, and the wood-work painted a lead
color. In litis room the leading patriots of Virginia, including Washington, held many secret caucuses. :ind
pi il manv schemes for the overthrow of royal rule in the colonics. The sound of the hammer and saw
engaged in the work of change seemed to me like actual desecration ; for the Raleigh tavern, and the Apollo
room are to Virginia, relatively, what Fanenil Hall is to Massachusetts. ' Jefferson's Memoirs, i., 4.
OF THE REVOLT II ON.
Death of Botetourt Lord Dunmore. Bis Character. Committees of Vigilance »nd Correspondence.
have seen, his death, whieh occurred in 1771, was considered a public calamity, and mourned
as a public bereavement.
Botetourt was succeeded by John Murray, earl of Dunmore, who was the last royal
governor of Virginia. lie had succeeded Sir Henry .Moore as Governor of New York, in
1770, and on the death of Bo- , so essential in public life, and
tetourt, was transferred to Vir- • possessed of an irritable temper
ginia. During his delay in leav- _ and vindictive spirit. In malt-
ing New York, the government ** ^asfiSjt. ■A'i "ers anu feelings he was tha re-
was administered by William e A' ; N ^"^ verse of Botetourt, and before
Nelson, president of the council ' he was fairly seated in the offt-
of the colonv, and father of one ; \ y ' i C^ cial chair, he had quarreled with
of the signers of the Declaration / ■ f some of the leading men of the
of Independence. Dunmore did rt " < -1 colony. He evinced a disposi-
not arrive in Virginia until the ^TI^\[mm^TT1^w/_J ' tion to disregard the rules of co-
summer of 1 77^. A knowledge ^- // .y\$£ ■■ ' lonial law, and to act independ-
of his character, which pre- ^ — \ ent of the wishes of the peo-
ceded him, made the Vir- V Itf^7 plf-
ginians uneasy. He was a />///]// /// fjt -/^ *n March, '773, the
Scotch nobleman; descended ////f v/i^ & (y- House of Burgesses received
from an ancient family ; full copies of an address and res-
of aristocratic ideas ; defi- _. — — " olutions from the Iviassachu-
cient in sound judgment and =, _ setts Assembly, in which the
^ . .-F.AL AND MGNATCRF. OF DcNMORE.1 . c 1_ 1
that common sense which is grievances ot that colony
were set forth ; and they expressed their concurrence and sympathy with their brethren in
New England. Jefferson, Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Peyton Randolph, the speaker,
urged immediate and bold action, and through their efforts a committee of vigilance was
appointed"* to obtain the most clear and authentic intelligence of all such acts of aMarchio,
Parliament or ministry as might affect the rights of the colonies. This commit-
tee was also authorized to open a correspondence and communication with the other col-
onies.3
They were about to adopt other resolutions equally unsubmissive to royal rule, when
their proceedings were cut short by Dunmore, who dissolved the Assembly. The commit-
tee of correspondence met, however, the next day, and dispatched a circular letter contain-
ing the resolutions to the speakers of the several Colonial Assemblies. The General Court
1 These are copied from the third volume of the Documentary History of New York, edited by Dr. E. B.
0"Callaghan.
2 The committee consisted of Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, Richard Bland, Richard Henry
Lee, Benjamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton. Patrick Henry. Dudley Digges, Dabney Carr, Archibald Carey,
and Thomas Jefferson. This committee was formed at a caucus held in a private room in the Raleigh
tavern, ihe evening before it was proposed in the House The ei as isisted of Patrick Henry, Richard
Henry Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee. Thomas Jefferson, Dabney Carr (his brother-in-law), and two or three
others. Strong resolutions were drawn up. and it w:i~ proposed that Mr. Jefferson should submit them to
the House. Desirous of bringing into notice the brilliant talents of Mi. Carr. Mr. Jefferson proposed that
he should submit them. It was agreed to, and the next day Mr. Carr moved the adoption of-thc resolu-
tions. They were carried, and the above committee of correspondence was appointed. Virginia and Mas-
sachusetts have disputed for the honor of originating committees of correspondence. It will be seen by re-
ferring to page 4H4. volume i., that the address of the people of Massachusetts, in which their grievances
and their rights were stated, and which called out the aetion of the Virginia Burgesses when their com-
mittee of correspondence was formed, contained a recommendation to appoint such committees in the sev-
eral towns in that province. In Massachusetts, this recommendation was made some six weeks before the
action on the subject took place in the Virginia Legislature. Massachusetts was the first to suggest com-
mittees of correspondence within its own domain . Virginia was the first to appoint a committee for na-
tional correspondence. And yet each colony seems actually to have originated the idea; for, according to
Peyton Randolph, the messengers from the respective Legislat s, bearing the resolutions of each, passed
each other on the way. — See Jefferson's letter to Samuel A. Wells, 1819, in the appendix to his Memoirs.
page 100.
;-o
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Fast day in Virginia.
Assembly Dissolved by Dunmore.
Meeting at the Raleigh.
The Proceedings
of Massachusetts responded by the appointment of a committee of fifteen, instructing: them
to urge the other colonies to take similar action. The New England colonies, and Penn-
sylvania and Maryland, did so, and thus was formed the first sound link of our confederacy.
The Boston Port Bill,' which was to go into effect on the first of June, 1774, had ex-
cited the greatest sympathy for the people of Boston throughout the colonies, and on the
twenty-fourth of May the Virginia Assembly adopted strong resolutions of condolence, and
appointed the first of June to be observed
as a fast. Dunmore was highly offended,
officially, and the next day dissolved them
by a verbal proclamation.3 The dele-
gates, eighty-nine in number (of whom
Washington was one), immediately assem-
bled in the Apollo room of the Raleigh
tavern, organized themselves into a volun-
tary convention, and prepared an address
to their constituents, m which they de-
clared that an attack upon one colony was
Raleigh Tavern.' an attack upon all. They recommended
several important measures. Among other propositions was one for a General Congress,
a proposition which was made by Massachusetts six days afterward/ and being immediately
sent forth, was heartily concurred in by all the other colonies except Georgia. Twenty-
five of the delegates remained at Williamsburg to engage in the religious services of the
appointed fast-day. While awaiting its arrival,11 they received an account of a
town meeting in Boston, at which the inhabitants of the colonies were invited to
enter into a general non-importation agreement. The twenty-five delegates did not feel au-
thorized to act in a matter of so much gravity, and therefore only recommended, by a circular,
that the Burgesses should meet again in convention at Williamsburg on the first of Au-
gust.1' Pursuant to this recommendation, all the Burgesses who met at the Raleigh
'1774- were present on that day. They adopted resolutions to import no more slaves, nor
British goods, nor tea ; and, if colonial grievances were not speedily redressed, to export no
more tobacco to England, and not to deal with any merchants who should refuse to sign
the agreement. They recommended the cultivation of such articles of husbandry, instead
of tobacco, as might form a proper basis for manufactures of all sorts ; and also particularly
recommended the improvement of the breed of sheep, the multiplying of them, and the kill-
ing of as few as possible. On the 5th of August they chose seven delegates to represent
Viro-inia in the Continental Congress, appointed to meet on the fifth of September follow-
1 See page 503, volume i.
4 Dunmore's speech on that occasion was very brief. The following is a copy : " Mr. Speaker, anil gen-
tlemen of the House of Burgesses, — I have in my hand a paper published by order of your House, conceived
in such terms as reflects highly upon his Majesty and the Parliament of Great Britain, which makes it nec-
essary to dissolve you. and you are dissolved accordingly."
Notwithstanding this act on the part of the governor, the delegates did not omit to carry out arrange-
ments which they had made for honoring Lady Dunmore with a ball on the 27th. Every mark of respect
and attention was paid to Lord Dunmore and his lady on that occasion, as if nothing unpleasant had oc-
curred. In fact, according to entries in Washington's Diary, the matter was not made personal at all, for
on the day after the dissolution of the Assembly, although he was one of the foremost in expressions of sym-
pathy for the people of Boston, he remarks, '" Rode out with the governor to his farm, and breakfasted with
him there."
' When I visited Williamsburg in December, 1848. the front part of the old Raleigh tavern had been torn
down, and a building in modern style was erected in its place. The old tavern was in the form of an L,
one portion fronting the street, the other extending at right angles, in the rear. Both parts wen' precisely
alike in external appearance, and as the rear building was yet standing and unaltered. I am able to give a
restored view of the Raleigh, as it appeared during the Revolution. The leaden bust of Sir Walter Raleigh,
which graced the front of the old inn. now ornaments the new building.
' The latter colony could not hare heard of the action of the former, and therefore the recommendation
was as original with it as with Virginia.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 281
Delegates to the Continental Congress. Expi dil a tainst the Indians. Dunmore's Schemes. Camp at the Great Kenawha
ing, in Philadelphia,' and then adjourned, each pledged to do all in his power to ctiect the
results contemplated in their proceedings
While these clouds of difficulty were gathering in the horizon of Virginia politics, ami
the colony was menaced with civil war, the Indians on the frontiers had commenced tierce
hostilities, and were driving civilization bach from its adventurous settlements west of the
Blue Ridge. Although several times chastised, they were still bold. In 17G4, Colonel
Bouquet,' having dispersed the Indians besieging Detroit, passed into the Wyandot country,
by the way of Sandusky Bay, am! compelled the head men of the tribes to agree to a treaty
of peace. The Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio county still continued hostile. Bou-
quet, the same year, marched from Fort Pitt to the Muskingum, awed the Indians, procured
the restoration of prisoners in their hands, and made a treaty of peace with them, and for
several years they kept comparatively quiet, though exhibiting unmistakable signs of deadly
Hostility.
Early in 177 1, the hatchet again fell with terrible fury upon the frontier settlements of
Virginia, and its keenness was heightened by the encouragement which the savages received
from a few white scoundrels, who hoped to gain personal advantage in the contest. The
scheme which Governor Dunmore afterward entered into for banding these forest tribes
against the colonists, has left upon his memory the suspicion that even thus early, in view
of impending hostilities, he had tampered with them, through his agents, and made them
bold. History gives no positive warrant for suspicions so damning, and we may charitably
hope that his expedition against the Indians, in the summer of that year,a was under- ^ ^^
taken with a sincere desire to save the colony from their cruel incursions. It is true,
Dunmore was very tardy in his preparations, and his expedition did not march until the
voice of his indignant people compelled him to go, and alert suspicion made him fearful of
its consequences.
The chief rendezvous of the hostile Indians was on the Sciota, within the limits of the
present Pickaway county, Ohio. There were three principal towns, and against these Dun
more marched with a force of three thousand men, early in August. l> The army ^
proceeded in two divisions ; one composing the left wing, under Colonel Andrew
Lewis, the other led by Dunmore in person. The left wing struck the Great Kanawha,
and followed that stream to the Ohio ; the right wing passed the mountains of the Poto-
mac gap, and reached the Ohio a little above Wheeling. The plan of the campaign was
to form a junction before reaching the Indian villages. Lewis encamped on the site of
Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, on the sixth of October. In expecta-
tion of the approach of Dunmore, he cast up no intrenchments. In this exposed situation,
he was attacked on the morning of the tenth, by one thousand chosen warriors of the west-
ern confederacy under the celebrated Cornstalk, who came from the Pickaway Plains to
confront Colonel Lewis before the other division should join him.3 So stealthily had the
1 The following were the delegates appointed : Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Wash-
ington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, and Edmund Pendleton. These were all pres-
ent at the opening of the Congress in Carpenter's Hall, and, as we have seen. Peyton Randolph was chosen
the first president of that body.
3 Henry Bouquet was of French descent. He was appointed lieutenant colonel in the British army in
1756. He was active in his co-operations with General Forbes, and was highly esteemed by Amherst.
That officer sent him to the relief of Fort Pitt, with stores, in 1703. He. was attacked on his way by a pow-
erful body of Indians, whom he defeated. In 1764, as noticed in the text, he was successful in the Ohio
county. The following year he was appointed a brigadier, lie died at Pensacola, Florida, in February,
1766.'
3 Stuart, in his Memoir of Ind a Wart, and Withers, in his Chronicles of Border II nrfare. express the
opinion, and adduce strong corroborating evidence of its truth, that Dunmore arranged the expedition in
such a way. that the whole Indian force should fall upon and annihilate Lewis's detachment, and thereby
weaken the physical strength, and break down the spirit of the Virginians. It must be admitted that the
fact of the great bodj of Indians leaving their towns and marching directly t" attack Lewis, when Dunmore,
with a force equally" strong, was approaching in another direction, gives the color of probability to these
suspicions. His subsequent conduct in inciting servile war in Virginia, shows that he was capable of so
nefarious a scheme.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Battle at Mount rieasanL
March to the Shawnee Towns.
Old Chillicothe.
Fort Gower
Indians approached, that within one hour after Lewis's scouts discovered those of the enemy
a general battle was in progress.
Colonel Charles Lewis, a brother of the general, with three hundred men, received the
first assault. He and his aid, Hugh Allen, were mortally wounded, and so overwhelming
in numbers and fierce in aspect were the assailants, that his line broke and gave way.'
At this moment, a party under Colonel Fleming attacked the enemy's right, and, being sus-
tained by a reserve under Colonel Field, the Indians were driven back. The battle con-
tinued with unabated fury until one o'clock in the afternoon, the Indians slowly retreating
from tree to tree, while the gigantic Cornstalk encouraged them with the words, " Be
strong ! Be strong !"J The peculiarity of the ground, it being upon a point at the junction
of two rivers, made every retreat of the enemy advantageous to the Virginians, because
as their line extended from river to river, forming the base of an equilateral triangle, it
was lengthened, and consequently weakened. The belligerents rested within rifle sho'. of
each other, and kept up a desultory fire until sunset. The battle was a desperate one, and
neither party could fairly claim the victory. The Virginians lost one half of their com-
missioned officers, and fifty-two privates were killed. The Indians lost, in killed and wound-
ed, about two hundred and thirty. During the night they retreated, but Lewis did not think
it prudent to pursue them. Captain William Russell was left in command of a sufficient gar-
rison at Point Pleasant until late in the summer of 1775, when further hostilities with the In-
dians seemed improbable.
On the day after the battle, Colonel Lewis received orders from Dunmore to hasten on
toward the Shawnee towns, on the Sciota, and join him at a point eighty miles distant.
Dunmore was ignorant of the battle, and the weakened con-
dition of Lewis's division. But the latter did not hesitate.
Leaving a small garrison at Point Pleasant, he pressed on-
ward, through an unbroken wilderness to the banks of Congo
Creek, in Pickaway township, within striking distance of the
Shawnee or Shawanese towns. The principal village of the
Indians stood upon the site of the present borough of West-
fall, on the west bank of the Sciota, and was called Old Chil-
licothe, there being other towns of the same name. When
J Colonel Lewis arrived, he found Dunmore and his party in
the neighborhood. The governor had descended the Ohio
to the mouth of the Great Hockhocking, where he built a
From this point he marched up that
The Shawnee Towns.3
redoubt or block-house, and called it Fort Gower.'
1 From a " Song of Lament," written at the time, I quote the following stanzas, which are more re-
markable for pathos than poetry :
" Colonel Lewis and some noble captains,
Did down to death like Uriah go,
Alas ! their heads wound up in napkins,
Upon the banks of the Ohio.
And now we mourn for brave Hugh Allen,
Far from the banks of the Ohio.
Kings lamented their mighty fallen
Upon the mountains of GUboa,
Oh bless the mighty King of Heaven
For all his wondrous works below.
Who hath to us the victory given
Upon the banks of the Ohio."
2 Howison's History of Virginia, ii., 15.
' This little map shows a portion of the Pickaway Plains upon which the towns of the Shawnees were
built. These plains are on the east side of the Sciota, and contain the richest body of land in Ohio. When
first cultivated by the whites, the soil was a black vegetable mold, the result of long ages of decomposi-
tion, and for many years one hundred bushels of corn, or fifty bushels of wheat to the acre, was an average
yield. This region was for many generations the principal rendezvous of Indian chiefs in council, in the
Ohio country, and here many victims, brought from the frontier settlements, endured the torments of savage
.Tuelty. — See Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, page 403.
Explanation of the Map. — a a, the ancient works at Circleville ; b, Logan's cabin near; c, Old Chilli-
cothe ; d, Black Mountain ; e, Cornstalk's town ; f Squaw's town ; g, Couneil-house ; A, the point where
Dunmore and Colonel Lewis met; i, the camp of Colonel Lewis; j, Camp Lewis; m, High Lands.
4 This was in Athens township. Dunmore was a great admirer of Earl Gower, and in honor if that no-
blcman he named this, the first fort he ever erected.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 283
Junction of the Armies of Dunmore and Lewis. Camp Charlotte. Logan and Cresap.
stream into the Indian country, and when Lewis arrived, he was encamped on the left
bank ol' Sijipo Creek, about seven miles southwest of the present village of Circleville.
Dunmore called his station Camp Charlotte' and hither the Indians, dispirited by their en-
gagement with Colonel Lewis, and perceiving the destruction of their towns to be inevita-
ble, came to treat for peace. Dunmore had been met by a flag of truce from the Indians,
borne by a white man named Elliot,'1 and his readiness to treat with the enemy, instead of
striking a blow of annihilation, is adduced as evidence of his ulterior designs for making these
warriors subservient to his use in enslaving Virginia. Colonel Lewis was greatly irritated
because Dunmore would not allow him to crush the enemy within his grasp, and the Vir-
ginians, eager for revenge, almost mutinied.3 The treaty was held in the presence of all
the troops, amounting to twenty-five hundred in number. The Shawnee chiefs were quite
numerous. Cornstalk was the principal speaker, and, in the course of his remarks, he
adroitly charged upon the white people the causes of the war, in consequence, principally,
of the murder of the family of Logan, a Mingo chief, a few months previously.' Logan,
1 Camp Charlotte, according to Charles Whittles}-, Esq. (from whose discourse before the Historical unci
Philosophical Society of Ohio, at Cincinnati, in 18-10, the principal facts of this narrative have been glei I)
was upon the farm then (1840) owned by Thomas J. Winship, Esq. ('amp Lewis was situated about four
and a half miles southwest of Camp Charlotte.
5 The Tory companion of Girty and M'Kee.
3 From concurrent testimony, it appears thai suspicions of Dunmore's treachery was rife in the camp, and
for that reason Lewis was more disposed to disobey his orders. It is said that Dunmore, in the violence of
his anger, because his subaltern insisted upon lighting, drew his sword upon Lewis, and threatened him with
instant dealh if he persisted in his disobedience.
1 This circumstance is alluded to on page 107, where a copy of Logan's speech to Dunmore. as pre-
served by Jefferson, is given. Mr. Brantz Mayer, in an able discourse delivered before the Maryland His-
torical Society in May. 1851. has adduced sufficient evidence to fully acquit Colonel Cresap of the charge
made in the reported speech of Logan, and removed the foul stain of cold-blooded murder which has so long
rested upon the fair fame of a brave and honorable man. It appears that, in the spring of 1774, Michael
Cresap was upon the Ohio, below Wheeling, engaged in planting a settlement. Some pioneers on their
way to make a settlement in Kentucky, under the auspices of Colonel George Rogers Clarke, resolved to
attack an Indian town near the mouth of the Sciota, and solicited Cresap to command the expedition. He
advised them to forbear, and. with him, they all repaired to Wheeling. Dr. Connelly, whom Lord Dunmore
had appointed magistrate of West Augusta, sent Cresap word, on the 21sl of April, that an Indian war was
inevitable. Cresap, always \ igilant, called a council of the pioneers, and on the 2fith made solemn decla-
ration of war against the Indians. They established a new post of defense, and the very next day two canoes,
filled with painted savanes, appeared. They were chased fifteen miles down the river, when a skirmish en.
sued. One man was killed, and several Indians were made prisoners. On the return of the pursuing parly,
an expedition against the settlement of Logan,* near the mouth of the Yellow Creek, thirty miles above
Wheeling, was proposed. Cresap raised his voice against the proposed expedition, for the people of Logan's
settlement seemed rather friendly than otherwise. Hi-- council prevailed, and the pioneers proceeded that
evening to Red Stone Old Fort, at the mouth of Dunlap's Creek, on the Monongahela, now ihe site of
Brownsville.
Other white people upon the Ohio were less cautious and humane. On the bank of the Ohio, nearly op-
posite Logan's settlement, was the cabin of a man named Baker, where rum was sold to the Indians, which
consequently augmented the savageism of their nature. On account of the shooting of two Indians near
Yellow Creek, by a settler named Myers, the savages resolved to cross over and murder Baker's family. A
squaw revealed the plot to Baker's wife, and twenty white men, armed, were concealed in and around his
cabin. The next morning early, three squaws, with an infant and four Indian men, unarmed, same to In-
ker's. The whole party of red people became intoxicated, an affray occurred, and the whole of the Indians
were massacred, except, the infant. Logan's mother, brother, ami sister.t were among the slain. The
vengeance of the chief was aroused, and during nearly all of that summer Logan was out upon the war-path.
Michael Cresap was known to be a leader among the pioneers upon the Ohio, and Logan supposed he was
concerned in the affair.} The researches of Mr. Mayer show that, at the time of the massacre, Cresap v, as
* The Indian name of Logan, according to competent authority quoted by Mr. MHyer, waB Ta-ga-jute, which means " short
dress."
t This squaw was the wife for the time of John Gibson, the Indian trader, to whom the reputed speech of Logan was com-
municated. Her infant, who was saved, was cared for by Gibson.
X Logan evidently held Cresap responsible, as appears by the following note, quoted by Mr. Mayer, page 5G. It was written
with ink made of gunpowder and water, at the command of Logan, by William Robinaon, who had been made a prisoner by
that chief nine days before :
" Captain Cre<=ap. — What did you kill my people on Yellow Creek fort The white people killed my kin at Cone toss
284 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
.lohu Gibson. Logan's Speech. His Death. Sketch of Colonel Cresap.
who was then at Old Chillicothe, disdained to meet the white men in council, and sat sullenly
in his cabin while the treaty was in progress, Dunmore sent a messenger (John Gibson') to
Logan, to invite him to attend the council. The chief took Gibson into the woods, and sit-
ting down upon a mossy root, he told him the story of his wrongs, and, as that officer related,
shedding many bitter tears. He refused to go to the council, but, unwilling to disturb the de-
liberations by seeming opposition, he sent a speech, in the mouth of Gibson, to Governor Dun-
more. That speech, as preserved in print,5 has been greatly admired for its pathetic eloquence.'
with his young family in Maryland, and had nothing to do with the matter.* It is also demonstrated that
at about the hour when the massacre took place, two canoes, with Indians painted and prepared for war, ap-
proached. The appearance fully corroborated the disclosures of the squaw, and justified the vigilance (but
not the murder of women and unarmed men) by the neighbors of Baker.
1 John Gibson, who afterward became a major general, was an Indian trader, and an active man among
the settlers on the Ohio. Washington esteemed him as a brave and honest man, and in 1781 intrusted him
with the command of the western military department. He was succeeded by General Irvine in 1782.
He was a member of the Pennsylvania convention in 1788; was major general of militia, and was secre-
tary of Indian territory during the administrations of Jefferson and Madison. He was at one time asso-
riate judfje of the Common Pleas of Alleghany county, in Pennsylvania. Colonel George Gibson, who was
mortallv wounded at St. Clair's defeat in Ohio, was his brother.
' Gibson repeated the substance to Dunmore and other officers. They wrote it down, and, on returning
to Williamsburg, caused it to be published in the Virginia Gazette, February 4, 1775. This was the name
of the first newspaper published in Virginia. It was first issued at Williamsburg in 1736, a sheet about
twelve inches by six in size. It was printed weekly by William Parks, at fifteen shillings per annum. No
other paper was published in Virginia until the Stamp Act excitement in 1765—6. The Gazette was so
much under government control, that Jefferson and others got Mr. Rind to come from Maryland and pub-
lish a paper, which was also called " The Virginia Gazette." It was professedly open to all parties, but
influenced by none. This was the paper in which Logan's speech was published. Another "Virginia
Gazette'' was printed at Williamsburg in 1775, and published weekly for several years. — See Thomas's
History of Printing.
3 Loo-an, whose majestic person and mental accomplishments were the theme of favorable remark, be-
came a victim to the vice of intemperance. Earlier than the time when Dunmore called him to council,
he was addicted to the habit. The last years of his life were very melancholy. Notwithstanding the mis-
eries he had suffered at the hands of the white man, his benevolence made him the prisoner's friend, until
intemperance blunted his sensibilities, and in 1780 we find him among the marauders at Ruddell's Station
(see page 294). The manner of his death is differently Telated. The patient researches of Mr. Mayer
lead me to adopt his as the correct one, as it was from the lips of an aged man who knew Logan well,
and corresponds in all essential particulars with an account I received from an aged Mohawk whom I saw
at Cashnawajra, twelve miles from Montreal, in the summer of 1848. His mother was a Shawnee woman,
and when he was a boy, he often saw Lojjan. In a drunken phrensy near Detroit, in 1780, Logan struck
his wife to the ground. Believing her dead, he fled to the wilderness. Between Detroit and Sandusky,
he was overtaken by a troop of Indian men, women, and children. Not yet sober, he imagined that the
penalty of his crime was about to be inflicted by a relative. Being well armed, he declared that the whole
party should be destroyed. In defense, his nephew, Tod-kah-dohs, killed him on the spot, by a shot from
his gun. His wife recovered from his blow.
great while ago. and I thought nothing of that. But you killed my kin again on Yellow Creek, and took my cousin prisonei.
Then I thought I must kill too ; and I hive been three times to war since. But the Indians are not angry — only myself.
"July 21st, 1774. Captain John Logan."
This note was attached to a war club, and left in the house of a man whose whole family had been murdered by the savages.
* Michael Cresap was the son of a hardy pioneer, who was one of the Ohio Company in 1752. He wa9 born in Maryland (Al-
leghany county), on the 29th of June, 1742. While yet a minor, he married a Miss Whitehead, of Philadelphia. He became a
merchant and trader, and at length a bold pioneer upon the Ohio. He raised a company of volunteers in the summer of 1774.
and proceeded to aid his countrymen on the Ohio, when he was stopped by ConnoWy. Dunmore, however, valuing his serv-
ices, sent him a commission of captain in the militia of Hampshire county, in Virginia He then proceeded to the Ohio, and
was engaged in Dunmore's expedition of that year. When Gibson reported Logan's speech, the charge against Cresap was
laughed at as ridiculous ; and George Rogers Clarke, who was standing by. said, " He must be a very great man, as the Indians
palmed every thing that happened upon his shoulders."
Cresap returned to Maryland after the conclusion of Dunmore's expedition, and early in the spring he again went to the Ohio,
and alnvist to the wilderness of Kentucky. On his return, he was informed that he had been appointed to the command of a
company of Maryland riflemen, raised by a resolution of Congress. Although suffering from ill health, he immediately wcnl
to Boston wi th his company, and joined the continental army under Washington. His sickness continuing, he left the army for
his horn.' among the mountains. At New Yurk he sunk, exhausted, where he died on the 18th of October. 1775. at the age of
thirty-three years. His remains were buried in Trinity church yard with military honors, in the presence of a vast concourse
of people, where they yet rest. — See Mayer's Discourse; also Jacob's Lift of Cresap. In the appendix to his Discourse. Mr. Mayer
presents (he results of patient investigation, concerning the authenticity of Logan's speech. It appears probable that the senti-
ment was Lognn's, delivered, not as a speech or message, but as the natural expressions of the feelings of a man who felt thai
he had been greatly injured; the composition was evidently the work of some hand in Dunmore's camp.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Treaty with the Indian*.
Sentiments of Dunmore's Officers.
Indian Wurs in the West
Huone.
At the conclusion of the treaty, Dunmore and his troops returned to Virginia, by the way
of Fort Gower. At that place, the officers held a meeting on the filth of November"
for the purpose of considering the " grievances of British America." The proceed- * 1T?4
ings were not at all palatable to Lord Dunmore, notwithstanding one of the resolutions
highly complimented him personally. The speech of one of the officers, and the resolution
which followed, notwithstanding the attestations of loyalty freely expressed, evidently im-
plied a determination no longer to submit to royal rule. Dunmore was offended, and both
paities returned home dissatisfied.
Before resuming our record of events in the progress of the Virginia colony toward inde-
pendence, let us take a brief survey of succeeding Indian hostilities on the Virginia frontier,
until the close of the war. It is a wide and romantic field, but we must not be tempted
into minute details. We will note the most prominent features of those events, and refer
the reader to fuller details drawn by other pens. I briefly referred to the Indian war in
this region on page 264, volume i., and promised a more extended notice. Here I will
fulfill that promise.
For a while after the treaty on the Sciota, the western Indians made no concerted attacks
upon the white settlements on the frontiers ; but small parties continually harassed those
civil heroes who went over the Alleghany ranges and explored the broad forests which
stretched between the Cherokees, Creeks, and Catawbas of the south, and the Shawnees,
Delawares. and Wyandots. of the north, now the state of Kentucky. The first of these
•- ■_■ = _ bold pioneers was Daniel Boone,' a hero in the
truest sense of the term. He explored a por-
tion of the wilderness west of the Blue Ridge
as early as 1769, and for two years dwelt
among the solitudes of the forests. Accustom-
ed to the woods from earliest childhood, he found
his highest happiness in the excitements of for-
est life, and in 1773 his own and a few other
families accompanied him to the paradise ly-
ing among the rich valleys south of the Ohio
From that time, until the power of the western
tribes was broken by the expedition under Major
George Rogers Clark, Boone's life was an al-
most continual conflict with the Indians. En-
gaged in Dunmore's expedition in 1774, he was
marked for vengeance by the savages; and when
he built his little fort at Boousborough,a
a few miles from Lexington, they view-
ed his labors with jealousy, and resolved to
drive him from his (bothold. Already the In-
dians had killed his eldest son, and now his wife
sprite/
1 Daniel Boone was born about the year 1734. His parents, who came from Bradninch, in England,
went from Pennsylvania to the banks of the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, and his childhood was spent
in the forest. In 1769. he was induced to accompany John Finley in the wilds west of the mountains,
within the limits of the present state of Kentucky. From that period his own history is identified with
that of the state Daring his first visit there, he was captured by the Indians, but escaped within a week
or ten days afterward. He started with his family for Kentucky in 1773, but, meeting Indians, they fell
back and settled on the Clinch River.- In 1774 he accompanied a party of surveyors to the Falls of the
Ohio, and was active in expeditions against the Indians daring that year He removed to the locality of
the present Boonsborough, and built a fort there in 1775 In the course of three or four years, many other
settlers came to his vicinity While at the Blue Lick, on the Licking River, making salt for his garrison,
in February, 1778, he and his companions were captured by a party of Indians, ami taken to Chillicotbe.
The Indians became much attached to him. A family adopted him as a son. according to the Indian cus-
tom, and an offer of 3500 for his ransom, made by Governor Hamilton of Canada, was refused. Seven
months after his capture, he learned that five hundred warriors were preparing to march against Boons-
2 a 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Boone's Family on the Kain-tuck-te. Boone's Fort assailed by Indians. Capture of Boone's Daughter and Companions.
and daughters, the first white women who ever stood upon the banks of the Kain-tuck-ee,
were with him and engaged his solicitude. Kenton, Henderson, Logan, the M'Afees, Har-
din, Harrod, Hart, Ray, the Irvines, Bryants, Rogers, and others, soon followed ; and in the
course of seven or eight years the " western precinct of Fincastle county," as Kentucky was
called, contained scores of adventurers planting small settlements along the water-courses.
A record of the adventures of the settlers with the Indians would fill volumes. I have
space to notice only a few of the prominent events of that period which have a direct rela-
tion with the history of our war for Independence.1
In the spring of 1775, Daniel Boone erected a fort on the western bank of the Ken-
tucky River, the site of the present village of
Boonsborough. It was the first fortification built
in that region ; and the British, who had forts
north of the Ohio, at once excited the jealous fears
of the Indians respecting it. In December of that
year,a a party of Indians assailed it, but , Dec S4
were repulsed ; the little garrison lost i775-
but one man. On the fourteenth of July following,
one of Boone's daughters, and two other girls who
were amusing themselves near the fort, were
caught and carried away by the Indians, but were
speedily rescued.3
In 1774, Harrodsburg, in Mercer county, Ken-
tucky, was founded, and several log-cabins were
Boone's Fort.3
borough. He effected his escape on the 16th of July, and arrived home on the 20th, having traveled one
hundred and sixty miles, and eaten only one meal, during four days. He arrived in time to assist in pre-
paring the fort for the expected attack mentioned in the text. Boone's wife, with his children, in the mean
while, had returned to the house of her father, on the Yadkin, where Boone visited them in 1779. He re-
mained there until the next year, when he returned to Kentucky. He subsequently accompanied George
Rogers Clarke in his expeditions against the Indians on the Ohio, and was an active partisan until the close
of the war. From that time, until 1798, he resided alternately in Kentucky and Virginia.' In consequence
of a defect, in his title to lands in Kentucky, he was dispossessed of what was an ample estate, and made
poor. The region he had explored, and helped to defend, now contained a population of half a million.
Indignant because of being dispossessed, he shouldered his rifle, left Kentucky forever, and, with some fol-
lowers, plunged into the interminable forests of Missouri, west of the Mississippi.
" Of all men, aaving Sylla, the man-slayer, Was happiest among mortals any where ;
Who passes for in life and death most lucky, For, killing nothing but a bear or buck, he
Of the great names, which in our faces stare, Enjoyed the lonely, vigorous, harmless days,
The General Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky, Of his old age in wilds of deepest maze.
Byron's Don Juan, VIII., lxi.
They settled upon the Little Osage in 1799, and the following year explored the head waters of the Ar-
kansas. At the age of eighty years, accompanied by only two men (one white and the other black), he
made a hunting excursion to the great Osage, where they trapped many beavers and other game. At
about that time (1812), Boone addressed a memorial to the Legislature of Kentucky, setting forth that he
owned not an acre of ground on the face of the earth, and, at the age of fourscore, had nowhere to lay his
bones. He asked for a confirmation of his title to lands in Louisiana, given him by the Spanish govern-
ment in 1794, before that territory was ceded to the United States. The Legislature instructed their del-
egates in Congress to solicit a confirmation of this grant, and two thousand acres were secured to him.
He died on the twenty-sixth of September, 1820, at the age of almost ninety years. On that occasion, the
Legislature of Missouri, then in session, agreed to wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days, as a
token of respect. The grave of Boone is by the side of that of his wife, in the Cemetery at Frankfort,
Kentucky, but no stone identifies it to the eye of a stranger.
1 The reader, desirous of possessing minute information respecting this exciting portion of our early his-
tory, will be amply rewarded by a perusal of " Kentucky, its History, Antiquities, and Biography," an ex-
cellent work of nearly six hundred large octavo pages, with forty engravings, by Lewis Collins of Mays-
ville, Kentucky.
2 This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's Historical Collections of
Kentucky, page 417. It was composed of a number of log-houses disposed in the form of an oblong square.
Those at each corner, intended particularly for block-houses, were larger and stronger than the others. The
length of the fort was about two hundred and fifty feet, and the width about one hundred and fifty feet.
a Betsey and Frances Calloway, the youngest about thirteen years of age. were the companions of MO.
OF THE REVOLUTION
2b7
Construction of other Forts. Indian Assaults. Expedition against the Kentucky Settlements. George Rogers Clarke
built. Early in 1776, Colonel Benjamin Logan, and a small party of settlers, encamped
about a mile west of the present town of Stanford, in Lincoln county, and erected a log for-
tification, which they called Logan's Fort. These two settlements and Boone's Fort were
simultaneously attacked by a large party of Indians on the fifteenth of April, 1777. The
assailants, having neither artillery nor scaling-ladders, made but little impression upon
Boonsborough. A few men of the garrison were killed, and a quantity of com and cattle
belonging to the settlers was destroyed. Many of the assailants were killed.
On the fourth of July following, about two hundred warriors attacked Boonsborough with
great visor. The assailants were repulsed with the loss of seven of their number, while the
garrison had but one man killed, and two wounded. The siege lasted two days and nights.
On the ninth of September, 1776, a third attack was made upon Boonsborough. The In-
dians, five hundred in number, were led by Captain Duquesne, and other skillful Canadian
officers. When the enemy appeared in front of the fort, the British flag was displayed, and
a formal demand for the surrender of the fortress was made. Boone requested an allowance
of two days for consideration. It was granted, and in the mean while the garrison, consist-
iw of only titty men, prepared for a vigorous defense. Boone assembled the defenders, and
set before them the actual state of things. To surrender might insure them their lives, but
they would lose all their property ; to resist and be overcome, would result in the death of
every man, woman, and child. Every one res-
olutely determined to defend the fort to the last,
and this decision Boone communicated to Cap-
tain Duquesne. The Canadian was chagrined,
and sought to obtain by stratagem what he feared
he might not accomplish by force.1 The siege
was commenced, and lasted nine days, when the
assailants, having lost many of their number, and
unable to make any impression on the fort, re-
treated suddenly and in great confusion. This
was the last time that Boonsborough was as-
sailed, for the garrisons of other forts between it
and the Ohio were rapidly augmenting in num-
bers and strength, and made it dangerous for the
enemv to penetrate far into Kentucky
With the single exception of Dunmore's ex-
pedition in 177 4, hostilities west of the Allegha-
nies were nothing but a series of border
conflicts, each little party acting upon its
own responsibility, until 1778, when Major
George Rogers Clarke led a regular expedi-
tion against the frontier posts of the enemy
in the wilderness. Clarke first went toward
Kentucky in 1772, when he paddled down
the Ohio with the B,everend David Jones,
Boone on that occasion. Their screams alarmed the people in the fort. It was just at sunset when the
Indians carried off their victims. Boone and seven others started in pursuit. On the 1 1th, they came Dp
wjh the savases, forty-five miles distant from Boonsborough, furiously attacked them, and rescued the girls,
who had received no farther injury than that produced by the effeet of excessive fright.
1 Duquesne, professing great humanity, proposed to Boone to send out nine of the principal men of his
garrison to treat for an accommodation, the entire safety of the people within the fort being the basis. Un-
suspicious of treachery, Boone and eight others went out to the camp of the enemy. While engaged in
council, at a concerted signal, two strong warriors for each man attempted to sieze and carry off the dele-
gation. The whole nine succeeded in releasing themselves, and escaping to the fort amid a shower of
bullets from the enemy. Only one man was wounded. The sief;e immediately commenced.
9 George Rogers Clarke was born in Albermarle county, Virginia, on the nineteenth of November. 1752
288
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Clarke's Explorations in the Wilderness.
Expeditions against British Forts.
Simon Kenton
then on his way to preach the Gospel to the Western Indians. He was at once impressed with
the importance of that fertile region, and the necessity of making it a secure place for settle-
ments. His mind was clear and comprehensive ; his personal courage of the truest stamp ;
his energies, physical and mental, always vigorous, and he soon became an oracle among the
backwoodsmen. During the years 1775 and 177G, he traversed vast regions of the wil-
derness south of the Ohio, studied the character of the Indians chiefly from the observations
of others, and sought to discover a plan by which a tide of emigration might flow uncheck-
ed and secure into that paradise of the continent. He soon became convinced that the
British garrisons at Detroit, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes, were the nests of those vultures
who preyed upon the feeble settlements of the west, and deluged the virgin soil with the
blood of the pioneers. Virginia, to which province this rich wilderness belonged, was at
that time bending all her energies in advancing the cause of independence within her bor-
ders east of the Alleghanies, and the settlers west of the mountains were left to their own
defense. Major Clarke, convinced of the necessity of reducing the hostile forts in the Ohio
country, submitted a plan for the purpose to the Virginia Legislature, in December, 1777.
His scheme was highly approved, and Governor Hen-
ry and his council were so warmly interested, that
all the preliminary arrangements were soon made.
Major Clarke received two sets of instructions, one
public, ordering him to " proceed to the defense of
Kentucky," the other private, directing an attack
upon the British fort at Kaskaskia. Twelve hund-
red pounds were appropriated to defray the expenses
of the expedition ; and the commandant of Fort Pitt
was ordered to furnish Clarke with ammunition,
boats, and other necessary equipments. His force
consisted of only four companies, but they were all
prime men. Early in the spring11 they ren-
dezvoused upon Corn Island, at the Falls of
the Ohio, six hundred and seven miles by water, be-
low Fort Pitt. Here Clarke was joined by Simon
Kenton, one of the boldest pioneers of the west,
then a young man of twenty-two years. He
had been acting as a spy for two years previ-
ously ; henceforth he was engaged in a more
honorable, but not more useful service.
•irvy
little is known of his early youth. He was engaged in land surveying, and this led him to love a forest
life. He commanded a company in Dunmore's army in 1774, and then became better acquainted with the
country west of the Alleghanies. In 1775 he first went to Kentucky, and, while there, he was placed in
temporary command of armed settlers. His subsequent military career, until the close of the Revolution,
is given in the text. Three years after the conclusion of the war (1786), Clarke commanded an expedi
tion of one thousand men against the Indians on the Wabash. It was disastrous. Several years afterward,
Genet, the French minister, undertook to raise and organize a force in Kentucky, for a secret expedition
against the Spaniards on the Mississippi, and General Clarke accepted a commission as major general in
the armies of France, to conduct the enterprise. Before it could be matured, Genet was recalled, and
Clarke's commission annulled. General Clarke never appeared in public life afterward. After suffering
for many years from a rheumatic affection, he was prostrated by paralysis, and died near Louisville, in Feb-
ruary, 1818, at the age of sixty-six.
1 Simon Kenton was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, April 3rd, 1755. His father was a native of
Ireland ; his mother came from Scotland. He fled to the wilderness at the age of sixteen, on account of an
affray with a young man who had married his affianced. Believing he had killed his rival in a fist tight,
he went over the Alleghanies, and became a noble pioneer in the march of western civilization. At Fori
Pitt he formed an intimacy with Simon Girty, the desperate renegade in after years, and his daily compan-
ions were trappers and hunters. He was an active spy for Governor Dunmore ill 1774, and after that he
had many encounters with the sons of the forest in their native wilds. He became a companion of Boone,
and with him and his co-laborers Arrested Kain-tuck-ee from the red men. He joined Major Clarke at the
OF THE REVOLUTION 289
Life and Sufl'eringa. Surprise of Knskaskiu. Capture of the Garrison. Locntit n of Kajkaskta.
From Corn Island1 they proceeded in boats to the month of the Tennessee River, and
landed upon the site of Paducah. There they met a party of hunters from Kaskaskia and
obtained valuable information. They reported that M. Etooheblave, commander of the gar-
rison at Kaskaskia, was an exceedingly vigilant officer, and kept spies continually on the
alert to discover the approach of Keiituckians. The hunters believed that a surprise might
be effected, and they ollered to accompany the expedition as guides. Their services were
accepted, and the expedition having dropped down the Ohio to a proper point on the Illi-
nois shore, and concealed their boats, commenced their march through the wilderness to
Kaskaskia.3 They arrived in the vicinity of the town toward the evening of the fourth of
July,11 where they remained until dark, nnperceived by any of the people. Before
midnight the town and garrison were in possession of the Keiituckians Philip Roche-
blave, the British commander, was surprised in bed, like Delaplace at Ticouderoga. His
wife, whom the polite Keiituckians would not disturb, secured or destroyed most of his pa-
pers. The rest of his papers, which revealed the fact that the British were stimulating the
Indians to hostilities, were sent, with the commandant himself, to Williamsburg, in Virginia.
It was a bloodless conquest, and in the course of a few days the prudent policy of Clarke
secured the respect of the French people, and they accepted the government of Virginia
with satisfaction.
About sixty miles further up the Mississippi was Cahokia, a village coeval in settlement
with Kaskaskia. It was a place of considerable trade, and a depository of British arms for
distribution among the Indians. Clarke dispatched Captain Joseph Bowman with a little
Falls of the Ohio in 1778, and after the surprise of Kaskaskia he returned to Boonsborough. Toward the
close of that year he was captured by the Indians, and finally became a prison laborer in the hands of the
British at Detroit. Aided by a trader's wife, he escaped in company with two fellow-prisoners, the re-
nowned Captain Bullitt and Lieutenant Coffee, and arrived at the Falls in July. 1779. Kenton subse-
quer.'ly joined Clarke in his expeditions. It was in 1782 when he heard that he had not killed his rival
in love, and that his old father still lived. He went to Virginia, and, alter spending some time among the
friends of his early youth, he returned to Kentucky, taking his father and family with him. On the way
the old man died; the remainder of the family reached Kenton's sctilrinciit in safely. From that period,
until Wayne's expedition in 1793, Kenton was much engaged in Indian warfare.
Poor Simon Kenton experienced the bitter effects of wrong, ingratitude, and neglect. On account of
some legal matters concerning his lands in Kentucky, he was imprisoned for twelve months upon the very
spot where he built his cabin in 1775. In 1802, beggared by lawsuits and losses, he became landless. Yet
he never murmured at the ingratitude which pressed him down, and in L813 the veteran joined the Ken-
tucky troops under Shelby, and was in the battle of the Thames. In 1824, then seventy years old, he
journeyed to Frankfort, in tattered garments and upon a miserable horse, to ask the Legislature of Ken-
tucky to release the claims of the state upon some of his mountain lands. He was stared at by the boys,
and shunned by the citizens, for none knew him. At length General Thomas Fletcher recognized him,
gave him a new suit of clothes, and entertained him kindly. When it was known that Simon Kenton was
in town, scores flocked to see the old hero. He was taken to the Capitol and seated in the speaker's chair.
His lands were released, and afterward Congress gave him a pension of two hundred and forty dollars a
year. He died, at the age of eighty-one years, in 1836, at his residence at the head of Mad Run, Logan
count)-, Ohio, in sight of the place where, fifty-eight years before, the Indians were about to put him to death.
1 The city of Louisville is at the Falls or Rapids of the Ohio. The rapids, formed by a dike of lime-
stone stretching across the river, extend about two miles. Captain Bullitt, of Virginia, a brave officer,
who accompanied Washington in his expedition against Fort Duquesne. visited this spol in 1773. and. it is
said, laid out the city there, on the. south side of the river. But no settlement was made until 1778, when
a sniall number of families accompanied Mr. Clarke down the Ohio, and were left by him upon Torn Island.
In the autumn they moved to the main land, built a bloek-house of logs, and thus founded Louisville, now
(1851) a city and port of entry, with a population of 50.000. In 1780, the Virginia Legislature passed an
mi for establishing the town of Louisville, the name being given in honor of Louis XVI. of France, then
lending his aid to the Americans. A stronger fort was built there in 1782. and was called Fort Nelson,
in honor of Governor Thomas Nelson, of Virginia. For several years the settlement was harassed by the
Indians, but it soon became too strong to fear them. The commerce of Louisville began in 1783, when
Daniel Broadhead took goods from Philadelphia and exposed them for sale there. — Collins, page 360.
2 Kaskaskia, the present capital of Randolph county, Illinois, is situated on the west side of Kaskaskia
River, seven miles from its junction with the Mississippi. It was settled by some French Jesuits about
1683, and was one of the towns which went into the possession of the British by the treaty of 1763, at the
conclusion of the Seven years' War. It then contained about one hundred families, and that was about the
amount of its population at the time of Clarke's expedition.
II. T
290 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Surprise of Cahokia. Capture of Vincennes. Its Loss and Recapture. Terrible March over the " Drowned Lnnds."
less than I wo companies,3 to reduce that post, and also to capture two other small
towns. Several inhabitants of Kaskaskia gladly accompanied them. The expe-
dition was successful at the small towns, and reached Cahokia unobserved. The surprise
was complete. The inhabitants were greatly alarmed ; but when the Kaskaskia people ex-
plained the whole matter, the fears of the people were changed to emotions of joy, and the
American flag was saluted with three hearty huzzas. They took the oath of allegiance,
and the conquest was thorough. The region thus brought under the sway of Virginia was
erected into a county, and named Illinois.
The stronger and more important post of Vincennes1 was yet unsubdued, and Clarke felt
that the object of his mission would be but half accomplished if he did not gain possession
of that place. It was necessary to garrison Kaskaskia and Cahokia, in order to retain
them, and to do this would so weaken his little army that he could scarcely hope for vic-
tory in an attack upon Vincennes, unless he should be as successful in effecting a surprise
as he had in capturing the posts already in his possession. While thus perplexed, and
doubting what course to pursue, he communicated his desires to Father Gibault, a French
priest, who agreed to endeavor to bring those inhabitants of Vincennes, over whom he had
pastoral charge, to the support of the American cause. The influence of the priest was
successful; the inhabitants arose in the night and cast off their allegiance to the British,
expelled the garrison from the fort, and pulled down the English standard.
The American flag floated in triumph over the ramparts in the morning. b
Major Clarke, just promoted to colonel by the Virginia authorities, now applied himself
to the pacification of the Indian tribes. His reputation as a warrior was great among them,
and, as the qualities of a hero inspires the Indian with respect, his influence was also great.
He was a successful negotiator, and the prejudices of many of the tribes against the provin-
cials were subdued. While thus engaged, he received no news from Vincennes, and he be-
gan to have fears for its safety. On the twenty-ninth of January, 1779, he received intel-
ligence that Governor Hamilton had marched an expedition against that place, from Detroit,
nearly a month previously, and that the town was again in possession of the enemy. He
was also informed that another and more formidable expedition was to be sent out in the
spring to recapture Kaskaskia, and to assail the various posts on the Kentucky frontier.
With his usual promptness and energy, Colonel Clarke prepared to anticipate the enemy,
and strike the first blow. He planned an expedition against Vincennes, and on the seventh
of February0 commenced his march through the wilderness, with one hundred and
e 1779 . .
seventy-five men. He had previously dispatched Captain Rogers and forty men,
two four-pounders, and a boat, with orders to force their way up the Wabash to a point
near the mouth of White River, and there wait for further orders. For a whole week
Colonel Clarke's party traversed the drowned lands of Illinois, suffering every privation from
wet, cold, and hunger. When they arrived at the Little Wabash, at a point where the
forks of the stream are three miles apart, they found the intervening space covered with
water to the depth of three feet. The points of dry land were five miles apart, and all that
distance those hardy soldiers waded the cold snow-flood, sometimes armpit deep ! On the
evening of the eighteenth,11 they halted a little distance from the mouth of Em-
d Feb 1779 T.
barrass Creek, and so near Vincennes that they could hear the booming of the
evening gun. Here they encamped for the night, and the next morning at dawn, with
their faces blackened with gunpowder to make themselves appear hideous, they crossed the
river in a boat they had secured, and pushed on through the floods toward the town.
Just as they reached dry land, in sight of Vincennes, they captured a resident, and sent him
into the town with a letter demanding the immediate surrender of the place and fort. The
people, taken by surprise, were greatly alarmed, and believed the expedition to be from Ken-
tucky, composed of the fierce and strong of that advancing commonwealth. Had armed
men dropped in their midst from the clouds, they could not have been more astonished, for it
1 Vincennes is the capital of Knox county, Indiana. It is situated on the east bank of the Wabash River
one hundred miles above its entrance into the Ohio. A French trading post was established there in 1730
OF THE REVOLUTION. 29]
Colonel Hamilton mnaV Prisoner. Detroit. Tory Emissaries. Dr. Connolly. Official Tampering will] the Indians
seemed impossible for this little band to have traversed the deluged country. The people
were disposed to comply with the demand, hut Governor Hamilton, who commanded the
garrison in person, would not allow it. A siege commenced, and for fourteen hours a furi-
ous conflict continued. The next day the town and fort were surrendered, and the garrison
were made prisoners of war.' The stars and stripes took the place of the red cross of St.
George ; a round of thirteen guns proclaimed the victory, and that night the exhausted
troops of Colonel Clarke reposed in comfort.
While Boone and his companions were beating back the Indians from the Kentucky
frontier, and Colonel Clarke was prosecuting his conquests and establishing the American
power over the more westerly posts, Detroit was a position toward which the Continental
Congress, and the Assemblies of Pennsylvania and Virginia, looked with anxiety, for it was
the focal point of British influence over the Western Indians, and the rendezvous for expe-
ditions against the frontier settlements. Colonel Hamilton, the commandant at that post,
was actively engaged, from the commencement of the war, in winning the Indians over to
the British interest, and in organizing parties to go out upon the war-path for blood and
spoil. Among his most active emissaries were three Tories — Girty, M'Kee, and Elliot,
whom I have alluded to on page 264, of the first volume of this work. Governor Hun-
more, too, was implicated, as early as the summer of 1775, in the nefarious business of ex-
citing the Indian tribes to fall upon the white settlements on the frontiers of his province,
hoping thereby to weaken the powers and resources of the people, then engaged in their
struggle for independence. The capture of Connolly, his chief agent in the business, ex-
posed the whole plot, and made the Continental Congress more vigilant, as well as more de-
termined.2 General Gage also appears to have been concerned in the measure, and there
can not be a doubt that the representatives of royalty in British America were secretly en-
gaged, after the battle of Bunker Hill, in a grand scheme for uniting the various Indian
tribes, and bringing them down upon the white people with the desolating fury of a tornado
The fidelity of some of the Indian chiefs impeded the consummation of the plan until coun-
tervailing measures were taken by Congress, and the darling project of Dunmore and his
associales was frustrated.
Simon Girty, who with Elliot and M'Kee had been confined by the patriots at Pitts-
burgh, burned with a spirit of revenge. He collected about four hundred Indian warriors
at Sandusky, in the summer of 1777, and marched toward Limestone (now Maysville), on
the Kentucky frontier. Fort Henry," a small establishment near the mouth of Wheeling
Creek (now Wheeling), was garrisoned by about forty men, under the command of Colonel
Sheppard. The movements of Girty were known at that post, and scouts were kept on the
' Governor Hamilton and several of his chief officers were sent to Williamsburg, in Virginia, where, on
account of their having incited the Indians to their cruel deeds, they were confined in jail, anil heavily iron-
ed. Gover Jefferson used Ins influence in favor of relieving them of this rigorous treatment. He was
successful, and Hamilton and his associates were allowed to go to New York on parole.
2 John Connolly was a physician, and resided at Pittsburgh, where he and Washington became acquaint
ed. At the commencement of the war he took sides with Dunmore, and doubtless suggested to the gov-
ernor the plan of arousing and combining the Indian tribes against the colonists. lie visited General G:ijc
in the autumn of 17To. and ten days after his return to Williamsburg, in Virginia, he left Dunmore and de-
parted for the Ohio country with two companions, Allen Cameron, and Dr. John Smythe. Near Hagers-
town. in Maryland, they were stopped as suspicious characters, and taken back to Frederickton. C lol-
ly's papers were concealed in the tree of bis saddle. They revealed tho whole nefarious plot. It appeared
that Connolly bad received from Dunmore the appointment of colonel, and was to raise a regiment in the
western country and Canada. Detroit was to be his place of rendezvous, from whence, as soon as his forces
could be collected, he was to enter Virginia, march to Alexandria in the spring, and there meet Lord Duc-
more with a naval armament and another body of troops. Connolly and his papers were sent to Philadel-
phia . the first wa- placed in the custody of the jailer, the latter in that of Congress. Connolly was after-
ward a prisoner in Baltimore, and he was left in durance until about the close of the war.
3 This fort was erected in 1774, during Dunmore's campaign, as a place of refuge. It was first called
Fort Fincastle ; afterward its name was changed to Henry, in compliment to the great Virginia orator
The fort stood on the south bank of the Ohio, about a quarter of a mile abo- \ the mouth of Wheeling
I leek
292 PICTORIAL FIELD-1300K
tiirty before Fort Henry Massacre of a ReconnoUering Par'y Attack upon the Fort. Elizabeth Zane and Mrs. Merrill.
alert. Girty's design seemed to be to cross the Ohio and attack the Kentucky frontier ; but,
with dextrous caution, he pushed up the river, and, undiscovered by Sheppard's scouts, he ap-
peared before Fort Henry with his tierce followers early on the morliing of the first of Septem-
ber. Fortunately for the settlers of Wheeling, then a scattered village of about twenty-five
log-huts, they had intimations of savages being near on the evening previous, and all had taken
refuge in the fort.
The first attack was made upon a reconnoitering party under Captain Mason. The In-
dians were ambushed, and fell upon the little band without a moment's warning. More
than one half of them perished. Captain Ogle, with twelve men, sallied out to the assist-
ance of Mason, and only four of his company escaped. Bullet and tomahawk cut them
down, and the garrison was thus reduced to only twelve men and youths, among whom
Colonel Sheppard, and Ebenezer and Silas Zane, were the most prominent.1 The women
and children of the little settlement were within the pickets, overwhelmed with grief and
fear, and all hope for the salvation of the fort and its inmates faded away. At that critical
moment, Simon Girty appeared with a white flag, and demanded the unconditional surren-
der of the ibrt. Although the assailants outnumbered the garrison forty-fold, the beleaguer-
ed resolved to resist, and Colonel Sheppard promptly told the scoundrel that it should never
be surrendered to h;im, nor to any other man, while there was an American left to defend
it. Girty was enraged, and immediately ordered a siege The Indians entered the log-
houses near the fort for protection, and for six hours they kept up an ineffectual fire against
the pickets (for they had no artillery), while the sharp-shooters within seldom sent a bullet
upon a fruitless errand of death. At meridian the Indians fell back to the base of Wheel-
ing Hill, and the firing ceased. This season of quiet was employed by the garrison in a
bold attempt to bring some powder into the fort, for their ammunition was almost exhausted
This feat was accomplished by an intrepid young woman, a sister of the Zanes."
1 Ebenezer Zane became the founder of Zanesville, in Ohio, twenty years afterward.
2 Elizabeth Zane was the sister of Ebenezer and Silas Zane. She had just returned from Philadelphia,
where she had completed her education, and was but little accustomed to the horrors of border warfare
With other females in the fort, she assisted in casting bullets, making cartridges, and loading rifles. When
the powder in the fort was exhausted, Ebenezer Zane remembered that there was a keg of the article in
his house, sixty yards distant from the fort. The man who should attempt to go for it would be exposed
to the close and numerous shots of the Indians. Only one man for the service could be spared from the
Ibrt. Colonel Sheppard was unwilling to order any one to the duty ; he asked for a volunteer. Every man
present eagerly ottered to undertake the hazardous duty. They contended so long for the honor, that it
was feared that the Indians would return to the siege before an attempt to get the powder should be made.
At this moment Elizabeth Zane came forward and asked permission to go for the powder, giving as a rea-
son that her life was of less value to the garrison than that of a man. At first she was peremptorily re-
fused, but so earnest were her solicitations, that consent was reluctantly given. She went out the gate,
and fearlessly passed the open space to her brother's house. The Indians saw her, and watched her move-
ments. When she came out of the house, and, with the keg of powder in her arms, sped with the fleetness
of a fawn toward the fort, they sent a full volley of bullets after her, but not a ball touched her person.
The shield of God's providence was about her, and the noble girl entered the fort in safety with her valu-
able prize. A loud shout welcomed her, and every man, inspired by her heroism, resolved to repulse the
foe or die in the trench. Elizabeth Zane was twice married. The name of her first husband was
M'Laughlin ; of the second, Clarke. She resided on the Ohio side of the river, near Wheeling, until with-
in the last ten years. The story of Elizabeth Zane ought to be perpetuated in marble, and preserved in
the Valhalla of our Revolutionary heroes.
The history of our Western States is full of the chronicles of heroic women, who boldly battled with the
privations incident to new settlements, or engaged in actual conflicts with the Indian tribes upon lands
which the white men wrongfully invaded. Elizabeth Zane was a type of the moral, and Mrs. Merrill of
the physical heroines of that day. During the summer of 1787, the house of John Merrill, in Nelson county,
Kentuckv, was attacked by a parly of Indians. It was midnight when the approach of the savages was an-
nounced by the barking of a dog. Mr. Merrill opened the door to ascertain the cause of the disturbance,
when he received the fire of five or six rifles, and his thigh and arm were broken. He fell, and called
to his wife to close the door. She was an Amazon in strength and courage, and seizing an ax for de-
fense, closed the door just as several Indians approached with tomahawks. They soon made a breach and
attempted to enter. Mrs. Merrill killed or badly wounded four of them with the ax, and maintained her
post. The Indians ascended the roof, and essayed to enter the house by the broad chimney. Mrs. Merrill
seized her only feather-bed, ripped it open, and cast the contents npon the fire. The suffocating smoke
OF THE RE VOLUTION 29 a
Effect of a Log Field-piece. Arrival of Succor. Abandonment of tin ■- Escnpr of M'Culloeh
The assailants renewed the attack at half past two o'clock. Again they took possession
of the cabins near the fort, anil were thus covered from the fire of the Republicans. They
also attempted to force the gate of the fort, but were obliged to abandon it after six ol their
number were shot down. Still they eagerly sought to secure their prey within. Approach-
ing darkness did not end the conflict. The Indians converted a hollow maple log into a
field piece, and after dark conveyed it within sixty yards of the fort. It was bound with
chains, filled to the muzzle with stones, pieces of iron, and other missiles, and discharged
against the gates of the fort. The log burst into a thousand fragments, and its projectiles
were scattered in all directions. Several Indians were killed, but not a picket of the fort
was injured. This failure of their artillery discouraged the assailants, and the conflict ceased
for the night. At four o'clock in the morning," Colonel Swearingen and four- , s, .,„ >
teen men arrived, and fought their way into the fort without losing a man ; and
at daybreak Major M-Cujloch arrived with forty mounted men. His followers entered the
fort in safety, but he, being separated from his companions, was obliged to flee to the open
country. He narrowly escaped falling into the hands of the Indians, who thirsted for his
blood, for he was their most skillful enemy. They hated him intensely, and yearned to sub-
ject him to their keenest tortures.1
Girty and his fellow-savages abandoned all hope of capturing the fort, after this augment-
ation of the garrison, and, setting fire to the houses and fences outside of the palisades, and
lulling about three hundred head of cattle belonging to the settlers, they raised the siege and
departed for the wilderness." Not a man of the garrison was lost during the siege ; twenty-
three of the forty-two in the fort were slain at the first attack, before the siege commenced.
The loss of the enemy was between sixty and one hundred.' The defense of Fort Henry
was one of the most remarkable for courage, on record, and deserves far more prominence
in the catalogue of battles for independence than has generally been awarded to it by histo-
rians.
Early in 1778, Congress sent three commissioners to Pittsburgh to make observations,
and determine the importance of Detroit as a place of rendezvous for the hostile tribes
They reported the activity of the commander, and his influence among the Indians, and
represented the necessity of sending an expedition against that post immediately. Congress
resolved to do so, but the financial embarrassments of the government, then fearfully in-
creasing, rendered an expedition so expensive quite incompatible. The design was reluct-
antly abandoned,4 and in lieu thereof, General Lachlin M'lntosh, then commanding the
western department, was ordered to march from Fort Pitt (his head-quarters), with a suffi-
cient force, against the principal Indian towns in the Ohio country, and so to chastise them
brought two of the savages down almost insensible. These she dispatched with the ax. The only re-
maining savage now tried to force his way in through the door. Across his cheek Mrs. Merrill drew the
keen biade of the ax. With a horrid yell, he fled to the woods, and, arriving at Chillicothe, gave a terrible
account of the strength and fury of the" long knife squaw." I might fill pages with similar recitals. For
such records, see M'Clung's Sketches of Western Adventure— Hildrcth's Early Settlers of Ohm.
1 The Indians might have killed Major M'Culloeh, but they determined to take him alive and torture
him. His horse was fleet, but the savages managed to hem him in on three sides, while on the fourth was
an almost perpendicular precipice of one hundred and fifty feet descent, with Wheeling Creek at its base
He had the single alternative, surrender to the Indians, or leap the precipice. His horse was a powerful
animal. Gathering his reins tightly in his right hand, and grasping his rifle in his left, M'Culloeh spurred
his charger to the brow of the declivity and made the momentous leap. They reached the foot of the blufl
in safely, and the noble animal dashed through the creek, and bore his rider far away from his pursuers.
; Simon Girty was the oflspring of crime. His father, a native of Ireland, and settler in Pennsylvania,
was a sot ; his mother was a bawd. They had four sons ; Simon was the second. With two brothers, he
was captured by the Indians after Braddock's defeat. His brother James was adopted by the Delawarcs.
and became the fiercest savage of the tribe. Simon was adopted by the Senecas. became a great hunter,
and exercised his innate wickedness to its fullest extent. For twenty years the name of Simon Girty was
a terror to the women and children of the Ohio country. He possessed the redeeming quality of honesty
in all his transactions. It was bis earnest wish that he might die in battle. That wish was not gratified,
for he died a natural death about the year 1815.
3 American Pioneer. ' See Journals of Congress, iv., 245 and 305
a 94 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Furt M'Intosh. Expedition against Sandusky Towns. Successful Expedition from Detroit agninst Kentucky Furta
us to insure their future quiet. As soon as spring opened, M'Intosh descended the Ohio
Ptiver about thirty miles, and erected a fort at Beavertown, at the mouth of Beaver Creek,
to intercept the war parties on their marches toward the settlements, and to make effective
demonstrations against the savages when opportunities should occur.1 After considerable de-
lay, he marched toward the Sandusky towns, on Sandusky Bay, with one thousand men.
The season was so far advanced when they reached the Tuscarawas, that General M'Intosh
thought it imprudent to advance farther. He built a fort about half a mile below the pres-
ent village of Bolivia, and named it Fort Laurens, in honor of the then president of Con-
gress." Leaving a garrison of one hundred and fifty men under the command of
Colonel John Gibson (the embassador to poor Logan), he returned to Fort Pilt bar-
ren of the honors of an Indian fight.
On the first of June, 1780, an expedition was sent out from Detroit, composed of six hund-
red Canadians and Indians under Colonel Byrd. They took with them six pieces of artil-
lery ; their destination was some of the stations upon the Licking Paver, in Kentucky.
Colonel Byrd went up the Licking as far as the forks, where he landed his artillery, and
erected some huts upon the site of Falmouth. Gathering strength on his way, he marched
from the forks, with nearly one thousand men and his artillery, for RuddeU's Station, on the
south fork of the Licking, three miles below the junction of Hinkston and Stoner's branches
of that stream. The Kentucky stockades, all wanting cannons, were quite powerless before
the artillery of Colonel Byrd, and Captain Ruddell at once surrendered, after being assured
that the people within should not be made the prisoners of the Indians. When the gales
were opened, however, Byrd could not restrain his savage allies. They rushed in, and seiz-
ing men, women, and children promiscuously, claimed them as their own, and thus families
were separated during a long captivity. All the property was destroyed or carried away,
and the place was made a desolation. Elated with their success, the Indians proposed an
attack upon Martin's, Bryant's, and Lexington Stations, all lying between the Licking
and Kentucky Rivers. Colonel Byrd endeavored to dissuade them, for his humanity was
shocked by the scenes at P^uddell's. The chiefs finally consented to allow all future pris-
oners to be under the control of their commander. The army then proceeded to Martin's
Station, captured it without opposition, and, bearing away all the property found there, took
up its line of march toward the fork of the Licking, leaving Bryant's and Lexington un-
molested, except by marauding parties of Indians, who drove away many horses from each
place. The whole expedition returned to Detroit by the way of the Great Miami, on tb.3
banks of which, at the point where they commenced their land journey toward Detroit, they
concealed their artillery.
This incursion from Detroit aroused all the energies of Colonel Clarke. He visited Rich-
mond in December," and urged the Provincial Assembly to furnish him with means
to chastise the enemy for his insolence. While there, Arnold invaded the state b)
1 Fort M'Intosh (as the redoubt was called) was erected under the general superintendence of the Chev-
alier De Cambray, a French engineer, who commanded the artillery in the western department. It was
built of strong stockades furnished with bastions, and mounted six six-pounders. Cambray's chief officer
was Captain William Sommerville, conductor of the artillery, who, from letters from De Cambray to him
(copies of which are before me), appears to have been an ollicer of much merit.* He was in the conti-
nental service four years and a half (more than two of which as conductor of artillery, with the rank of
captain), when he resigned, and, at the close of the war, settled in the Valley of Virginia, in Berkeley
county, where he died about 1825. The services of many of the subordinate officers of merit connected
v\ i ! 1 1 the artillery department of the Continental army have failed to receive the attention of the historian.
How many patriots of that struggle lie in forgotten graves !
* The following extract from a letter of instruction, sent by Colonel De Cambray to Captain Sommerville, and dnted " Fort
Pitt, 6th January, 1779," is a fair specimen of that officer's diction in English : " For the supplies necessary to your department,
you are to apply to the quarter-master (Colonel Archibald Steele), and. in ense of refusal, to form your complaint against them.
You must insist repeatedly for your 6tore-house to be put in order, to secure the military stores, who. if continue to be neg-
lected, in three months more ought to be unfit for service. If you insist, you shall not be accountable of it. but the command,
iug officer. If I did omit something, 1 leave to your discretion to supply it. I recommend to you once more the greatest care,
and to be very scrupulous on the orders of issuing, for to avoid, if possible, the bad effects of the wasting geniu6 who reign a.1
over this department."
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Colonel Clarke in Vir Made s Brigadier Battle at the Blue Lick*. ubdued.
«
way of the James River, and Clarke took a temporary command under Baron .Steuben.
He afterward succeeded in raising a considerable force for an expedition against Detroit, and
the corps destined for the service was ordered to rendezvous at the Falls of the Ohio (Lou-
isville), on the fifteenth of March." Clarke was promoted to the rank of a briga- ^
dier, and joined his troops at the appointed time. Unexpected difficulties arose
Cornwallis was menacing all Virginia with desolation , the financial resources of Congress
were at their lowest point, and operations on the western frontier were confined to defensive
acts. Like a lion chained, Clarke beheld the British and their forest allies lording it over
the chosen country of the pioneers, who were without strength sufficient to drive them away,
or hardly able to beat them back when they came as assailants. Finally, the disastrous battle
at the Blue Licks, which spread a pall of gloom over Kentucky, aroused his desponding spirit,
and he raised a war cry which awoke responsive echoes every where in that deep forest
land.' That battle was fought in August, >> and in September, General Clarke, at b A 19
the head of more than one thousand mounted riflemen, assembled at the mouth ol 17t"--
the Licking (opposite the present city of Cincinnati), crossed the Ohio, and pressed forward
to the Indian towns on the Sciota. He was accompanied by Simon Kenton as pilot, and
who had command of a company on that occasion. The natives fied before the invaders
and escaped ; but five of their villages, and numerous corn-fields and orchards, were laid
waste. The Kentuckians returned to the mouth of the Licking on the fourth of November.3
This expedition had a salutary effect ; it awed the savages, and no formidable Indian war
party ever afterward invaded Kentucky. For more than ten years subsequently, the Indians
on our northwestern frontier were troublesome, and it was not until Wayne and a
powerful force desolated their country,*: and wrung from them a general treaty ol
peace, d that they ceased their depredations.
Let us return from the " dark and bloody ground" west of the Alleghanics, and view
the progress of events at Williamsburg and vicinity.
1 The battle at the Blue Licks, in Nicholas county, Kentucky, occurred on the nineteenth of August,
1782. For some time a strong body of Indians, partially under the control of Simon Girty, had committed
depredations in the neighborhood, and it was finally resolved to pursue and chastise them. Daniel Boone
with a party from Boonsborough, Trigg from Harrodsburgh, and Todd from Lexington, joined their forces
t! lSivaiii'sStation, about live mile-, northeast of Lexington. The little army consisted of one hundred and
eighty-two men. They marched on the eighteenth, notwithstanding the number of the enemy was nearly
twice their own. but expecting to be joined by General Logan, then at Lincoln, within twenty-four hours.
Early on the following morning they came within sight of the enemy at the lower Blue Licks, who were
ascending the opposite bank oft/ie stream. The Kentuckians held a council of war, and Boone proposed
waiting for the arrival of Logan. They were generally inclined to adopt ihe prudent council of the veter-
an, when Major M'Gary, impetuous and imprudent like Meeker before the fatal battle of Minisink, raised
a war-whoop, dashed with his horse into the stream, and, waving his hat, shouted, " Let all who aie not cow-
ards follow me!" Instantly the mounted men and footmen were dashing through the strong current of a
deep ford in wild confusion. They ascended the bank and rushed forward in pursuit of the enemy, and. as
B e had suggested, fell into an ambuscade. The Indians, concealed in bushy ravines, almost surrounded
the Kentuckians, who stood upon a bald elevation between. The Kentucky sharp-shooters fought like
tigers, but the Indians, greatly superior in numbers, came up from the ravines, closed in upon their victims,
and produced terrible slaughter. Most ol" the Kentucky leaders, including a son of Daniel Boone, were
killed, and utter destruction seemed to await the pioneers. It was soon perceived that the Indians were
extending theil line to cut off the retreat of the Kentuckians. A retrograde movement was immediately
ordered." A tumultuous retreat ensued, and great was the slaughter by the pursuing Indians. The mount-
ed men escaped, but n Iv every man on foot was slain. A large number were killed at the ford, and the
waters of the river were reddened with the blood of the victims. Those who succeeded in crossing the
river plunged into the buffalo thickets, and by various routes escaped to Bryant's Station. — See M -Citing's
Sketches of Western Adventure.
■ It was while the expedition was slowly winding its way down this hill above Cincinnati (then an un-
known name, now a city with almost 120,000 inhabitants), that Captain M'Cracken, then dying from the
, ■tl.rts 0f a w id in his arm, proposed that they should all enter into an agreement that, fifty years
thereafter, the survivors should " meet there and talk over the affairs of the campaign.'' On the fourth of
November, 1832, many of those veterans met in Cincinnati, and more would doubtless have been there, had
not the ravages of the cholera prevented. Kenton was still living, but debility prevented his joining his old
companions in arms. — See Collins's Kentucky.
29G PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Affairs at Williamsburg. Patrick Henry's bold Resolutions in fiivor of Military Preparations. Hi? eloquent Defense of them
We left Governor Dunmore and the Virginia House of Burgesses in open rupture. The
governor had dissolved them, and they had assembled at the Raleigh tavern in convention,
and appointed delegates to represent Virginia in the approaching General Congress. That
Congress met ; its acts have elsewhere been noticed in detail.1 The breach between the
governor and the people continued to widen ; the affairs of Great Britain and her American
colonies rapidly approached a crisis. Every day the power of royal governors became weak-
er ; every day the representatives of the people became bolder. To sagacious minds war
appeared inevitable, and preparations for it were regarded as acts of common prudence.
In the Virginia Legislature, convened at Richmond in March, 1775, Patrick Henry, in a
series of resolutions, recommended a levy of volunteer troops in each county, for the better
defense of the country ; in other words, a standing army of minute-men, pledged to the re-
publican cause. He had seen with impatience the temporizing spirit of his colleagues, and
he determined to test their courage and patriotism by a bold proposition in the form of res-
olutions. Like his famous Stamp Act resolutions ten years before, these filled the House
with consternation. His proposition was considered as premeditated rebellion, and it was
opposed as rash and premature by several who afterward became his most zealous co-work-
ers. Opposition aroused all the fire of Henry's genius, and he poured forth a flood of brill-
..Mareh23 'ant el°que»ce> sucn as tne Virginia Assembly had never heard. a He closed his
1775. ' speech with a loud cry of " Give me Liberty or give me Death !" and when
he sat down, not a murmur of applause or of disapprobation was heard.3 " After the trance
1 See pages 58-63, inclusive.
-' Mr. Wirt, in his life of Patrick Henry, gives the following report of his speech on that occasion. Re-
ferring to the apparently gracious manner in which the king had received their petitions, he exclaimed :
" Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed by a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception comports
with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies nec-
essary to a work of love and reconciliation ? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that
force must be called in to win us back to our love ? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir ! These are the
implements of war and subjugation ; the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask, gentlemen, what
means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission ? Has Great Britain any enemy
in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of armies and navies? No, sir, she has none.
They are meant for us ; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us
those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose them ?
Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying argument for the last ten years We have peti-
tioned ; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its inter-
position to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted ;
our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult ; our supplications have been disregarded ;
and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we
indulge the fond hope of reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free;
if we wish to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending ;
if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which
we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, we
must fight ! I repeat it, sir, we must fight ! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us.
" They tell us, sir, that we are weak — unable to cope with so formidable an enemy. But when shall we
be stronger? Will it be next week, or next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when
a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction?
Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delu-
sive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if we
make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of
people, armed in the holy cause of Liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible
by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone.
There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our
battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. And
again, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the con-
test.* There is no retreat but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged ! Their clanking may
be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is inevitable ! and let it come ! ! I repeat it, sir, let it come ! ! !
It is vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry peace, peace; but there is no peace! The
* The boldness of Mr. Henry, and the great influence which he exerted, caused him to bo presented to the British govern-
ment in ft hill of attainder. His name, with that of Thomas Jefferson, Peyton Randolph, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John
Hancock, and several others, were on that black list.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 297
Ktfect of Henry's Speech. Seizure of Powder by Dunmore. Patrick Henry with a Military Force. A Com pi aa
of a moment," says Wirt, -several members started from their seats. The cry to arms.'
seemed to quiver on every lip, and gleam from every eye Richard Henry Lee arose, and
supported Mr. Henry with his usual spirit and eloquence, hut his melody was lost amid the
agitations of that ocean which the master spirit of the Btorm had lilted on high. That su-
pernatural voice still sounded in their ears, and shivered along their arteries. They heard,
in every pause, the cry of Liberty or Death ! They became impatient of speech — their
souls were on fire for action." The resolutions were adopted by a large majority.
During the spring of 1 775, secret orders came from the British ministry to the royal gov-
ernors to remove the military stores out of the reach of the colonists, if there should appear
symptoms ol rebellion The attempt by Governor Gage, of Boston, to execute their , A ri] 1(J
orders, produced the conflicts at Lexington and Concord ;a and a similar attempt 1775-
made by Governor Dunmore, on the very next day," brought the Virginians out in k Aprttao
open rebellion. The British man-of-war Magdalen, Captain Collins, was lying at anchor
in the York River, a little below Williamsburg, and at midnight Dunmore had the powder
in the old magazine secretly removed to that vessel. The movement was discovered, and
at dawn the minute-rnen of Williamsburg assembled, with their arms, and were with dif-
ficulty restrained from seizing the governor. The people also assembled, and sent a re-
spectful remonstrance to Dunmore, complaining of the act as specially wrong at that time,
when a servile insurrection was apprehended. Dunmore made an evasive reply. He pre-
tended that he ieared a slave insurrection in a neighboring county, and said that in case a
rising of the negroes in James City county should occur, the powder should be restored.
His reply was quite unsatisfactory, and the people demanded the immediate surrender of the
ammunition. Patrick Henry was then at his home in Hanover county. When intelli-
gence of the movement reached him, he assembled a corps of volunteers at New Castle,'
and marched immediately lor the Capitol to secure the treasury from a like outrage, and to
procure a restoration of the powder. I lis corps augmented on its march, and numbered
about one hundred and fifty well-armed men when he arrived at Doncaster's ordinary,
within sixteen miles of the capital. There he was met by some of the Virginia delegation
to Congress, on their way to Philadelphia, and was informed that his approach had fright-
ened the governor. There he also met Corbin, the receiver-general, who came with au-
thority from the governor to compromise the matter. Henry demanded and received the
value lor the powder (three hundred and thirty pounds), and immediately sent it to the
treasury at Williamsburg.' The volunteers were disbanded,0 and they returned cji«yl
to their homes. Henry departed for Philadelphia a week afterward, he being a 177:>
delegate to Congress.
Dunmore was greatly irritated by the result, and menaced the people. He swore by
War is actually begun ! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of re-
s idingarms!* Our brethren :ire already in the field ! What is ii that gentlemen wish? What would
they have? Is life no dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
Forbid it. Almighty God ! I know not what course others may take but as for me," he cried, with both
arms extended alolt, his brow knit, every feature marked with the resolute purpose of his soul, and with his
voice swelled to its loudest note, ' Give he Liberty on give me Death III'"
1 See page 225.
2 All the arms and ammunition in the magazine were not sufficient to cause a disturbance, for they were
too small in amount to have been of much service to either party. The amount of powder removed by Hun-
more was fifteen half barrels, containing fifty pounds each. In fact, it was not the value of the powder,
nor the harm that might result from its removal, which probably induced Patrick Henry to summon to his
standard the volunteers of Hanover. He deemed it of higher importance that the blow, which must be
struck sooner or later, should be struck at once, before an overwhelming royal force should enter the colony
The Honorable Charles Augustus Murray, a Scotch gentleman, who visited this country in 1836 (and in
1851 was married to a lady of New York, since dead), is a lineal descendant of Lord Dunmore. In his
published narrative of his travels, he mentions, as a rather singular coincidence, that when he went down
the Chesapeake from Baltimore for the purpose of visiting Williamsburg, the steam-boat that conveyed
him was named Patrick Henry.
* This- prediction was speedily fulfilled; for almost "the nest gate from the north" conveyed the boom of the signal-gun of
freedom at Lexington.
298 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Dunmore'a Oath. General Excitement Proceedings of the Assembly. Attempt to Destroy the Magazine. Dumnore's Flight
the living God, that if any of his officers were injured, he would raise the royal standard,
enfranchise all the negroes, and, arming them against their masters, lay the city of Williams-
burg in ashes. He also issued a proclamation3 against " a certain Patrick Henry,
of the county of Hanover, and a number of deluded followers," and forbade all per-
sons countenancing them in the least. He converted his palace into a garrison, filled it
with his adherents, and surrounded it with cannon. The injudicious course of Dunmore,
especially his savage threats and the fortifying of his palace, greatly exasperated the people
throughout the colony. Six hundred inhabitants of the upper country, full armed, assem-
bled at Fredericksburg, and offered their services to defend the Capitol against the governor.
They were restrained from inarching to Williamsburg by the prudent advice of Randolph
and Pendleton, who begged them to remain quiet until the Continental Congress should
adopt some relative measure.1 In every county committees of vigilance and safety were
formed, and at public meetings the conduct of Patrick Henry was loudly applauded. Some
of Dunmore's letters to ministers were brought to light, and, like Governor Hutchinson on a
similar account, he was despised for the meanness which they exhibited.2 Dunmore unwit-
tingly raised a whirlwind which swept away every vestige of his power.
In the midst of the excitement, the governor unexpectedly convened the Assembly.1'
His object was to obtain the approbation of the Burgesses for a conciliatory plan pro-
posed by Lord North. That plan was as specious and deceptive as the king's gracious
speech against which Patrick Henry had warned them, and the Burgesses rejected it.'
While the Assembly was in session, some inconsiderate young men attempted to procure
arms from the magazine,0 and one of them was wounded by a spring gun, placed there
by order of the governor. This event exasperated the people, and a large concourse
assembled, broke open the magazine, and took away most of the arms. Leading members
of the Burgesses induced them to return them, and the next day the keys of the magazine, by
order of the governor, were delivered to the speaker of the House. On examination, several
barrels of powder were found under the floor, evidently designed by Dunmore to blow up the
magazine. This discovery augmented the excitement, and when, on the seventh, d
a rumor prevailed that Captain Collins, of the Magdalen, had slipped her cables,
and was coming up the river with one hundred marines in boats, the citizens flew to arms.
The report was untrue, but the readiness of the people to seize arms on every occasion of
alarm, was a lesson of deep import, to Dunmore ; and fearing personal violence, he left
Williamsburg, with his family, early on the morning of the eighth, and proceeded to York-
town, where he went on board the Fowey man-of-war. He was the first royal representa-
tive who " abdicated government here."
From the Fowey, Lord Dunmore sent letters, messages, and addresses, to the House of
Burgesses, and received the same in return. They were mutually spirited. Finally, when
the necessary bills were passed, and the House asked him to return to Williamsburg to sign
them, at the same time pledging their honor for the safety of his person, he refused, and de-
manded that they should present themselves at his present residence (the ship-of-war) for
signature. Of course they would not comply, for the demand was unwarrantable.
They then adjournede until October, after having appointed a committee of the del-
1 They held a council on the receipt of this advice, and it was by a majority of only one that they con-
eluded to disperse. They sent forth an address, which was tantamount to a declaration of independence,
Thev pledged themselves to resist by force of arms all tyranny, and by the same to defend the laws, liber-
ties, and rights of Virginia, or any sister colony. The address was sent to the neighboring counties, and
read with approval at the head of each company of volunteers. In large letters, at the bottom of the ad-
dress were the words, God save the Liberties of America !
: In a letter to Lord Dartmouth, Dunmore charged the colonists with a desire to subvert the government,
in order to avoid the payment of heavy sums ofm v due to merchants in Great Britain. That some un-
principled men were flaming patriots for such a purpose, there is no doubt, but it was the rankest injustice
to charge the whole people with such a motive.
3 '■ We examined it minutely," said the Burgesses in an address t" the governor ; " we viewed it in every
point of light in which we were able to place it. and. with pain and disappointment, wc must ultimately de-
clare it only changes the form of oppression, without lightening the burden."
OF THE KEVOLUTI 0 N
299
Military Preparations.
Dunmore at Norfolk.
New Government planned.
Militia Organized.
Great Seal.
egates, as a permanent convention, to whom was intrusted the unlimited powers oi govern-
ment.' That committee immediately took measures to raise a sufficient armed force to de-
fend the colony.3 Dunmore's flight, and this act of the people, terminated royal power in
Virginia.
Early in the autumn, the British fleet, with Dunmore, proceeded to Norfolk, where his
lordship established his head-quarters and put his threat of hostility into execution. lie
unfurled the royal ensign from the Fowey, and proclaimed freedom to all the slaves who
should repair to it and bear arms for the king.* He also issued a proclamation de- ,j(OV.-,
daring martial law throughout Virginia, and in various ways assumed an attitude 1"5
of deadly hostility to the eolony. The result we shall consider presently.
The Virginia committee of safety exercised its delegated powers with industry and energy.
Having provided for the military defense of the colony, its attention was directed to a new
organization of government. Elections were held throughout the state, and on t he sixth
of May following,'' a general convention of delegates assembled at Williamsburg'
The old House of Burgesses also met on the same day, but as they had not been
summoned by a governor, they conceived that they could not act legally, and accordingly
dissolved themselves. With that dissolution passed away forever the forms of royal rule in
Virginia, and the convention exercised all the functions of government. By resolution, the
delegates of Virginia in the Continental Congress, were instructed to propose a total sepa-
ration from Great Britain. c The convention also appointed a committee to pre-
pare a Declaration of Rights, and a plan of government for the colony. The
former was adopted on the twelfth of June, and the latter on
the twenty-ninth.4 On the fifth of July, it was decreed that the
name of the king should henceforth be suppressed in all the pub-
lic prayers, and the Church Liturgy was altered accordingly.
It was also ordained that the great seal of the commonwealth
should be changed, upon which Virtue should be represented as
the tutelar genius of the province, robed in the drapery of an
Amazon, resting one hand upon her lance, and holding a naked
sword in the other ; trampling upon tyranny, under the figure
of a prostrate man, having near him a crown fallen from his
Great seal or Vieginia. head, and bearing in one hand a broken chain, and in the other
May 15,
1776.
lisssty £_ onra»Ti
1 The following-named gentlemen composed the committee of safety. Edmund Pendleton, George Ma-
son, John Page, Richard Bland, Thomas Ludwell Lee, Paul Carrington, Dudley Digges, James Mercer.
Carter Braxton. William Cabell, and John Tabb.
- The convention appointed Patrick Henrv colonel of the first regiment, and "commander of all the
forces raised and to be raised for the defense of the colony." He immediately summoned corps of volun-
teers from various parts of the colony. Three hundred minute-men instantly assembled at Culpepper
Court House, and marched for Williamsburg. One third of them were Culpepper
men. who adopted a tlnir with the significant device of a coiled rattle-snake,* seen
in the engraving. They were dressed in green hunting shirts, with Henry s words.
Liberty or Deatb, in large white letters, on their bosoms. They bad bucks' tails
in their bats, and in their belts tomahawks and scalping-knives. Their fierce ap-
pearance alarmed the people as they marched through the country. They did good
■ in the battle at the Great Bridge in December following. William Wood-
ford was appointed to the command of the second regiment. Alexander Spottswood
was appointed major, and the heroic Captain Bullit, who had distinguished himself at Fort Duquesne, was
made adjutant general.
3 Edmund Pendleton was chosen president, and John Tazewell, clerk. Patrick Henry, who. to the great
regret of the Virginians, had resigned Ins military commission, was elected a member of the convention for
Hanover county, and look his scat on the first day of the meeting.
1 These documents were drawn by George Mason, the friend and associate of Washington. Mr. Jeffer-
son then a member of the Continental Congress, also prepared a constitution and sent it to the Convention.
It arrived a day or two after the adoption of Mason's form. The convention prefixed Jefferson's preamble
. '
to it. which, in a great degree, resembles the Declaration of Independence. — See Tucker's Life of Jefferson.
* This device was upon mBiiy flags in the army and navy of the Revolution. The expression " Don't tread on me," had a
double signification. It might be said in a supplicating tone, " Don't tread on me ;" or menacingly, " Don't tread on me.
300 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Declaration of Independence proclaimed at Williamsburg. Officers under the new Government. Freneau's Prophecy
a scourge. Over the device was placed the word Virginia ; and beneath, Sic semper tyran
nis. " Thus always to tyrants."' The convention adjourned on the fifth of July, and thi
government under the new Constitution was established.3
The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed at Williamsburg on the twenty fiftl
of July, amid great rejoicings, and from that time until 1779, when the government officer
were removed to Richmond, the old Capitol of the commonwealth for eighty years, was the
center of Revolutionary energy in Virginia.
Here let us close the chronicle and depart for Yorktown, the scene of the last great tri-
umph of the patriot armies of the Revolution.
1 The device on the reverse of the great seal is a group of three figures. In the center is Liberty, with
her wand and cap ; on the right side, Ceres, with a cornucopia in one hand, and an ear of wheat in the
other; and on her left side. Eternity, holding in one hand ihe globe on which rests the Phoenix.
2 The following-named gentlemen were appointed to fill the respective offices provided for by the Con-
stitution : Patrick Henry, governor; John Page, Dudley Digges, John Taylor, John Blair, Benjamin Har-
rison of Berkeley, Bartholomew Dandridge, Charles Carter, and Benjamin Harrison of Brandon, counselors
of state ; Thomas Whiting, John Hatchings, Champion Travis, Thomas Newton, Jr., and George Webb,
commissioners of admiralty ; Thomas Everard, and James Cooke, commissioners for settling accounts ; and
Edmund Randolph, attorney general. The General Assembly of Virginia met at Williamsburg for the first
time on the seventeenth of October, 177(>. Then commenced her glorious career as a sovereign state of a
great and free confederacy. It was a joyful day for her patriot sons; and her .sages, scanning the future
with the eye of faith and hope, were prone to exclaim, in the words of Freneau, written a year before :
" I see, I see
Freedom's established reign ; cities and men,
• Numerous as sands upon the ocean shore,
And empires rising where the sun descends!
The Ohio soon shall glide by many a town
Of note ; and where the Mississippi's stream,
By forests shaded, now runs sweeping on,
Nations shall grow, and states not less in fame
Than Greece and Rome of old ! We, too, shall boa-;
Our Scipio's, Solon's, Cato's, sages, chiefs
That in the lapse of time yet dormant lie.
Waiting the joyous hour of life and light.
Oh snatch me hence, ye muses, to those days
When, through the veil of dark antiquity.
A race shall hear of us as things remote,
That blossom'd in the morn of days!"
OF THE REVOLUTION 301
Kile to Yorktown. William Nelson, Esq. Locution and Appearance of Yorktown. Its early Settlement
CHAPTER XIT.
Again to fair Virginia's coast
I turned, and view'd the British host
Where Chesapeake's wide waters lave
Her shores and join the Atlantic wave.
There famed Cornwallis towering rose.
And scorned, secure, his distant lues ;
His bands ihe haughty ramparts raise,
And bid the royal standard blaze.
When I", where ocean's bounds extend.
Behold the Gallic sails ascend,
With f; i v " i i m lt breezes steer their way.
And crowd with ships the spacious hay.
Lo! Washington from northern shores,
O'er many a region wheels his force,
And Rochambeaa with legions bright
Descends in terror to the fight.
John Trumbull.
VEXING was approaching when I left Williamsburg for Yorktown, twelve
miles distant. It was an exceedingly pleasant afternoon, so mild, that wild
flowers peeped cautiously from the hedges, and a wasp and a grasshopper
alighted on the splash-hoard of my wagon, while stopping on the margin of a
Yi clear stream. Soon after leaving Williamsburg, the road entered a pine forest ;
and all the way to Yorktown these solitudes form the principal feature in the
landscape. The country is quite level, and the cultivated clearings are more
frequent and extensive than further up toward the Chickahominy. The green foliage of
the lofty pines, of the modest holly, and the spreading laurel, made the forest journey less
gloomy than it would otherwise have been ; for the verdure, the balmy air, and the occa-
sional note of a bird, made me forget that the Christmas holidays were near at hand, and
that the mountains of New England were probably white with snow.
I arrived at Yorktown at twilight.'1 and passed the night at the only inn in the .Dec m
place, which is owned by William Nelson, Esq., grandson of Governor Thomas 1848.
Nelson, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. To the kindness and intel-
ligence of that gentleman, I am indebted for much of the pleasure and profit of my visit
there. We supped together upon far-famed York River oysters just brought from their
oozy bed, and it was near midnight before we parted company. Mr. Nelson resides in the
fine old mansion which belonged to his grandfather, and which yet bears marks of the iron
hail poured upon it during the siege of Yorktown.
Early the next morning I strolled over the village. It is situated upon a high bluff of
concrete or stone marl, covered with a sandy soil, on the south side of the York River, about
eleven miles from its mouth. The peninsula on which the town stands is level, and is. em-
braced upon each side by deep ravines, which almost meet in the rear. The ground is the
highest upon either the York or James Rivers, below Richmond. Being the shire town of
the county, it contains the public buildings ' These, with about forty dwellings, some of
them decaying, compose the village, which formerly was one of the most flourishing towns
1 York is one of the original counties into which Virginia was divided in 1634. The village was estab-
lished by law in 1705, and for a long time vied with Williamsburg, the capital. The average width of the
river is here nearly two miles, but is narrowed to a mile opposite Yorktown, by the projecting cape on which
Gloucester stands. The latter village was once a thriving place. It had considerable commerce, but,
like Yorktown, the depreciation of the surrounding country for agricultural purposes paralyzed its enter-
prise , and made busy the fingers of decay.
302
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
O'.J Church Ht Yc.rktown
The Nelson Tombs.
Cornwall
An Imposition
on the peninsula. It contained about sixty houses at the time of the siege in 1781. A
Ere which occurred in 1814 destroyed much property there, and from that blow the village
eeems never to have recovered. At that time its old church, built a century and a half be-
fore, was destroyed ; nothing but its stone-marl walls were left standing. In this pictur-
esque condition it remained for thirty years, when it was repaired, and is now used as a
place of worship. In the old burial-ground
adjoining it are the tombs and monuments
of the Nelson family, situated a few yards
from the banks of the York. The nearer
one in the engraving, which stands over the
grave of the first emigrant of the family
(who was called " Scotch Tom"), although
mutilated, is yet highly ornamental. It is
about four feet high, three feet wide, and
six feet long. Upon one end are sculptured
two angel-heads breaking from the clouds. The Nelson Tomb9-'
Over the upper one are the words, " All glory be to God." The one below it is blowing
a trumpet. On the other end are two heads, one of which is about receiving a crown
On the side is an heraldic cloth, with the head of an angel at the center of the top ; and on
the top slab is the Nelson coat of arms, with an appropriate epitaph. This monument is
of white marble, and was made in London. The second monument is that of president
William Nelson. It is built of brick, with a handsomely wrought and inscribed marble
slab on the top. In a vault at the end of the fragment of the brick wall seen beyond the
monuments, rest the remains of Governor Nelson, the signer of the Declaration. There is
no monument above it, and nothing marks the spot but a rough stone lying among the rank
grass. Around these are strewn fragments of the stone marl of the old church wall, beau-
tifully crystallized, and indurated by exposure. The view from this point is very charming,
looking out upon the York stretching away toward the broad Chesapeake, and skirted by
woodlands and cultivated fields.
After breakfast, accompanied by Mr. Nelson in his carriage, I visited the several locali-
ties which make Yorktown historically famous. We first descended the river bank and
visited the excavation in the marl bluff, known as Cornwallis's Cave
It is square, twelve by eighteen feet in size, with a narrow passage
leading to a smaller circular excavation on one side. It is al-
most directly beneath the termination of the trench and breast-
works of the British fortifications, which are yet very prom-
inent upon the bank above. Popular tradition says
that this excavation was made by order of Corn-
wallis, and used by him for the purpose of
holding councils with his officers in a place of
safety, during the siege. Taking advantage
of this tradition, cupidity has placed a door at
the entrance, secured it by lock and key. and
Curnwallis's cave. demands a Virginia ninepence (12^ cents) en-
trance fee from the curious. I paid the penalty of curiosity, knowing that I was submit-
' Tins view is from the burial-ground looking down the York River toward Chesapeake Bay. The in-
scription upon the first monument is in Latin; the following is a translation of it : "Here lies, in certain
hope <>f a resurrection in Christ, Thomas Nelson, gentleman, son of Hugo and Sarah Nelson, of Penrith, in
the county of Cumberland ; born February 20th. A.D. 1677, died October 7th, 1745, aged sixty-eight years.''
The inscription upon the second monument is much longer, ami quite eulogistic. William Nelson was pres-
ident of his majesty's council in Virginia, and died on the nineteenth of November, 1772, at the nue of sixlv-
onc years. No epitaph tells of the many virtues and heroic deeds of him who lies in the obscure vault be-
yond. History has written them upon the enduring pages of the chronicles of our republic ; and in this work
in- biography and portrait may be found among those of the signers of the Declaration of Independence
OF THE REVOLUTION
British Works. American and French trail P< Change In Plan of Opei
ting to imposition, for I was assured, on the authority of an old lady who resided at York-
town at the time of the siege, that this excavation was made by some of the people wherein
to hide their valuables. A house stood directly in front of it, the foundation of which is yel
there. The building made the spot still mere secluded. A quarter of a mile below, Lord
Cornwallis did have an excavation in the hank, which was lined with green baize, and used
by the general for secret conferences during the siege. No traces of his council chamber
are left.
We next visited the lines of intrenchments cast up by the British on the south and east-
Present Appearance or the British Works at Yorktown.1
erly sides of the town. They extend in irregular lines from the river bank to the sloping
grounds in the rear of the village, toward the " Pigeon Quarter," as it was termed, in the
form of a figure five. The mounds vary in height, from six to twelve and fifteen feet, and
being covered by a hard sward, may remain so half a century longer. The places of re-
doubts, the lines of the parallels, and other things connected with the siege, are yet visible.
These, and their character and uses, may he heller understood after receiving the instruc
tions of history. Let us listen to her teachings.
We have considered the flight of Cornwallis from Jamestown to Portsmouth, opposite
Norfolk, after his engagement with the Americans at the former place, on the evening ol
the sixth of July, 1781. On that day Rochamheau joined Washington at Dobbs' Ferry.
on the Hudson, and the two generals earnestly conferred respecting an attack upon the city of
New York by the allied armies. Washington had written to Count De Grasse, then with
a French fleet in the West Indies, desiring him to sail immediately for Sandy Hook, and
operate with the land forces against the head-quarters of the British army. While the com-
mander-in-chief was making his arrangements for the enterprise against New York, circum-
stances obliged him to abandon it. The arrival of re-enforcements for the British com-
mander ; a letter from De Grasse announcing his intention to remain in the West Indies.
and another from La Fayette from Williamsburg, informing him of the departure of Corn-
wallis for Portsmouth and the embarkation of a large portion of his army for New York,
were the principal causes which influenced Washington in making an entire change in the
programme of the operations of the combined armies during the remainder of the campaign ."
1 This view i- from the fields in the direction of the American works, In,, kins north. Toward thi
seen a portion of Governor Nelson's house, and on the extreme left, a lew ether houses in Yorktown :'|'l"':,r
- It is related thai when Washington received the lettei from De Grasse, Robert Morris, the superi
enl "i finance, and Richard Peters, the secretary ol' the hoard ol' war. wi-ie at the head-quarters ol the gen-
eral in the Livingston House, printed on p. 763 vol. Land were present * Washington was bitterlj disap-
pointed, Ibr he saw no Hair hope of success withoul the aid ol a Beet, The cloud upon his I. row was but
for a moment. He instantly conceived the expedition to Virginia, and. turning to Judge Peters, ask., I.
"Whal can you Mo for me?" "With money, every thing; withoul it. nothing," was his brief reply, at the
same time turnin<r an anxious look toward Morris.' "Let me know the sum you desire," said the patriot
financier, comprehending the expression ol Ins eye.
ii Washington completed his estimates, and arrangements were made with Moms for the
rands. Twenty thousand hard dollars were loaned from Count De Rochambeau, which Mr. Morns agreed
to replace by the first of October. The arrival of Colonel Laurens , France, on the twenty-fifth ol An-
gust, with two millions and a half of livers, a part of a donation of six millions by Louis XVI. to the United
States, enabled the superintendent of finance to fulfill his engagement without difficulty.
* These gentlemen were appointed commissioners by Congress to proceed to head-uaurters, and consult the commnnder-ta.
chief respecting the army for the ensuing campaign The basis of a scheme which they proposed was a n ductlon ofthe army.
— Sparks, viii., 142.
304
P I C T O R I A L FIELD-BOOK
CurmvullU ordered tu the Chesnpeake. Takes Tost nt Vorktown aod Gloucester, and Forties Ukoi. Sketch of CornwftUb
M;80.
As we have observed (p. 781, vol. i.) the alliescrossed the Hudson and marched southward to
co-operate with La Fayette in Virginia.
On the arrival of nearly three thousand troops, many of them Hessians, to re-enforce him
• Aug. 11, m ^ew York,3 Sir Henry Clinton countermanded his orders in which he had di-
'•-' rected Cornwallis to send a portion of his army northward. The letter reached
the earl at Portsmouth before the transports left Hampton Roads. It also contained ex-
pressions of surprise that his lordship should have left the vicinity of Williamsburg without
consulting his commander-in-chief; and he was directed to take some strong position on the
Chesapeake, in order to carry on his harassing warfare in Virginia and Maryland. Corn-
wallis accordingly sent his engineers to view,
first Old Point Comfort, near Hampton, and
then Yorktown and Gloucester. The latter
places appeared to be the most eligible ibr
offensive and defensive operations, and for
the protection of any co-operative fleet that
might be sent to the Chesapeake. A part
of Cornwallis's army accordingly proceeded
up the York River in transports and boats,
and took possession of these posts on the first
of September.b On the twentieth, the
evacuation of Portsmouth was com-
pleted ; and on the twenty-second, the whole
army of the earl, about seven thousand
strong, was concentrated at York and Glou-
cester. Cornwallis immediately commenced
fortifying both points. He constructed a
line of works completely around Yorktown,
and also extended a line of intienchments
across the peninsula of Gloucester, in the
rear of that little town. Besides the works
ill close proximity to Yorktown. he constructed some field works at a considerable distance, ,
to impede the approach of an enemy.2 All this time La Fayette was within a few miles
of the earl, but neither party dared strike a blow. The marquis did not feel sufficiently
strong to attack Cornwallis, and the latter was unwilling to impede the progress in fortify-
ing Yorktown, by engaging his troops in other enterprises.
While Washington was uncertain what course to pursue, he received dispatches from
Count De Barras,3 the successor of Ternay at Newport, bearing the agreeable intelligence
1 Charles Cornwallis, son of the first Earl of Cornwallis, was born at Culford Hall, in Suffolk, in 1738.
He was educated at Westminster and St. John's College. Cambridge. He entered the army in 1759, anil
succeeded to the title and estates of his father in 1761. He was the most competent and energetic of all
the British generals sent here during the war, but the cruelties exercised by his orders at times, during the
southern campaigns, have left an indelible stain upon his character. Soon after the close of the war, he was
appointed Governor General of the East Indies, which office he held six years. During that time he con-
quered the renowned Tippoo Sultan, for which service he was created a marquis, and made master of the
ordnance. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1798 to 1801, and was instrumental in restoring peace
to that country, then distracted by rebellion. He signed the treaty of Amiens in 1802, and in 1804 was
again appointed Governor General of India. He died in October the succeeding year at Ghazepore, in the
province of Benares, at the age of sixty-seven years. —See Georgian Era, London, 1833.
3 The works, which surrounded the village, consisted of seven redoubts and six batteries on the land side,
connected by intrenchments. On the river bank was also a line of batteries; one near the church was a
grand battery, with eleven pieces of cannon, which commanded the passage of the river between York and
Gloucester. The outworks consisted of three redoubts on the margin of the ravine, southwest of the town,
one a little eastward of the road to Hampton, two on the extreme right, near the river, and the fusileers' re-
doubt on the extreme left, near the river. Cornwallis's head-quarters were at the house of Governor Nelson.
3 Barras, in his dispatches to Washington, said, that as the Count De Grasse did not require him to form
a junction with his fleet in the Chesapeake, but left him at liberty to undertake any other enterprise, ho
UOKNWALLIS. '
L Fr-.ni .hi English Print.)
OF THE REVOLUTION
30l
Count Di Bam
Affr7^-^ e1^}'
Southern Campaign. De Gmssc in the Chesapeake. Sketch of De Grajac. Comwallis'a Attempt to Escape into Carolina.
that the Count De Grasse' was to sail from Cape Francois, in the West Indies, on the thir-
teenth of August for the Chesa-
peake, with between twenty-five
and twenty-nine sail of the line,
and three thousand two hundred
land troops under the command
of the Marquis St. Simon. De
Grasse desired every thing to be
in readiness to commence opera-
tions when he should arrive, for
he intended to return to the \\ esl
Indies by the middle of October '
The plan of the southern cam-
paign was, therefore, speedily ai
ranged, and, as we have seen, the allied armies
were far on their march toward the head ol Eik
before Sir Henry Clinton was assured of their
real destination.5
The Count De Grasse, with twenty-eight
ships and several brigades, arrived in the Chesa-
peake at the close of August.1 At Cape Henry, an officer sent by La Fayette ,Aog.3t,
gave De Grasse full information respecting the situation of the two armies in
Virginia. De Grasse immediately dispatched four ships of the line and several frigates to
blockade the mouth of the York River, and to convey the laud forces commanded by the
Marquis De St. Simon (for portrait, see next page), who were destined to join those of La
Fayette on the .lames River.1 Cornwallis now perceived the imminent peril that surround-
ed him, and conceived a plan for escaping into North Carolina, but the vigilance of La
Fayette prevented his attempting the movement.5 lie could console himself only with the
hope that Sir Henry Clinton would send him timely aid.
proposed an expedition against Newfoundland, and expressed a desire to lake with him the land forces
which had been left at Newport under M. De Choise. Both Washington and De Rochambeau disapproved
of this proposition, and, as soon as lie received tbeir remonstrance against it, Barras resolved to proceed to
the Chesapeake.
1 Francois Joseph Paul, Count De Grasse, a native of Franee. was born in 1723. He was appointed to
command a French fleet, to co-operate with the Americans at the beginning "f 1781. Although he was
the junior in service of Count De Barras, he was madi his superior in command, with the title "I lieutenant
general. His co-operation was much more valuable to the Americans ihan that of D'Estainfl . and in
the capture of Cornwallis and his army al JTorktown, he played a very important part. His domestic re-
lations seem to have been very nnhappy ; bis second wife, whom he married alter leaving America, proving
a. very unworthy woman. His life was a burden to him, particularly after losing the favor of bis king in
eonsequence of an unfortunate military movement. He died early in 1788, at the age of sixtj Rve years
Alluding to the onbappiness of his latter days, Washington, in a letter to Rochambeau, April, 177*. on hear-
ing oi the death ol De Grasse, said, " His frailtii - should now be buried in the grave with him, while his
mime will be long deservedly dear to this country, on account of his successful co-operation in the glor s
campaign of 17*1. The Cincinnati in sum.- of the Mates have gone into mourning for him."
- The land troops for this expedition were borrowed from the garrison at St. Domingo, and consisted ol
detachments from the regiments of Gatinois, Agenois, and Tourraine. There were one hundred artillery,
one hundred dragoons, ten pieces of Held ordnance, and several of siege artillery and mortars De Grasse
promised to return these troops by the middle of October. ' See p igi .-'-'. vol. i
« The distance between the York and the James River, at Yorktown, is only about six miles, and this
gave the Americans a great advantage in the siege that ensued.
6 A Jersevman named Morgan was for - time employed as a spy in the British camp at Yorktown
fry La Fayette. He pretended to be a deserter, and enlisted in the army of Cornwallis On one occasion
that general inquired of Morgan whether La Fayette had many boats. Morgan, according to instructions
told him the marquis had enough to transport his whole army across at a moment's warning. ' I here I
exclaimed Cornwallis, turning to Tarleton, " I told you this would not do." That expression was an evi
dence that escape across the James River had been contemplated. Morgan could not he prevailed upon
to accept money for his services in La Fayette's behalf, neither would he receive office. He only desired
II. U
JO G
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Admirals Hood and Graves proceed against the French Fleet Naval Battle off the Virginia Capes. French Squadron
Admiral Rodney, commander of the British fleet in the West Indies, at this time was
aware that De Grasse had sailed for the American ;oast,
but seems not to have suspected that his whole fleet would
proceed to the Continent. He dispatched Sir Samuel Hood
after him with only fourteen sail, believing that that num-
ber would be quite sufficient to compete with the French
squadron. Hood arrived at Sandy Hook on the twenty-
eighth of August, and informed Admiral Graves, the suc-
cessor of Arbuthnot, who was lying in New York Bay
with seven ships of the line, only five of which were fit for
service, that De Grasse was probably on the Virginia coast.
Intelligence was received on the same day, that De Bar-
ras had sailed for the Chesapeake from Newport with a
considerable squadron. Graves immediately prepared for
sea, and with the whole fleet, consisting of nineteen sail
of the line, proceeded in quest of the French. a Not suspecting the strength of
De Grasse, he hoped to fall in with one or the other of the French squadrons and
defeat it
Ths French fleet lay in Lynn Haven Bay, just within the Chesapeake, near Cape Henry,
> Aug. 31
1781.
on the morning of the fifth
of September.0 At
« 1781. " , „ . . ,
sunrise the British
fleet was seen off Cape
Charles. At first Count
De Grasse supposed it tc
be the squadron of De Bar-
ras, but being soon unde-
ceived, he prepared for bat-
tle. The wind was fair,
and the British fleet sailed
directly within the Capes
for the purpose of attack-
ing the French. De Grasse
^Z
£.«»>*»
'^i, ,-,,»,,;;/■
'<:'■■■■■
•JosmcTSJ.
\^T~ OF THE '
Ie'*4»l.\
Tsmlut't/u/nmchFUA
steal .jut. iiiihistVmc*
h.yn unnuJt at.ly i
a'-rtxatfieV'in-fX
titeEnr/tish '
\ ENGLISH b\FRCNCH
— FLLtrs^r
' Lragiu*
to sea, desiring more room
for conflict than the waters
of the Chesapeake afford-
ed. Admiral Graves bore
down upon De Grasse, and
both fleets, in attempting
to gain the weather gage,
slowly moved eastward,
clear of the Capes, upon
the broad Atlantic. At
four o'clock in the after-
noon, a partial action com-
menced between the van
and part of the center of
the two fleets, and con-
slipped his cables, and put
tinned until sunset. Several ships were considerably damaged, but neither commander
could claim a victory. Admiral Graves preserved the weather gage during the night.
and intended to have renewed the battle on the following morning ; but, having ascer-
tained that several ships of the van division, under Admiral Drake, could not safely be
brought into action again without being repaired, he deferred an attack. For five success-
ive days the hostile fleets were in sight of each other, sometimes approaching quite near,
but neither party seemed desirous of renewing the contest. At length the Count De
Grasse bore away for the Chesapeake, and anchored again in Lynn Haven Bay, within the
Capes. c There he found De Barras with his squadron, and a considerable land
force under M. De Choise (for portrait, see opposite page), together with fourteen
transports, with heavy artillery and military stores suitable for carrying on a siege. Graves
approached the Capes of the Chesapeake, but, finding the entrance blocked up by a force
with which he was unable to contend with a hope of success, he bore away and returned
■ Sept. 10.
a favorite gun to be restored to him. Morgan said he believed himself to be a good soldier, but he was
not certain that he would make a good officer. These circumstances were related to Mr. Sparks by La
Fayette himself, fifty years after their occurrence. .
' The portraits of the French officers given in this chapter I copied from Trumbull's picture in the Ro-
tunda of the Capitol at Washinglon, representing the surrender of Cornwallis. Trumbull painted the most
nf them from life in 1787, at the house of Mr. Jefferson, in Paris, when that statesman was minister there.
OK THE REVOLUTION.
;;u;
M 1>K Choise.
Loss in the Naval Action. March of the Allied Armies. Arrival of Washington and French Officers at William.uurg.
to Now York, for he began to entertain greater fears of the equinoctial gales on the coast
than of the guns of the French ships of the line. The
French lost in the action two hundred and twenty men. in-
cluding four officers killed and eighteen wounded. The
English lost ninety killed, and two hundred and forty-six
wounded. The Terrible, one of the English ships, was so
much damaged, that, after taking out her prisoners and stores,
they set fire to and burned her.'
While these events were occurring on the Virginia coast,
the allied armies were making their way southward with all
possible dispatch, and Sir Henry Clinton, certified of their des-
tination,2 was trying to divert their attention from the South,
and recall some of their forces by menacing movements at
the North He sent Arnold with a strong force to attack
New London, an event which we have considered on pages
42 and 45 inclusive. He also threatened New Jersey, and
caused a rumor to go abroad that he was about to proceed wilh a strong force against
the American posts in the Hudson Highlands, which Washing-
ton had left in charge of General Heath, with fourteen regi-
ments. These movements and rumors failed to produce then
desired effect ; and the outrages committed by Arnold at New-
London and vicinity served only to heighten the exasperation
of the patriot army, and nerve it to more vigorous action.
When the allied forces arrived at the head of Elk there
were not vessels sufficient to transport them, and a large portion
of the American troops, and all of the French, made their way
to Baltimore and Annapolis by land. Washington, with Count
De Rochambeau and the Marquis De Chastellux,' reached
Baltimore on the eighth," Mount Vernon on the tenth,'
and Williamsburg on the evening
- ^ ^ of the fourteenth. He had ordered the
r*^~zy-<-'C--&i^&c7' ^*-^^c«^»^ troops that were embarked on the Chesa-
peake to halt, after learning that the fleet
'Sept,
1781.
1 Marshall, i., 448. Stedman. ii.. 398-401. Ramsay. Gordon, Rouhamboau's Memoirs.
' Sir Henry seems not to have suspected the destination of the allies until the second of September, on
which day he wrote to Cornwallis, and expressed his belief that they were marching toward Virginia.
3 Fbapcis John. Marquis De Chastellux. came to America with Rochambeau. bearing the title of ma-
jor general. He traveled extensively whilo here, and wrote a journal of his tour. A large portion of it
was printed on board one of the ships of the French fleet, before leaving America. Only twenty-four copies
were printed for distribution among his most intimate friends. The complete work was translated by an
English traveler from the original manuscript, and published in London, with maps and drawings, in 1787.
On his return to France, the king made De Chastellux a field-marshal, and the French Academy elected
him one of its members. At the close of 1787, he married an accomplished lady, a relative of the Duke of
Orleans. This circumstance he communicated to Washington, who. in a playful letter (April, 1788) in re-
ply, said. " I saw, by the eulogium you often made on the happiness of domestic life in America, that you had
swallowed the bait, and that you would as surely be taken, one day or another, as that you were a philoso-
pher and a soldier. So your day has at length come. I am glad of it, with all my heart and soul. It is
quite good enough for you. Now you are well served for coming to fight in favor of the American rebels,
all the way across the Atlantic Ocean, by catching that terrible contagion, domestic felicity, which, like the
small-pox or plague a man can have only once in his life." De Chastellux died in 1793. The fortune
of himself and wife seems to have been swept away by the storm of the French Revolution, for in 1795 his
widow made application to Washington, asking for an allowance from our government to her and her in-
fant son, on account of the services of her husband. The application was unavailing.
* This was the first time that Washington had visited his home since he left it to attend the Continental
Congress in Philadelphia, in 1775, a period of six years and five months: and he now remained there
only long enough to await the arrival of Count De Rochambeau, whom he left at Baltimore.
308
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Arrival of Troops at Williamsburg.
Washington's first Interview with De Grassc.
Approach of the Allied Armies,
Count Fersen.
of De Grasse had left the Capes to fight Graves, but when he arrived at Williamsburg and
found both French fleets in the Chesapeake,1 he sent Count Fersen,
one of Roehambeau's aids, with ten transports from Barras's squad-
ron, to hasten the troops forward. This was speedily accomplish-
ed, and the forces at the head of Elk, and at Annapolis, proceeded
by water to the James River.
On the seventeenth,!! Washington, accompanied by Ro-
ehambeau, De Chastellux, and Generals Knox and Du Por-
tail, proceeded to visit De Grasse on board of his flag-ship, the
Ville dc Paris, lying off Cape Henry. They sailed in a small ves-
sel called the Queen Charlotte, and arrived on the eighteenth.
Satisfactory arrangements were made for an immediate attack
upon Cornwallis, as soon as the American troops should reach
Williamsburg.3 While awaiting their approach, information was
received that Admiral Digby, with six ships of the line, had ar-
rived at New York as a re-enforcement for Graves. Confident
that nothing would be left untried in attempts to relieve Corn-
wallis, and thinking his situation in the Chesapeake unfavorable for an engagement with
the augmented force of the English, now nearly equal to that of his own. De Grasse com-
municated to Washington his intention to leave a few
frigates to blockade the York and James Rivers, and
to put to sea with his ships of the line in quest of the
British. This communication alarmed Washington, for
a superior naval force might enter the Chesapeake in the
mean while, and assist Cornwallis in making his escape.
He prevailed upon De Grasse to remain, and on the
twenty-fifth, the last division of the allied troops having
reached Williamsburg, preparations for the siege com-
menced.
Cornwallis, with the main division of his army, occu-
pied Yorktown. The main body of his troops were en-
camped on the open grounds in the rear of the town.
Lieutenant-colonel Dundas, who did good service at
Jamestown, occupied Gloucester, with about seven hund-
red men, and was joined by Lieutenant-colonel Tarle-
ton and his legion when the siege commenced. The
Duke De Lauzun with his legion, the marines from the
squadron of Barras, and a brigade of Virginia militia un-
der General Weeden, the whole commanded by the French
General De Choise, were sent to invest Gloucester. A
On the morning of the twenty-eighth, the combined /
armies, about twelve thousand strong, left Williamsburg
by different roads, and marched toward Yorktown. On
their approach, the British left their field-works, and
withdrew to those near the town, the remains of which De Laozun.'
are mentioned on a preceding page.' The American light infantry and a considerable body
' Count De Grasse, anxious to accomplish the object of his expedition, and impatient at the delay of the
allied armies, had urged La Fayette to co-operate with him in an attack, by land and water, upon York and
Gloucester. But the marquis, governed by more prudent counsels, unwilling to hazard the advantage he
possessed, refused to make any offensive movement before the arrival of Washington.
3 De Grasse refused to comply with the desire of Washington, that he should ascend the river above
Yorktown with a few of his vessels. He was unwilling to risk a blockade in so narrow a space.
3 For a sketch of Lauzun, see page 602, vol. i.
* Intelligence from General Clinton at New York induced Cornwallis thus to abandon his rield-works.
OF THE REVOLUTIO N.
309
Death of Colonel Scammell. Yorktown and Gloucester inrested. General Arrangements of the I.aml mil I
of French troops were ordered to take possess .1" these abandoned works, and to serve as
a covering party for the troops while digging trenches and casting np breast-works. Can-
nonading from the town, and one or two sorties, occurred during the day. Colonel Alexan-
der Scammell,1 the officer of
the day, while reconnoiter-
ing near the Fusileers' re-
doubt (A), situated upon the
river bank, at the mouth of
a little stream on the ex-
treme left, was surprised bv
two or three Hessian horse-
men, lie surrendered, but
they shot him, and left him
for dead. I [e was carried
into Yorktown, and at the re-
quest of Washington, Corn-
wallis allowed him to be ta-
ken to Williamsburg. This
Circumstance is mentioned on page 430, volume i. I visited the site of the redoubt repre-
sented in the sketch, and was informed that Colonel Scammell was killed near the stream,
which there crosses the river road from Williamsburg to Yorktown
On the thirtieth the place was completely invested by the allied armies, their line ex-
tending in a semicircle, at a distance of nearly two miles from the British works, each wing
resting upon the York River. The French troops occupied the left, the Americans the
right, while Count De Grasse with his fleet remained in Lynn Haven Bay, to beat off any
naval force which might come to the aid of Cornwallis. On the extreme left of the be-
sieging army were the West India regiments under St. Simon, and next to them were the
French light infantry regiments, commanded bv the Baron ami the Viscount Yiomeoil
The most distinguished colonels of these regiments were the Duke De Laval Montmorenci,
and Counts William Deuxponts and Custine. (For portraits, see next page.) The French
artillery and the quarters of the two chiefs occupied the center; and on the right, across a
marsh, were the American artillery under General Knox, assisted by Colonel Lamb, Lieu-
KM. \V.\s KILLED.
without an attempt to defend them. In his tetter, Clinton informed him of the arrival of Digbv, and that
it ;i council of officers it was determined to send at least rive thousand troops with the fleet to relieve him,
and 'lee ihey would s;iil as early as the sixth. Cornwallis, therefore, withdrew within his interior works,
confident thai he < Id hold out there, and keep possession of l">th Yorktown and Gloucester, until the ar-
rival nf th re-enforcements. Just four years before, Burjroyne received like assurances from Clinton. Inn
was disappointed, Had he not expected aid, he could have retreated hack to Lake Champlain in time fo
have saved his tinny : had nut Cornwallis expected promised aid from Clinton, he might possibly have es-
! into North Carolina, notwithstanding the vigilance of La Fayette.
' Alexander Scammell was horn in Menden (now Milford), Massachusetts, and graduated tit Harvard Col-
lege in 176J). He studied law with General Sul-
assisted Captain Holland in his surveys for
the map ol New Hampshire, and in 177~>was o|>-
pointed brigade major in the militia of thai state.
He was appointed colonel in 1 7 7 (>, and in that ca-
pacity fought nobly, and was wounded in the first battle tit Stillwater. In 1780. he was appointed adjutant
general of the American army, and was a very popular officer. lie was shot while reconnoitering a re-
doubt at Yorktown, on the thirtieth of September, 1 7S 1 . He was conveyed to Williamsbui g, where he died
ofhis wounds on the sixth of October. His friend. Colonel Humphreys, who took the command of his reg-
iment, wrote the following epitaph on the day after the surrender of Cornwallis :
"Alexander Scammell, adjutant general of the American armies, and colonel of the first renin.
New Hampshire, while he commanded ti chosen corps of hole infantry at the successful siege ol S orktown,
in Virginia, was. in the gallant performance ofhis duty as field officer of the day, unfortunately captured, ami
afterward insidiously wounded — of which wound he expired at Williamsburg, October, 1781 . Ann" 1 "' i-
tis."
The elerriac lines appended to this epitaph are printed on page 131, volume i . o! tins ■
ca/?<yi
9<n^&s
10
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
French Officers.
Biographical Sketch of Lieutenant-colonel Stevens
tenant-colonels Stevens' and Carrington, and Major Bauman ;■ the Virginian, Maryland,
Viscount Vio.mknil.
MoNTMORENCl.
Deuxponts.
' The history of the services of several most meritorious officers of the Revolution is only partially writ-
ten ; this is especially true of those of Lieutenant-colonel Stevens of the artillery, who was a most efficient
and patriotic officer from the commencement of the war to its close.
Ebenezer Stevens was born in Boston in 1752, and at an early age became strongly imbued with the
principles of the Soyis of Liberty. He was engaged in the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor, in De-
cember, 1773 (see list of names, volume i., p. 499). and, anticipating evil consequences to himself, he went
to Rhode Island to reside. When that province, after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, sent an
army of observation to Roxbury (p. 592, vol. i.), young Stevens received a commission as lieutenant, which
bears date May eighth, 1775. His skill was soon perceived by Gridley and Knox, and early in December
of that year, he was directed by General Washington to raise two companies of artillery, and one of arti-
ficers in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and proceed to join the expedition against Quebec. The recruit-
ing was speedily accomplished, and with Captains Eustis and Nichols, Captain Stevens being in command.
^~ traversed, with cannon and mortars, through deep snows, the rough hills
\./2/f /^*^ / \jZt— of New Hampshire and Vermont, to the mouth of Otter Creek, on Lake
Kl'O&n/ / ps/&t^£?l<f Champlain, nearly opposite Split Rock, enduring great privations and
sufferings. They descended the lake, and the Sorel to the St. Law-
rence, and went down that stream as far as Three Rivers, where they heard of the fall of Montgomery, and
the defeat of the Americans at Quebec. Thev returned to St. John's, and Major Stevens and his corps ren-
dered efficient service in the northern department during 1776. In the spring of 1777 he went to Tieon-
deroga. and commanded the artillery there. On the approach of Burgoyne, when St. Clair and the garri-
sons retreated, Major Stevens shared in the mortifications produced by that retreat. He joined General
Schuyler at Fort Edward, and commanded the artillery at the battle of Stillwater, in which service he was
greatly distinguished. He continued in the command of the artillery at Albany ; and in April, 1778, " in
consideration of his services, and the strict attention with which he discharged his duty as commanding
officer of artillery in the northern department during two campaigns,"* he received from Congress brevet
rank as lieutenant colonel of foot, and in November following was appointed lieutenant colonel of artillery.
General Gates desired to retain him in th» command of the artillery of the northern and middle department.
Hitherto his eorps had been considered by him as an independent one : now it was attached to that of Col-
onel Crane. Unwilling to serve under this officer, Lieutenant-colonel Stevens was assigned to Colonel
Lamb's regiment in the New York line, until the close of the war. He was often intrusted with special
duties of great moment, and was for some time at the head of the laboratory department. He was selected
to accompany La Fayette in the contemplated expedition into Canada. Early in 1781 he proceeded with
La Fayette into Virginia to oppose the ravages of Arnold, and in the autumn of that year was actively en-
gaged with very full powers, under the orders of General Knox, in collecting and forwarding artillery and
other munitions to be employed in the siege of Yorktown. During that siege he was in alternate com-
mand of the artillery with Colonel Lamb and Lieutenant-colonel Carrington. After the surrender of t'orn-
wallis, Lieutenant-colonel Stevens returned north, and from that time until the close of the war he remained
in command with Colonel Lamb, at West Point and its vicinity. When peace returned, he commenced the
IniMni'" "I ;i merchant in New York, at the same time performing the duties first of colonel, then of briga-
* The same officer whose name was appended to the report on the condition of the artillery of West
Point, which was furnished to Arnold when preparing for his treasonable act. Major Bauman was post-
master at New York city for thirteen successive years, commencing in 1790.
Journal* of Congress, iv., 180.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 311
Position of the American Corps. Approach by Parallels. Cannonade and Bombardment Burning of British Ships.
and Pennsylvania!) troops, under Steuben ; the New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey
troops, with sappers and miners under General James Clinton ,
^ :jk the light infantry under La layette; and the Virginia militia
,/'i under Governor Nelson. The quarters of General Lincoln were
'^M on t'ie banks °f Wormeley a I Ireek, on the extreme right. The
'ils^i =H general disposition of the troops will be better understood by ref-
vwlik \ erence to the map on the next page
^^ £j- From the first until the sixth of October, the besieging armies
were employed in bringing up heavy ordnance, and making other
preparations. The evening of the sixth was very dark and
stormv, and under cover of the gloom, the first parallel' was com-
menced within six hundred yards of Comwallis's works. Gen-
eral Lincoln commanded the troops detailed for this service. So
silently and so earnestly did they labor, that they were not dis-
cerned by the British sentinels, and before daylight the trenches
were sufficiently complete to shield the laborers from the guns of
the enemy. On the afternoon of the ninth, several batteries and redoubts were completed,
and a general discharge of twenty-four and eighteen pounders was commenced by the Amer-
icans on the right. This cannonade was kept up without intermission during the night.
and early the next morning* the French opened their batteries upon the enemy. „0ct. 10.
For nearly eight hours there was an incessant roar of cannons and mortars ; and ™-
hundreds of bombs and round shot were poured upon the British works. So tremendous
was the bombardment, that the besieged soon withdrew their cannon from the embrasures,
and fired very few shots in return. At evening red hot cannon balls were hurled from the
French battery F, on the extreme left, at the Guadaioupe and Cluiron, two British ves-
sels in the river. The Guadaioupe was driven from her post, and the Charoji of forty-
four guns and three large transports were burned. The night was starry and mild, and in-
vited to repose, but the besiegers rested not, and Yorktown presented a scene of terrible
grandeur, such as is seldom witnessed by the eye of man.' All night long the allies kept
dier, and finally of major general, commanding the division of artillery of the State of New York. He held
the lattet office when the war of 1812 broke out. and was called into the service of the United States lor
the defense of the city. He continued to be the senior major general of artillery until the peace of 1815
General Stevens was often employed by government in services requiring skill, energy, and integrity. In
ihe year 1800, he superintended the construction of fortifications on Governor's Island. For many years
be was one of the leading merchants of New York, in which pursuit he amassed a considerable fortune
He died on the second of September, 1823.
Colonel Trumbull has introduced Lieutenant-colonel Stevens, in his picture of the surrender of Cornwal-
lis, mounted at the head of the regiment ; and also prominently in his picture of the surrender ol Burgoyne
Letters written to Colonel Stevens by Generals Washington, La Fayette, Schuyler, Knox, Gates, Lincoln.
and other officers, yet in possession of his family, attest the extent of hi- services, his efficiency as an officer,
and their high regard for him as a man. The gold medal voted by Congress to General ( laics, and his
small library, wen- left to members of General Stevens's family, and are still retained by them ^ General
Stevens's second wife was Lucretia, sister of Colonel William Ledyard, who was massacred in Fort Gris-
wold. at Groton. as recorded on page 612, vol. i.
1 Adam Philip, Count De Custihs, was born at Metz in 1740. He entered the army in early life, and
served undei Frederick the Great, of Prussia, during the Seven Years' War. He commanded a regiment
in the French army in America, under Rochambeau. On returning to France, he wa- made governor of
Toulon. In 1792, he had command of the army of the Rhine, when he was suddenly summoned to Paris
bv the Terrorists and sent to the guillotine. He was decapitated in August, 1793, at ihe age ol fifty-three
years.
2 Parallel is a technical term applied to trenches and embankments dug and thrown up as a protection
to besiegers against the guns of a fort. In this way the assailants may approach a fort, and construct bat-
teries within short gun-shot of the works of the beleaguered, and he well protected in their labors.
3 Doctor Thatcher in his journal, page 27 I. says, " From the bank of the river 1 had a fine view of this
splendid conflagration. The ships were enwrapped in a torrent of fire, which, spreading with vivid bright-
ness among the combustible rigging, and running with amazing rapidity to the tops of the several masts,
while all around was thunder and lightning from our numerous cannons and mortars, anil in the darkness
of night, presented one of the most sublime and magnificent spei tacles which can be imagined. Some of
312
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Continued Approaches toward the British Works. Preparations to Storm Redoubts. Plan of the Siege of Yorktown
up a cannonade, and early the next morning* another British vessel was set in
flames by a fiery ball, and consumed.
OF
YORKTOWN
During the night of the eleventh, the besiegers commenced a second parallel, between
two and three hundred yards from the British works. The three succeeding days were de-
voted to the completion of this line of trenches, during which time the enemy opened new
embrasures in positions from which their fire was far more effective than at first. Two re-
doubts (K and L) on the left of the besieged and advanced three hundred yards in front of
the British works, flanked the second parallel, and greatly annoyed the men in the trenches.
Preparations were made on the fourteenth to carry them both by storm. To excite a spirit
of emulation, the reduction of one was committed to the American light infantry under La
Fayette; the other to a detachment of the French grenadiers and chasseurs, commanded
by Major-general the Baron De Viomenil, a brave and experienced officer. Toward even-
ing the two detachments marched to the assault. Colonel Alexander Hamilton, who had
commanded a battalion of light infantry during this campaign, led the advanced corps of
the Americans, assisted by Colonel Gimat, La Fayette's aid ; while Colonel Laurens, with
our shells over-reaching the town, are seen to fall into the river, and bursting, throw up columns of water,
like the spouting of the monsters of the ili-f*|>.
Note. — Explanation of the Map. — A, British outworks taken possession of by the Americans on their
arrival. B, first parallel. C, D, American batteries. E, a bomb battery. G, French battery. H, French
bomb battery. I, second parallel. K, redoubt stormed by the Americans. L, redoubt stormed by ihe
French. M M M, French batteries. N, French bomb batterv. O, American batteries.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
3 1 :.
Baron Viomenil.
Successful Assault upon two Redoubts. Loss sustained by the Combatants. Bravery and Loss of the French Grenadiers.
eighty men, turned the redo'ibt, in order to intercept the retreat of the garrison. At a given
signal, the troops rushed furiously to the charge without firing
a gun, the van being led by Captain Aaron Ogden, of New
Jersey. Over the abatis and palisades they leaped, and with
such vehemence and rapidity assaulted and entered the works,
that their loss was inconsiderable. One sergeant and eight
privates were killed ; ami seven officers, and twenty-five ron-
commissioned officers and privates were wounded. Colonel Gi-
mat received a slight wound in the foot, and Major Gibbs, com-
mander of Washing urn's Life-guard, was also slightly wound-
ed. Major Campbell, who commanded the redoubt, and some
inferior officers, with seventeen privates, were made prisoners.
Eight privates of the garrison were killed in the assault, but
not one was injured after the surrender.' This redoubt (K, on
the map) was upon the high river bank, on the extreme right of the American lines. When
I visited the spot in 1848, the remains of the embankments were quit.- prominent.
The redoubt (L) stormed by the French un-
der Viornenil was garrisoned by a greater force,
and was not so easily overcome. It was de-
fended by a lieutenant colonel, and one hundred
and twenty men. After a combat of nearly
half an hour, the redoubt was surrendered.
Eighteen of the garrison were killed, and forty-
two were made prisoners. The French lost in
killed and wounded about one hundred men.'
In this engagement Count Mathieu Dumas (see
portrait, on next page), one of Rochambeau's
aids, bore a conspicuous part. He was in the
advanced corps, and was one of the first who
entered the redoubt.' In this assault the Count
De Deuxponts, who led the French grenadiers,
was slightly wounded. Count Charles De La-
meth, the adjutant general, was also wounded,
View *kom the site of the Ueduubt.3
1 Gordon (iii., 258) says thai La Fayette, with the sanction of Washington, ordered the assailants to re-
member Fort Griswold [p. 612, vol. i.), and put every man of the garrison to death after the redoubt should
be captured. There is no other than verbal evidence that such an order was ever given, an order so re-
pugnant to the character of both Washington and La Fayette. Colonel Hamilton afterward publicly de-
nied the truth of the allegation-; and so also did La Fayette. Stedman, an officer under Cornwallis, and
historian of the war, does not mention it.
- This view is from the mounds looking northwest, up the York River. The first head-land on the right
is Gloucester Point, and upon the high bank on the left is situated the village of Yorktown. The dark spot
in the bank indicates the place of the so-called Cornicallis's Cave.
3 Dor-tor Thatcher says, the reason why the loss of the French was so much greater than that of the
Americans- was the fact that they awaited the removal of the abatis before they made the assault, and all
that time were exposed to the galling fire of the enemy. Doctor Munson informed me that while the as-
sault upon these redoubts was progressing, Washington, with Lincoln, Knox, and one or two other officers,
were standing in the grand battery (C) watching every movement, through the embrasures, with great anx-
iety. When the last redoubt was captured, Washington turned to Knox, and said, " The work is done, and
xell done ;" and then called to his servant, ': Billy, hand me my horse."
* Rochambeau, in In- Mi main, mentions an interesting circumstance connected with the attack upon this
redoubt. The grenadiers of the regiment of Gatenois, which had been formed out of that of Auvergne,
called Sans Tache, were led to the attack. When informed that they were to be enga2ed in this perilous
enterprise, thev declared their willingness "to be killed, even to the last man,'' if their original name,
which they so much revered, would be restored to them. Rochambeau promised them it should be done.
They fought like tigers, and one third of their number were killed. When Rochambeau reported this affair
to the king, Louis signed the order, restoring to the regiment the name of Royal Auvergne. Dumas, in
ills Memoirs, vol. i., 52. also mentions this circumstance.
3 14
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Desperate Situation of Cornwallis. Sortie. Attempt of Corowallia to Escape. Providential Interposition. Count Durona
Count Mathieu Dumas
» Oct. 16.
a musket ball passing through both knees. Washington was highly gratified with the suc-
cess of these assaults, and in general orders the next day con-
gratulated the armies on the result
During the night of the fourteenth, these redoubts were in-
cluded in a second parallel, and by five o'clock the next after-
noona some howitzers, which had been placed in them,
were opened upon the British works. The situation
of Cornwallis was now becoming desperate. Beleaguered on
all sides by a superior force, his strongest defenses crumbling or
passing into the possession of the besiegers, and no tidings from
General Clinton to encourage him, the British commander was
filled with the gloomiest apprehensions. Knowing that the
town would be untenable when the second parallel should be
completed, he sent out a detachment under Lieutenant-colonel
Abercrornbie, to make a sortie against two almost completed
batteries, guarded by French troops. They made a furious as-
sault at about four o'clock in the morning, b and were successful ; but the guards
from the trenches soon drove the assailants back, and their enterprise was fruitless
of advantage.
Cornwallis, confident that he could not maintain his position, determined to make a des-
perate effort at flight. His plan was to leave the sick and his baggage behind ; cross over
to Gloucester, and, with his detachment there, cut up or disperse the troops of De Choise,
Weeden, and Lauzun ; mount his infantry on horses taken from the duke's legion, and others
that might be seized in the neighborhood ; by rapid inarches gain the forks of the Rappa-
hannock and Potomac, and, forcing his way through Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jer-
sey, form a junction with the army in New York. This was a most hazardous undertak-
ing, but his only alternative was flight or capture. Boats were accordingly prepared, and
at ten o'clock on the evening of the sixteenth a portion of his troops were conveyed across
to Gloucester. So secretly was the whole movement performed, that the patriots did not
perceive it ; and had not a power mightier than man's interposed an obstacle, Cornwallis's
desperate plan might have been successfully accomplished. The first body of troops had
scarcely reached Gloucester Point, when a storm of wind and rain, almost as sudden and
fierce as a summer tornado, made the passage of the river too hazardous to be again attempt-
ed. The storm continued with unabated violence until morning, and Cornwallis was obliged
to abandon his design. The troops were brought back without much loss, and now the last
ray of hope began to fade from the vision of the earl.
At daybreak, on the morning of the seventeenth, several new batteries in the second par-
ellel were opened, and a more terrible storm of shells and round shot was poured upon the
town than had yet been experienced by the enemy. Governor Nelson, who was at the
1 Count Mathieu Dumas, who, after his return from America, was made a lieutenant general, was born
in Montpellier, in 1753. At the age of twenty he entered the army. He accompanied Rouhambeau to
America as his aid, and served with distinction at the siege of Yorktown. On his return to Europe, he
entered into the French service. He was married to Julia De La Rue in 1785. In 1789 he was elected
a member of the Legislative Assembly, and from that period until the close of Napoleon'- career he was
continuallv ensajred in the most active public duties. Yet he found time to use his pen. which he wielded
with power. At the beginning of the "Reign of Terror,'' he fled with his family, in company with Count
Charles Lameth, who was wounded at Yorktown, to England. He soon returned, but was obliged to flee
into Switzerland. He acted with La Fayette in the reorganization of the National Guard, and was at length
elevated to a place in the Chamber of Peers. He was with Bonaparte at the battle of Waterloo, and with
that event closed his military career. The leisure which ensued he employed in writing historical essays,
and preparing Memoirs of his own times. These extend from 1773 to 182(>. when he was seventy-three
years of age. From these Memoirs I have compiled this brief notice of his public life. He took an active
part in the French Revolution in 1830, and co-operated with La Fayette in placing Louis Philippe on the
throne. He died at the house of his son (the editor of his Memoirs), in 1837, at the age of almost eighty-
five years. He was thirty-five years of age when Trumbull painted the portrait here given.
OF THE REVO 1. 1 TION.
1 •".
Patriotism of Gov. Nelson. Bombardment of his Mansion. Cornwall's Proposition to Surrender. Destruction in Yorktown.
The Nelson Mansion.3
head of the Virginia militia, commanded the first battery that opened upon the British
works that morning. His fine stone mansion, the ~^.
most commodious in the place, was a prominent ob-
ject within the British lines. He knew that Corn-
wallis and his staff occupied it, and was probably ■*-..
in it when be began the cannonade. Regardless ^^
of the personal loss that must ensue, he pointed one
of his heaviest guns directly toward his house, and
ordered the gunner, and also a bombardier, to play
upon it with the greatest vigor.' The desired ef-
fect was accomplished. Upon the heights of Sara-
toga, Burgoyne found no place secure from the can-
non-balls of the besiegers ; in Yorktown there was
like insecurity ;3 and before ten o'clock in the morn-
ing, Cornwallis beat a parley, and proposed a cessa-
tion of hostilities. The bouse of Governor Nelson, I have already mentioned, still bears
many scars received during the bombardment ; and in the yard attached to the dwelling, I
saw a huge unexploded bomb-shell which was cast there by order of the patriot owner.
Cornwallis, despairing of victory or escape, sent a flag to Washington with a request that
hostilities should be suspended for twenty-four hours, and that commissioners should be ap-
pointed to meet at Mrs. Moore's house on the right of the American lines, and just in the
rear of the first parellel,' to arrange terms for the surrender of his army. Washington was
unwilling to waste precious time in negotiations, for, in the mean while, the augmented
British fleet might arrive, and give the earl an opportunity to escape.1 In his reply to
1 Never did a man display more lofty patriotism than Governor Nelson on this occasion. He was the
chief magistrate of the state, and by virtue of his office was commander-in-chief of its militia. At that
time the treasury of Virginia was empty, and there was sre.it apprehension that the militia would disband
for want of pay. Governor Nelson applied to a wealthy citizen to borrow money on the credit of the state.
The security was not considered safe, and the patriot pledged bis private property as collateral. The money
was obtained and used for the public service. Because Governor Nelson exercised his prerogative as chief
magistrate of the state in impressing men into the military service on the occasion ol the siege of Yorktown,
manv influential men were offended, and many mortal enemies appeared. But he outlived all the wounds
of malice, and posterity does honor to his name.
a Dr. Thatcher savs : " I have this day visited the town of York, to witness the destructive effects of the
siege. It contains about sixtv houses ; some of them are elegant, many of them are greatly damaged, and
some totallv ruined, being shot through in a thousand places, and honey-combed, ready to crumble to pieces.
Rich furniture and books were scattered over the ground, and the carcasses of men and horses, halfcpvered
with earth, exhibited a scene of ruin and hoi roi beyond description. The earth in many places is thrown
up into mounds by the force of our shells, and it is difficult to point to a spot where a man could have re-
sorted for safety.
3 This view 'is from the street looking northwest. A long wooden building, with steep roof and dormer
windows, a portion of which is seen on the left, is also a relic of the Revolutionary era. It, too, was much
damaged by the bombardment. A few feet from the door of .Mr. Nelson's dwelling is a fine lanrel-tree.
On the occasion of La Fayette's visit to Yorktown in 1824, a large concourse of people were assembled
branches were taken from this laurel-tree, woven into a civic crown, and placed upon the head of the ven-
erable marquis, lie took ii from his brow, and, placing it upon that of Colonel Nicholas Fish ofthe Revo-
lution, who accompanied him, remarked that no one was better entitled to wear the mark of h it than he
♦ See the map on page 312.
6 Delay on that occasion would, indeed, have been dangerous, perhaps fatal to the hopes of the Americans.
Admiral Digby hastened the repairs of his vessels with all possible dispatch, and on the very day when
the capitulation was signed, Sir Henry Clinton, with seven thousand of his best imops, sailed for the Chesa-
peake to aid Cornwallis, under a convoy of twenty-five ships of the line. This arrnament appeared ofT the
'apes of Virginia on the twenty-fourth; but. receiving unquestionable intelligence ofthe capitulation at
Yorktown, the British general returned to New York.
Thomas Anburey, a British officer in Burgoyne's army, and who served in America until near the close
of 1781. published two interesting volumes, called Travels in America. Alluding to the capture of Corn-
wallis, which occurred three or four weeks previous to his sailing for Europe, he says ; " When the British
fleet left Sandv Hook, General Washington had certain intelligence of it. wilhin forty-eight hours after it
sailed, although at such a considerable distance as near six hundred miles, by means of signal guns and
[j5 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Terms of Capitulation proposed. The Commissioners. Synopsis of Articles of Capitulation.
Cornwallis's letter, Washington desired him to transmit his proposals in writing previous to
the meeting of the commissioners, for which purpose he would order a cessation of hostilities
for two hours To this the earl consented, and within the stipulated time he sent a rough
draft of the general basis of his proposals.1 Washington, perceiving that there would prob-
ably be no serious disagreement finally, also sent Cornwallis a general basis of terms upoti
which he should expect him to surrender.2 Commissioners were appointed to meet in con-
s ■ lerence at Moore's house, and hostilities were suspended
^■Ce— sZ-^ <5Z-^ "C^f for the night. The American commissioners were Colonel
* Laurens,3 and Viscount De Noailles, a relative of La Fay-
ette's wife ; the British commissioners were Lieutenant-colonel Dundas and Major Ross.
,„ , The commissioners met early on the morning of the eighteenth ;a but, being unable
1781. to adjust the terms of capitulation' definitively, only a rough draft of them could be
alarms. A very notorious rebel in New York, from the top of his house, hung out the signal of a white
flag the moment the fleet got under way, which was immediately answered by the tiring of a gun at a
small village about a mile from our post at Paulus' Hook (now Jersey City) ; alter that a continual firing
of cannon was heard on the opposite shore ; and about two days after the fleet sailed, was the period in
which General Washington was so pressing for the army to surrender." — Volume ii., page 481. There is
no evidence that Washington was informed of the departure of the fleet previous to the surrender. Al-
though Digby did not leave Sandy Hook until the nineteenth, on account of unfavorable winds and other
causes of delay, he left the harbor ut New York on the seventeenth.
1 He proposed that the garrisons at York and Gloucester should be prisoners of war, with the customary
honors; that the British soldiers should be sent to Great Britain, and the Germans to Germany, under an
engagement not to serve against France, America, or their allies, until released or regularly exchanged;
that all arms and public stores should be delivered to the conqueror, reserving the usual indulgence of side-
arms to officers, and of retaining private property by the officers and soldiers ; and that the interests of sev-
eral individuals (Tories) in civil capacities, and connected with the British, should be attended to, and their
persons respected.
1 Washington declared that a general basis for a definitive treaty should be the reception of the two gar-
risons as prisoners of war, with the same honors as were granted to the American prisoners at Charleston ;
but he would not agree to send the prisoners out of the country. They were to be marched to some con-
venient place, where they could be sustained and treated kindly. The shipping and boats in the harbor of
Yrorktown and Gloucester, with all their guns, stores, tackling, apparel, and furniture, to be delivered to a naval
officer appointed to receive them. The artillery, arms, munitions, and public stores to be delivered up, and
the sick and wounded to be supplied with the British hospital stores, and attended by the hospital surgeons.
Cornwallis, in reply, asked the privilege of retaining the Bonetta sloop of war, and sufficient officers and
men, to carry his dispatches to Sir Henry Clinton, pledging her safe delivery to the conqueror subsequently,
if she escaped the dangers of the sea. This was granted.
3 At that very time, Colonel Laurens's father, who had been president of Congress, was confined in the
Tower of London on a charge of high treason. He had been captured at sea while on his way to Holland
to solicit a loan. This circumstance will be more fully noticed hereafter.
* The following is an abstract of the Articles of Capitulation : I. The garrisons at YTork and Gloucester
to surrender themselves prisoners of war; the land troops to remain prisoners to the United States; the
naval forces to the naval army of the French king. II. The artillery, munitions, stores, &e., to be deliver-
ed to proper officers appointed to receive them. III. The two redoubts captured on the sixteenth to be
surrendered, one to the Americans, the other to the French troops. The garrison at Y'ork to march out
at two o'clock, with shouldered arms, colors cased,* and drums beating ; there to lay down their arms and
return to their encampment. The works on the Gloucester side to be delivered to the Americans and
French ; the garrison to lay down their arms at three o'clock. IV. The officers to retain their side-arms,
papers, and private property. Also, the property of Loyalists found in the garrison to be retained. V. The
soldiers to be kept in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, and to be subsisted by the Americans. Brit-
ish. Anspaeh, and Hessian officers allowed to be quartered near them, and supply them with clothing and
necessities. VI. The officers allowed to go on parole to Europe, or to any part of the American confed-
eracy; proper vessels to be granted by Count De Grasse to convey them, under flags of truce, to New ^ ork,
within ten davs, if they choose. Passports to be granted to those who go by land. \ II. Officers allowed
to keep soldiers as servants, and servants, not soldiers, not to be considered prisoners. \ III. The Bonetta
lo be under the entire control of Cornwallis, to go to New York with dispatches, and then to be delivered
to Count De Grasse. t IX. Traders not considered close prisoners of war but on parole, and allowed three
* This disposition of colors is considered degrading. Lincoln was obliged to submit to it at Charleston, where the British
general intended it as an insult. As Washington made the terms of surrender " those of Charleston," Cornwallis was obliged
to submit.
t As Washington refused to aeree to any stipulations respecting the Tories in the British camp, many of them sailed in the
Bonetta for New York, unwilling to brave the ire of their offended countrymen.
OF THE REVOLUTION. ;n ;
Fac simile ofthe Fourteenth Article ofthe Capitulal
prepared, which was submitted to the consideration of Cornwallis. Washington would not
's?*/ ;^rue^ ^^V^f^ /r>t^^i-^i
• ^^^^^r^^ff^^^
?£~A&- frrv^C^J-
/34r^**-°
Ice^^A^ay^^
*7i£ /^ j^yxy-L t^ ^ fi^tf ty7i^z.
"3
&& J7* As^ fcfiFUy ?7$/
permit the delay that might
ensue by leaving these open to /
further negotiation ; he, there- /y//
fore, had the rough articles fair- s~ f7
ly transcribed, and sent them to /$ J^ y
his lordship early on the morn- / J, >
ing of the nineteenth, with a i y
letter expressing his expecta-
tion that they would be signed
oy eleven o clock, and that tne pAC simile of thb last article of the Capitulation.
months to dispose of their property, or remove it. X. Loyalists not to be punished on account of having
joined the British army. Considering this matter to he of a civil character, Washington would not assent
I" the article. XI. Proper hospitals to he furnished for the sick and wounded, they to he attended hy the
318 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ceremonies at the Surrender of the British Army. Delivery of the Colors. Conduct of Cornwallis in the Carolinas
garrison would march out by two in the afternoon. Cornwallis was obliged to submit, and
at the appointed hour the garrisons at York and Gloucester, the shipping in the harbor, and
all the ammunition, stores, &c, were surrendered, after a siege of thirteen days, to the land
and naval forces of America and France. The ceremony, on the occasion of the surrender,
was exceedingly imposing. The American army was drawn up on the right side of the road
leading from Yorktown to Hampton (see map), and the French army on the left. Their
lines extended more than a mile in length. Washington, upon his white charger, was at.
the head of the American column ; and Rochambeau, upon a powerful bay horse, was at the
head of the French column. A vast concourse of people, equal in number, according to
eye-witnesses, to the military, was also assembled from the surrounding country to partici-
pate in the joy of the event. Universal silence prevailed as the vanquished troops slowly
marched out of their intrenchments, with their colors cased and their drums beating a Brit-
ish tune, and passed between the columns of the combined armies.' All were eager to look
upon Cornwallis, the terror of the South,3 in the hour of his adversity. They were disap-
pointed ; he had given himself up to vexation and despair, and, feigning illness, he sent Gen-
eral OTIara with his sword, to lead the vanquished army to the field of humiliation. Hav-
ing arrived at the head of the line, General O'llara advanced toward Washington, and,
taking off his hat, apologized for the absence of Earl Cornwallis. The commander-in-chief
pointed him to General Lincoln for directions. It must have been a proud moment for Lin-
coln, for only the year before he was obliged to make a humiliating surrender of his army
to British conquerors at Charleston. Lincoln conducted the royal troops to the field select-
ed for laying down their aims, and there General O'Hara delivered to him the sword of
Cornwallis ; Lincoln received it, and then politely handed it back to O'Hara, to be return-
ed to the earl.
The delivery of the colors of the several regiments, twenty-eight in number, was next per-
formed. For this purpose, twenty-eight British captains, each bearing a flag in a case, were
drawn up in line. Opposite to them, at a distance of six paces, twenty-eight American ser-
geants were placed in line to receive the colors. Ensign Wilson of Clinton's brigade, the
youngest commissioned officer in the army (being then only eighteen years of age), was ap-
pointed by Colonel Hamilton, the officer of the day, to conduct this interesting ceremony.8
British surgeons. XII. Wagons to be furnished, if possible, for carrying the baggage of officers attending
the soldiers, and of the hospital surgeons when traveling on account of the sick. XIII. The shipping and
boats in the two harbors, with all their appendages, arms, and stores, to be delivered up. unimpaired, after
the private property was unloaded.* XIV. This article is given entire in the preceding fac simile, which,
with the signatures, I copied from the original document, now in possession of Peter Force, Esq., of Wash-
ington City. These articles were signed, on the part of the British, by Lord Cornwallis, and by Thomas Sy-
monds, the naval commander in York River ; on the part of the allied armies, by Washington, Rocham-
beau. Barras, and De Grasse.
' The Abbe Robin, chaplain to the French army, wrote an interesting account of this siege and surren-
der. He says, "We were all surprised at the good condition of the English troops, as well as their clean-
liness of dress. To account for their good appearance, Cornwallis had opened all the stores (about to he
surrendered) to the soldiers before the capitulation took place. Each had on a complete new suit, but all
their finerv seemed to humble them the more, when contrasted with the miserable appearance of the Amer-
icans.''— New Travels in North America in the year 1781, and Campaigns of the Army of Count De
Rochambeau.
■ The conduct of Lord Cornwallis during his march of over fifteen hundred miles through the Southern
States was often disgraceful to the British name. He suffered dwelling-houses to be plundered of every
thing that could be carried off; and it was well known that his lordship's table was furnished with plate
thus obtained from private families. His march was more frequently that of a marauder than an honorable
general. It is estimated that Virginia alone lost, daring Cornwallis's attempt to reduce it, thirty thousand
slaves. It was also estimated, at the time, from the best information that could be obtained, that, during the
six months previous to the surrender at Yorktown, the whole devastations of his army amounted in value
to about fifteen millions of dollars.
3 Robert Wilson, the honored ensign on this occasion, was a native of New York. He had been early
trained in the duties and hardships of military life, by his maternal uncle, the famous Captain Gregg well
* Considerable private property of the loyal citizens had been placed on board the vessels for security during the siege.
This was included in the terms of the article.
'■'■
'
320 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Laying down of Arms. Loss of both Armies. Washington's expressed Approbation of Officers. Disposition of Prisoners.
When Wilson gave the order for the British captains to advance two paces, to deliver up
their colors, and the American sergeants to advance two paces to receive them, the former
hesitated, and gave as a reason that they were unwilling to surrender their flags to non-
commissioned officers. Hamilton, who was at a distance, observed this hesitation, and rode
up to inquire the cause. On being informed, he willingly spared the feelings of the British
captains, and ordered Ensign Wilson to receive them himself, and hand them to the Amer-
ican sergeants. This scene is depicted in the engraving.
When the colors were surrendered, the whole royal army laid down their arms. It was
an exceedingly humiliating task for the captives, for they had been for mouths enjoying vic-
tories under their able commander, and had learned to look upon the rebels with profound
contempt.1 After grounding their arms and laying off" their accoutrements, they were con-
ducted back to their lines, and guarded by a sufficient force until they commenced their
march for permanent quarters in the interior of Virginia and Maryland.2
The loss of the British on this occasion was one hundred and fifty-six killed, three hund-
red and twenty-six wounded, and seventy missing. The whole number surrendered by ca-
pitulation was a little more than seven thousand,3 according to the most reliable authorities,
making the total loss between seventy-five and seventy-eight hundred. The combined army
employed in the siege consisted of about seven thousand regular American troops, more than
five thousand French, and four thousand militia ; a total of over sixteen thousand men.
Their loss during the siege, of killed and wounded, was only about three hundred. The ar-
tillery, and military stores and provisions surrendered, were very considerable. There were
seventy-five brass, and one hundred and sixty iron cannons ; seven thousand seven hundred
and ninety-four muskets ; twenty-eight regimental standards (ten of them English, and
eighteen German) ; a large quantity of cannon and musket-balls, bombs, carriages, See., &c
The military chest contained nearly eleven thousand dollars in specie.*
• Oct 20 O" 'he t'ay succeeding the surrender,11 Washington, in general orders, expressed
177L his great approbation of the conduct of both armies. Among the generals whom
the commander-in-chief particularly named were Count De Rochambeau, and other distin-
guished French officers; and Generals Lincoln, Knox, La Fayette, Du Portail, and Steuben,
of the American army.5 He also spoke warmly of Governor Nelson, and expressed his grati-
tude (o him for his essential aid. Joy pervaded all hearts, and that there might be none
known in the history of the Mohawk Valley. One of his exploits I have related on page 252, volume i.
Young Wilson became attached to the army at the age of twelve years. His commission as ensign (which
I have seen) is dated June 9th, 1781, four months previous to the surrender at Yorktown. At the dose of
the war, he became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, and from his certificate I made the copy print-
ed on page 696, vol. i. He settled in Central New York when it was a wilderness ; was magistrate many
years; and for some time was postmaster at Maniocs, in Onondago county. He died in the year 1811,
leaving a widow, who still survives him, and four children, all of whom are now dead. The late James
Gregg Wilson, one of the proprietors of the Brother Jonathan newspaper, was his last surviving child. The
statement in the text respecting his participation in the surrender of the colors at Yorktown I received from
his relatives, and have no reason to doubt its truth. It is also corroborated by an eye-witness who lived to
'.he age of ninety-eight, and knew Wilson from his boyhood until his death.
1 Dr. Thatcher, who was present, says that he saw many of the soldiers, with sullen countenances, throw
down their guns on the pile with violence, as if determined to render them unfit for further service. By
order of General Lincoln-, this conduct was checked, and they were made to lay them down in an orderly
manner.
i The British prisoners were marched, some to Winchester, in Virginia, and some to Fort Frederick, and
Fredericktown, in Maryland. The latter portion were guarded by militia, commanded by General Philip
Van Cortlandt, and many serious quarrels between them and trfcir custodians occurred. They were finally
removed to Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, ami guarded by Continental troops. Cornwallis and other British
officers went by sea to New York on parole. Arrangements were finally made for the exchange of most
of them.
3 An estimate made soon after the surrender, made the total loss of the British eleven thousand eight hund-
red. In that estimate was included two thousand sailors, one thousand eiaht hundred negroes, and one
thousand five hundred Tories. * Ramsay, Gordon, Marshall, Stedman. Robin, Thaeher, Botta, Sparks.
'•' Brigadiers Du Portail and Knox were each promoted to the rank of major general ; and Colonel Go-
vion, and Captain Roehefontain, of the corps of engineers, were each advanced a grade, by brevet.
OF THE REVOLUTION 321
A Jubilee for Prisoners. igcnce of the Surrender at Philadelphia. Proea
excluded from a participation in the general thanksgiving, the commander-in-chief ordered
that all those who were under arrest or confinement, should
be immediately set at liberty ;' and as the next day was
the Sabbath, he closed his orders by directing divine service
to be performed in the several brigades on the morrow.
The surrender of Cornwallis with so huge a portion of
the British army m America secured the Independence of
the United States. The strong: arm of military oppression,
moved by governmental power, was paralyzed, ami the king
and his ministers, from the hour when intelligence of the
event reached them, abandoned all hopes of subduing the re-
bellion and preserving the integrity of the realm. The blow
of disseverance had fallen ; war could no longer subserve a
useful purpose ; humanity and sound policy counseled peace
? \ Great was the exultation and joy of the Americans as the
Rochambeau* intelligence went from lip to lip throughout the confedera-
tion. Lieutenant-colonel Tilghman, one of Washington's aids-de-camp, rode express to
Philadelphia to carry the dispatches of the chief announcing the joyful tidings to Congress.
It was midnight when he entered the city. a Thomas M'Kean was then presi- „ 0 t 23
dent of the Continental Congress, and resided in High Street, near Second. Tilgh-
man knocked at his door so vehemently, that a watchman was disposed to arrest him as a
disturber of the peace. M'Kean arose, and presently the glad tidings were made known.
Til.- watchmen throughout the city proclaimed the hour, adding "and Cornwallis istaken!"
That annunciation, ringing out upon the frosty night air, aroused thousands from their beds.
Lights were seen moving in almost every house ; and soon the streets were thronged with
men and women all eager to hear the details. It was a night of great joy in Philadelphia,
for the people had anxiously awaited intelligence from Yorktown. The old State House
bell rang out its notes of gladness, and the first blush of morning was greeted with the boom-
ing of cannons.
(Vngress assembled at an early hour, and the grave orators of that august body could
hardly repress huzzas while Secretary Thompson read the letter from Washington announc-
ing the capitulation of Cornwallis. On motion of Edmund Randolph, Congress resolved to
go in procession at two o'clock the same day» to the Dutch Lutheran Church,
•' and return thanks to Almighty God lor crowning the allied armies of the United
Suns and France with success." A committee was appointed,3 to whom were referred
the letters of Washington, and who were instructed to report resolutions of thanks to the
armies and their officers, and to recommend appropriate honors.4 The committee re]
on the twenty-ninth, and Congress resolved that their thanks should be presented to Wash-
ington, Rochambeau, and De Grasse, anil the officers and soldiers under their respectivo
commands ; that a marble column should be erected at Yorktown in commemoration of the
1 Thatcher, 281.
• Jean Battiste Donatien de Vimetjr, the Count De Rochambeau, was born at Vendome in 1725.
and entered the army at the age of sixteen year-.. In 1746 he became aid-dc-camp in I.ouis Philippe,
duke of Orleans, and was afterward appointed to the command of the regiment of La Marehe He was
wounded a! the battle of Lafeldt, where he distinguished himself. He fought bravefj ;.i I reveldt Mindcn.
Oorbach, acul Clostercamp. He was made lieutenant general in 177!>. and in 1780 came to America with
a strono- force. After assisting in the capture of Cornwallis at yorktown, and remaining several months
in America, he returned to France, and was raised to the rank of field-marshal by I. - XVI. During
the French Revolution, hi was appointed to the command of the arm] of the North. 11'' was superseded.
and sullered the persecutions of calumny, but a decri I approbation was passed in 1792. He then retired
;.. In- csiate near Vendome. Under the tyranny of Robespierre, he was arrested, an. I narrowly escaped death
In 18o:s Bonaparte grant,. 1 bun a pension, and the cross of grand officer of the Legion of Honor. % He died
in |sil7, at the age of eighty-two His Me irs wire published in 1809
' The committee consisted of Edmund Randolph, Klias Doudinot. Joseph Varnum, and < barbs Carroll.
1 Journal* of Congress, vii., 162.
il. X
322
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Awards of Congress to Officers.
General Rejoicings.
Proceedings in Parliament
Lord North's Agitation.
KltlTISH Flag.:
event ;' that two stands of colors taken from Comwallis should be presented to Washing-
ton in the name of the United States ; that two
pieces of the field ordnance captured at York should
be presented to each of the French commanders,
Rochambeau and De Grasse ; and that the Board
of War should present to Lieutenant-colonel Tilgh-
man, in the name of the United States, a horse
properly caparisoned, and an elegant sword. Con-
gress also issued a proclamation appointing the thir-
teenth day of December for a general thanksgiving
and prayer throughout the confederacy, on account
of this signal mark of Divine favor. Legislative
bodies, executive councils, city corporations, and
many private societies, presented congratulatory ad-
dresses to the commanding generals and their offi-
cers ; and from almost every pulpit in the land arose
the voice of thanksgiving and praise, accompanied
the alleluiahs of thousands of worshipers at the altar of the Lord of Hosts.
The king and his ministers were sorely perplexed when the intelligence reached them.'
Parliament assembled on the twenty-seventh of November ; its first business was a consid-
eration of the news of the disasters in America, which reached ministers officially on Sun-
day, the twenty-fifth. a Violent debates ensued, and Fox even went so far as
to intimate that Lord North was in the pay of the French. The minister in-
dignantly repelled the insinuation, and justified the war on the ground of its justice, and
the proper maintenance of British rights. Upon this point he was violently assailed by
Burke, who exclaimed, " Good God ! are we yet to be told of the rights for which we
went to war ! Oh, excellent rights ! Oh, valuable rights ! Valuable you should be, for
we have paid dear at parting with you. Oh, valuable rights ! that have cost Britain thir-
teen provinces, four islands,4 one hundred thousand men, and more than seventy millions
[three hundred and fifty millions of dollars] of money !" The younger Pitt distinguished
himself in this debate, and was a powerful aid to the opposition. On the thirtieth of No-
vember, that party proposed the bold measure (last adopted during the Revolution of 1G88)
of not granting supplies until the ministers should give a pledge to the people that the war
in America should cease. This motion, however, was lost by a vote of nearly two to one.
Several conflicting propositions were made by both parties, but without any definite result.
• Nov., 1781.
1 The marble for this column, like many other monuments ordered by the Continental Congress, is yet
in the quarry. It was proposed to have it "ornamented with emblems of the alliance between the United
States and his most Christian majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the surrender of Earl
Cornwnllis." to Washington, Rochambeau, and De Grasse. — Journals, vii., 166.
2 This is a representation of one of the flairs surrendered at Yorktown, and presented to Washington. 1
made this sketch of the flag itself, then in the Museum at Alexandria, in Virginia. It belonged to the sev-
enth regiment. The size of the flag is six feet long, and five feet four inches wide. The ground is blue ;
the central stripe of the cross red; the marginal ones white. In the center is a crown, and beneath it a
garter with its inscription, " Honi soit qui mal y pense," inclosing a full-blown rose. These are neatlv
embroidered with silk. The fabric of the flog is heavy twilled silk.
3 Sir N. W. Wraxall, in his Historical Memoirs of Ins Own Times (page 246), has left an interesting rec-
ord of the eflect of the news of the surrender of Comwallis upon the minds of Lord North and the kino.
The intelligence reached the cabinet on Sunday, the twenty-fifth of November, at noon. Wraxall asked
Lord George Germain how North "took the communication?" "As he would have taken a cannon-ball
in his breast,'' replied Lord George. ; " for he opened his arms, exclaiming wildly, as he paced up and down
the apartment during a few minutes, 'Oh! God, it is all over!' words which he repeated manv times,
under emotions of the deepest consternation and distress." Lord George Germain sent off a dispatch to
the kmg,,who was then at Kew. The king wrote a calm letter in reply, hut it was remarked, as evidence
of unusual emotion, that he had omitted to mark the hour and minute of his writing, which he was alwavs
accustomed to do with scrupulous precision. Yet the handwriting evinced composure of mind.
* He referred to disasters in the West Indies, and the loss of Minorca in the Mediterranean
OF THE REVOLUTION. 323
Designs upon Southern British Ports. St Cluir'» Bnco Ws ihington't Journey tu Philadelphia. Localities at Vorktown.
and on the twentieth of December, Parliament adjourned to the twenty-first of Jan-
uary.1
Although the British power in America was subdued, it still had vitality. The enemy
yet held important posts in the Southern States, and Washington resolved to profit by the
advantage he now possessed, by capturing or dispersing the royal garrisons at Wilmington,
Charleston, and Savannah. For this purpose, he solicited the aid of Count De Grasse in
an expedition against Charleston. He repaired on board the Ville de Paris, and held a
personal conference with the admiral. To the urgent solicitations of Washington, De Grasse
replied that " the orders of his court, ulterior projects, and his engagement with the Span-
iards, rendered it impossible for him to remain on the coast during the time which would
be required for the operation." He also declined conveying troops to the South for re-en-
forcing General Greene, but he consented to remain a few days in Chesapeake Bay, to cover
the transportation of the Eastern troops and of the ordnance, to the head of Elk. These,
under the command of General Lincoln, were embarked on the second of November, ami
from the head of Elk proceeded by land to winter quarters in Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
and on the Hudson River. On the fourth, St. Simon embarked his troops, and on that
dav the French fleet sailed out of the Chesapeake for the West Indies. Before it sailed,
Washington presented Count De Grasse with two beautiful horses, as a token of his per-
sonal esteem.
The French army remained in Virginia (Rochambcau having his head-quarters at Will-
iamsburg), ready to co-operate with the Americans North or South. There they remained
until the next summer,'' when they joined the Continental army on the Hudson.'
They proceeded to New England in the autumn, and early in December embarked
at Boston for the West Indies. General St. Clair, with a body of troops, was sent to re-
enforce General Greene at the South. He was directed to march by the way of Wilming-
ton, and dislodge the enemy there. This he effected, and at the close of 1781 there was
not a hostile foot except those of resident Tories and prisoners of war, in all Virginia or
North Carolina.
When Washington had completed all his arrangements, he left Yorktown, <= and cNoTi5
hastened to Eltham, the seat of Colonel Bassett, to the bedside of Mr. Custis, the »si.
only son of Mrs. Washington. He arrived in time to see him die, and stayed there a few
days to mingle his grief with that of the afflicted widow. Mr. Custis was a member of the
Virginia Legislature, and was then only twenty-eight years of age." From Eltham, Wash-
ington proceeded to Philadelphia by way of Mount Vernon, receiving and answering various
public addresses on the way. On the day after his arrival in Philadelphia,'1 he t ^ ^
went to the State House, and on being introduced into the hall of Congress by two
members, he was greeted by a congratulatory address by the president. He remained some
time in Philadelphia, and was regarded with reverence by all classes.
We will here close the chronicle, visit the historical localities about Yorktown. and then
ride down to Hampton, near Old Point Comfort.
In company with Mr. Nelson, I rode to " Moore's House," where the commissioners of
the two armies met to agree upon terms of capitulation. On our way we visited the site
of the two redoubts (K and L, on the map) captured respectively by the Americans and
French. The visible lines of the one assailed by the French cross the road leading to
Moore's house. On each side of the way the embankments are quite prominent. The re-
mains of the other one, on the river bank, are noticed and delineated on page 5 I '.). In the
fields farther south, crossing the Hampton road, and extending almost to the old Jamestown
road along which the American division of the allied armies approached Yorktown, might
be seen a ridge, the remains of the second parallel, In a southwesterly direction, about a
1 The order and discipline of the French army while on this march, and the deputation of Quakers who
met Rochambeau at Philadelphia, are noticed on page 623, vol. i.
a Mr. Custis left four infant children. Washington adopted the two yonnger, a son and daughter. Th«
son still survives: the respected George Washington Parke Custis, Esq., of Arlington House, Virginia.
324
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Moore's House and its Associations.
Place of Surrender.
Governor Nelson's House.
Departure for Hampton.
Moore's House.1
mile and a half distant, is the low ground where the armies rested before making a disposi-
tion of their forces for attacking Cornwallis.
Moore's house is very pleasantly situ-
ated in the midst of a level lawn within
a quarter of a mile of the banks of the
York. Although so late in the . Dec 0,
season,1 it was surrounded with i848.
green shrubbery, and from a bush near
the piazza I plucked a full-blown rose
growing in the open air. I 'was shown
the room in which it is asserted the ca-
pitulation was signed by Cornwallis and
his conquerors. This, however, is a mis-
take. There is no evidence that the
earl was beyond his lines until he depart-
ed for New York on parole. He signed
the capitulation at his quarters in the
town ; and above the signature of Washington and the French officers is written, " Done
in the trenches before Yorktown," &c. Moore's house is famous only as being the place
where the commissioners held their conference.
We next visited the places designated by tradition as the spot where the British laid
down their arms. In a field, not more than half a mile southward of the British intrench-
ments, three tulip poplars were pointed out for many years as indices of the exact place of
surrender. The old trees are now gone, but three small ones supply their places. This is
on the east side of the Hampton road. In Trumbull's picture of the Surrender, the house
of Governor Nelson is seen. Trumbull visited Yorktown for the purpose of sketching the
ground, in 1791, and doubtless had the true location pointed out to him. From the field
where the tulip poplars are, however, the house can not be seen, but from a large field on
the west side of the Hampton road, sloping in the direction of the " Pigeon Quarter," and
ahout a mile from the British lines (the distance mentioned in history), the house may be
plainly seen. It is the opinion of Mr. Nelson and other intelligent gentlemen at Yorktown,
that the large field, noted as the spot on the map printed on page 3 1 2, is the locality where
the captive soldiers laid down their arms, and where the marble column, ordered by Con-
gress, should be erected.
From the field of humiliation we rode back to the village, and after visiting the remains
of the elegant dwelling of President Nelson, which was situated near that of the governor,
within the British lines, I passed an hour in the venerated mansion of Governor Nelson,
printed on page 315. It was erected by the first emigrant Nelson (•' Scotch Tom"), and
is of imported bricks. Among other relics of the past, I saw upon the walls the mutilated
portraits of President Nelson and his lady, the parents of the governor. They were thus
injured by the British when they rifled his house at Hanover, whither he had taken his fam-
ily and furniture for security.
I left Yorktown at two o'clock for Hampton, twenty-four miles distant. Charley was
invigorated by rest and abundance of oats, and the road being generally quite level, and in
excellent condition, I was only about four hours on the way. The country is an inclined
plane sloping toward the ocean, and quite thickly settled. The forests are chiefly of pine.
1 This is a view from the lawn, looking south. It is a frame buililing with a brick foundation. At the
time of the siege it belonged in fee to Governor Nelson, but lis occupant, a widow Moore, had a tile inter-
est in it, and it was known as Moore's house. The narrow piazza in front is a modern addition. This
house is upon the Temple Farm, so called from the fact that vestiges of ;i small temple or church, and the
remains of an ancient settlement, are ihere seen, about a mile and a half south of Yorktown. Around the
temple was a wall, and within are several tumb-stones. One of these bear the name of Major William
Gooch, and the date of his death. lf3o5.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 325
Arrival at Hampton. Old Point Comfort. Early Historj Hampton Roads. Dunmore'a Attack.
interspersed with oaks, chestnuts, tulip poplars, gums, sycamores, and occasionally an elm.
The green holly with its blazing berries, and the equally verdant laurel, every where enliven
the forest scenery. I crossed two considerable swamps, and at twilight reached the margin
of a third, within a few miles of Hampton. The branches of the tall trees interlaced above,
and the amber light in the west, failed to penetrate and mark the pathway. Suddenly the
bland air was filled with chilling vapors, which came rolling up from the sea on the winga
of a southeast wind, and 1 was enveloped in absolute darkness in the midst of the broad,
morass As at Occaquan, I gave Charley a loose rein, and relied upon his instinct and
hetter sight for safety. His faculties proved trustworthy, and at six o'clock in the evening
1 was at comfortable lodgings close by the beach, in the old town of Hampton, ninety-six
miles southeast of Richmond.'
Early the next morning I rode to old Point Comfort,3 two and a half miles distant, not-
withstanding heavy masses of clouds were yet rolling in from the ocean, and a chilling mist
enveloped every thing as with a shroud. Old Point Comfort is a sandy promontory, which,
with Point Willoughby opposite, forms the mouth of the James River. It i- a place ot
public resort in summer as an agreeable watering-place. The tine sandy beach affords de-
lightful bathing grounds, and the cool breezes from the ocean deprive summer ol hall ■ >! its
fervor. The extremity of the point, eighty acres in extent, is covered by Foil Monroe,9 one
of the most extensive fortifications in the United States. Within the area id' the fort are
the officers' quarters, with neat flower-gardens attached ; ami over the surface are scattered
beautiful live-oaks, isolated and in groves, which give the place a summer aspect, even in
mid-wmter. Between Point Comfort and the opposite Cape the water is shallow, except
in a narrow channel through the bar. Here the ocean tides and the river currents meet.
and produce a continual ripple. From this circumstance the name of R//i linjis was given
to the spot In the midst of these, nineteen hundred yards from Fort Monroe, is the half-
finished Fort Calhoun, or Castle of the Pip Paps. It was ascertained, while building it,
that the ground was unstable, and the heavy masonry began to sink. Immense masses of
loose stones have since been piled upon it, to sink it as deep as it will go before completing
the walis. In this condition il now remains, and it is to be hoped that not another hour
will be employed upon it, except to carry away the stones for the more useful and more no-
ble purpose of erecting an iron-foundery or a cotton-mill. Henceforth our fortresses, and
other paraphernalia of war, will have no other useful service to perform than to illustrate
the history ol a less enlightened age.
Within the bar of the Rip Raps is the spacious harbor called the Hampton Roads.
wherein vast navies might ride with safety. Twice, hostile Heels have cleft those waters
The first was in October, 177-5, when Lord Dunmore, driven by Ins tears, as we have Been,
from Williamsburg, gratified his desire for revenge by destroying the property of the patriots.
The people of Hampton anticipated an attack by the British fleet,1 and applied to the Com-
mittee of Safety lor assistance. Colonel Woodford, with one bundled Culpepper men. was
sent to protect them; but before their arrival, Captain Squires, of the British navy, sent by
Dunmore with six tenders, appeared in Hampton Creek.11 He commenced a Inn- ,oct34|
ous cannonade, and under that cover sent armed men in boats to bum the town. 1"J
Virginia riflemen, concealed in the houses, soon sent so many death-shots that the boats were
obliged to return. The tenders were compelled to recede beyond the reach of their rifles,
1 Hampton, in Elizabeth City county. i> oni ol the oldest towns in Virginia. Its site was visited by Captain
John Smith in 1607, while exploring the mouth of the .Tame- River. The natives called the place Ke-cough-
lan. The English commenced ;i settlement there in 1610. and in 1705 it was erected into ;x town by law.
a This point Was Smith's first landing-place, and because be found good anchorage, a hospitable recep-
tion, and various other comforts, be gave it the name it now bears.
3 In 1630 a small fort was erected on Point Comfort; and it was there that Count De Grasse caused
some fortifications to he thrown up to cover the landing of the troops undei St. Simon previous to the siege
of Yorktovvn in 1781.
4 Dunmore's force ennsisted of the Fowey, Mercury, Kingfisher, and Oner , two companies from a W« b!
India regiment, and a motley rabble of negroes and Tories.
32C
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Repulse of Dunmore.
St. John's Church.
Attack on Hampton in 1813.
Voyage to Norfolk.
and wait for re-enforcements. Woodford arrived at daybreak on the twenty-fifth, and, mo-
mentarily expecting an attack from the enemy, he immediately disposed his men for action.
At sunrise the hostile fleet bore in for the shore, and, laying with springs on her cables, com-
menced a heavy cannonade upon the town, and greatly damaged many of the houses.
Woodford commanded his men to fire with caution and sure aim, the vessels being within
rifle shot. Men were picked off in every part of the ships, and great terror sorn prevailed
in the fleet. The cannons were deserted, for every gunner became a target for the sharp-
shooters. Unable to withstand such a destructive fire, the British commander ordered the
cables to be slipped and the vessels to retreat. The latter movement was difficult, for men
seen at the helm or aloft adjusting the sails were singled out and shot down. Many of
them retreated to the holds of the vessels, and refused obedience to their commanders when
ordered out on the perilous duty. Two of the sloops drifted ashore. Before the fleet could
escape, the inhabitants of the town, with Woodford's corps, sunk five vessels. The victory
was complete.1
Among the buildings yet remaining, which suffered from this cannonading, is St. John's
(Protestant Episcopal) Church, said to be the third
oldest house of worship in the state. The earliest
inscription in its grave-yard is 1701. Before the
Revolution, the royal arms, handsomely carved,
were upon the steeple. It is related that soon after
the Declaration of Independence was promulgated,
the steeple was shattered by lightning, and the in-
jsignia of royalty hurled to the ground.
In 1813,a Hampton was attacked by
Admiral Cockburn, with his fleet, and by
a force of two thousand men under General Bcck-
with, who landed at Old Point Comfort. The gar-
rison of the slight fortification at Hampton consist-
ed of four hundred and fifty militia. They were
too weak to defend themselves, and retired. The
town was given up to pillage at the hands of a renegade corps of French prisoners, who had
been promised such a gratification. For two days they desolated Hampton without re-
straint. Private property was plundered or destroyed ; the leading citizens were grossly
insulted and abused ; females were violated ; and in one instance an aged sick man was
murdered in the arms of his wife.3 When filled to satiety, the vultures left Hampton Roads
to seek for prey elsewhere.
The easterly wind ceased at noon ; the clouds dispersed, and the sun shone out with all
the brilliancy and fervor of early June, when I rode back to Hampton from Old Point Com-
fort. At three o'clock a strong breeze from the west brought back the masses of vapor
which had been borne toward the Blue Ridge all night. They came in heavy cumnlous
clouds, and when, a little before five o'clock, I embarked upon a steam-packet for Norfolk,
eighteen miles distant, rain fell copiously. We entered the Elizabeth River at dusk, and
arrived at Norfolk a little past six o'clock.'
i June 25.
St. John's Church. a
1 Jones, p. 63-64. Howison, ii., 95.
1 This view is from the church-yard looking southeast. The. edifice is cruciform, and built of imported
brick. It is near the head of the town, on the cast side of the York road. In a field about a mile from
Hampton are four black marble tablets, with anus and inscriptions upon two of them. One there, over the
grave of Vice-admiral Neville, bears the date of 1697 ; the other, over the remains of Thomas Carle, has
the date of 1700 upon it.
3 Perkins's History of the Late War. These outrages, so dishonorable to the British character, are lacts
well attested by a committee of Congress appointed to investigate the matter.
4 Norfolk is situated cm the north bank of the Elizabeth River, at the head of steam-boat navigation It
was established by law as a town in 1705, formed into a borough in 1736, and incorporated a city by the
Virginia Legislature in 1845.
OF THE REVOLUTION
327
Pt. Paul's Church unci its Associations.
Ri Ifi to the Gri>at Bridge
Description if the Locality.
The morning of the twenty-third" was cold and blustering, like a late Novem- ^ ^ ]Mg
ber day at the North. Before breakfast, I called upon the sexton of old St. Paul's
Church, procured the key of the strong inclosure which surrounds it and the ancient burial-
ground, and in the keen frosty air made the annexed sketch. This venerable edifice is
almost the only survivor of the conflagration of the
town on the first of January, 177G, an event which
will be noticed presently. ■ The church is cruci-
form, and built of imported bricks, the ends of
which are glazed, and gives the edifice a checkered
appearance like that of Carpenters' Hall, and sev-
eral other buildings in Philadelphia. On the
street front of the church, near the southwest cor-
ner, is a large cavity made by a cannon-ball hurl-
ed from the British shipping during the attack
just alluded to. It is an honorable scar, and has
been allowed to remain for the gratification of the
curious, and as a mute relator of the malice ol the
foes to liberty. The short battlementcd tower, built of wood, is a recent addition to the
church Originally there was a small tower with a spire at each corner, on the other end
of the main building. With these exceptions, the exterior is the same as when Norfolk
was destroyed; its interior has been entirely changed, and adorned with fresco painting.
Over the principal side entrance to the church, the date of its erection (1739) is given m
large figures formed by projecting bricks, 1 worshiped in the old fane on the Sabbath,
but confess to wandering thoughts, lor the associations of the place often closed the senso-
rium to the voice of the preacher.
At eight o'clock I started for the Great Bridge, and the verge of the Dismal Swamp.
The country is level most of the way ; and the road crosses two considerable swamps be-
tween Norfolk and the Great Bridge, wherein the dark-green gall-bush, loaded with fruit
resembling whortleberries, abounds. Great Bridge is the name for a comparatively insig-
nificant structure, unless the causeways connected with it may be included in the term.
6t. J'aul's Church.
Ik
View at the Great Bridge.
The Great Bridge proper is about forty yards in length, and spans the south bank of tha
Elizabeth River, about nine miles from Norfolk. Extensive marshes, filled and drained al-
ternately with the flow of the tide, spread out on each side of the river, making the whole
breadth'of morass and stream, at this point, about half a mile wide. The Great Bridge1
extends across the main stream from two islands of firm earth, which are covered with trees
and shrubbery. Each of these islands is connected with the main by a causeway and
smaller bridges. On the western side of the river is the small scattered village of Great
1 This view is from the western bank of the stream, near the tide-mill, looking north. On the left of the
328 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Dunmore at Norfolk. Seizure of Holt's Printing-office. Holt's Career. Preparations for Buttle.
Bridge, not much larger now than it was at the period of the Revolution. On the island
at the western end of the bridge are two or three houses and a tide-mill, and upon the one
at the Norfolk side, Where Dunmore cast up intrenchtnents, is a wind-mill, seen on the ex-
treme left in the preceding picture. The marsh is covered with osiers, and tall coarse grass ;
and the whole scene, though picturesque, is rather dreary in aspect. Let us observe what
history has chronicled respecting the Great Bridge and vicinity.
We have already considered the flight of Dunmore from Williamsburg, and his attempt
to destroy Hampton, and have alluded to his raising the royal standard at Norfolk, and pro-
claiming martial law throughout the colony, and freedom to the slaves. He made Norfolk
harbor the rendezvous for the British fleet, and determined there to establish the head-
quarters of ministerial power in the Old Dominion. Previous to making an effort to take
possession of the town, he sent a few soldiers and sailors ashore, under cover of the guns of
the ships, to carry off' John Holt's printing establishment, which was doing good service lor
the patriot cause. Holt, though a high churchman, was an ardent and uncompromising
Whi^. This outrage was committed, and two of Holt's workmen were taken away pris-
oners, without resistance from the people. The Tories were numerous, and the Whigs were
overawed. The corporation of Norfolk sent a letter of remonstrance to Dunmore; it was
answered by insult.1 This insult was followed by violence. Hampton was attacked, and
depredations were committed upon the shores of the Elizabeth and James Rivers. Re-
pelled with spirit, Dunmore resolved to strike a blow of terror. With his motley force he
penetrated Princess Anne county, to plunder and lay waste. He was successful, and em-
boldened thereby, declared open war. All Lower Virginia was aroused, and the government
directed its whole attention to the portion of the state thus menaced. Jt was at this time
that Dunmore's attempt to bring the Indians upon the colonists was made known. The
people burned with fierce indignation. Colonel Woodford, who afterward became a briga-
dier general in the Continental army, was sent with a detachment of minute-men into Nor-
folk county, and the militia of that section were called to arms. Adjutant Bullit accom-
panied him. Perceiving these preparations, Dunmore became alarmed. He constructed
batteries and intrenchments at Norfolk, armed the blacks and Tories, and ordered the coun-
try people to send their cattle to the city for his nse, under penalties for disobedience.
bridge are seen piles of wood and lumber, the chief articles of trade there. The causeway is seen extend-
ing on the riaht, to the island on the Norfolk side, whereon is a wind-mill constructed sev-
eral years ago by a man whose acumen was certainly not remarkable. Placed in the
midst of a morass and surrounded by trees, its sails never revolved, and it remains a mon-
ument of follv. It stands upon the site of the southern extremities of the fortifications
thrown up by Dunmore. and serves the useful purpose of a guide to the remains of those
works.
1 The municipal authorities informed Dunmore that they could easily have prevented
the removal of the type, but preferred a peaceable course, and asked for the immediate
return of the persons and property illegally carried away. Dunmore replied that he had
done tho people of Norfolk good service by depriving them of the means of having their
minds poisoned by ebellious doctrines, and intimated that cowardice alone prevented
their interfering whei the types were carried to the fleet. Holt went to Williamsburg.
where he had formerly resided and held the office of mayor, and published a severe ar- Windmill.
tide against Dunmore. He then went to New York, where, ten years before, he had
published the New York Gazelle and Post Boy, in company with James Parker, and established a news-
paper. When the British took possession of the city, he left it, and published his journal at Esopus and
Pounhkeepsie. While at the former place, he published Burgnvne's pompous proclamation, noticed on
page 133, volume i. ; and while at the latter, he sent forth to the world the dreadful account of the Wy-
oming massacre, which he received from the flying fugitives. Holt died January thirtieth. 1784. aged
sixty-four years. His widow printed a memorial of him on cards, which she distributed among their friends.*
— See Thomas's History of Printing, ii.. 105.
* The following is a copy of the memorial preserved in Alden's Collection of American Epitaphs, I, 271 : "A due tribute to
the memory of John Holt, printer to this state, a native of Virginia, who patiently obeyed Death's awful summons, on the thir
tieth of January, 178-i. in the sixty-fourth year of his age. To say that his family lament him. is needless ; that his friends be
wail him. useloss ; lli.it all regret him, unnecessary : for that he merited every esteem, is certain. The tongue of slander can
not say less, though justice might say more. In token of sincere affection, his disconsolnte widow hath caused this memorial
to be erected."
OF THE REVOLUTION 329
iwna (it the Great Bridge. Attack on the American Redoubt Death of Opt. Fordyce. Stratagem of MaJ. Marshall.
Apprised of the movement of Woodford, and the point from whence he might expect the
approach of the Virginians, Dunmore resolved to fortify the passage of the Elizabeth River
at Great Bridge. His force consisting of only about two hundred regulars, and a corps of
Norfolk volunteer Loyalists, he heat up lor recruits among the negroes and the vilest portion
of societv. lie cast up breast-works upon the island, on the Norfolk side of the Great Bridge,
and furnished them amply with cannons. This presented a serious obstacle to the \ irgin-
ians, who could approach the batteries only upon a narrow causeway. With a motley force
of regulars and volunteers, negroes and vagrants, in number about six hundred, Dunmore
garrisoned his fortress. The Virginians constructed a small fortification, of semicircular
form, near the western end of the causeway, the remains of which were yet quite visible
when 1 visited the spot. a From the breast-work a street ascended about four , December,
hundred yards to a church, where the main body of the patriots were encamped.
On Saturday morning, the ninth of December,1' before daylight, Dunmore, who re-
mained at Norfolk, ordered Captains Leslie and Fordyce to attack the redoubt of
the patriots. He had been informed thai they were few in number, and weak in skill and
experience; he, therefore, felt certain of success ' When the Virginians had beaten the
reveille, Captain Fordyce, with about sixty grenadiers and a corps of regulars, was ordered
to the attack. After firing one or two cannons and some musketry, he pressed forward,
crossed the Great Bridge, burned the houses and some shingles upon the island, on which
the tide-mill now stands, and made an attack upon the guards in the breast-work. The lire
of the enemy was returned, and the assailants were thrown into confusion. Fordyce rallied
them, and having brought two pieces of cannon over the bridge, and placed them on the
island in such a position as to command the breast-work, led his men (about one hundred
and twenty in number) steadily across the causeway, keeping up a constant and heavy fire
as they approached Woodford's redoubt. Lieutenant Travis, who commanded in the re-
doubt, ordered his men to reserve their fire until the enemy came within fifty yards, and
then, with sure aim, pour volley after volley upon the assailants as rapidly as possible. Be-
lieving the redoubt to be deserted, Fordyce waved his hat over his head, shouted " The day
is our own !" and rushed forward toward the breast-work. The order of Lieutenant Travis
was obeyed with terrible effect. His men, about ninety in number, rose to their feet and
discharged a full volley upon the enemy. The gallant Captain Fordyce, who was marked
by the riflemen, fell, pierced by fourteen bullets, within fifteen steps of the breast-works.
Ills followers, greatly terrified, retreated in confusion across the causeway, and were dread-
fully galled in their rear.
Captain Leslie,9 who, with about two hundred and thirty negroes and Tories, had remain-
ed upon the island at the west end of the bridge, now rallied the regulars, and kept up the
firing of the two field-pieces. Colonel Woodford, with the main body of the Virginians,
left the church at the same time, and advanced to the relief of the garrison in the intrench-
inents. Upon his approaching line the field pieces played incessantly, but the Virginians
pressed steadily forward. Colonel Stevens,3 of the Culpepper battalion, went round to the
' Thomas Marshall, father of the late chief justice, and also the latter, then a lieutenant in the minute
battalion, were among the Virginians at the Great Bridge. Thomas .Marshall was major at that time
He had a shrewd servant with biro, whom he caused to desert to Dunmore, after being instructed in his
duly. He reported to his lordship that there were not more than three hundred shirlmen (as the British
called the Virginian riflemen, who wore their hunting shirts) at the bridge. This emboldened Dunmore.
and he sent Captains Leslie and Fordyce at once to attack Ihe redoubt.
- This officer, the son of the Earl of Levin, was mortally wounded at Princeton, on the second of Jan-
uary, 1777. See page 332, volume i.
3 Edward Stevens, who afterward became a brigadier, was a very efficient officer. His epitaph upon a
monument in his family burial -ground, half a mile
north of the Culpepper Court House, tells briefly the
events of his public life :
';This gallant officer and upright man served his country with reputation in the field and Senate of his
native state. He took an active part and had a principal share in the war of the Revolution, and acquired
"reat distinction at the battles of Great Bridge, Brandywine, Germantown, Camden. Guilford, and the siege
330 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Close of the Battle. Terror of the Captives. Norfolk entered by the Americana. Dunniore'a Threat.
left, and flanked the enemy with so much vigor that a rout ensued and the battle ended.
The enemy left their two field-pieces behind, but took care to spike them with nails, and
tied in confusion to their fort on the Norfolk side. The battle lasted only about twenty-five
minutes, but was very severe. The number of the enemy slain is not precisely known.
Thirty-one killed and wounded fell into the hands of the patriots, and many were carried
away by their -friends. Gordon says their whole loss was sixty-two. They fought desper-
ately, for they preferred death to captivity, Dunmore having assured them that, if they were
caught alive, the savage Virginians would scalp them.1 It is a remarkable fact that not a
single Virginian was killed during the engagement, and only one man was slightly wounded
in the hand, notwithstanding the two field-pieces upon the island hurled double-headed shot
as far as the church, and cannonaded them with grape-shot as they approached their re-
doubt. The wounded who fell into the hands of the Virginians were treated with the
greatest tenderness, except the Tories, who were made to feel some of the rigors of war.
The repulse of the British at Great Bridge greatly exasperated Dunmore, who had re-
mained in safety at Norfolk ; and in his rage he swore he would hang the boy that brought
the tidings. The motley forces of his lordship were dispirited by the event, and the Loyal-
ists refused further service in arms unless they could act with regulars. The Virginians,
in the other hand, were in high spirits, and Colonel Woodford determined to push forward
ind take possession of the city. He issued a pacific proclamation to the people of Princess
Anne and Norfolk counties, and many of the inhabitants repaired to his camp. Those who
had joined Dunmore on compulsion, were treated kindly ; those who volunteered their serv-
ices were each hand-cuffed to a negro fellow-soldier and placed in confinement.
On the fourteenth,a five days after the battle at the bridge, Woodford entered
the city in triumph, and the next morning, Colonel (afterward General) Robert
Howe, with a North Carolina regiment, joined them, and assumed the command of all the
patriot forces. Dunmore, in the mean while, had caused the intrench meats at Norfolk to
be abandoned, the twenty pieces of cannon to be spiked, and invited the Loyalists and their
families to take refuge with him in the ships of the fleet. The poor negroes who had joined
his standard were left without care or protection, and many starved.
Distress soon prevailed in the ships ; famine menaced them with its keen fangs. Par-
ties sent on shore to procure provisions from the neighboring country were cut off, or greatly
annoyed by the Virginians, and supplies for the multitude of mouths became daily more
precarious. The ships were galled by a desultory fire from the houses, and their position
became intolerable. At this juncture the Liverpool frigate, from Great Britain, came into
the harbor, and gave boldness to Governor Dunmore. By the captain of the Liverpool, he
immediately sent a flag to Colonel Howe, commanding him to cease firing upon the ships
and supply the fleet with provisions, otherwise he should bombard the town. The patriots
answered by a flat refusal, and the governor prepared to execute his barbarous threat. On
the morning of the thirty-first of December,0 Dunmore gave notice of his design, in
' 177°' order that women and children, and the Loyalists still remaining, might retire to a
place of safety. At four o'clock on the morning of the first of January,0 the Liver-
1776' pool,3 Dunmore, and two sloops of war, opened a heavy cannonade upon the town,
of York ; and although zealous in the cause of American freedom, his conduct was not marked with the
least degree of malevolence or parly spirit. Those who honestly differed with him in opinion he always
treated with singular tenderness. In strict integrity, honest patriotism, and immovable courage, he was
surpassed by none, and had few equals."
He died on the seventeenth of August, 1820, in the seventy-sixth year of his age.
1 " The prisoners expected to be scalped," wrote a correspondent of the Virginia Gazette, and cried out,
•• For God's sake, do not murder us .'" One of them, unable to walk, cried out in this manner to one of our
men, and was answered by him, " Put your arm around my neck, and I will show what I intend to do."
Then taking him, with his arm over his neck, he walked slowly along, bearing him with great tenderness,
to the breast-work." — Virginia Gazette, December 14, 1775; Gordon, Ramsay, Botta, Girardin, Howison.
* It was a shot from this vessel which struck the corner of St. Paul's Church, referred to on a preceding
page.
OF THE REVOLUTION
P.-itruction of Norfolk. Distress. Deposition of the Amnrican Troops. Dunmorc at Owyn's Island. General Lewia
and parties of marines and sailors went on shore and set fire to the warehouses. The wind
was blowing from the water, and the buildings being chiefly of wood and filled with pitch
and turpentine, the greater part of the compact portion of the city was in flames before
midnight The conflagration raged for fifty hours, and the wretched inhabitants, Whigs
and Tories, saw their property and homes licked up by the consumer, and their heads made
shelterless in the cold winter air, without the power of staying the fury of the destroyer or
savins; the necessaries of life. Not content with laying the town in ashes, the petty Nero
heightened the terror of .the scene and the anguish of the people by a cannonade from the
ships during the conflagration. Parties of musketeers, also, went to places where people
were collected and attacked them. Horror reigned supreme, and destitution in its worst
features there bore rule. Yet a kind Providence guarded the lives of the smitten inhabit-
ants ; and during the three days of terror while the fire raged, and cannon-balls were hurled
into the town in abundance, not one of the patriot troops was killed, and only three or four
women and children were slain in the streets. Seven persons were wounded.' The in-
vading parties were uniformly driven back to their ships with loss. In these repulses the
intrepid Stevens was conspicuous, and displayed all the courage of a veteran soldier.
Colonel Stevens and his little band remained upon the site of Norfolk, until Feb-
ruary,* when, having removed the families and appraised the dwellings which re-
mained, he caused them to be destroyed, that the enemy might have no shelter. Thus the
most flourishing town in Virginia was made an utter desolation ;2 but its eligible location in-
sured its phoenix-like resurrection, and again, when peace returned, " beauty for ashes" soon
characterized the spot. Howe divided his troops ; some were stationed at Kemp's Land-
ing, some at the Great Bridge, and others in Suffolk, whither most of the fugitives from the
city fled, and found open-handed hospitality in the interior.
Duninore's movements on the coast compelled the Virginians to exercise the most active
vigilance. After Howe abandoned the site of Norfolk, the fugitive governor erected bar-
racks there, but being prevented from obtaining supplies from the neighboring country, he
destroyed them, sailed down the Elizabeth Reiver, and after maneuvering for a
J , a May, 1770.
while in Hampton Roads, b he finally landed upon Gwyn s Island, in Chesapeake
Bay, on the east side of Matthew's county, near the mouth of the Piankatank River. 'I 's
island contains about two thousand acres, and was remarkable for its fertility and beauty.
Dunmore's force consisted of about five hundred men, white and black. He cast up some
intrenchments, and built a stockade fort, with the evident intention of making that his place
of rendezvous while plundering and desolating the plantations on the neighboring coast.
General Andrew Lewis,3 then in command of a brigade of Virginia troops, was sent by
the Committee of Safety to dislodge Dunmore. On the eighth of July, he erected two bat-
teries (one mounting two eighteen pounders, and the other bearing lighter guns), nearly op-
posite the point on the island where the enemy was encamped. The next mornings cJuly9
at eight o'clock, Lewis gave the signal for attack, by applying a match, himself, to mc
1 Virginia Gazettt, January, 1776. Burk, iii., 451. Howison, ii.. 109.
1 When Dunmore destroyed Norfolk, its population was six thousand, and so rapidly was it increasing in
business and wealth, that in the two years from 1773 to 1775, the rents in the city increased from forty
thousand to fifty thousand dollars a year. The actual loss by the cannonade and conflagration was' estima-
ted at fifteen hundred thousand dollars ; the personal suffering was inconceivable.
1 Andrew Lewis was a native of Donnegal county, Ireland. He settled in Virginia, and, with five hroth-
. r-. engaged in the conflicts of the French war. He was a major in Washington's Virginia regiment, and
was highly esteemed by him for his courage and skill. He was the
commander, as already noticed on page 281, at the battle of Point Pleas-
. ant, in 1774. When Washington was appointed commander-in-chief
**sl*J-^si of the Continental army, he recommended Lewis as one of the major
' generals, but he was overlooked He accepted the office of a brigadier
general, and commanded a detachment of the army stationed near Williamsburg. He drove Dunmore from
Gwyn's Island in 1776, and resigned his command on account of illness in 1780. He died in Bedford coun-
ty, forty miles from his home, on the Roanoke, while on his way thither. General Lewis was more than
six feet in height, and possessed great personal dignity.
3 3 2 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Attack upon Dunmore. His Flight. Distress upon Gwyn's Island. Destruction of Property liy Collier and Matthews
an eighteen pounder. The ball passed through the hull of the Dunmore, which was lying
five hundred yards distant ; a second shot cut her boatswain in twain, and a third shivered
one of her timbers, a splinter from which struck Lord Dunmore, wounded his leg, and
smashed his china. Both batteries then opened upon the governor's fleet, camp, and works
Terror now prevailed in the fleet, and confusion in the camp. Almost every ship slipped
its cables, and endeavored to escape. Dunmore's batteries were silenced ; the tents of his
camp were knocked down, and terrible breaches were made in his stockade. The assail-
ants ceased firing at nine o'clock, but no signal of surrender being given, it was renewed at
meridian.
Early on the following morning, having collected some small craft in the neighborhood,
Lewis ordered Colonel M'Clanahan, with two hundred men, to cross to the island. The
enemy evacuated before the Virginians landed, and fled to the ships, leaving their dead and
many wounded behind them. A horrible scene was there presented. Half-putrefied bodies
lay in almost uncovered shallow graves, and the dying, scattered in various directions, were
filling the air with their groans. The island was dotted with graves, for the small-pox and
fevers had raged with great violence in the fleet and in the camp for some time. Some
were burned in the brush huts, which took fire ; and others, abandoned to their fate, had
crawled to the sandy beach and were perishing. Only one man of the assailants was killed ;
Captain Arundel, who was slain by the bursting of a mortar of his own invention. The
loss of the enemy could not be ascertained, but it must have been considerable.
On leaving the island, Dunmore caused several of his vessels, which were aground, to be
burned, and with the remnants of his fleet he sailed out of the Chesapeake, entered the Po-
tomac, and, after plundering and desolating several plantations on that river, above Aquia
.Creek,1 he returned to Lynn Haven Bay, where he dismissed some of the ships for the Ber-
mudas, some to the West Indies, and some to St. Augustine, with booty, among which was
almost a thousand slaves. He soon joined the naval force in New York, and toward the
close of the year sailed for England.2
After the departure of Dunmore, the Virginia coast enjoyed comparative quiet
until 1 77 9, a when a British fleet, under Admiral Sir George Collier, entered Hamp-
ton Roads. He sailed up the Elizabeth River and attacked Fort Nelson, which had been
erected by the Virginians a little below Portsmouth to secure that place, Norfolk, and the
navy-yard at Gosport from attack. The fort was garrisoned by about one hundred and
fifty men under Major Thomas Matthews, who, on the approach of Collier, and General
Matthews, who commanded the British land forces, abandoned it, and retreated to the Dis-
mal Swamp, leaving the American flag flying from the ramparts The British took pos-
session of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Gosport, and Suffolk, on the eleventh, all being abandoned
by the Virginians. Great quantities of stores, ammunition and cannons, fell into the hands
of the invaders. A large quantity of naval stores were carried away; the residue, and a
great quantity of tobacco, were burned or otherwise destroyed.3 After pillaging Ports-
mouth and destroying Suffolk, the fleet, with General Matthews and his land forces, went
to sea, returned to New York, and assisted Sir Henry Clinton in taking possession of the
fortresses on Stony and Verplanck's Points, on the Hudson.
1 See page 213.
8 Dunmore never returned to the United States. He went to Europe, and two vears afterward was ap-
pointed governor of Bermuda. He was very unpopular, and did not long remain there. He died in En
gland in 1809. His wile was Lady Charlotte Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Galloway.
3 The amount of property destroyed in this expedition up the Elizabeth River was very great. Previous
to the abandonment of Portsmouth and Gosport, the Americans burned a ship-of-war of twenty-eight guns,
then on the stocks, and two heavily-laden French merchantmen. One of these contained a thousand hogs-
heads of tobacco. Several vessels of war were taken on the stocks, and also several merchantmen. The
whole number of vessels taken, burned, and destroyed amounted to one hundred and thirty-seven. They
were laden with tohaeco. tar. and turpentine. .Many privateers were captured i>r destroyed. At Suffolk,
ine thousand barrels of salted pork, eisjlit thousand barrels of tar. pitch, and turpentine, and a vast quantity
of stores ami merchandise, wore burnod.
OF THE REVOLUTION 333
Leslie's Expedition. Deep Creek and Dismal Swamp. Drummond's Lake. Moor.
Again, in 1780, hostile vessels were in the Elizabeth River. Brigadier-general Leslie.
with about three thousand troops from New York, landed at Portsmouth," and took ^
possession of every kind of public property there and in the vicinity. Leslie was to
oo-operate with Cornwallis, who proposed to enter Virginia from the south. He did not
remain long, for Cornwallis, hearing of the defeat of Ferguson at King's Mountain, hastily
retreated ; and Leslie, on being advised of this, left for Charleston, u for the purpose ,, Nov x
of joining the earl in the Carolinas. Again, in 1781, hostile troops, under Ar- »80-
uold, were on the shores of the Elizabeth. That expedition we will consider presently.
I left the Great Bridge at noon, and rode to Deep Creek, a small village on the northern
verge of the Dismal Swamp, nine miles distant.' There the Dismal Swamp Canal term-
inates, and tar into the gloomy recesses this work opens an avenue for the vision. I ardent-
ly desired to go to Drummond's Lake, lying in the center of the swamp, around which clus-
ters so much that is romantic and mysterious ; but want of time obliged me to be content to
stand on the rough selvedge of the morass and contemplate with wonder the magnificent
cypresses, junipers, oaks, gums, and pines which form the stately columns of.the grand and
solemn aisles in this mysterious temple of nature.1 Below waved the tall reeds, and the
tangled shrubbery of the gall-bush and laurel ; and up the massive trunks and spreading
branches of the forest-monarchs crept the woodbine, the ivy, and the muscadine, covering
with fretwork and gorgeous tracery the broad arches from which hung the sombre moss,
like trophy banners in ancient halls. A deep silence prevailed, for it was wintertime, and
buzzing insects and warbling birds were absent or mute. No life appeared in the vast soli-
tude, except occasionally a gray squirrel, a partridge, or a scarlet taniger, the red plumage
of the latter flashing like a fire-brand as it flitted by.
" 'Tis a wild spot, and hath a gloomy look ;
The bird sins* never merrily in the trees,
And the y. 111112 leaves -eeni blighted. A rank growth
Spreads poisonously round, with power to taint
With' blustering .lews the thoughtless band that dares
To penetrate the covert." — W. Gillmoke Simjis.
I returned to Norfolk toward evening. It was Saturday night, and as Monday would
be the opening of the Christmas holidays, I met great numbers of negroes on the road, going
to the country to spend their week of leisure with their friends on the plantations of their
masters. They all appeared to be happy and musical as larks, and made the forest ring
with their joyous laugh and melodious songs. All carried a bundle, or a basket filled with
presents for their friends. Some had new hats, and others garments ; others were carry-
ing various kuickkuacks and fire-crackers, and a few of the men were " toting" a little too
much " fire-water." From the youngest, to the oldest who rode in mule-carts, all faces
beamed with the joy of the hour.
1 The Dismal Swamp lies partly in Virginia and partly in North Carolina. Its extent from north to
south is about thirty miles, and from east to west about ten miles. No less than five navigable streams
and several creeks have their rise in it. It is made subservient to the wants of commerce, by furnishing
the raw material for an immense quantity of shingles and other juniper lumber.
The Dismal Swamp Canal runs through it from north to south, and the Portsmouth and Roanoke rail-
way passes across five miles of its northern border. The canal has a stage-road running parallel with it.
extending from Deep Creek to Elizabeth.
8 Drummond's Lake, so called after a hunter of that name who discovered it, is near the center of the
swamp. A hotel has heen erected upon its shore, and is a place of considerable resort. Being on the line
between Virginia and North Carolina, it is a sort of Gretna Green where "runaway matches" are con-
summated. Tradition tells of a young man who, on the death of the girl he loved, lost his reason. He su.l
.|,.M1 v disappeared, and his friends never heard of him afterward. In bis ravings he often said she was not
dead, but gone to the Dismal Swamp, and it is supposed he wandered into its gloomy morasses and perish
ed. Moore, who visited Norfolk in 1804, on hearing this tradition, wrote his touching ballad, commencing,
■• They made her a grave too cold and damp And her firefly lamp 1 soon shall see,
For a soul so warm and true ; And her paddle I soon shall hear ;
And she's gone to the Lake of the Dismal Swamp, Long and loving our life shall be,
Where all night long, by her fire-fiy lamp. And I'll hide the maid in a cypros«,tree
She paddles her white canoe. When the footsteps of Death are near."
334 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Return to Norfolk. Portsmouth and Gosport. French and English Fkcts. Attempt to capture Arnold
I arrived at Norfolk in time to cross the river to Portsmouth' and walk to the govern-
ment navy-yard at Gosport, a short distance above. It is reached by a causeway from
Portsmouth, and is well worthy of a visit from the traveler. There lay the Pennsylvania,
the largest ship-of-war in the world — a colossal monument of government folly and extrava-
gance. She was full rigged, and near her were the frigates Constitution and Constellation,
dismantled. Her timber and iron might make many comfortable dwellings, but they are
allowed to rot and rust in utter uselessness. I tarried but a moment there, for the sun was
going down, and I wished to sketch Arnold's head-quarters, at Portsmouth, before returning
to Norfolk, for I expected to ascend the James River
on Monday. Arnold's quarters, represented in the
engraving, is a building of stone, and stands on the
corner of High and Crawford Streets, a short dis-
tance from the ferry. Let us note the events con-
nected with Arnold's residence here.
We have mentioned on page 23 0 the retreat of
Arnold down the James River after his depreda-
tions at Richmond. He proceeded to Portsmouth,
where he took post, and began to fortify on the
"ahnols's Hkadquabtebs. twentieth of January. a Generals Steuben,
Nelson, Weedon, and Muhlenberg were act-
ively engaged id collecting the militia to defend the country and drive out the invaders,
and Washington devised a plan for capturing the traitor. Having learned that four British
ships, which had been lying in Gardiner's Bay, off the east end of Long Island, had gone
eastward, and that two of them were disabled in a storm, he requested Rochambeau to send
the French fleet (then commanded by D'Estouches, the successor of Admiral Ternay) and
a detachment of his land forces to the Chesapeake. At the same time, he sent La Fayette
thither with a detachment of twelve hundred infantry. The plan was to attack the traitor
by sea and land simultaneously, so that he could not escape from the Elizabeth River. A
i>Fet>9 Palt> onIy> °f tne French fleet was sent, under De Tilley,b with orders to attempt
1781. the destruction of the British fleet there. They took or destroyed ten small vessels
They also captured the Romulus, a handsome, well-furnished vessel, at the entrance of Lynn
Haven Bay, and carried her into Newport harbor. This expedition accomplished nothing
respecting Arnold ; and Washington, anxious to have co-operation with La Fayette and the
Virginia militia against the recreant, went to Newport and held an interview with Rocham-
beau. The result was that the French fleet left Newport on the eighth of March. They
were followed by the British fleet, then in Gardiner's Bay, under Admiral Arbuthnot, who
intercepted the French at the entrance of the Chesapeake.0 They drew up in
battle order, eight ships on a side, and a partial engagement ensued. Neither
party could justly claim a victory. The French abandoned their design of co-operating
with the marquis, and returned to Newport. The plan, so well arranged and so nearly
accomplished, was defeated. La Fayette marched back to the head of Elk, and Arnold
was left to the skill and bravery of the Virginia troops near him.3 These were inadequate
to drive him from Portsmouth, and he remained there until about the middle of April, when
he was joined by a detachment under Major-general Phillips. The two commanders now
determined to overrun all the fertile portion of Virginia lying near the James River, and
on the twenty-fourth of April they reached City Point with twenty-five hundred troops.
Thither we will follow them presently.
1 Portsmouth is a considerable town on the west side of the Elizabeth River, opposite Norfolk. It lies
upon lower ground than the latter. It was established as a town in 1752, on lands owned by William
Crawford, in whose honor one of its finest streets was named. The Gosport navy-yard is within half a
mile of the center of Portsmouth, and around it a little village has grown up.
2 Governor Jefferson was eager to capture Arnold, and offered five thousand guineas to any of the men
of General Muhlenberg's Western corps who would accomplish it. — See Jefferson's Letter to Muhlonberg,
1781.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 335
Hepcrture from Norfolk. Misfortunes of on Hostler. Fort» Nelson and Norfolk. Craney leVin-l.
CHAPTER XIII.
" With evil omens from the harbor sails
The ill-fateil hark that worthless Arnold beat —
God of the southern winds call up the gales
And whistle- in rude fury round his ears!
With horrid waves insult his vessel's sides.
And may the east wind on a leeward shore
Her cables part, while she in tumult rides.
And shatters into shivers every oar." — Fbenead
" Thev came, as the ocean-wave comes in its wrath.
When the storm spirit frowns on the deep :
They came as the mountain-wind comes on its path
When the tempest hath roused it from sleep;
They were met, as the rock meets the wave.
And dashes its fury to air ;
They were met, as the foe should be met by the brave.
Wnh courage, and not with despair.'' — Prosper M. Wetmore.
AWOKE at four o'clock on Christmas morning;, and my first waking thought was
of the dawn of a fourth of July in a Northern city Guns, pistols, and squibs were
already heralding the holiday ; indeed the revelry commenced at dark the previous
! evening, notwithstanding it was the night of the Sabbath. Expecting to depart in
'i^ the steam-boat for City Point at six o'clock in the morning, I had directed the hostler,
a funny little negro, who was as full of promises as a bank-teller's drawer, to feed
my horse at half past four. I showed him a bright coin, and promised him its pos-
session if he would be punctual. Of course he would " be up before dat time, rely
upon it ;" but experience had taught me to be distrustful. At the appointed hour
I went to the stable dormitory, and rapped several times before the hostler stirred. " Yes,
rnassa," he exclaimed, "I'se jis turnin' over as you cum up tie stair ;" and striking a light
with flint and tinder, he went down to the stable with his lantern. I stood in the door
watching the breaking of the clouds and the peeping forth of the stars after a stormy night,
when a clatter in the stall attracted my attention. Upon looking in, I discovered the little
hostler under the manger, with his tin lantern crushed beneath him, but the candle still
burning. " Ki !" he exclaimed, scrambling to regain his feet, " Ki ! how like de debble he
butt ! Mos knock my brains out !" I soon perceived tin' cause of the trouble. A large
black goat, with a beard like a Turk, which I had seen in the stable the previous evening,
observing the negro's motions while rubbing Charley's legs, and interpreting them as a chal-
lenge, had played the battering-ram with the hostler, and laid him sprawling under the man-
ger. "Did he hit you ?" I inquired, gravely, trying to suppress laughter. " Hit me, rnas-
sa !" he exclaimed ; " why he most ruin me, I reckons. See dar !" and with all the
dramatic gravity of Anthony when he held up the robe of Crcsar, and exclaimed, " See
what a rent the envious Casca made !" the hostler exhibited a " rent" in his nether gar-
ment at least an ell in length. Notwithstanding his mishap, Billy insisted that "de.goat
is healthy for de hosses, and musn't be turned out any how ;" but he promised to give him
a " licken de fus time he ketch him asleep." Charley had his oats in time, and at six
o'clock we embarked on the Alice for James River and City Point
Going out of the harbor at Norfolk we passed the United States Marine Hospital, on the
western bank of the river, a spacious building standing upon the site of Fort Nelson of the
Revolution. On the opposite side I perceived the ruins of Fort Norfolk, erected in 1812.
We passed Craney Island1 before sunrise, and leaving Hampton and its noble harbor on the
1 Craney Island is at the mouth of the Elizabeth River. The Americans erected fortifications thero in
1812, which commanded the entrance to Norfolk harbor. On the twenty-second of June, 1813, a power-
ful British fleet made an attack upon these works. A part of the hostile force landed on Nanscmond Point,
136
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Voynge up the James River.
City Point.
Petersburg.
Blandford rinm"h.
Founding of Petersburg,
right entered the broad mouth of the James River. A strong: breeze, warm as the breath
of May, came from the southwest and dispersed the moving clouds. I have seldom expe-
rienced a more delightful voyage than on that genial Christmas day upon the ancient Pow-
hatan, whose shores are so thickly clustered with historical associations. Jamestown, the
Chickahominy, Charles City, Westover, and Berkley, were all passed before noon ; and at
one o'clock we landed at City Point, at the junction of the James and Appomattox Rivers,
about forty miles below Richmond.' Here the British army, under Phillips and Arnold, de-
barked on the twenty-fourth of April, 1781, and proceeded to Petersburg.
An intelligent mulatto, enjoying his holiday freedom, took a seat with me for Petersburg.
He was a guide on the way, ami gave me considerable information respecting localities
around that town, where his master resided. We passed through Blandford, an old town
separated from Petersburg2 only by a deep ravine and a small stream, and at a little after
three o'clock 1 was dining at the Bollingbrook. At four, accompanied by a young man ac-
quainted with the way, I went up to the old
Blandford Church, one of the most picturesque
and attractive ruins in Virginia. It stands in
ihe midst of a burial-ground upon an eminence
overlooking the ancient village of Blandford and
its younger sister at the falls of the Appomattox,
with an extensive and diversified landscape for
scores of miles around. The edifice is cruci-
lorm, and was built of imported bricks about
one hundred and fifty years ago. Some of the
noblest and wealthiest of Virginia's aristocracy
worshiped within its walls ; for Blandford was
the focus of fashion and refinement, while Peters-
burg was rudely struggling for its present pre-eminence. But the glory of the town and its
church departed ; Blandford is now only a suburban hamlet of Petersburg, and the old tem-
ple, dismantled of its interior decorations, is left to the occupancy of the bats and the owls.
' Lone relic of the past, old moldering pile,
Where twines the ivy round thy ruins gray ,
Where the lone toad sits brooding in the aisle,
Onee trod by " ladye fay re" and gallant gay !
Before my gaze altar and chancel rise,
The surplieed priest, the mourner bowed in pray-
Fair worshipers, with heaven-directed eyes, [er,
And manhood's piety, and pride are there !
Knights of the olden time perchance are kneeling,
And choristers pour forth the hallowed hymn ;
And hark ! the organ's solemn strains are pealing,
Like songs of seraphs, or rapt cherubim !
But no ! 'tis but my fancy, and I gaze
On ruined walls, where creeps the lizard cold ;
Or dusky bats beneath the pale moon's rays
Their solemn, lonely midnight vigils hold.
Yet they are here ! the learned and the proud,
Genius, and worth, and beauty — they arc here .'
I stand rebuked amid the slumbering crowd,
While time-past voices touch the spirit's ear."
John C. M'Cabe.
and a part attempted to reach the island in barges. The former were driven off by the Virginia militia.
md the latter were so galled by the guns of a battery, that those who were not destroyed retreated to the
ships. The repulse was decisive. More than two hundred of the enemy were killed and wounded. Nor-
:'olk. Portsmouth', and Gosport were saved.
1 City Point is in Prince George county. It is a post village and a port of entry. A rail-way connects
it with Petersburg.
2 Fort Henry, erected for a defense of the people south of the James River, was built on the site of Pe-
er-burs in 164G. Colonel Boiling, a gentleman of taste and fortune, settled there early in the last century.
Colonel Byrd, of Westover, mentions him as living in fine style there in 1728. Peter Jones was the first
settler, having established a trading-bouse there soon alter the erection of Fort Henry. The locality was
iirst called Peter's Point, and afterward Petersburg. Jones was a friend of Colonel B\ rd, and acconi| I
thai gentleman to the Roanoke in I7.'i:i. He says in his journal, " When we got home we laid the foun-
lation of two large cities; one at Shacco's, to be called Richmond; and the other at the point of Appomat-
tox, to be called Petersburg. The latter and Blandford were established towns in 1748. Blandford was
•hen the most flourishing settlement of the two.
: This view is from tho outside of the old inelosure, looking south.
OF THE REVOLUTION
Budden Storm. Services of Steuben. Military Operation t and Williamsburg.
While sketching the venerable ruin, a heavy black cloud, like the chariot of a Blimraer
tempest, came up from the southwest. I tarried a moment at the reputed grave of Gen-
eral Phillips, and then hurried across the ravine to Petersburg; but I was too late to es-
cape the shower, and was so thoroughly drenched that 1 was obliged to exchange every
garment for a dry one. A cool drizzle continued throughout the evening, and gave a deeper
coloring to the disappointment I felt on being denied the privilege of passing an hour with
Charles Campbell, Esq., one of Virginia's best local historians, lie was twenty miles away
so I employed that hour in jotting down the incidents of the day, and in turning over the
leaves of the old chronicle. Petersburg is a central point of view, and here, before we cross
the Roanoke, we will consider the remainder of the Revolutionary annals of the " Old
Dominion."
We have already noticed the invasion under Arnold ; the destruction of Richmond, and
the founderies and magazines at Westham, at the head of the falls of the James River ; and
at York-town observed the concluding scenes of Comwallis's operations in Virginia It was
a fortunate circumstance for that state, that the Baron Steuben, the veteran disciplinarian
from the armies of Frederick the Great, was detained in Virginia, while on his way south-
ward with General Greene. His services in disciplining the militia, and organizing them
in such order as to give them strength to beat back the invaders at various points, were of
incalculable value. During Arnold's invasion, they were led against his disciplined parties
on several occasions, and with success. On one occasion, General Smallwood, with three
hundred militia, drove the traitor's boats out of the Appomattox, and sent them in confusion
far below City Point ; and Steuben himself, with George Rogers Clarke, the hero of the
Ohio Valley, led a considerable force to strike the enemy between Westover and the Chick-
ahorniny.
It being evident that the entire subjugation of Virginia was a part ot the plan of the
British for the campaign of 178 1,1 Washington early turned his attention to that point.
and concerted measures to avert the blow. La Fayette sought and obtained the honor of
commanding the Continental forces destined for that theater of action. Washington gave
him his instructions on the twentieth of February," and with about twelve hundred ^ ^
troops, detached from the forces then at New Windsor and Morristown, he marched
southward. The first object of this expedition, as we have seen, was to co-operate with
the French fleet against Arnold. That portion of the general plan failed, and the marquis,
as we have observed, returned to the head of Elk.5
General Phillips, in command of the united forces under Arnold and himself, landed at
City Point on the twenty-fourth of April, b where he remained until the next morn- h i7g]
ing, when they marched directly upon Petershurg. On his way up the James Riv-
er, he sent Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe, with the Queen's R.angers, to attack a body of A tr-
ginia militia at Williamsburg, and to get possession of Yorktown. The expedition landed
near BurweH's Ferry, a little below Williamsburg, on the nineteenths at which place , April
the Americans had thrown up some intrenchmenls. The Virginians fled at the ap-
proach of Simcoe, and General Phillips, with the army, landed. Simcoe marched that nighl
toward Williamsburg. It was a night of tempest and intense darkness, and it was not un-
til the morning of the twentieth that he entered the town. The militia also fled from
Williamsburg, and the enemy took possession of the place. It being ascertained that a
large garrison would be necessary for Yorktown, if taken, the project of its capture was
abandoned, and the troops proceeded up the river.3
Baron Steuben, with one thousand militia, had taken post near Blandford Church, and
1 Cornvrallis had overrun the Carolina-, ami the security of his conquests depended, in a measure, upon
ijugatioD of Virginia, and the establishment of royal power upon the shores of the Chesapeake from
the Capes to the Elk.= Cornwallis expressed to Sir Henry Clinton a hope that the Chesapeake might lie-
come the seat of war for that campaign, even at the expense of abandoning New York, if necessary. " Un-
til Virginia is in a manner subdued/' he said, ';our hold upon the Carolinas must be difficult, if not pre-
s See page 334. 3 Simcoe's Journal, 189-192
II Y
338
PICTORIAL FIEI.D-BOOK
Skirmish nenr Toteraburg.
Retrent of the Americans.
British Occupntion of the Town.
Mrs. Boiling.
AT
PETERSBURG-
was ready to receive the British. Notwithstanding his force consisted of less than one
third of the number of the enemy, he determined to dispute the ground. The British came
in sight toward noon, and formed, with their line extended to the left, upon the plain near
Blandford. Phillips and Simcoe reconnoitered, and having satisfied themselves that Steu-
ben's force was not very large, pre-
pared to attack him. The ground
was broken where the Americans
were posted. A party of yagers
passing through a gully behind an
orchard, got upon the flank of the
patrols, and fired with such effect
as to cause their retreat to an em-
inence in their rear. Phillips now
ordered his artillery to be secretly
drawn up. As soon as it opened
upon the Virginians, Lieutenant-
colonel Abercrombie advanced in
front, while Simcoe with his ran-
gers, and Captain Boyd with light
infantry, passed through the wood
to turn their left flank. Steuben
perceived this movement, and or-
dered his troops to fall back. It
'&2.J was now between three and four
o'clock in the afternoon. Inch by inch the British made their way, the Virgin-
ians disputing their progress with pertinacity. The enemy were two hours ad-
vancing one mile, and when they reached the heights near Blandford Church, the
Americans opened a fire upon them from their cannon on Archer's Hill, on the
north side of the Appomattox. Overmatched both by skill and numbers, Steuben
retreated across the Appomattox, destroyed the bridge, and took post on Baker's
Hill, from whence he soon retired with his arms, baggage, and stores, to Chester-
field Court House, ten miles distant. The bridge was soon repaired, and the next
day Abercrombie, with the light infantry and rangers, crossed over and occupied
the heights where Steuben had been posted. * Four hundred hogsheads of tobacco
and the vessels in the river were burned, and other property was destroyed. The
loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and taken in this skirmish of nearly three
hours, was between sixty and seventy ; that of the enemy was probably about the same.'
The British now prepared for offensive operations in the vicinity. Phillips and Arnold
quartered at the spacious mansion of Mrs. Boiling, known as Bollingbrook, and yet standing
upon East Hill, in the south part of the town.2 Other officers also occupied the two man-
Note.— Explanation of the Plan.— I, Yagers; 2, four pieces of cannon ; 3, British Light Infantry; 4,
Queen's Rangers -. 5, Riflemen ; 6, first position of the Americans ; 7, second position ; 8, third position,
across the Appomattox; 9, second position of the Queen's Hangers; 10, their third position. Tins plan
is copied from Simeoe's Journal. ' Jefferson's letter to Washington.
■ There are here three eminences which overlook the town, East Hill, Center Hill, and W est Hill. Mrs
Boiling was a widow, and one of the largest land-holders in Virginia. She owned the tohaero warehouses
nt Petersburg, and nearly one half of the town. These were probably spared because Mrs. Boiling treated
Phillips and Arnold courteously. De Chastellux, who afterward visited Petersburg, has the following no-
tice of the building seen in the engraving upon the next page. " Her house, or rather houses— for she has
two on the same line resembling each oil. or. which she proposes to join together— are situated on the sum-
mit of a considerable slope which rises from the level of the town of Petersburg, and corresponds so exactly
with the course of the river, that there is no doubl of its having formerly formed one of its banks. This
slope and the vast platform on which the house is built ar vered with grass, which affords excellent pas-
lurage, and are also l.er property." Speaking of the family, he continues: "On our arrival, we were sa-
in,,I by Miss Bowling Boiling], a young lady of fifteen, possessing all the freshness ol her age; she was
OF Til E REVO I, (J T I O N.
!
British Ocupntion ->f Bollingurook.
Pktrmish at Osborne's.
Destruction of the Annricnn Flotilla.
sions ; and Mrs. Boiling was allowed the use of only the room in the rear of the east build-
ing. The soldiery often Bet fire to the fences
which surrounded Pollingbrook, and the amia-
ble lady was kept in a state of continual alarm,
notwithstanding the efforts of the usually dis-
courteous Phillips to soothe her. Arnold had
apprised her of the irritability of that officer's
temper, and by her mildness she secured his es-
teem and favor.'
■ April, O" tne morning- of the twenty -sev-
"81. enth,a Arnold, with one division of the
army, consisting: of the eightieth and seventy-
sixth regiments and the Rangers, proceeded to
a place called Osborne's, a short distance from Petersburg, where, rumor asserted, the Amer
icans had considerable stores, and near which was anchored a marine force to oppose the
further progress of vessels coming up the James River. At the same time, General Phil-
lips, with the other division, marched to Chesterfield Court House. The patriots at Os-
borne's were not advised of the approach of the enemy until they appeared in force. Ar-
nold sent a flag to treat with the commander of the fleet for a surrender, but he boldly re-
I'.OLLINGBKUUK.
fused a conference
for such a purpose,
saying, " I am de-
termined and ready
to defend the fleet,
and will sink in the
vessels rather than
surrender them."
He then caused the
drum to beat to
arms, and the mili-
tia on the opposite
side of the river
drew up in battle
order. Arnold im-
mediately advanc-
ed with some ar-
tillery, routed the
patriots, and drove
the seamen to their
shipping. The lat-
ter scuttled several
of the vessels and
set fire to others to
prevent their fall-
ing into the trait-
or's hands. One of
the vessels return-
ed the fire from the
enemy's artillery
with much spirit,
but was finally dis-
abled. The militia
were driven from
the opposite shore,
and the whole fleet
was either captur-
ed or destroyed
Two ships and ten
smaller craft were
captured, and four
ships, five brigan-
tines, and a num-
ber of small ves-
sels, were either
burned or sunk.'
The quantity of tobacco taken or destroyed, exceeded two thousand hogsheads.
followed by her mother, brother, and sister-in-law. The mother, a lady of fifty, has but little resemblance
to her countrywomen; she is lively, active, and intelligent; knows perfectly well bow to manage her im-
mense fortune, and what is vet more rare, knows how to make good use of it. Her son and daughter-in-
law I had already seen at Williamsburg. The young gentleman appears mild and polite; but his wife, of
only seventeen years of age. js :, most interesting acquaintance, not onlv from the face and form, which are
exquisitely delicate, and quite European, but from her heinj also descended from Poeahunta [Pocahontas].
daughter of King Powhatan." The engraving presents a view of Mrs. Boiling's houses, looking southwest.
1 Campbell's Reminiscences of Bollingbrook, in the Southern Literary Messenger, January, 1840.
Note. — Explanation of the Plan. — A, B, the Queen's Rangers ; C, the eightieth and seventy-sixth reg-
iments ; D, E. the British artillery, two six and two three pounders ; F, Yagers ; G, the American vessels :
H, the American militia.
- It was to one of the prisoners, taken at this time, that Arnold put the question, " If the Americans
340 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Troops of Arnold and Phillips. Depredations at Manchester and Warwick. La Fayette at Petersburg. Death of Phillips.
Phillips and Arnold joined their divisions on the thirtieth, after having- hurned the bar-
racks and a quantity of flour at Chesterfield Court House, and then pushed forward toward
Richmond, where a large quantity of military stores were collected. At Manchester, op-
posite Richmond, they burned twelve hundred hogsheads of tobacco and other property, and
were preparing to cross the river, when information reached them that La Fayette, with a
body of Continental troops, had arrived the evening previous. The marquis had received
orders at the head of Elk to go to Virginia and oppose Phillips and Arnold, and had made
a forced march of two hundred miles in order to save the stores at Richmond. The depre-
dators knew too well the spirit of the marquis to venture another marauding visit to Rich-
mond while he was there, and, wheeling their columns, they proceeded down the river to
Bermuda Hundred, at the mouth of the Appomattox, opposite City Point, and embarked.
On their way, they passed through Warwick, a town on the James River, then larger than
Richmond, where they destroyed ships on the' stocks, a range of rope-walks, a magazine of
flour, warehouses filled with tobacco and other merchandise, tan-houses filled with hides,
and some flouring mills belonging to Colonel Carey, whose splendid mansion was near.' In
one general conflagration, the thriving town, with all its industrial appurtenances, was de-
stroyed."
The British fleet with the land forces then sailed down the James Paver, when, a little
below Burwell's Ferry, they were meta by a boat from Portsmouth, bearing a mes-
senger with intelligence for General Phillips that Cornwallis was on his way north,
and wished to form a junction with him at Petersburg. The whole fleet was immediately
ordered to return up the James River, and late at night, on the ninth," the British
>' May, 1781. . i r» i rt i • i « •
army again entered Petersburg. so secret was their entrance, that ten American
officers who were there to prepare boats for La Fayette to cross the river, were captured.
Phillips was very sick of a fever on his arrival, and was carried to the house of Mrs. Boiling,
where he died four days afterward.3
The presence of La Fayette inspired the militia of Virginia with high hopes, and they
flocked to his standard in considerable numbers. When informed of the return of the Brit-
ish fleet, he suspected the object to be a junction with Cornwallis at Petersburg. It was
known that the earl had left Wilmington, and was on his way to Virginia. The marquis
immediately pressed forward to take possession of the town before the arrival of Phillips and
Arnold. He was too late, and after cannonading the British quarters, particularly Boiling-
brook,' from Archer's Hill, and thoroughly reconnoitering the place, he returned to Osborne's,
should patch me, what would they do with me ?" The soldier promptly replied, " They would bury with
military honors the leg which was wounded at Saratoga, and hang the remainder of you upon a gibbet."
' Anburey, one of the officers who surrendered to Gates at Saratoga, in his Travels in America (ii., 312),
speaks highly of Colonel Carey's hospitality. - Gordon, iii., 205; Girardin, 460; Jefferson, i.. -120.
3 William Phillips, it will be remembered, was one of Burgoyne's general officers, who was made prisoner
at Saratoga. He commanded the " Convention Troops," as those
captives were called, while on their march to Virginia. On being
exchanged, be was actively engaged at the South until his death.
He was possessed of an exceedingly irritable temper, which often
led him into difficulty. He was very haughty in his demeanor,
especially toward the Americans, whom he affected to hold in great i tempt. While lying sick at Peters-
burg, be dictated a letter to Governor Jefferson, and addressed it to "Thomas Jefferson, Esq.. American
governor of Virginia ;" and when speaking of the American commander-in-chief, he called him " Mr. Wash-
ington." General Phillips was buried in the old Blandford church-yard, where his remains yet repose.
His disease was bilious fever.
* La Fayette was probably not aware that General Phillips was dying at Bollingbrook, or he would not
e i iinnonaded it. British writers have charged La Fayette with inhumanity. Anburey (ii., 44li) says,
' A circumstance attended Phillip's death, similar to the inhumanity that the Americans displayed at the
inti i ment of General Frazer." He further asserts, that a flag was sent to the marquis, acquainting hit.:
with the condition of Phillips, but that he paid no attention to it. and continued the firing. He said a ball
went through the house, just as Phillip- was expiring, when the dying man exclaimed. " My God ! 'tis cruel
they will not let mo die in peace." This assertion proves its own inconsistency. The cannonade occur-
red on the tenth, and General Phillips did not die until the thirteenth.*
* Campbell says that, according to tradition. Arnold was crossing the yard when the cannonade commenced. He hastened
OF THE RE VOLUTION
3 1 1
Entrance of Cornwallis into Virginia.
The State in D
Retirement of Governor Jefferson.
MonUcello.
and there crossed the James River to the easterly side. Arnold took the chief command,
on the death of General Phillips, and just one week alter that event,"1 Cornwallis, , M .,,
with a large force, entered Petersburg. That ottieer, after fighting the battle with ,7S1
General Greene at Guilford Court House, had retired to Wilmington, on the Cape Fear
lliver. Perceiving the advantages to be derived by invading Virginia at separate points.
he ordered General Phillips, as we have seen, to return up the James River, while he hast-
ened to enter the state from the south and form a junction with him at Petersburg. He
marched directly north, nearly on a line with the present rail-road from Wilmington, and
reached the Roanoke at Halifax, seven miles below the Great Falls, where he crossed, and
entered Virginia. Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, with a corps of one hundred and eighty
cavalry and sixty mounted infantry, was sent forward as an advance guard to disperse the
militia and overawe the inhabitants. The outrages committed by some of these marauding
troops were pronounced by Stedrnan, an officer of Comwallis's army, "a disgrace to the
name of man."' Simcoe had been sent by Arnold to take possession of the fords on the
Nottaway and Meherrin Rivers, the only considerable streams that intervened, and the two
armies, unopposed, effected a junction at Petersburg, where Cornwallis assumed the com-
mand of the whole.
Virginia now seemed doomed to the alternative of submission or desolation. On the sev-
enth ol May. the Legislature, uneasy at the proximity of General Phillips and his army, ad-
journed to meet at Charlottesville, in Albemarle county, on the twenty-fourth. There,
eighty-five miles from Richmond, in the bosom of a fertile and sheltered valley, on the banks
of the Rivanna, they hoped to legislate undisturbed. Mr. Jefferson, the governor, feeling
l>;s incompetency, on account of his lack of military knowledge, to administer the affairs of
the state with energy, declined a re-election on the first of June, and indicated General
Nelson, of Yorktown, as a proper successor. At his elegant seat, called Monticello (Little
Mountain), situated three miles south-
east of Charlottesville, far from the din
of actual hostilities, Jefferson sought
repose for a season in the bosom of his
family. His dream of quiet was soon
broken, as we shall presently perceive.
Cornwallis, unlike most of the other
British generals, was seldom inert. Al-
though, from the western part of the
Carolinas to Wilmington, and from
thence to Petersburg, he had journey-
ed nearly fifteen hundred miles in his
marches and counter-inarches, he did
not halt long. Four days after his ar-
MONTICEH.O.-'
1 American War, ii., 385. It is just to the memory of Cornwallis to say. that the enormities committed
were without his sanction. Near the Roanoke, a sergeant and private of Tarleton's legion violated the per-
son of a young girl, and robbed the house where she lived. The next morning Cornwallis ordered Tarle-
ton to draw np his men in line. Some country people pointed out the miscreants. They were tried by a
OOurt-martial, found guilty, and hung on the spot. This example had a good effect.
1 This venerated mansion is yet standing, thouffh somewhat dilapidated and deprived of its former 1 ■ ■ - : 1 1 1 1 v
h\ nesleet. The furniture of its distinguished owner is nearly all gone, except a few pietares and mirrors,
Dthet wise the interior of the house is the same as when Jefferson died. It is upon an eminence, with many
aspen-trees around it, and commands a view of the Blue Ridge for one hundred and fifty miles on one ^ide.
and on the other one of the most beautiful and extensive landscapes in the world. Wirt, writing of the
interior arrangements of the house during Mr. Jefferson's life time, records that, in the spacious and lofty
hall which opens to the visitor on entering, " he marks no tawdry and unmeaning ornament-s; but before,
on the right, on the left, all around, the eye is struck and gratified by objects of science and taste, so classed
and arranged as to produce their finest effect. On one side, specimens of sculpture, set out in such order
into the house, and directed the inmates to go to the eeltar for safety. General Phillips waa taken there, followed by Mrs. BoV
bug and her family. An old negro woman, who was standing in the kitchen door, was killed by one of the balls.
34 2 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Cornwall's unsuccessful Pursuit of La Fayette. Expeditions Westward. Jencrsou's Seal and Monument, und Inscriptions.
rival, lie marched down the James River to Westover, where he was joined by a regiment
• May "4 'lom New York.1 He crossed," and pushed on toward R-ichmond. La Fayette,
1781. with nearly three thousand troops, continental and militia, lay about half way be-
tween Richmond and Wilton. Cornwallis knew the inferiority of the marquis's force to his
own, and felt so sure of success that he wrote to the British secretary, from Petersburg,
saying, " The boy can not escape me." La Fayette had wisdom as well as zeal, and instead
of risking a battle at that time, he cautiously retreated northward, pursued by the earl. A
retreat to avoid the engagement was not the only object to be obtained by La Fayette.
Wayne was on his march through Maryland with a re-enforcement of eight hundred men,
and a junction was important. Cornwallis was advised of the approach of these troops, and
sought, by rapid marches, to outstrip La Fayette and prevent the union. But the marquis
was too agile ; and after pursuing him to the North Anna, beyond Hanover Court House,
plundering and destroying a vast amount of property on the way, the earl halted and en-
camped. La Fayette passed through Spottsylvania county to the Raccoon Ford,
on the Rappahannock, in Culpepper, where he was joined by General Wayne. b
Unsuccessful in his pursuit, Cornwallis now directed his attention to other points. In
the southern part of Fluvanna county, at a place called Point of Fork,3 on the James
River, the Americans had an arsenal and a large quantity of military stores. Baron Steu-
ben, with six hundred raw militia, had charge of this post. The dispersion of the Ameri-
cans and the capture of the stores were objects of importance to Cornwallis, and for that
purpose he sent Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe with his rangers, and other troops under Captain
Hutchinson, to surprise the baron. At the same time, the earl dispatched Tarleton, with
one hundred and eighty cavalry, and seventy mounted infantry under Captain Champagne,3
to attempt the capture of Jefierson and the members of the Legislature at Charlottesville,
as to exhibit at a coup /Vail the historic progress of that art, from the first rude attempts of the aborigines
of our country, up to that exquisite and finished bust of the great patriot himself, from the master-hand of
Cerracchi. On the other side, the visitor sees displayed a vast collection of specimens of the Indian art,
their paintings, weapons, ornaments, and manufactures ; on another, an array of fossil productions of our
country, mineral and animal ; the polished remains of those colossal monsters that once trod our forests,
and are no more ; and a variegated display of the branching honors of ' those monarchs of the waste' that
still people the wilds of the American Continent." In a large saloon were exquisite productions of the
painter's art, and from its windows opened a view of the surrounding country, such as no painter could imi-
tate. There, too, were medallions and engravings in great profusion. Among Mr. Jefferson's papers was
found, after his death, a very perfect impression in wax, of his famous seal,
bearing his monogram and the motto, Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to
God. That impression is in the present possession of Mr. Bancroft, the
historian, to whose courtesy I am indebted for the privilege of making the
annexed representation. 1 have endeavored to produce a perfect fac simile,
so far as the pictorial art will allow, even to the fractures in the wax.
Monticello was a point of great attraction to the learned of all lands,
when traveling in this country, while Jefferson lived. His writings made
him favorably known as a scholar, and his public position made him hon-
ored by the nations.
The remains of Mr. Jefferson lie in a small family cemetery, by the side
i ^t3Jte2lE«^tf^r y^ of the winding road leading to Monticello. Over them is a granite obe-
^•SSaspi^V |js|j ,,,„],! |,.r, high, and on ;i tablet of marble inserted in its southern face
is the following inscription, which was found among Mr. Jefferson's papers after his death :
"Here lies buried
THOMAS JEFFERSON,
Author of the Declaration of Independence;
Of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom ;
And Father of the University of Virginia."
1 This was the forty-third regiment. The convoy also brought another regiment, and two battalions
of Anspachers, to strengthen the garrison at Portsmouth. Arnold, despised by Cornwallis, who no longer
needed his services, was sent to New York on the first of June.
2 This locality is at the confluence of the Fluvanna and Rivanna rivers, two great branches of the James
River.
3 From the stables of the planters Cornwallis procured excellent horses, on which these and other troops
were mounted.
OF THE REVOLUTION. :, | :,
Expedition of Simcoe against Steuben. Atl.-mpt to Capture Jefferson and tho Legislators. Destruction of Troperty.
Steuben was advised of the approach of Tarlelon, and believing his post to be the object
of the expedition, he conveyed his stores to the south side of the Fluvanna and prepared to
withdraw his troops thither. Simcoe's march was unknown, but when he arrived at the
Point of Fork, he had nothing to surprise or rapture, except about thirty Americans who
were waiting the return of boats to cross the river. Simcoe, by an advantageous dis-
play of his force, and lighting numerous lires at night upon the hills along the Rivanna,
deceived Steuben with the belief that the main army of Cornwallis was close upon him
Influenced by this idea, the baron hastily retreated during the night, leaving such stores be-
hind as could not readily be removed. In the morning, Simcoe sent Captain Stephenson
to destroy them, and also ordered Captain Wolsey to make a feigned pursuit upon the track
of the retreating Americans.
In the mean while, Tarleton and his legion pushed forward with theit accustomed speed,
to catch the Virginia law-makers at Charlottesville. On their way toward the Rivanna,
they destroyed twelve wagon-loads of clothing, destined for Green's army in North Caro-
Una. On reaching that stream, they dashed into its current, and before seven o'clock in
the mornings they were within ten miles of Charlottesville. There Tarleton de- .,,iim,..j
tached Captain M'Leod, with a parly of horsemen, to capture Governor Jefferson, 1781-
at Monticello, while himself and the remainder of his forces pushed on to the residence of
two brothers, named Walker, where he understood many influential Virginians were assem-
bled. Several of these were captured, among whom was Colonel John Simms, a member
of the Legislature, and William and Robert, brothers of General Nelson. After partaking
of a tardily prepared breakfast at Dr. Walker's.' Tarleton pursued Ins rapid march, and rode
up the hill into the village of Charlotte, under full gallop, expecting to take the legislators
by surprise. He was disappointed. While passing through Louisa county, a Mr. Jouitle,
suspecting Tarleton's design, mounted a fleet horse, and reached Charlottesville in time
to give the alarm. The delay for breakfast at Dr. Walker's was sufficient to allow most
of the members to mount fresh horses and escape. Only seven fell into the hands of the
British.
MLeod's expedition to Monticello was quite as unsuccessful. The governor was enter-
taining several members of the Legislature, including the speakers of both Houses, and was
not aware of the proximity of an enemy, until the invaders were seen coming up the wind-
ing road leading to his mansion. His wife and children were hurried off to Colonel Carter's,
six miles southward, whither Mr. Jefferson followed on horseback, making his way among
the dark recesses of Carter's Mountain. The speaker hurried to Charlottesville to adjourn
the Legislature, to meet at Staunton on the seventh,3 and then, with several others, mounted
fleet horses and escaped. Mr. Jefferson had not been gone ten minutes when M'Leod and
his party rode up and found the mansion deserted. Books, papers, and furniture were un-
touched by the enemy, and not a particle of the governor's property was destroyed, except
a large quantity of wine in his cellar, drunk and wasted by a few soldiers, without the knowl-
edge of their commander.
After destroying one thousand new muskets, four hundred barrels of powder, several hogs-
heads of tobacco, and a quantity of soldier's clothing, Tarleton, with his prisoners, rejoined
Cornwallis, who had advanced to Elk Hill, a plantation belonging to Governor Jefferson,
near the Point of Fork. There the most wanton destruction of property occurred. They
cut the throats of the young horses, carried off the older ones fit for service, slaughtered the
1 Observing a delay in the preparation of breakfast, Tarleton impatiently demanded the reason. He was
informed by the cook that his subalterns had already devoured two breakfasts. A guard was placed at
the kitchen door, and it was not until a third breakfast was cooked that Tarleton was able to obtain his
meal.
• The members of the Legislature were terribly frightened, and were not at case even at Stauntnn. On
the morning when they convened. Lieutenant Brooke, with a small company of mounted Virginians, rode
into Staunton at a rapid pace, bearing a message from Baron Steuben. The members, believing them to be
a part of Tarleton's legion, took to their heels, and it was some time before they could be coaxed back to
their duties. On the twelfth they elected General Nelson governor of the state.
344 ' PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Cornwallis baffled by La Fayette. His Retreat toward the Coast Detention of the Convention Troops. Their Tarole.
cattle, burned the barns with the crops of the previous year, with all the fences on the plant-
ations near, and captured many negroes.'
One more prize attracted the attention of Cornwallis. At Albemarle Old Court House,
above the Point of Fork, the Virginians had collected a large quantity of valuable stores,
most of which had been sent from Richmond. The earl determined to capture or destroy
them ; La Fayette, who, after his junction with Wayne, had moved cautiously through
Orange and the upper part of Louisa to Boswell's tavern, near the Albemarle line, resolved
to protect them. Tarleton was sent to force La Fayette either to hazard a battle with the
whole British army, or abandon the stores. The marquis did neither. He had discovered
a rough, unused road, leading directly to the Court House. Early in the evening he set
his pioneers at work, and before morning his whole force had traversed the opened way, and,
to the astonishment of Cornwallis, were strongly posted upon high ground, between the
British forces and the American stores. Again baffled, the earl wheeled his army, and
moved toward the eastern coast, closely watched and followed by the vigilant marquis.
He entered Richmond on the seventeenth, and evacuated it on the twentieth. Steuben had
now joined La Fayette, and Cornwallis, believing the strength of the Americans to be much
greater than it really was, hastened to Williamsburg, where, under the protection of his
shipping, and re-enforced by troops from Portsmouth, he encamped.2 His subsequent move-
ments, until his surrender at Yorktown, have been noticed in preceding chapters.
Before leaving Virginia, let us consider that important event in the history of the Revo-
lution, the residence of the " Convention Troops" (as Burgoyne's captured army were called),
in the vicinity of Charlottesville.
In a note on page 82 of the first volume of this work, I have given briefly the principal
reasons why the captive army of Burgoyne was not allowed to go to England on parole.
The action of Congress on the subject was technically dishonorable, and not in accordance
with the letter and spirit of the convention signed by Gates and Burgoyne. So General
Washington evidently thought when he wrote to General Heath respecting the detention
of that body, and said, " By this step General Burgoyne will, it is more than probable, look
upon himself as released from all former ties, and consequently at liberty to make use of any
means to effect an escape."3 The suspected perfidy of the British commander, the fact that
the enemy often acted upon the principle that " faith was not to be kept with rebels," and
the consideration that these troops, though they might not again " serve against America,"
would supply the places of soldiers at home who would, partially justified the bad faith of
Conoress. Having resolved to keep them here, the next consideration was their mainte-
nance. The difficulty of procuring an ample supply of food in New England, and the facil-
ities of a sea-coast for their escape, induced Congress to order them to be sent into the in-
terior of Virginia. Sir Henry Clinton had been applied to* for passports for Amer-
• Sept,l778. .can vesse]s to transport fuel and provisions to Boston for the use of the prison-
ers, but refused. Congress, therefore, directed!* them to be removed to Charlottes-
• Oct 15. v-jje jn Albemarle county, Virginia. Pursuant to this direction, the whole body
of captives, English and Germans, after the officers had signed a parole of honor' respecting
1 It is estimated that, during the invasion of the state which we have been considering, thirty thousand
slaves were carried off. of whom twenty-seven thousand are supposed to have died of small-pox or camp-
fever in the course of six months. — Howison, ii . 270.
1 Gordon, Ramsay, Jefferson's Letters, Tucker's Life of Jefferson, Girardin, Howison, &c.
3 Sparkss Washington, v., 221.
< The following is the form of the parole : " We whose names are hereunto subscribed being under the
restrictions of the convention of Saratoga, and ordered, by a resolution of Congress of the fifteenth ultimo,
to remove from the State of Massachusetts Bay, to Charlottesville, in the State of Virginia, do severally
promise and engage on our word and honor, and on the faith of gentlemen, that on our march from this
place to Charlottesville, we, or either of us, will not say or do any thing injurious to the United States of
America, or cither of them, nor at any time exceed such limits or distances from the troops as may be as-
signed us by the commanding officer who may have the charge and escort of the troops of convention to
Virginia, or on any other part of the route.
Given under our hands in the State of Massachusetts Bay, this day of November, AD. 1778."
OF THE REVOLUTION. .; |.,
March of the Convention Troops to Virginia. Their Route I Sufferings. Rledeacl and his Farcily.
their conduct ou the way, took up their line of march from Cambridge and Rutland' on the
tenth of November. Burgoyne having been permitted to return to England in May. the
command of the convention troops devolved upon Major-general Phillips. Colonel Theo-
dorick Bland, of the first regiment of light dragoons, was appointed by Washington to super-
intend the march of the captives; and Colonel James Wood was appointed to command a1
Charlottesville. It was a dreary winter's journey of seven hundred miles, and occupied
about three months in its accomplishment.9 The Baroness Riedesel, in her charming Lit-
ters am! Mi moirs, gives graphic pictures of events on the way, and of her residence in and
departure from Virginia. Anburey, a captive otficer, also records many incidents of interest
connected with the journey : and in his Travels, publishes a map of the Eastern and Middle
States, on which is denoted, by colored lines, the direction of the march, and the extent of
the paroles of the English and German prisoners after their arrival in Virginia.3
The troops were, at first, all stationed at Charlottesville. That town then contained only
a court-house, one tavern, and about a dozen houses. These were crowded with the En-
glish officers, and many sought quarters ou neighboring plantations. The soldiers suffered
dreadfully. Not expecting the captives before spring, barracks were not erected, and the
only shelter that was vouchsafed thern, after their fatiguing march through mud and snow.
were a few half-finished huts in the woods. These, not half covered, were full of snow, and
it was three days before, they were made habitable. No provisions had arrived for the
troops, and for a week they subsisted upon corn meal made into cakes. The officers, by
signing a parole, were allowed to go as far as Richmond for quarters, and in a short time
both officers and soldiers were rendered quite comfortable. General Phillips made his quar-
ters at the plantation of Colonel Carter,' and General Riedesel and his family resided upon
the estate of Mr. Mazzei, an Italian gentleman at Colle, a few miles distant from Charlottes-
ville.1 Mr. Jefferson, who was then at Monticello, did every thing in his power to render
^ /-» /i I have before me the original parole ol
// /I / / Cyr Jtip /* c "J/Wi Yc^- the (;ermans, w'hh the autographs of the
Jl)ty Ci^UL,*' "—' Jjep1^ ** ~ "-f*= ninety-five officers who signed it. It is
(yjs iC? ^ _^ ,_ ,s headed by the names of Baron Riedesel.
,, ^/f rfj JLJ ~~~~/£T/> //') s/ ' /cr-rf^A • the commander nf the Brunswick forces,
U&c/L: G3 **"-*#**' ^-^^-^ / ftnd of „„,„, of his militarj l:imilv. Ger
s^*~^<\ S~)s f \ °\ /? lach, Edmonstone. and Cleve. The tirsl
f T7<.o&r&^ C *~^**- •*-*''»)*'''■ X'^'v-zsc was deputy quarter-master general ; the
^"*~ ^— ' " ' last two were aids-de-camp. Edmon-
stone, who was a Scotchman, was General Riedesel's secretary, ami wrote all his English letters.
1 During the snmmer and autumn of 177S. the English captives were quartered at Rutland, in Worces-
ter county, fifty-five miles northwest of Boston. A portion of them were marched thither on the fifteenth
of April.
; Anburey expressed his belief that the chief advantage which the Congress sought to obtain by this jour-
ney in the winter, was the desertion of troops, believing that the privations on the march would drive hund-
reds to that step. There were ;t great many desertions during the march.
3 The principal places through which the troops passed, were as follows : Weston, Marlborough, Worces-
ter, Leicester, and Enfield, in Massachusetts .■ Suffield, Sunbury, New Hartford, Norfolk, and Sharon, in Con-
necticut ; Nine Partners. Hopewell, Fishkill. Newburgh, Little Britain, and Goshen, in New York ; Wallins,
Sussex Court House, Hacketstown, and Sherwood's Ferry, in New Jersey ; Tinicum. Hilltown, North
Wales, Valley Forge, Lancaster, and York, in Pennsylvania; Hanover, Tawneytown, and Frederiekstown,
in Maryland; Little London, Neville Plantation, Farquier Court House, Carter's Plantation, Orange. Walk-
er's Plantation to Charlottesville, in Virginia.
' Anburey says. •• the house and plantation where General Phillips resides is called Blenheim. The house
was erected shortly alter that memorable battle in Germany, by a Mr. Carter, who was secretary to the
colony.'' He mentions the fact that Colonel Carter possessed tifteen hundred slaves. — Travels, ii., 327.
6 Madame Riedesel says, "the house where we were lodged, and indeed the whole estate, belonged to
an Italian, who hired it to us. as he was alimit setting out on a journey. We looked impatiently forward
to the time <>l his departure, and that of his wife and daughter, on account of the smallness of the house
and the scarcity of provisions. In respect to the latter, our landlord voluntarily assumed a kind of tutor-
ship over us. Thus, when he killed a calf, he gave ns on the lirst day only the head and the tripe, though
we represented that this was not enough for twenty persons. Mo replied that we could make a very good
soup of it. He then added to the meat two cabbages and some stale ham ; and this was all we could ob-
tain from him.
:; j 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Jefferson's Hospitnlity.
Erection of Barracks.
Extensive Gardening.
General Condition of the Troops
tlie situation of the officers and troops as pleasant as possible. To the former, the hospitali-
ties of his mansion and the use of his choice library were freely proffered ; and when, in the
spring: of 1779, it was proposed to remove the troops to some other locality, he pleaded earn-
estly, and argued forcibly, in a letter to Governor Ilenrya against the measure, on
» March 27. , ■" ,,-••,■ . , ■ ,^ t. i
the grounds ot its inhumanity, expense, and general inexpediency, ror these at-
tentions, the officers and troops often expressed their warmest gratitude toward Mr. Jefferson.
The kindness of Colonel Bland, on their march, also excited their affection, and made him a
favorite.
Early in the spring, comfortable barracks for the troops were erected, under the direction
View of the Enca.hp.ment of the Convention Troops.
(From a picture ill Aoburey's Travels.)
of Colonel Harvey. They were upon the brow and slopes of a high hili, on Colonel Har-
vey's estate, five miles from Charlottesville. They cost the government about twenty-five
thousand dollars. A large portion of the land was laid out into gardens, fenced in and
planted. Genera] Riedesel spent more than five hundred dollars for garden seeds for the
German troops, and when autumn advanced there was no scarcity of provisions. Accord-
ing to Mr. Jefferson, the location was extremely healthy.' It being the universal opinion
that they would remain prisoners there until the close of the war, the officers spent a great
deal of money in the erection of more suitable dwellings, and in preparing rough land for
cultivation. They settled their families there, built a theatre, a coffee-house, and a cold
bath ; and in general intercourse with the families of neighboring gentlemen, and the pur-
suits of music and literature, their captivity was made agreeable to them, and profitable to
tho province." Notwithstanding this apparent quiet on the surface, there was turbulence
oelow. Captivity under the most favorable circumstances is galling. A large number de-
serted, and made their way to British posts at the North. On one occasion nearly four
hundred eluded the vigilance of their guards, and escaped. When, in October, 1780, Gen-
eral Leslie with a strong force took possession of Portsmouth, great uneasiness was observed
1 "Of four thousand people (the number of the captives) it should be expected, according to ordinary
calculations, that one should die every day ; yet in the space of near three months there have beer, but four
deaths among them ; two infants under three weeks old, and two others by apoplexy. The officers tell me
the troops were never before so healthy since they were Embodied. " — Letter to Governor Patrick Henry.
1 It can not be wondered at, that Mr. Jefferson and other agriculturists should have been opposed to
their removal, when it was estimated that forty-five thousand bushels of grain from the harvest fields of
Virginia were consumed by them in a year, and that thirty thousand dollars were circulated weekly in con-
sequence of their presence. — See Jetlerson\s Letter to Governor Henry. Anburey, noticing their departure
from the barracks, says, "I am apt to think that Colonel Harvey, the proprietor of Ihe estate, will reap
Uteat advantage, if the province should not, as the army entirely cleared a space of six miles in circum-
ference round the barracks." — Travels, ii., 414.
OF THE REVOLUTION. :; | ;
Removal of Troops from Chorion- T!i:r Final Dispersion. The Germans. Departure from Petersburg,
among the British troops, and just fears were entertained that they might rise upon and
overpower their guard, and join their countrymen on the Elizabeth River. The Germans
were less impatient, for they were enjoying life better than at home;1 yet it was thought
expedient to remove the whole body of prisoners to a plaee of greater security. Accordingly,
the British were marched across the Blue Ridge," al Wood's Gap, and through the
* B a Nov. vu,
Great Valley to Fort Frederick, in Maryland;" the Germans followed soon alter- > ;~J
ward, anil were quartered at Winchester (then containing between three and four hundred
houses), in the northern part of Virginia. Deaths, desertion, and partial exchanges had
now reduced their numbers to about twenty-one hundred. Afterward they were removed
to Lancaster, and some to East Windsor, in Connecticut. In the course of 1762, they
were all dispersed, either by exchange or desertion. A large number of the Germans, re-
membering the perfidy of their rulers at home, and pleased with their national brethren who
were residents here, remained at the close of the war, and many became useful citizens.
Let us resume our journey.
I arose at daybreak, on the morning after my arrival in Petersburg.1' The b Dcc 06
clouds were broken, and a keen breeze from the north reminded me of the pres- 1848-
ence of winter. Accompanied by one of the early risers of the town, I crossed the fine
bridge over the Appomattox, aim strolled over Archer's Hill, whereon the Americans plant-
ed their cannon and disturbed the inmates of Bollingbrook. The little village on that side
retains its original name of Pocahunta or Pocahontas, and presents
a natural curiosity which tradition has connected with the mem-
ory of that princess. It is a large stone, hollowed like a bowl by
the hand of Nature, and is never without water in it, except in
times of extreme drought. It is called Pocalwntas's Wash-basin ;
and the vulgar believe that the " dearest daughter" of Powhatan
actuallv laved her limbs in its concavity. It was formerly several
POCAHuNTAS'S RASIN. ' . .. J J .
rods trom its present position at the northwest corner of the bridge,
and was broken in its removal. Strong cement keeps it whole, and it is regarded with
considerable interest by the curious visitor.
Returning to Petersburg, we ascended to Bollingbrook, and just as the sun came up from
the distant hills, I sketched the view on page 3 39. At nine o'clock, after receiving mi-
nute directions respecting my futute route for a hundred miles, I took the reins and started
tor the Roanoke. For the first sixteen miles, to the banks of Stony Brook, the country is
sandv and quite level, and the roads were fine. I crossed that stream at Dinwiddie Court
House, the Capitol of the county of that name, where, a few days before, Society, by the use
of a sheriff and strong cord, had strangled William Dandridge Eppes, for the murder of a
1 I have mentioned, on pace 589, vol i . the bargain entered into by the British ministry and some German
princes for the til ri ik-li in l; "I troops by tin- latter to tight the Americans That bargain was rendered more
heinous by the methods used to obtain the requisite number of men. Laborers win seized in the fields
ami work-shops, and large numbers were taken from the churches while engaged in their devotions, and
hurried to the barracks without beinc/ allowed a parting embrace with their families. That this was the
method to be employed was evidently known to the British gove ml several months before the bargain
was consummated : for on the fourteenth of November, 1775, the honest-hearted king wrote as follows to
Lord North: "The diviner commissions to (iciiuan otiirers to <o-t men I can bv no means consent to, for it
in plain English amounts to making me a kidnapper, which I can not think a very honorable occupation."*
Throughout Europe the whole transaction was viewed with horror as a great crime against h anity.
Frederick the Great took every occasion to express Ins contempt for the "scandalous man-traffic of his
neighbors." It is said that whenever any of those hired Branswickers and Hessians had to pass through
an" portion of his territory, he claimed to levy on them the usual toll for so many head ol cattle, since, he
said. Ihev had been sold as such !t
1 Fort Frederick is yet a well-preserved rclie of colonial times. It is upon the north bank of ihe Poto-
mac, in Washington countv. Mai viand, about fifty miles below Cumberland. It was built in 1755-6, un-
der the direction of Governor Sharpc. The material is stone, and cost about thirty thousand dollars. The
fort is quadrangular, and contained barracks sufficient for seven hundred men. This was one of the six
forts built as frontier defenses against the encroachments of the French and Indians.
* Lord Marion's History of England, Appendix, vol. vi , page xxxi. London, 1651 \ Mahon. vi.. 131.
348 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Capital Punishment Husbandry in Lower Virginia- Fruits of the Social System.
young man. The first murder was sufficiently horrid ; the second was doubly so, because
Christian men and women and innocent children saw it done in cool blood, and uttered not
a word of remonstrance or reprobation ! It had evidently been a holiday for the people ;
and all the way from Petersburg to the Meherrin, it was a stock subject for conversation.
A dozen times I was asked if I saw " the hanging ;" and a dozen times I shuddered at the
evidence of the prevailing savagism in the nineteenth century, even in the heart of our
republic. But the gallows is toppling, and another generation will be amazed at the
cruelty of their fathers.
From Stony Brook to the Nottaway River, a distance of fifteen miles, the country is
broken, and patches of sandy soil with pine forests, alternated with red clay, bearing oaks,
chestnuts, and gum-trees. Worse roads I never expect to travel, for they would be im-
passable. Oftentimes Charley would sink to his knees in the soft earth, which was almost
as adhesive as tar. The country is sparsely populated, and the plantations generally bore
evidences of unskillful culture. Although most of the soil is fertile, and might be made very
productive, yet so wretchedly is it frequently managed that twenty bushels of wheat is con-
sidered a good yield for an acre, and corn in like proportion. A large number of negroes
are raised in that section, and constitute the chief wealth of the inhabitants ; for the land,
within thirty miles of the fine markets of Petersburg and City Point, averages in value only
about five dollars an acre. Good roads would increase its value, but the spirit of internal
improvement is very weak there. I was informed by a gentleman with whom T passed the
night within a mile of the Nottaway, that several plantations in his neighborhood did not
yield corn and bacon sufficient for the negroes, and that one or two men or women were
sold annually from each to buy food for the others. " Thus," as he expressively observed,
" they eat each other up !" Tobacco is the staple product, yielding from five hundred to
one thousand pounds per acre ; but, in the absence of manure, it destroys the vitality of the
soil. During a ride of seventy or eighty miles toward the Roanoke, I saw hundreds of
acres thus deadened and yellow with " poverty grass," or green with shrub pines. Many
proprietors are careless or indolent, and leave the management of their estates to overseers.
These, in turn, lacking the stimulus of interest, seem to leave affairs in the hands of the ne-
groes, and the negroes are always willing to trust to Providence. The consequence is, fitful
labor, unskillfully applied ; and the fertile acres remain half barren from year to year. To
a Northern man accustomed1 to pictures of industry and thrift, directed and enjoyed by en-
lightened workers, these things appear big with evil consequences. They are the fruits of
the social system in the Southern States, which has grown reverend with years ; a system
deprecated by all sound thinkers there, particularly in the agricultural districts, as a barrier
to progress, and inimical to genuine prosperity. This subject involves questions proper for
the statesman, the political economist, and the moralist to discuss. They are irrelevant to
my theme, and I pass them by with this brief allusion, while resting firmly upon the hope
that, through equity and wisdom, a brighter day is about to dawn upon the rich valleys and
fertile uplands of Virginia and the Carolinas.
I crossed the Nottaway into Brunswick county, at Jones's Bridge. The river is narrow,
and lying in a deep bed, its current is often made swift by rains. Such was its condition
when I passed over ; tor rain had been falling since midnight, and when I resumed my
journey, it was mingled with snow and hail, accompanied by a strong northwest wind.
All day the storm continued, but happily for me I was riding with the wind, and kept dry
beneath my spacious wagon top. The red clay roads prevailed, occasionally relieved by a
sandy district covered with pines, beautified by an undergrowth of holly and laurel.1 My
1 In many places between Petersburg anil Hillsborough, in North Carolina, I observed dead trees cover-
ing several acres in patches throughout the pine forests. From one eminence I counted six of these patches
in different directions, made risible by their yellow foliage in the midst of the surrounding dark green forest.
I was told that they were killed by a worm, which perforates and traverses the bark in every direction
I observed these perforations, appearing like the wounds of buck shot in the bark four or five inches apart.
From these, turpentine often oozed in profusion. These worms are very fatal to the trees. A tree that
OF THE REVOLUTION. ;; | .1
Gee's Bridge. Capture of Colonel Gee. A Yankee Overseer. Passage of the Roanoke into Carolina.
goal was Gee's Bridge over the Meherrin River, which I expected to reach by three o'clock
in the afternoon, hut a divergence into a wrong mad tor the space of three or lour miles, de-
laved my arrival there until sunset. Nor was delay the only vexation, for, to regain the
right road, I had to wheel and face the driving storm until 1 was thoroughly drenched. Jn
this condition I was obliged to travel a red clay road four miles after crossing the Meher-
rin, to obtain lodging for the night
Gee's Bridge was a rickety affair, and was used only when
the Meherrin, which is similar in volume and current to the
Nottaway, was too much swollen to allow travelers to ford it.
On its southern side, the road ascends at an angle of forty-five
degrees, and. to make it passable, is filled with small bowlders
near the bridge, and logs laid transversely up the steeper portion.
For the use of this bridge, the stones and logs, the traveler is
taxed a "levy at the top of the hill by the overseer of Gee -
plantation.' At dark I reached the house of Dr. Gregory, who
entertains strangers, and under his comfortable roof I rested, after
a most wearisome day's travel for man and horse. The doctor
J Gees Bbidoe.
was absent, and I passed an hour after supper with his over-
seer, an intelligent young man from New London, Connecticut. He had peddled wooden
clocks through that region, and having sold many on credit, he settled there eight years
before to collect his dues. He hired himself as an overseer, and there be yet remained, full
of faith that he would ultimately collect all that was due to him. From him I obtained a
good deal of information respecting the husbandry of Lower Virginia ; the sum of his testi-
mony was, " The people seem to try how soon they can wear out the soil, and then aban-
don it."
The storm was over in the morning,8 and a cold, bracing air came from the north. arjec. as.
Ice skimmed the surface of the pools by the road side, and all over the red earth the 184S-
exhalations were congealed into the most beautiful creations of frost-work I ever beheld.
There were tiny columns an inch in height, with gorgeous capitals like tree-tops, their
branches closely intertwined. These gave the surface the appearance of a crust of snow.
Art. in its most delicate operations, never wrought any thing half so wonderful as that lit-
tle forest, created within the space of an hour, and covering tens t>f thousands of acres. The
road was wretched, and it was almost two hours past meridian when I reached St. Tammany,
on the Roanoke, a small post station in Mecklenburg county, about eighty miles from Peters-
burg, and about thirty below the confluence of the Dan and Staunton. The Roanoke is
here almost four hundred yards wide, with an average depth of about thirteen feet, and a
strong current.3 I crossed upon a bateau, propelled by means of a pole worked by a single
stout negro. When the stream is much swollen, three or four men are necessary to man-
age the craft, and even then there is danger. After ascending the southern bank, the road
passes over a marsh of nearly half a mile, and then traverses among gentle hills. Two
has been girdled, though its leaves fall, is good timber for three or four years ; but a tree attacked by these
worms loses all vitality at once, and in twelve or fourteen months is useless for timber purposes. It rap-
idly decays, and falls to the ground. I was informed that in some instances, where pines constituted the
intations, this blight had caused the owners to abandon them.
1 Mr. Gee. I was informed, is a descendant of Colonel Gee, who commanded a militia regiment when the
invaded Virginia. He resided further down, between the Meherrin and the Nottaway, and was
captured bv Colonel Simeoe's cavalry while that officer was securing the fords of the river for the |«-^iL'r
of Cornwallis's armv. " We proceeded," says Siracoe, "with the utmost expedition, to tl>' Notts 1 . Rivei
twenty-seven miles from Petersburg, where we arrived early the next morning. The bridge had been de-
stroyed, which was easily repaired, and Majoi Armstrong was ], it with the infantry. The cava!
on to Colonel Gee's, a rebel niiliiia officer. He attempted to escape, but was secured, and. refusing to
give his parole, was sent, prisoner to Major Armstrong." — Journal, page 207.
- The Roanoke is formed by the junction of the Dan and Staunton Rivers, near the south boundary ol
Virginia, and flows into the head of Albemarle Sound. It is navigable to the falls, at Halifax, seventy-five
miles, for small vessels.
350 IMCTORIA I, FIELD-BOOK
Cotton Fi-Ms. Route of Greene's Retreat. Journey toward Hillsborough. Tobacco Culture.
miles from the river I passed some fields of cotton not yet garnered, and the wool, escaped from
the bolls, looked like patches of snow upon the shrubs. These were the first cotton planta-
tions I had seen. I was surprised to learn that the cotton harvest may begin in Septem-
ber, and yet, at the close of December, much, here and elsewhere at the South, was in the
fields, and injured by exposure to the taints produced by rains. Better husbandry seemed
to prevail on this side of the Roanoke, and neat farm-houses gave the country a pleasing ap-
pearance of thrift. I was now on one of the great routes of travel from Central Virginia to
Hillsborough, the seat of the Provincial Congress at the opening of the war of the Revolu-
tion. It was also the great route of emigration from Virginia when the wilderness upon the
Yadkin was first peopled by white men. I had intended to follow the track of Greene and
his army while retreating before Cornwallis in the spring of 1781, but in so doing I should
omit other places of paramount interest. That track lay between forty and fifty miles
northwest of my route to Hillsborough.
The pine forests now became rare, and the broken country was diversified by well culti-
vated plantations, and forests of oaks, chestnuts, gum, and a few catalpas. Toward even-
ing I arrived at Nut Bush Post Office, in Warren county (formerly a part of Granville),
a locality famous in the annals of that state as the first place in the interior where a revo-
lutionary document was put forth to arouse the people to resist the government.1 The
postmaster (John H. Bullock, Esq.) owned a store and an extensive tobacco plantation there.
Under his roof I passed the night, in the enjoyment of the most cordial hospitality, and was
warmly pressed to spend several days with him, and join in the seasonable sports of turkey
and deer hunting in the neighboring forests. But, eager to complete my journey, I declined,
and the next morning, notwithstanding another strong northeast gale was driving a chilling
sleet over the land, I left Nut Bush, and pushed on toward Oxford. The staple production
of this rerrion appears to be tobacco ; and drying-houses and presses composed the principal
portion of the outbuildings of the plantations.2
1 On the sixth of June. 1765, when the nows of the passage of the Stamp Act reached the interior of
the province, a paper was circulated at Nut Bush, entitled, " A Serious Address to the Inhabitants of the
County of Granville, containing a brief Narrative of our Deplorable Situation and the Wrongs we suffer, and
some necessary Hints with respect to a Reformation." This paper had for its epigraph the following line :
" .Save my country, heavans. shall be my last."
The paper was prepared by an illiterate man, but it was so forcibly and clearly expressed that it had a
powerful effect on the people. — Martin, ii., 197; Caruthers's Lift of Caldwell, 107.
2 To the Northern reader a brief rreneral description of the. tobacco culture may not be uninteresting.
The ground for germinating the seed is prepared by first burning a quantity of wood over the space to be
sown. This process is to destroy all the. roots of plants that may be in the soil. The ashes are then re-
moved, and the earth is thoroughly digged and raked until it is like a bed in a garden prepared for seed.
The tobacco-seed (which appears like mustard-seed) is then mixed with wood-ashes and strown in drills a
few inches apart. This is generally done in February. When the plants are grown two or three inches
in height, they are taken up and transplanted into little hillocks in the fields. This is done at about the
first of May. From that time the crop demands unceasing attention. These plants will grow about a
foot high within a month after the transplanting. They are then topped; the suckers and lower leaves
are pruned oflj and about twice a week they are cleaned from weeds and the large and destructive worms
which infest them. They attain their full growth in about six weeks after the first pruning, and begin to
turn brown — an evidence of ripening. As fast as they ripen they are cut and gathered into the barns or
drying-houses. This operation commences about the first of September. The plants, after being cut, are
left upon the ground t" sweat for a night, and then taken to cover. There they are hung up separately to
dry for four or five weeks. The tobacco-houses are made as open as possible, for the circulation of nir.
but so as to avoid the rain. When sufficiently dry, the plants are taken
down and dampened with water, to prevent their crumbling. They are ,
then laid upon sticks, and covered up close to sweat for a week or two
longer. The t"|> part of the plant is the best, the bottom the poorest for
commerce. When thus prepared, the leaves are stripped from the stalk,
and pressed haul into boxes or hogsheads for market
The presses used in the tobacco districts are of two kinds; one is a
lever, the fulcrum lining two rude upright posts. The hogshead or box is Lkvkr i'kbsh.
placed near the posts. I'he smaller end of i he lever is forked, or has a slot, through which passes another
upright stick with a series of h iles. Weights are attached to that end. and as it is gradually brought dowr
OF THE REVOLUTION :',.-, |
Williamsburg nnd Oxford. Tor River. Fording Streams. The Princely Domnin of Mr. Cameron.
I passed through the little village of Williamshorough, at two o'clock in the aftcnioon.
ami arrived at Oxford at dark. The latter is a pleasant village of some five hundred in-
habitants, situated near the center oft rranville county, and its seat of justice. It is a place
of considerable business for an inland town ; but my favorable impressions, after an hour's
inspection before breakfast on the morning after my arrival, were marred by the discovery
of relics of a more barbarous age, standing upon the preen near the jail. They were a pil-
lory and a wkipping-post, the first and only ones I ever saw. I was told by a resident that
the more enlightened people of the town were determined to have them removed, and it is
to be hoped that those instruments for degradation no longer disfigure the pretty little vil-
lage of ( Word.
Tin- morning of the thirtieth* was clear and warm, after a night of heavy rain.
I left Oxford early, resolved to reach Hillsborough, thirty-six miles distant, a.t even-
ing. But the red clay roads, made doubly bad by the rain, impeded my progress, and 1 was
obliged to stop at the house of a Yankee planter, four miles short of Hillsborough. In the
course of the day, I forded several considerable streams, all of them much swollen, and dif-
ficult of passage, for a stranger. Tin' Flat Creek, near Oxford, a broad and shallow stream
was hub-deep, and gave me the first unpleasant experience of fording. A few miles further
on, I crossed the Tar River, over a long ami substantial bridge. This is a rapid stream,
and now its muddy and turbulent waters came rushing like a mountain-torrent, bearing
large quantities of drift-wood in the midst of its foam.' Soon after crossing the Tar, I ford-
ed a small tributary called the Cat Tail (.'reek. It was not more than two rods wide, but
was so deep that the water dashed into my wagon, and the current lifted it from the ground,
for a moment. The Knapp-of-Reeds was broader, and but a little less rapid and danger-
ous ; and when, at three o'clock, I crossed the Flat River, I came very near being
"swamped." A bridge spanned the stream, but the ground on either side is so flat that,
during Hoods, the river overflows its banks and expands into a lake. I reached the bridge
without difficulty, but, when leaving it, found the way much impeded by drift-wood and
other substances that came flowing over the banks. Charley was not at all pleased with
these frequent fordings, and the masses of drift alarmed him. While my wagon-hubs were
under water, and he was picking his way carefully over the submerged stones, a dark mass
of weeds and bushes came floating toward him. He sheered suddenly, and for a moment
the wagon was poised upon two wheels. I was saved from a celd bath by springing to the
opposite side, where my weight prevented its overturning, and we were soon safe upon firm
land. Tin- was the last contest with the waters for the day. for the next stream (the Lit-
tle River) was crossed by a bridge, a good distance above the less rapid current. Between
the Flat ami the Little Rivers, and filling the whole extent of four miles, was the immense
plantation of .Mr. Cameron, a Scotch gentleman. This plantation extends parallel with tin-
rivers, a distance of fifteen miles, and covers an area of about sixty square miles. It is well
managed, ami yields abundant crops of wheat, corn, oats, cotton, tobacco, potatoes, and other
products of the Northern and Middle States One thousand negroes were upon it, under
the direction of several overseers. Its hills are crowned with line timber, and I observed
several large flocks of sheep and herds of cattle upon (be slopes. It is probably the largest
landed estate in the Carolina?, perhaps in the Union.
it is secured by a sipmer pin to the upright post. The other and mere ellieient presses have a w Icn or
iron screw for leverage, like the cider presses of the North, or the common standing presses in manufacto-
ries. These are more expensive, and arc used only on plantations of considerable extent.
The tobacco plant, when full grown, is four "i live reel in height. The stalk is straight, hairy, and
very clumsy. The leaves grow alternately, are of a faded yellowish green, and arc very large toward the
lower part of the plant. There is scarcely a vegetable on the face of the earth more really nauseous and
filthy in taste and the effects of use, than tobacco, ami yet hundreds and thousands of the most fertile acres
of our country are devoted to the cultivation of this noxious weed, which is good for none, but injurious to
manv, where millions of bushels of nutritive grain niiL'lit be raised.
1 The Tar is about one hundred and eighty miles long. At. the town of Washington, toward the coast,
it expands, and is called Pamlico River, and flows into Pamlico Sound.
:i 5 2 PICTORIAL FIELD-CUOK
Night at a Yankee's Farmhouse. Arrival at Hillsborough. Early Settlements in North Carolina.
It was very dark when I reached the dwelling of Mr. Bacon (a farmer from Connecti-
cut), four miles from Hillsborough, a small, neat, and comfortable log-house. Furniture and
food were of the most humble kind, but cheerful contentment made the inmates rich. The
thankful grace at table, and the prayer and praise of family worship afterward, gave light to
that dwelling, where deep affliction was coming on apace. A daughter of fourteen years
(one of nine children), who sat wrapped in a blanket in the corner of the huge fire-place,
was wasting with consumption. She was a beautiful child, and her mother spoke of her
piety, her tenderness, and sweet affection, until emotion pressed her lips into silence. She
was the picture of patient suffering.
" Around her brow, as snow drop fair,
The glossy tresses cluster.
Nor pearl nor ornament was there,
Save the meek spirit's luster :
And faith and hope beamed in her eye;
And angels bowed as she passed by."
Sarah Josepha Hale.
Ere this her body doubtless reposes in the orchard, by the side of that of her little brother
who had gone before.
The next day was the Sabbath. Leaving Mr. Bacon's at dawn, I rode into Hillsborough'
in time for breakfast and comfortable quarters at the Union Hotel, where I spent the day
before a glowing wood fire. On Monday morning I called upon the Reverend James Wil-
son, D.D., with a letter of introduction, and to his kind courtesy I am much indebted. He
accompanied me to places of interest in the town, and gave me all the information I de-
sired concerning the history of the vicinity. Before noticing these strictly local matters,
let us open the records of North Carolina, and take a brief general view of the history of
the state, from its settlement until the war of the Revolution commenced.
The principal discoveries on the coast of the Carolinas have already been noticed in the
introduction to this work and in the account of the first efforts at settlement in Virginia,
by which it appears that to North Carolina belongs the honor of having had the first En-
glish settlement in America, within its domain. We will now consider, briefly, the progress
of settlement below the Nansemond and Pioanoke.
We have seen the difficulties which attended the first explorations of the Roanoke, and
the abandonment of the Carolina coast after the failure of R.aleigh's expeditions. Notwith-
standing a fertile region was here open for the labor and enterprise of the English, who were
rapidly populating Virginia along the banks of the Powhatan and other large streams, yet
no permanent settlement appears to have been attempted south of the Dismal Swamp, until
nearly fifty years after the building of Jamestown. As early as 1609, the country on Nan-
semond River, on the southern frontier of Virginia, had been settled ; and in 1622, Porey,
then Secretary of Virginia, and a man of great courage and perseverance, penetrated the
country southward to the Chowan River.2 The kindness of the natives, and the fertility
and beauty of the country, were highly extolled by Porey, and new desires for extending set-
tlements southward were awakened. The vigilance with which the Spaniards watched the
coast below Cape Fear, and the remembrance of their cruelty in exercising their power at an
earlier day against the French in Florida, doubtless caused hesitation on the part of the En-
glish. But persecution during the administration of Berkeley, at length drove some of Vir-
ginia's best children from her household, and they, with others who were influenced by lower
motives than a desire lor religious liberty, began the work of founding a new state. New
England, also, where persecution was not a stranger, contributed essential aid in the work.
1 Hillsborough was laid out in 1 7.59 by W. Childs, and was first called Childsburg, in honor of the then
Attorney General of the province. Its name was afterward changed to Hillsborough, in compliment, ac-
cording to Martin (ii., 104), to the Earl of Hillsborough, the Secretary of State ti>r the colonies.
I i Chowan is formed by the union of Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater Rivers, which flow from
nia into Albemarle sound, a little north of the mouth of the Roanoke.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 3 5;
First Charter of North Carolina. Early Settlements on the Chowan and Cope Fear. Planters from rtarbadoes
In 1630, a patent was granted to Sir Robert Heath for the whole of the country ex
tending from Virginia, southward, over six degrees of latitude, to the rather indefinite bound-
ary of Florida, then in possession of the Spaniards. The region was named Carolina in
honor of the sister of Charles the First, of that name. Heath was unable to fnllill the con-
ditions of his charter, and it was forfeited before any settlements were made. In
J _ ■ March -J4
1663. a Charles the Second granted a charter to a company, among whom were
General George Monk (the Duke of Albemarle), Lord Clarendon, Sir George Carteret, Lorn
Ashley Cooper (afterward Earl of Shaftesbury), Lord Berkeley, and his brother Sir William
the governor of Virginia. The region under this grant extended from the thirty-sixth de
gree to the River San Matheo in Florida, now the St. John's. Ten years earlier than this,
a permanent settlement had been formed upon the northern banks of the Chowan. Roger
Green, an energetic man. led a company across the wilderness from the Nansemond to the
Chowan, and settled near the present village of Edenton l> There they flourished ; fc
and in the same year, when the charter was granted to Clarendon and his associates,
a government, under William Drummond, a Scotch Presbyterian, was established over that
little territory. In honor of the Duke of Albemarle, it was called Albemarle County Col-
ony. In 1602, George Durant purchased from the Indians the Neck, which still bears bis
name ;' and the following year George Cathmaid received a large grant of land, for having
settled sixty-sevt n persons south of the Roanoke. Two years later, it being discovered that
the settlement on the Chowan was not within the limits of the charter, Charles extended
the boundaries of that instrument, so as to include northward the region to the present Vir-
ginia line, southward the whole of the present Carolinas and Georgia, and extending west-
ward, like all of that monarch's charters, to the Pacific Ocean. These charters were lib-
eral in the concession of civil privileges, and the proprietors were permitted to exercise tol-
eration toward non-conformists to the Church of England, if it should be thought expedient.
Great encouragement was offered to immigrants, from home, or from the other colonies, and
settlements steadily increased.
In 1661 some New England adventurers entered Cape Fear River,' purchased a tract
of land from the Indians on Old Town Creek, about half way between Wilmington and
Brunswick, and planted a settlement there. The Virginians looked upon them as rivals
for the latter claimed a right to the soil, having settled prior to the grant to Clarendon and
his associates. Difficulties arose. A compromise was proposed, but the New Englanders
were dissatisfied. The colony did not prosper ; the Indians lifted the hatchet against them
and in less than three years the settlement was abandoned. Two years latere sev-
c t""°
eral planters from Barbadocs purchased of the Indians a tract of land, thirty-two
miles square, near the abandoned settlement. They asked of the proprietaries a confirma
tion of their purchase, and a separate charter of government. All was not granted, yet lib-
eral concessions were made. Sir John Yeamans, the son of a cavalier, and then a Barba-
does planter, was, at the solicitation of the purchasers, appointed their governor. His juris
diction was from Cape Fear to the San Matheo (the territory now included in South Caro-
lina and Georgia), and was called Clarendon county. The same year the Barbadoes peo-
ple laid the foundation of a town on the south bank of the Cape Fear River. Jt did not
flourish, and its site is now a subject for dispute.
Settlements now began to increase south of the Roanoke ; and as the proprietors of Al
bemarlc comity saw, in anticipation, a powerful state within the limits of their fertile tei
1 It is -aid that Durant'a Neck has the honor of having furnished the first seed for the Timothy Grass
which is in such high repute anions farmers. Among the first settlers was a Quaker named Timothl
somehndv, who observed the eras- growing wild, mid supposed it would lie good for cnltivation. Ilr sen"
some of the seed t" In- friends m England, who, having found the grass to be valuable, railed it Timothy
Grass, in honor of their friend in Carolina. — Caruthers's Life of Caldwell, page 52. A Bible brought fron
England by Durant (and probably the first brought into North Carolina) is now in the library of the His-
torical Societv of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill
3 The Cape Fear is formed bj a union of the Haw and Deep Rivers, about one hundred and twentv-fiv<
miles northwest from Wilmington, and inters the Atlantic a little more than twenty miles below that cil\
II. z
;.,[ PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The absurd " Fundamental Constitutions" of Shaftesbury and Locke. Sketch of the Authors. Extent of the Province.
ntory, and dreamed of a grand American empire, they took measures to establish a gov-
ernment with adequate functions, and to transport into the New World the varied ranks
and i;:stocratic establishments of Europe. The Earl of Shaftesbury,' the ablest statesman
of his time, and John Locke,' the illustrious philosopher, were employed to frame a Consti-
tution.3 They completed their labor in the spring
r,„„„r •• m, . t « March.
ol 10o9,a alter exercising great care. 1 he instru-
ment was composed of one hundred and twenty articles,
and was called the Fundamental Constitutions. These
were in the highest degree monarchical in character and de-
sign. Indeed, the proprietors avowed their design to " avoid making too numerous a De-
mocracy." Two orders of nobility were to be instituted ; the higher to consist of land-
graves or earls, the lower of caciques or barons. The territory1 was to be divided into coun-
ties, each county containing four hundred and eighty thousand acres, with one landgrave
and two caciques, a number never to be increased or diminished. There were also to be
lords of manors, who like the nobles were entitled to hold courts and exercise judicial func-
tions. Persons holding fifty acres were to be freeholders ; the tenants held no political
franchise, and could never attain any higher rank. The four Estates of Proprietors, Earls,
Barons, and Commons were to sit in one legislative chamber. The proprietors were always
to be eight in number ; to possess the whole judicial power, and have the supreme direction
of all tribunals. None but large property holders were eligible for a seat in the Legisla-
ture, where the commons were to have four members for every three of the nobility. An
aristocratic majority was thus always secured. In trials by jury, the oppressed had but
little hope, for the majority were to decide. Every religion was professedly tolerated,5 yet
the Church of England only was declared to be orthodox, and the national religion of Car-
olina.6 Such is an outline of the principal features of the Constitution by which the pro-
prietaries proposed to govern free colonists in America. It seems very strange that minds
like those of Locke and Shaftesbury should have committed such an egregious blunder ;
1 Anthony Ashley Cooper was born at Winborne, in Dorsetshire, in 1621. He was educated at Oxford,
-f uilied law, and when in his nineteenth year, he was chosen representative for Tewksbnry. He was hos-
tile to Cromwell, and took an active part in the restoration of Charles the Second. For his services Charles
made him Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord of the Treasury, and created him Lord Ashley. In 1 672 he
was made Earl of Shaftesbury, and appointed Lord Chancellor. He resigned his office within a year, hut
held it again in 1679. During that year he conferred on his country the benefit of the Habeas Corpus
Act. He afterward opposed the unconstitutional measures of the king, and was twice committed to the
Tower. He finally withdrew to Holland, where he died, January 22. 1683.
2 John Locke was born at Wrington, near Bristol, England, in 16.32. He was educated at Westminster
school. He studied the science of medicine and became eminent, but he was more noted for his profi-
ciency in polite literature. His health would not allow him to practice the medical art, and in 1664 he
accepted the secretaryship to Sir William Swan, who was sent envoy to the Elector of Brandenburg. He
'timed his attention to politics and jurisprudence, and because of his skill and knowledge on such subjects.
Shaftesbury employed him to assist him in drawing up a charter for North Carolina. While at Montpe-
lier, for the benefit of his health, he commenced his celebrated Essay on the Human Understanding. When
Shaftesbury went to Holland, Locke accompanied him. There, on the death of the earl, envy and malice
persecuted him. He was accused of treason, and for twelve months he kept himself concealed. He re-
turned to England after the Revolution in 1688. and was honored by government appointments. He \\;i-
a Commissioner of Trade and Plantations for five years, when declining health made him resign the office
in 1700. He died on the twenty-eighth of October, 1704, in the seventy-third year of his age.
3 This document is supposed to be chiefly the work of Shaftesbury-
4 The territory comprising more than seven degrees of latitude from the Nansemond, south, included the
whole of the present North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, a good portion
■I Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, a large portion of Mexico, and the whole of Upper and Lower
California.
6 There were some Quakers in the Albemarle colony, and when, in 1672. William Edmunson and George
Fox visited that settlement, many were added to that persuasion. Near the Roanoke, in that region, and
in tho counties of Orange, Guilford, and Randolph, are the only settlements of that sect in North Carolina
The Quakers were the first to organize a religious government in that state.
6 Bancroft, ii., 136-150. Chalmers, 517-526. Locke's Works, x., 194. Martin, i., 148-150. This
instru-nent is published at length in the Appendix to the first volume of Martin's History of North Carolina
OF THE REVOLUTION. :;.,.,
Abrogation of the Constitutions. Government Officers imprisoned. Governor Sothe) banished John Archdale.
that men so wise and sagacious should have attempted such a solemn farce. Albemarle,
the chief settlement, had only about fourteen hundred " working hands," and the habita-
tions in Carolina were chiefly log huts. The whole population was hardly four thousand
in number. Where were the landgraves, and caciques, and lords of manors to be found
among them ? and where were mansions for the nobility and aristocracy ? The error was
soon perceived, yet the proprietaries insisted upon commencing the system with a view to
its further accomplishment. But the spirit of the whole thing was adverse to the feelings
of the people ; and, after a contest of twenty years, these Constitutions were abrogated, and
the people were allowed to be governed by their earlier and more simple and appropriate
code under Stevens, the successor of Drummond — a governor with his council of twelve, six
appointed bv the proprietaries, and six chosen by the Assembly ; and a House of Delegates
chosen by the freeholders.
While the contest was going on between the proprietaries and the people, temporary laws
were established. The harmony which prevailed before the magnificent scheme of govern-
ment was proposed, was disturbed, and both counties were shaken by internal commotions.
Disorders prevailed most extensively in the Albemarle or Northern colony, the population
of which was far more numerous than the Clarendon or Southern colony. Excessive taxa-
tion and commercial restrictions occasioned discontent, while the influence of refugees from
Virginia, the participators in Bacon's rebellion there, who were sheltered in Carolina, ripened
the people for resistance to monarchical schemes to enslave or oppress thern. A year after
the death of Bacon, a revolt occurred in Albemarle. Miller, the secretary of the colony,
acting governor before Eastchurch arrived, and the collector of customs, attempted to enforce
the revenue laws against a vessel from New England. Led by John Culpepper, a refugee
from Clarendon, the people seized Miller and the public funds, imprisoned him and six of
his council, appointed new magistrates and judges, called a Parliament, and took all the
functions of government into their own hands. Thus matters remained for two years.'
Culpepper went to England to plead the cause of the people. He was arrested for trea-
son,a but, through Shaftesbury, he was acquitted, that statesman justly pleading that
in Albemarle there had been no regular government ; that the disorders were but feuds among
the people. Thus early, that feeble colony of North Carolina asserted the same political
rights for which our fathers so successfully contended a hundred years later.
Seth Sothel, one of the corporators, an avaricious and dishonest man, arrived in the Albe-
marle province in 1 683, as governor. He plundered the people, and prostituted his office to
purposes of private gain. According to Chalmers, •• the annals of delegated authority in-
clude no name so infamous" as Sothel. The people, after enduring him for six years, seized
him, and weir about sending him to England" to answer their accusations before the
proprietors, when he asked to be tried by the Colonial Assembly. Such trial was
granted, and he was sentenced to banishment for one year, and was forever deprived of the
privilege of holding the office of governor. He withdrew to South Carolina, where we
shall meet him again. The proprietors acquiesced in the proceedings of the colonists, and
sent over Philip Ludwell as their representative,0 who, by wisdom and justice, soon re-
stored order. He was succeeded by Thomas Harvey in 1692, and, two years later,
Henderson Walker succeeded Harvey.
In 1 695, two years after the splendid Fundamental Constitutions of Locke and Shaftes-
bury were abrogated, and landgraves and caciques, and lords of manors, were scattered to
the winds, John Archdale, a Quaker, and one of the proprietors, arrived as governor of both
Carolinas. From that period until the partition of the provinces in 1729, it is difficult
to separate their histories, although governed by distinct magistrates. In 1698 tho first
settlement was made on the Pamlico or Tar River, the Pamlico Indians having been near-
ly all destroyed two years previously by a pestilence. Population rapidly increased under
the liberal administration of Archdale. The first church in Carolina was built in Chowan
county in 1705, and religion began to be respected.
'Williamson, i., 132.
356 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Settlements in the Interior. Indian Hostilities. Flight of the Tuscaroras. Pirates. First Royal Governor.
The colonists now began to turn their attention to the interior. In 1707, a company
of French Protestants came from Virginia and settled in Carolina; and in 1709,one hundred
German families, driven from their home on the Rhine by fierce persecutions and devasta-
ting war, sought a refuge in the free, tolerant, and peaceful soil of North Carolina. Already
the Huguenots were settling in South Carolina, and were planting the principles of civil
liberty there. The French immigrants were not favorably received by the English, and
disputes occurred. Archdale managed with prudence for a year, and then left affairs in
the hands of Joseph Blake, afterward governor of South Carolina. The difficulties between
the English and French were settled, and the latter were admitted to all the rights of citi-
zenship. The Indians along the sea-coast were melting away like frost in the sunbeams.
The powerful tribe of the Hatteras, which numbered three thousand warriors in Raleigh's
time, were reduced to fifteen bowmen ; another tribe had entirely disappeared; and of all
the aborigines, but a small remnant remained. They had sold their lands, or had been
cheated out of them, and were driven back to the deep wildnerness. Strong drink and
other vices of civilization had decimated them, and their beautiful land, all the way to the
Yadkin and Catawba, was speedily opened to the almost unopposed encroachments of the
white man. Yet, before their power was utterly broken, the Indians made an effort to re-
deem their losses. The Tuscaroras of the inland region, and the Corees southward, upon
whom their countrymen of the coasts had retreated, resolved to strike a blow that should
exterminate the intruders. Upon the scattered German settlements along the Roanoke and
Pamlico Sound, they fell like lightning from the clouds. In one night one hundred and
tQ . „ thirty persons perished by the hatchet.1 The savages also scoured the country on
nil. ' Albemarle Sound, burning dwellings and massacring the inhabitants for three
days, until disabled by drunkenness and fatigue. To the Southern colony the people of Al-
bemarle looked for aid. Nor was it withheld. Captain Barnwell, with six hundred white
men, and three hundred and sixty Indians of the tribes of the Cherokees. Creeks, Catawbas,
and Yamasees,' as allies, marched against the Tuscaroras, b and, driving them back
to their fortified town near the Neuse, a little above Edenton, in the upper part
of Craven county, forced them to make a treaty of peace. Both parties soon violated this
treaty, and the Indians commenced hostilities. Colonel Moore, of South Carolina, with
forty white men, and eight hundred friendly Indians, arrived in December, 1713, besieged
the savages in their fort, and took eight hundred of them prisoners. The hostile Tuscaroras
soon afterward migrated northward, and joining the Five Nations on the southern shore of
Lake Ontario, formed a part of the powerful confederacy of the Six Nations in New York.
In 1715 peace was concluded with the Corees, and Indian wars ceased.
From this period until 1729, when the two provinces were surrendered to the crown,
and were permanently separated, the colonists enjoyed comparative prosperity. The people
had some difficulties with the Indians ; were troubled with a swarm of pirates on the coast,
under Teach, the famous " Black Beard ;" and disputed, with the vehemence of men de-
termined to remain free, with all unwise and aristocratic governors sent to rule them. Per-
ceiving that the expenses which had attended the settlement of the Carolinas were hardly
productive of any advantage, the lords proprietors offered to surrender the provinces to the
crown. This was effected,0 and each proprietor received twelve thousand five hundred
dollars, as the consideration of the surrender. Their charter had been in existence six-
ty-six years. The population of both provinces, including negroes, did not exceed twenty-
live thousand persons, ten thousand in North Carolina, and fifteen thousand in South Carolina.
The last proprietary governor was Sir Richard Everard, successor to Charles Eden.
George Burlington was the first royal governor of North Carolina, and took his seat with-
out difficulty, in February, 1730.' His first important act was to announce a remission of
' These tribes, and others from Cape Fear to the Gulf of Mexico, numbering about six thousand war-
riors, soon afterward confederated, with the design of exterminating the white people on the Atlantic coast
This event is noticed on page 437.
3 The general form of the Colonial government was not materially changed. The governor could id
OF Til E REVOLUTION.
[ n-l Legislative Assembly. The Governor nnj People 111 Variance. Removal of the Sent of Government In W.lmington.
arrears of quit-rent. This was highly satisfactory. His second, under instructions, was to
send a deputation into tbe interior to conciliate the Indians, particularly the Cherokees.
The first Legislative Assembly was convened at Edenton in April, 1731, " where
the future policy of the royal government was unfolded by Burlington. The rep-
resentatives of the people were dissatisfied with its aspect, and when, in the king's name,
the governor demanded of them a sufficient revenue for defraying the expenses of the local
government, and a sufficient salary for the governor, his council, and the officers employed
in the administration of justice, they murmured. In these requisitions they could not rec-
ognize the promised advantages of a change in ownership, and they early showed a disposi-
tion to pay very little attention to these demands of the chief magistrate. Three years aft-
erward, commercial restrictions, hitherto unknown, increased the discontents ol the people,'
and the seeds of revolution were planted in a generous soil. The Assembly uttered the old
complaint of exorbitant fees on the part of public officers ; the governor rejected their re-
monstrance with contempt. The former refused to vote a revenue or to pass any acts, and
sent a complaint to England of Burrington's " violence and tyrar>.:.y in the administration
of government." The Board of Trade reprimanded and deposed him, and then appointed
in his place Gabriel Johnston, » late steward of Lord Wilmington, a prudent and ^^
cunning Scotchman.
The new governor encountered quite as much trouble as his predecessor. The Assembly
were refractory, and Johnston attempted to collect the rents'' on his own authority. Pay-
ment was resisted, and the Assembly not only denied the legality of the governor's proceed-
ings,"; but imprisoned the officers who had distrained for quit-rents. Johnston oMarch n„7
made concessions to the people, but his arrangements were rejected by the home
government, as yielding too much to the popular will. For nearly ten years the quarrel
concerning rents continued between the governor and the Assembly, and, in the mean while,
the salaries of government officials remained in arrears, for the rents, which produced the sole
fund for the payment of the royal officers, were inadequate. The governor now resorted to
cunning management as a last effort to sustain his authority. The province had been di-
vided into several counties. The southern counties, lately settled, were more tractable than
the northern ones, but they had only two members each in the Assembly, while the others
had five. The governor, at a time when several of the northern members were absent,
procured the passage of an act, placing all the counties upon an equal footing as to repre-
sentation, and also for the removal of the seat of government from Edenton to Wilmington,
a new town, lately established at the head of ship navigation, on the Cape Fear R.iver, and
named in honor of Lord Wilmington, Johnston's patron. The six northern counties refused
to acknowledge the newly-organized Assembly as legal, and carried their complaint to En-
gland. They were obliged to submit, and at last the governor procured the passage d mg
of an act,d by which the expenses of government were provided for.
It was during the administration of Governor Johnston that two important occurrences
nothing legally without the assent of his council. With them, he was authorized to establish courts ofjus-
n. . and to hold a Court of Error. The governor, members of the council, commander of the king's ships
u, the province, chief-justices, judges of the Vice-admiralty, secretary, and receiver-general, were consti-
tuted a court for the trial of pirates.
1 The settlers procured furs from the Indians with great facility, and the manufacture of hats from this
material was becoming a source of considerable revenue to several of the colonists. They exported hats
to the Wesl India Islands, Spain, and Portugal. The jealousy of England was awakened, and to secure
those markets for her home manufactures, Parliament forbade the exportation of hats from the American
colonies. They were not allowed to send them from one colony to another. None but persons who had
served seven years apprenticeship to the trade were allowed to make hats, and no master was permitted to
have m<>re than two apprentices at a time. The business was soon confined within narrow limits, for se-
vere penalties accompanied these enactments. Obstacles were also thrown in the way of the manufacture
of ropes and cordage in America, and other kinds of business soon felt the checks of a narrow and unjust
commercial policy.
1 The whole soil belonged to the crown. The people were required, by the governor, to pay the- ex-
I enses of the government, in addition to the stipulated rents.
3 58 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Immigration of Scotch Highlanders. The Rebellion of '45. Peril and Flight of The Pretender. Extinction of his Family
took place, which, though separate and dissimilar, tended, in a remarkable degree, toward a
union of the provinces in political and social interest, and in fostering that spirit of civil and
religious freedom which prevailed in the South, and particularly in North Carolina, where
the oppressive measures of the first ten years of the reign of George the Third produced re-
bellion in America. I allude to the commencement of hostilities between France and En-
gland in 1745 ; and the immigration hither of a large number of Presbyterians from Scot-
land and the north of Ireland, the former on account of their participation in the famous re-
bellion of that year.'
1 The Scotch insurrection, known as The Rebellion of '45, was in favor of Charles Edward, the grand-
son of James II., who had heen an exile in France. Claiming the throne of England as his right, and re-
garding George of Hanover as a usurper, he determined to make an effort for the crown. In June, 1745,
he embarked in an eighteen-gun frigate, and landed at Borodale, in the southwest part of Scotland, with a
few Scotch and Irish followers. His arms were chiefly on board another vessel, which had been obliged to
put back to France. The Highlanders in the vicinity arose. in his favor, and in a few days fifteen hundred
strong men surrounded his standard — a piece of taffeta which he brought from France. The Pretender (as
he was called) marched to Perth, where he was joined by some Scotch lords and their retainers. With his
increasing army, he entered Edinburgh in triumph, though the castle held out for King George. All En-
gland trembled with alarm. The premier (the king was in Hanover) offered a reward of §750,000 for the
person of the Pretender. From Edinburgh the insurgents marched toward the bordar, and were every
where successful, until encountered by the Duke of Cumberland, at Culloden, where, on the sixteenth of
April, 1745, they were defeated and dispersed. The jails of England were soon rilled with the prisoners.
Lords Balmerino and Lovat, and Mr. Radcliffe, a brother of the Earl of Derwentwater, were beheaded, the
last who suffered death, in that way, in England. Many others were executed, and a large number of the
Highlanders were transported to America, and became settlers in North Carolina. The Pretender was
the last to leave the field at Culloden. For almost five months he was a fugitive among the Highlands,
closely scented by the officers of government. After various concealments by the people, he escaped to
the Isle of Skye, in the character and disguise of Betty Bourke, an Irish servant to Miss Flora M'Donald,
daughter of a Highlander. After several perilous adventures, he reached the Continent in September,
1746. He died at Rome in 1784. His brother, Cardinal York, the last representative of the house of
Stuart, died in 1807, and the family became extinct.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 359
The Scotch Irish and their Principles. Their Emigration to Carolina. Moravian Settlcmcnta
CHAPTER XIV.
"Carolina ! Carolina ! Heaven's blessings attend her;
While we live we will cherish, and love, and defend her ;
Though the scorner may sneer at, the witlings defame her.
Our hearts swell with gladness whenever we name her.
Though she envies not others this merited glory,
Say, whose name stands the foremost in Liberty's story?
Though too true to herself, e'er to crouch to oppression,
Who can yield to just rule more loyal submission?
Hurrah ! hurrah ! the Old North State forever!
Hurrah! hurrah! the good old North State !"
William Gaston.
fTL HE settlement of the Scotch refugees at Cross Creek (now Fayetteville).
at the head of navigation on the Cape Fear R.iver, is an important point
\ to be observed, in considering the history of the progress of free principles
in North Carolina. These settlers formed a nucleus of more extensive im-
migrations subsequently. They brought with them the sturdy sentiments of
the Covenanters, and planted deeply in the interior of that province the
acorns of civil freedom, which had grown to unyielding oaks, strong and defiant, when the
Revolution broke out. The sentiment of loyalty, kindred to that of patriotism, was an in-
herent principle in their character, and this was first displayed when Donald M'Donald
called upon his countrymen to remember their oath of allegiance to King George and his
successors, and to assist the royal governor in quelling rebellion.* But as that re- _.
bellion assumed the phase of righteous resistance to tyranny, many of those who fol-
lowed their chief to Moore's Creek, under the banner of the house of Hanover, afterward
fought nobly in defense of the principles of the Covenanters under the stars and stripes o(
the Continental Congress. Other immigrants, allied to them by ties of consanguinity and
religious faith, had already planted settlements along the Cape Fear and its tributaries, and
in the fertile domain between the Yadkin and Catawba ; and in those isolated regions, far
removed from the petty tyrannies of royal instruments, they inhaled the life of freedom from
the pure mountain air, and learned lessons of independence from the works and creatures of
God around them. These were chiefly Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, commonly
called Scotch-Irish, or the descendants of that people already in Virginia. Their principles
bore the same fruit in Carolina, as in Ulster two centuries earlier ; and long before the
Stamp Act aroused the Northern colonies to resistance, the people of Granville, Orange,
Mecklenburg and vicinity, had boldly told the governor upon the coast that he must not ex-
pect subservience to unjust laws upon the banks of the rivers in the upper country.1 There
was another class of emigrants whose religious principles tended to civil freedom. , These
were the Uiritas Fratrum — the Moravians — who planted settlements in North Carolina
in the middle of the last century.b These, with other German Protestants, were b
firmly attached, from the commencement, to the principles which gave vitality to our
1 In the upper part of the state, in the vicinity of the route traversed by the armies of Cornwallis and
Greene during the memorable retreat of the latter, there were above twenty organized churches, with
large congregations, and a great many preaching places. All of these congregations, where the principles
of the Gospel independence had been faithfully preached by M'Aden, Patillo, Caldwell, M'Corkle, Hall.
Craighead, Balch, M'Caule, Alexander, and Richardson, were famous during the struggle of the Revolu-
tion, for skirmishes, battles, loss of libraries, personal prowess, individual courage, and heroic women. In
no part of our republic was purer patriotism displayed, than there.
360 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
rhe Religious Element in our Government. Origin of the Scotch-Irish. First Printing-presses in North Carolina.
Declaration of Independence a quarter of a century afterward.' We will not slop to ex-
amine the philosophy of religious influence in the formation of our civil government. It is
a broad and interesting field of inquiry, but not within the scope of this work ; yet so deeply
are the principles of the various phases of Protestantism — the Puritans, the Scotch-Irish,'
and the Huguenots — impressed upon the Constitutions of every state in our union, that we
must not, we can not, lose sight of the fact that the whole superstructure of our laws and
government has for its basis the broad postulate of religious freedom asserted by the Puri-
tans and the Covenanters — freedom of conscience in matters of belief — freedom of
action according to faith freedom to choose teachers and rulers in church and
State.
Two years after the settlement of the Highlanders under the general direction of Neil
M'Neil, the first printing-press was brought into the province, from Virginia, by James Da-
vis, and set up at. Newbern. a This was an important event in the political history
of the province. Hitherto the laws had been in manuscript, and it was difficult lor
the people to obtain knowledge, even of the most essential enactments. In the course of
1751, the printing of the first revisal of the acts of the Assembly was accomplished, and by
the multiplication of copies, the people generally became acquainted with the laws, and
learned their rights and duties. It was not until 1764 that a periodical paper was pub-
lished in North Carolina, and then the want of good postal arrangements, and, indeed, the
character of the paper itself, made it of little service as a messenger with news. The same
year another paper was commenced, much superior in its character, and from that time the
influence of the press and popular education began to be felt in that state.3
In expectation of hostilities between the French and English in America, all of the col-
onies turned their attention to the subject of defenses, and pecuniary resources. Magazines
were established in the different counties of North Carolina, two or three forts were erected,
and emissions of bills of credit were authorized by the Legislature. When hostilities com-
menced, and G-overnor Dinwiddie asked the other colonies to assist in driving the French
., . from the Ohio, North Carolina was the only one that responded promptly, bv voting
<> March, J . . u
1754. a regiment of four hundred and fifty men,') and an emission of paper money where-
1 The Moravians purchased a tract of one hundred thousand acres between Ihe Dan and the Yadkin
Rivers, about ten miles eastward of the Gold Mountain. They gave to their domain the name of Wachovia,
the title of an estate belonging to Count Zinzendorf, in Austria. — See Martin, ii., 57. Much earlier than
this (1709), a colony of Swiss and Germans, under Baron De Graffenreidt, settled on the Neuse and Cape
Fear Rivers. They founded a city, and called it New Berne (at present Newbern), after Berne, in Switz-
erland.
- Henry the Eighth of England forced the people of Ireland to accept the rituals of the Reformed Church.
Elizabeth, his daughter, pursued the same policy, and reaped the abundant fruit of trouble brought forth by
the discontents of the Irish people. In consequence of the failure of a rebellion against the authority of
.rame.s the First, in the province of Ulster, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, nearly six counties,
embracing half a million of acres, became the property of the king, by confiscation. Thither James sent
Protestant colonies from England and Scotland (chiefly from the latter), hoping thereby to fix the princi-
ples of the reformation there, and thus to subdue the turbulence of the people. The Scotch settlers retain-
ed the characteristic traits of their native stock, but were somewhat molded by surrounding influences.
They continued to call themselves Scotch, and, to distinguish them from the natives of Scotland, they re-
ceived the name of Scotch-Irish. From the beginning they were Republicans. They demanded, and ex-
ercised the privilege of choosin" their own ministers and spiritual directors, in opposition to all efforts of
the hierarchy of England to make the choice and support of their clergy a state concern. From the de-
scendants of these early Republicans came the Scotch-Irish immigrants who settled in the interior of North
Carolina. — See History of Religious Principles and Events in Ulster Province.
3 The first periodical paper, called The North Carolina Magazine, or Universal Intelligencer, was pub-
lished by Davis, at Newbern, on a demi sheet, in quarto pages. It was filled with long extracts from tho
works of theological writers, or selections from British magazines. The second newspaper was called the
North Carolina Gazette and Weekly Post Boy. It was printed at Wilmington, by Andrew Stewart, a
Scotchman, and contained intelligence of current events. The first number was published in September,
1764. The Assembly that year passed an act for the erection of a school-house at Newbern; the first
legislative movement in the province in favor of popular education. The Cape Fear Mercury was estab-
lished by Adam Boyd, in October, 17C7. Boyd was a zealous patriot, and was an active member of the
'( inmitlee of Safety, of Wilmington.
OF THE REVOLUTION
361
Carolina Troops in Virginia.
Governors Dobbs and Tryon.
Opposition to Ulc Stamp Act.
The Kntield Riot
with to pay them. This movement was made at the instigation of Governor Rowan
These troops marched to Virginia under Colonel James [nnes, of Hanover ; but by the lime
they reached Winchester, the appropriation for their pay being exhausted, they were dis-
banded, and only a few of them followed Washington toward the Monongahela
The following year," North Carolina voted forty thousand dollars as further aid
toward '• repelling the encroachments of the French." Arthur Dobbs, an aged Irish-
man of " eminent abilities," was then governor, but his u-.-iiiltf>s was impaired by attempt-
ing to exercise undue authority, and in too freely bestowing offices upon his relatives and
countrymen. He was a thorough aristocrat, but his feelings became much softened by sur-
rounding democratic influences, and he held the office until succeeded by William Tryon,
In 1766. Dobbs attended the meeting of colonial governors convened at Alexandria by
Braddock, in April. 1753. Impressed with the importance of frontier defenses again-t the
Indians, he recommended the erection of forts on the Yadkin. Governor Glenn, of South
Carolina, at the same tune caused forts to be erected on the borders of the Cherokee coun-
try along the Savannah River. With the exception of occasional Indian hostilities, and a
sort of " anti-rent" outbreak,1 nothing disturbed the tranquillity of the province from that
period, until two or three years after the signing of the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1763.
The passage of the Stamp Act produced great uneasiness in the public mind in North
Carolina, as well as in the other provinces. Already the extortions of public officers in ihe
exaction of fees lor legal services had greatly irritated the people, and they regarded the re-
quirements of the Stamp Act as a more gigantic scheme for legal plunder. The first pub-
lished murmurs, as we have seen, was at Nut Bushb (see page 350), then in Gran- bJunCi
ville countv. At about the same time, the inhabitants of Edenton, Newbern, and 17,a-
Wilmington, assembled in their respective towns, and asserted their hearty concurrence in
the sentiments expressed by the people of the Northern colonies unfavorable to the S
Act. During the summer and autumn, denunciations of the measure were boldly expressed
at public meetings, notwithstanding the presence of Tryon. the lieutenant governor. Tryon
had been acting governor
- -
and commander-in-chief
Seal and .Signature of Tbton.3
of the province from the
death of Governor Dobbs,
on the first of April of
that year, and now be-
gan his career of misrule
in America. He was ap-
pointed governor toward
the close of the year.
This was the same Try-
on, afterward governor of
1 The ouibreak alluded to is known as the Enfield Riot. It occurred in 1759. Extortion had become
rife in every department of government. Deputy-surveyors, entry-takers, and other officers of inferior grade,
became adepts in the chicanery of their superiors. The people finding their complaints unavailing, and
that Corbin. who had the chief direction of the land-office, was increasing his fees without authority, re-
solved to redress their grievances themselves. Fourteen well-mounted men crossed the Chowan, a few
miles above Edenton, by night, seized Corbin, took him to Enfield, and kept him there until he gave a bond
in forty thousand dollars, with eight sureties, that he would produce his books within three weeks and re-
turn all his illegal fees. As soon as released, he commenced suits against four of the men who seized him,
and they were committed to Enfield jail. The next day an armed posse cut down the prison doors, and
released them. Corbin was obliged to discontinue his suits and pay the co
In Mecklenburg county, in May. 1765, a number of people, with their faces blackened, forcibly compelled
John Frohock, a surveyor, to leave the lands of George A. Selwyn, who possessed large tracts in that
countv. and who had sent him there to survey them.
4 William Tryon was a native of Ireland, and was educated to the profession of a soldier. He was an of-
ficer in the British service. He married Miss Wake, a relative of the Earl of Hillsborough, secretary for
ihe colonies. Thus connected, he was a favorite of government, and was appointed lieutenant governor of
3 6 2
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Revolutionary Proceedings at Wilmington.
Ruins of St. Philip's Churrh at Brunswick.
New York, whom we have already met at the conflagrations of Danbury, Continental Vil-
lage, and other places. Haughty, innately cruel, fond of show, obsequious when wishing
favors, and tyrannical when independent, he was entirely incompetent to govern a people
like the free, outspoken colonists of the Upper Carolinas. Fearing a general expression of
the sentiments of the people, through their representatives, on the subject of the odious act,
Tryon issued a proclamation in October* proroguing the Assembly, which was to
" 0ct 25' meet on the thirtieth of November, until the following March. This act incurred
the indignation of the people ; and when, early in January, the sloop of war Diligence ar-
rived in Cape Fear River, having stamps on board for the use of the province, the militia
of New Hanover and Brunswick, under Colonels Ashe and Waddcll, marched to the village
of Brunswick,1 and notified the commander of their determination to resist the landing of
the stamps. Earlier than this, Colonel Ashe, who was the speaker of the Lower House, had
informed Tryon that the law would be resisted to the last. Tryon had issued his proc-
lamation," directing the stamp distributors to make application for them, but the
1766.' people were too vigilant to allow these officials to approach the vessel. Taking one
of the boats of the Diligence, and leaving a small party to watch the movements of the
j .— > sloop, the re-
ceeded to Wil-
mington. Hav
ing placed a flag in the boat, they hoisted it upon a cart, and with the mayor (Moses John
De Rosset, Esq.) and principal inhabitants, paraded it through the streets. At night the
town was illuminated, and the next day a great concourse of people, headed by Colonel
North Carolina, in 1705. On the death of Governor Dobbs, he succeeded him in office, and exercised its
functions until called to fill the same office in New York, in 1771. The history of his administration in
North Carolina is a record of extortion, folly, and crime. During his administration in New York, the
Revolution broke out, and he was the last royal governor of that state, though nominally succeeded in office
in 1780 by General Robertson, when he returned to England. His property in North Carolina and in
New York was confiscated. The public acts of Governor Tryon, while in America, are recorded upon va-
rious pases of these volumes. The seal and signature on the preceding page are referred to on page 364.
1 The village of Brunswick, once a flourishing town, but now a desolation, was situated upon a sand;
plain on the western side of the Cape Fear, on New Inlet, in full view of the sea, fifteen miles below Wil-
mington. It enjoyed considerable commerce ; but Wilmington, more eligibly situated, became first its rival,
and then its grave-digger. Little now remains to denote the
former existence of population there, but the grand old walls
of " St. Philip's Church, of Brunswick," which was doubtless
the finest sacred edifice in the province at the time of its erec-
tion, about one hundred years ago. I am indebted to Fred-
erick Kidder, Es<p, of Boston, who visited the ruins in 1851,
for the accompanying drawing and general description of the
D present appearance of the church. It is situated within a
thick grove of trees, chiefly pines, about an eighth of a mile
!?§• from the river bank, and its massive walls, built of large En-
glish bricks, seem to have been but little efl'eeted by time.
They exhibit "honorable scars" made by cannon-balls hurled
from British ships in the Cape Fear to cover the landing of
Cornwallis, when, in the spring of 1776, he desolated the plan-
Ruivs of St. Philip's Church. tation of Colonel Robert Howe, and other Whins in the neigh-
borhood of that patriot's estate. The edifice is seventy-five feet in length from east to west, and fifty-four
feet in width. The walls arc about three feet in thickness, and average about twenty-eight feet in height.
The roof, floor, and windows have long since perished ; and where the pulpit stood, upon its eastern end. a
vigorous cedar spreads its branches. Nine of these green trees are within its walls, and give peculiar
picturesqueness to the scene. On the lop of the walls is flourishing shrubbery, the product of seeds planted
by the winds and the birds. Around the church are strewn the graves of many of the early settlers, the
names of some of whom live in the annals of the state. The view here given is from the east. About a
quarter of a mile northeast from the church, are remains of the residence of Governor Tryon at the time of
the Stamp Act excitement.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 363
Resignation of the Wilmington Stamp Master. Unpopularity of Tryon. Discontents in the Interior. " Regulators."
Ashe, proceeded to the governor's house and demanded James Houston, the stamp master
Houston appeared, and going to the market-place, he voluntarily took a solemn oath not to
perform the duties of his office. The populace, satisfied with their triumph, gave three
cheers, conducted him back to the governor's house, and then dispersed.
Tryon was alarmed at this demonstration of the popular temper, and endeavored to con-
ciliate the militia of New Hanover, at a general muster, by treating them to a barbacued
ox and a few barrels of beer.a The insulted people cast the ox inlo the river,
poured the beer upon the ground, and mocked the governor. The officers of the
Diligence espoused the cause of the chief magistrate, and a general fight ensued. The riot
continued several days, and during the excitement one man was killed.1 The Stamp Act
was repealed shortly afterward, and the province became comparatively tranquil.
For several years previous to the Stamp Act excitement rebellion had been ripening
among the people in the western counties. The rapacity of public officers, and the corrupt
character of ministers of justice, weighed heavily upon the property and spirits of the people.
The most prominent evils complained of were the exorbitant charges of the clerks of the
Superior Courts, whereby those courts had become instruments of oppression ; and oppressive
taxes exacted by the sheriffs, and the outrages committed by those officers when their au-
thority was questioned in the least. These evils every where existed, and every petition
of the people (who began to assemble for consultation) for redress appeared to be answered
by increased extortions. At length the inhabitants resolved to form a league, take power
into their own hands, and regulate matters.3 Herman Husband, " one of those independ-
ent Quakers who was taught in the honest school of William Peiin, and refused to pull off
his hat and bow before the minions of despotism,"3 a man of grave deportment, superior
mind, and of great influence,* but evidently without education,1 drew up a written complaint.
It was carried to Hillsborough, during the sitting of the court," by a number of
firm men, who requested the clerk to read it aloud. The preamble asserted that
" The Sons of Liberty would withstand the Lords in Parliament," and it set forth that evils
of great magnitude existed. It recommended a general meeting of delegates, appointed by
each militia company in Orange county, to be held at some suitable place, ivhere there was
no liquor, to "judiciously inquire whether the freemen of this county labor under any abuse
of power," &c, &c. The proposition being considered reasonable, a meeting was appoint-
ed to be held at Maddock's Mills, on the Eno, two or three miles west of Hillsborough.
The meeting was held on the tenth," but not many delegates attended. They
c October
discussed various topics fairly and dispassionately. Another meeting was held on
the fourth of April following, d at the same place, and the resolutions passed at that
time were almost equivalent to a declaration of independence of the civil power of the
state. From that time The Regulation was a permanent and powerful body."
1 Martin. 210-12. The man who was killed was Thomas Whiteehurst, a relative of Mrs. Tryon. He
fell in a duel with Simpson, master of the sloop of war Viper, who Cook the side of the colonists. Simpson
was tried for murder and acquitted. Tryon charged Chief-justice Berry with partiality, and severely rep-
rimanded him. The judge was very sensitive, and, under the impression that he was to be suspended from
office, committed suicide in the most horrible manner.
2 Those who associated for the purpose assumed the name of Rehulators, and the confederacy was
called The Regulation. 3 North Carolina Weekly Timet. * Caruthers, 120.
6 The deficiency in Husband's education, and his ignorance of the proper construction of language, is
evinced in a pamphlet prepared chiefly by himself, entitled "An Impartial Relation of the first Rise and
Cause of recent differences in Public Affairs," which was printed lor the "compiler" in 1770. The only
copv of this rare and curious pamphlet which I have seen is in the possession of the Reverend Francis
Hawks, D.D., L. L. D„ of New York City.
6 These resolutions were drawn by Herman Husband. The signers agreed to form an association to
regulate public allairs in Orange county. They resolved to pay no more taxes until satisfied that they
were leo-al ; to pay officers no more fees than the strict letter of the law required, unless forced to, and
then to show open resentment ; to be cautious in the selection of representatives, and to petition the gov-
ernor, council, king, and Parliament for a redress of grievances ; to keep up a continual correspondence
with each other ; to defray all necessary expenses ; all differences in judgment to be submitted to the whole
Regulation, the judgment of the majority to be final ; and closed by a solemn oath or affirmation to " stand
364
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Tryon's Request for a Palace. Maneuvers of his Family. Heavy Appropriation. View and Description of the Palace.
It was at about this time that the pride and folly of Governor Tryon led him to make a
demand upon the Assembly for an appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars for the pur-
pose of building a palace at Newbern "suitable for the residence of a royal governor." To
obtain this appropriation, Lady Tryon. and her sister Esther Wake,' both beautiful and ac-
complished women, used all the blandishments of their charms and society to influence the
minds of the burgesses. Lady Tryon gave princely dinners and balls, and the governor
finally succeeded in obtaining, not only the first appropriation asked, but another of fifty
thousand dollars, to complete the edifice. It was pronounced the most magnificent struc-
Fbont View of Tkvun's I'ajlace.3
irue and faithful to this cause, until we bring things to a true regulation." These Regulators were also
styled " Sons of Liberty."
1 Wake county was so named in honor of this accomplished lady. Afterward, when party zeal changed
the name of Tryon county, and it was proposed to alter that of Wake also, the gallantry of the Assembly
overruled their feelings of hostility to the governor and his family, and the name was retained.
- This picture of the palace I made from the original drawings of the plan and elevation, bv John Hawks,
Esq., the architect. These drawings, with others of minor details, such as sections of the drawing-room,
chimney-breasts for the council-chamber and dining-hall, sewers, &c, are in the present possession of a
grandson of the architect, the Reverend Francis L. Hawks, D.D., L.L.D., rector of Calvary Church, in the
city of New York, to whose courtesy I am indebted for their use. Wilh the drawings is the preliminary
contract entered into by the governor and the architect, which bears the private seal of Tryon and the sig-
natures of the parties, from which I made the fac simile printed upon page 361. The contract is dated
January 9th, 1767, and specifies that the main building should be of brick, eighty-seven feet front, fifty-
nine feet deep, and two stories in height, with suitable buildings for offices, &c, and was to be completed
by the first day of October, 1770. For his services, Mr. Hawks was to receive an annual salary of " three
hundred pounds proclamation money."
The view here given was the north front, toward the town. The center edifice was the palace. The
building on the right was the secretary's office and the laundry; that upon the left was the kitchen and
servant's hall. These were connected wilh the palace by a curvil'orm colonnade, of five columns each, and
covered. Between these buildings, in front of the palace, was a handsome court. The rear of the build-
ing was finished in the style of the Mansion-House in London.
The interior of the palace was elegantly finished. '■Upon entering the street door," says Ebenezcr
Hazzaril. in his journal for 1777. when he visited it. " you enter a hall in which are four niches for statues.''
The chimney-breasts for the council-chamber, dining-hall. and drawing-room, and the cornices of these
rooms, were of white marble. The cliitnney-brcast of the oouneil-ehamlicr was the most elaborate, being
ornamented by two Ionic columns below, and four columns, with composite capitals, above, with beautiful
entablature, architrave, and friese.* Over tho inner door of the entrance-hall or antc-ehamber was a tab-
• Among the colonial documents at Raleigh is an account of this chimney-piece. The paper hears the date of December (i,
17ti9. It is one of several manuscripts deposited there hy Dr. Hawks, which he found among his grandfather's papers.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 365
Excessive Taxation. Tryon's Proclamation against the Regulators. His bad Faith. Extortions ol I
lure in America. The pride of the governor and his family was gratified ; the people, upon
whom the expense was laid, were highly indignant
The inhabitants of North Carolina were now thoroughly awakened to the conviction thai
both the local and the imperial government, were practically hostile to the best interests oi
the colonists. The taxes hitherto were very burdensome ; now the cost of the palace, and
an appropriation to defray the expenses of running the dividing line between their province
and the hunting-grounds of the Cherokees, made them insupportable.' The rapaoity ol
public officers appeared to increase, and the people saw no prospect of relief. Current his-
tory reports that, among the most obnoxious men, who, it was alleged, had grown rich by
extortionate fees,' was Edmund Fanning, a lawyer of ability. He was regarded as a co-
worker with the government : haughty in demeanor, and if common report spoke truth, was
immoral. The people, excited by their leaders, detested him, and avoided no occasion 1o
express their displeasure. His first open rupture with the Regulators was in the spring of
1768. a Tryon issued a proclamation, half menacing and half persuasive, evidently ,,..„,
intended to awe the Regulation and persuade the other inhabitants to avoid that
association. He sent his secretary, David Edwards, to co-operate with Fanning in giving
force to the proclamation among the people. They directed the sheriff' to appoint a meet-
ing of the vestry-men of the parishes and the leading Regulators, to consult upon the pub-
lic good and settle all differences. Fair promises dispelled the suspicions of the Regulators,
and their vigilance slumbered while awaiting the day of meeting. b They were bM„r2u
not yet fully acquainted with the falsity of their governor, or they would never
have heeded the fair words of his proclamation. They were soon assured oi'the hollowness
of his professions ; for, while they were preparing, in good faith, to meet government officers
in friendly convention, the sheriff", at the instigation of Fanning, proceeded, with thirty horse-
let, with a Latin inscription, showing that the palace was dedicated to Sir William Draper,* "the Conqueror
"1 Manilla;" ami also the lullowing lin« — . in Latin, which wore written by Draper, who was then on a visit
to Governor Tryon :
"In the reign of a monarch, who goodness disclus'd,
A tree, happy people, to dread tyrants oppos'd.
Have to virtue and merit erected tin? dome ;
May the owner and household make this their loved home —
Where religion, the arts, and the laws may invite
Future ages to live in sweet peace and delight."
The above translation was made by Judge Martin, the historian of North Carolina, who visited the edi-
fice in 1783, in company with the unfortunate Don Francisco ile Miranda. That gentleman assureil Mar-
tin that the structure had no equal in Smith America. t The palace was destroyed by fire about fifty years
ago, and the two smaller buildings, only, remain.
1 The appropriations made by the province on account of the French and Indian war had founded a
heavy public debt. These, with the palace debt and the appropriation for the boundary commission, to-
gether with the unredeemed bills and treasury-notes, amounted to almost half a million of dollars. This
burden upon the common industry became greater in consequence of the depreciation oi'the paper mone'
of the colony in the hands of the people, at least fifty per cent, at the period in question. To sink this pub-
lic debt, a poll lax of about a dollar and a half was levied upon every male, white and black, between the
I sixteen and sixty years. This bore heavily upon the poor, and awakened universal discontent.
The running of the western boundary line was an unnecessary measure, and the people were convinced thai
Tryon projected it for the purpose of gratifying his love of personal display, t lommissi rs were appoint-
ed, and at a time of profound peace with the Indians on the frontier, Tryon marched at the head of .a mili-
tary force, "ostensibly to protect the surveyors." He made such a display of himsell before the grave
sachems and warriors "l the Cherokees, that' they gave him the just, though unenviable title of " The great
wolf of North Carolina /"
2 The legal fee for drawing a deed was one dollar. Many lawyers charged five dollars. Tins is a sin-
tmple of their extortion. Thomas Frohock, who held the office of clerk of the Superior Court in
Salisbury, was another extortioner, who was detested by the people. He frequently charged fifteen dollars
for a marriage license. When we consider the relative value nf money at that time, it was equal to forty
or fifty dollars at the present day. Many inhabitants along the Yadkin dispensed with the license, took each
other "for better, or for worse," unofficially, and considered themselves as married, without further cere-
mony.
• Sir William was an excessively vnin man. Upon a cenotaph, at his seat at Clifton Down, near Bristol. England, ho had
this inscription placed : « Here lie* ihe mother of Sir Ill/Ham Draper," < Hinoru if Honk Carolina, li K6
3G6 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Arrest of Regulators. Hillsborough menaced. Forbearance of the People. Legal Trials.
men, to arrest Herman Husband and William Hunter, on a charge of riotous conduct.
These, the most prominent men among the Regulators, were seized and cast into Hillsbor-
• M«y i ough jail.11 The whole country was aroused by this treachery, and a large body
1768. of the people, led by Ninian Bell Hamilton, a brave old Scotchman of three-score-
and-ten years, marched toward Hillsborough to rescue the prisoners.
Fanning and Edwards, apprised of the approach of Hamilton, were alarmed, and released
the prisoners just as the people reached the banks of the Eno, opposite Hillsborough. Fan-
ning, with a bottle of rum in one hand, and a bottle of wine in the other, went down to the
brink of the stream, urged Hamilton not to march into the town, and asked him to send a
horse over that he might cross, give the people refreshments, and have a friendly talk.
Hamilton was not to be cajoled by the wolf in sheep's clothing. " Ye're nane too gude to
wade, and wade ye shall, if ye come over !" shouted Hamilton. Fanning did wade the
stream, but his words and his liquor were alike rejected.1 Edwards then rode over, and
solemnly assured the people that if they would quietly disperse, all their grievances should
be redressed. The confiding people cried out, " Agreed ! agreed !" and, marching back to-
il Mav 21 wal"d Maddock's Mills, they held a meeting at George Sally's the next day," to
1768. consult upon the public good. They drew up a petition, and sent Rednap Howell
and James Hunter to lay it before the governor, at Brunswick. It was most respectful, yet
Tryon, in imitation of his royal master, haughtily spurned it. He commanded the deputies
to return to their houses, warn their associates to desist from holding meetings, disband the
association, and be content to pay the taxes ! He then graciously promised them to visit
Hillsborough within a month, and listen to the complaints of the people.
Tryon and some of his council met at Hillsborough early in July. He issued a procla-
mation, which, for a moment, deceived the people into a belief that justice was about to bear
rule, and that the infamous system of extortion was to be repressed. They were again de-
ceived. Instead of mediator, the governor appeared as a judge ; instead of defending the
oppressed, he encouraged the oppressors. He went into Mecklenburg, raised a large body
of troops, and marched from Salisbury to Hillsborough with the parade of a conqueror.
But this display did not frighten the people. He sent the sheriff to collect the taxes ; that
officer was driven back to Hillsborough by the excited populace. The governor was exe-
crated for his false and temporizing conduct, and a general rising of the Regulators was ap-
prehended. From the eleventh of August until the twenty-second of September, when
Husband and others would be tried before the Superior Court, the militia were held in
readiness to oppose any insurgents, and Tryon remained until the trials were over. On the
opening of the court, three thousand people from the surrounding country encamped within
half a mile of the town, but, true to a promise they had made2 not to obstruct the course
of justice, they were quiet. Husband was acquitted ; Hunter and two others were heavily
fined and imprisoned ; while Fanning, who was tried under seven indictments for extortion,
and was found guilty, was fined one penny on each !3 The judges upon the bench, on this
occasion, were Martin Howard, chief justice, and Maurice Moore and Richard Henderson,
associates.- The governor, perceiving the
.^/' ,» y indignation of the populace at this mock-
i-^4^^'risC4^<**S/Y^~-£?-~££^ erv °f justice, speedily issued a proclama-
tion of a general pardon to all the Regu-
lators except thirteen whom he consid-
1 Dr. Caruthers, in his Life of Caldwell, has preserved the two following verses of a doggerel poem of
eight stanzas, composed on the occasion :
\t length their head man they sent out With hat in hand, at our command,
To save their town from fire : To salute us every one, sir.
To see Ned Funning wade Eno, And after that, kept off his hat,
Brave boys, you'd all admire. To salute old Hamilton, sir."
! The governor had demanded that twelve wealthy men should meet him at Salisbury, on the twenty-
fifth of August, and execute a bond, in the penalty of 85000, as security that the Regulators should keep
the peace during the trials. This reipiest was refused, hut a promise to abstain from violence was made
And faithfully kept. ' Statement of Herman Husband. Record of the Superior Court at Hillsborough-
OF THE REVOLUTION
Tryon's Return to Newbern.
Prevalence of Quiet
New Outbreaks.
Riots at Hillsborough.
ered as the principal leaders.1 By this act of apparent clemency he hoped lo pacify the
disturbed public mind. Satisfying himself that quiet would now prevail, he returned to his
palace at Newbern, neither a wiser nor a better man.
For almost two years comparative quiet prevailed ; not the quiet of abject submission on
the part of the people, but the quiet of inactive anarchy. The sheriffs dared not enforce
tluir claims, and the evident impuissance of government made the Regulators bold. Finally,
many unprincipled men, who espoused their cause in order to benefit by change, committed
acts of violence which all good patriots deplored. The records of the Superior Court at
Hillsborough show evidence of a lawlessness, in 1770, quite incompatible with order and
justice ; and yet, from the character of some of the men engaged in breaking up the court
at the September term of that year, it must be inferred that sufficient cause existed to war-
rant, in a great degree, their rebellious proceedings.3 An excited populace gathered there at
the opening of the court, and committed acts which Husband and Howell, and their com-
patriots, would doubtless have prevented, il
CZ^
6T7?,
/!< 7t &
)rtft /I tit n
Fanning's Autograph.
in their power. But reason and prudence
are alike strangers to a mob. Not content
with impeding the course of justice by driv-
ing the judge from the bench and the ad-
vocates from the forum, the Regulators
severely beat a lawyer in the street, named
John Williams, and dragged Fanning out
of the court-house by his heels, beat him
with rods, and kept him in confinement dur-
1 The names of these "outlaws" were James Hunter. Ninian Bell Hamilton, Peter Craven. Isaack Jack-
son. Herman Husband, Matthew Hamilton. William Payne, Malichi Tyke, William Moffat, Christopher Na-
Soloroon Goff, and John O'Neil. These were some of the '"Sons of Liberty" of western North Carolina.
• While in Hillsborough, in January, 1S49. 1 was permitted by the Clerk of the Superior Court, to make
the following extract- from the old records: " Monday, September 24tb, 1770. Several persons styling
themselves Regulators, assembled together in the court-yard, under the conduct of Herman Husband, James
Hunter. Rednap Howell, William Butler. Samuel Divinny, ami many others, insulted some of the gentlemen
of the l>ar. ami in a riotous manner went into the court-house ami forcibly carried out some of the attorn-
ey, and in a cruel manner beat them. They then insisted that the judge (Richard Henderson being the
only one on the bench) should proceed to the trial of their leaders, who had been indicted at a former court.
and that the jury should be taken out of their party. Therefore, the judge finding it impossible to pi 1
with honor to himself, and justice to his country, adjourned the court till to-morrow at ten o'clock, and
took advantage ol the night, and made bis escape." The court, of course, did not convene on the next day,
and instead ol a record of judicial proceedings. I found the following entry: "March term. 1771. The
ns styling themselves Regulators, under the conduct of Hen. km. Husband, .lames Hunter. Rednap How-
ell,* William Butler, and Samuel Divinny, still continuing their riotous meetings, and severely threatening
the judges, lawyers, and other officers of the court, prevented any of the judges or lawyers attending.
Therefore, the court continues adjourned until the next September term." These entries are in the hand-
writing of Fanning.
* Rednap Howell TO from New Jersey, and was a brother of Richard Howell a patriot of the Revolution nor of
that state. Like his brother (who wrote the ode of welcome to Washington printed on pace 38), he was endov
. nius. and composed about forty soncs during the Regulator movements. He taught school somewhere on the I
River, and was a man of quite extensive influence. Like Freneau. at a later day. he gave obnoxious officials many severe thrusts.
He thus hits Frohock and Fanning :
vs Frohock to Fannin::, to tell the plain truth. Say- i folly to lie :
Wi, intry I was but a youth; I rode an oM
Myfel I ,■. ,-,. t worth a cross. Five shillings in money I had in my pi
And then mv first stn.lv was to steal for a hoi My coat it was patched, but not much the worse i
1 quickly cot credit, and then ran away, But now we've got rich, and 'tis very well known
And hav'nt paid for him to this very day That we'll do very well if they'll let us alone."
Id a sonc which became very popular. Howell thus lampooned Colonel Fai
» W;hen Fanning 6rst to Orange came, Both man and mare wa'n't worth five pounds,
He looked both pale and wan . As I've been often told.
An old patched coat upon his back— But by his civil robberies
An old mare he rode on. He's laced bis coat with gold."
In 1771. a pamphlet was published in Boston, entitled " A Fan for Fanning and a Touch for Tryon ; containing an Impartis'
\ccount of the Rise and Progress of the so-muchtalk.-d ..f Regulators in North Carolina. By Regulus." In this pamphlet.
Tryon and Fanning were sufficiently scorched to need a "fan."
3 6 8
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Outrages upon Funning
Sketch of his Public Life.
Mock Court find Trinls.
Yorke
ing the night. On the following morning, when they discovered that the judge had escaped,
they beat Fanning again, demolished his costly furniture, and pulled down his house. They
intended to burn it, but the wind was high, and they apprehended the destruction of other
property.' These proceedings were highly disgraceful, and the harsh treatment of Fanning
was condemned by all right-minded men.
When this violence was completed, they repaired to the court-house, and appointed a
schoolmaster of Randolph county, named Yorke, clerk ; chose one of their number lor
'
l *^t~ (ru^r
Yohke'2 Autograph.
intended as a farce, their decisions were perfectly ridiculous, while some of the
judge; took up the sev-
eral cases as they ap-
peared upon the docket,
and adjudicated them,
making Fanning plead
law ; and then decided
several suits. As the
whole proceedings were
remarks"
by Yorke were vulgar and profane.
' Farming's house was upon the site of the present Masonic Hall, a handsome brick building within a
grove on King Street. On the opposite side of the street is his office, too much modernized for a drawing
of it to possess any interest.
Edmund Fanning was a native of Long Island, New York, son of Colonel Phineas Fanning. He was
educated at Yale College, and graduated with honor in 1757. He soon afterward went to North Carolina,
and began the profession of a lawyer at Hillsborough, then called Child-sborough. In 1760. the degree of
L.L.D. was conferred upon him by his alma mater. In 1763, he was appointed colonel of Orange county.
and in 1765 was made clerk of the Superior Court at Hillsborough.
He also represented Orange county in the Colonial Legislature. In
common with other lawyers, he appears to have exacted exorbitant
fees for legal services, and consequently incurred the dislike of the
people, which was finally manifested by acts of violence. He accom-
panied Govern' ir Try on to New York, in 1771. as his secretary. Cov-
entor Martin asked the Legislature to indemnify Colonel Fanning for
his losses ; the representatives of the people rebuked the governor for
presenting such a petition. In 1776, General Howe gave Fanning the
commission of colonel, and he raised and commanded a corps called the
Knit's American Regiment of Foot* He was afterward appointed t"
the lucrative office of surveyor general, which he retained until his
Might, with other Loyalists, to Nova Scotia, in 1783. In 1786 he was
made lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1794 he was appoint-
ed governor of Prince Edward's Island. He held the latter office about
nineteen years, a part of which time he was also a brigadier in the
British army, having received his commission in 1808. He married
in Nova Scotia, where some of his family vet reside. General Fanning died in London, in 1818, at the age
of about eighty-one years. His widow and two daughters yet (1852) survive. One daughter, Lady Wood,
a willow, resides near London with her mother; the other, wife of Captain Bentwick Cumberland, a
nephew of Lord Bentwick, resides at Charlotte's Town, New Brunswick. I am indebted to John Fanning
Watson, Esq., the Annalist of Philadelphia and New York, for the portrait here given.
General Fanning's early career, while in North Carolina, seems not to have given promise of that life ol
usefulness which he exhibited after leaving Republican America. It has been recorded, it is true, by par-
tisan pens, yet it is said that he often expressed regrets for his indiscreet course at Hillsborough. His after
life bore no reproaches, and the Gentlemen's Magazine (1818). when noting his death, remarked, "The
world contained no better man in all the relations of life."
• The fae similes here given of the writing of Fanning and Yorke are copies which I made from the orig-
inal in the old record book. The first shows the names of parties to the suit entered bv Fanning on the
record. The mock court, of course, decided in favor of the defendant, Smith, and opposite these names and
the record of the verdict, Yorke wrote, with a wretched pen, the sentence here engraved : l: Fanning pays
cost, but loses nothing." He being clerk of the court, and the lawyer, the costs were payable to himself,
and so he lost nothing. Yorke was a man of great personal courage, and when, a few years later, the war
of the Revolution was progressing, he became the terror of the Loyalists in that region. An old man on
the banks of the Allamance, who knew him well, related to me an instance of his daring. On one occasion,
while Cornwallis was marching victoriously through that section. Yorke, while riding on horseback in the
neighborhood tif the Deep River, was nearly surrounded by a band of Tories. He spurred his horse toward
Edmund Fanning.
OF TH E RE VOLUTION. ;;r, '.i
Military Expedition against the Regulators. Bail Treatment of Husband. Tryon'a March to Hillsborough. His Officers.
Judge Henderson, who was driven from the bench, called upon Tryon to restore order in
his district The governor perceived that a temporizing policy would no longer be expedi-
ent, and resolved to employ the military force to subdue the rebellious spirit of the Regula-
tors, lie deferred operations, however, until the ineetinir "f the Legislature, in December.
Herman Husband was a member of the Lower House, from Orange, and there were others
in that body who sympathized with the oppressed people. Various measures were proposed
to weaken the strength of the Regulators ; and among others, four new counties were formed
n! portions of Orange, Cumberland, and Johnson.1 Finally, when the Legislature was about
to adjourn without authorizing a military expedition, information came that the Regulators
had assembled in great numbers at Cross Creek (Fayetteville), with the intention of march-
1112 upon Newborn, having heard that their representative (Husband) had been imprisoned.5
The Assembly immediately voted two thousand dollars for the use of the governor. The
alarmed chief magistrate fortified his palace, and placed the town in a state of defense. He
also issued a proclamation,8 and orders to the colonels of the counties in the vicinity, ,Feb7|
to have the militia in readiness. These precautions were unnecessary, for the ilcg- 1T71.
ulators, after crossing the Haw, a few miles above Pittsborough, to the number of more than
one thousand, met Husband on his way home, and retraced their steps.
The governor soon issued another proclamation, prohibiting the sale of powder, shot, or
lead, until further notice. This was to prevent the Regulators supplying themselves with
munitions of war. This measure added fuel to the flame of excitement, and finally, the
governor becoming again alarmed, he made a virtual declaration of war, through his council.
That body authorized him to raise a sufficient force to march into the rebellious districts
and establish law and order. The governor issued a circular" to the colonels, b March 19,
ordering them to select fifty volunteers from their respective regiments and send l771
them to Newbern. With about three hundred militia-men, a small train of artillery, some
baorrarre wagons, and several personal friends, Tryon left Newbern on the twenty-fourth of
April. On the fourth of May he encamped on the Euo, having been re-enforced by detach-
ments on the way.' General Hugh Waddel was directed to collect the forces from the
western counties, rendezvous at Salisbury, and join the governor in Orange (now Guilford)
county. While he was waiting at Salisbury for the arrival of powder from Charleston, a
company of men assembled in Cabarras county, blackened their faces, intercepted the convoy
with the ammunition, between Charlotte and Salisbury, routed the guard, and destroyed the
powder.
the river, his enemies in hot pursuit. Reaching the bank, he discovered he was upon a cliff almost fifty
feet above the stream, and sloping from the top. The Tories were too close to allow him to escape aloiiL'
the margin of the river. Gathering the reins lightly in his hands, lie spurred his s1h.hl; horse over the
precipice. The force of the descent was partially broken by the horse striking the smooth sloping surface
of the rock, when half way down. Fortunately the water was deep below, and horse and rider, rising to
the surface, escaped unhurt. It was a much greater feat than Putnam's at Horse Neck.
1 These were Guilford, Chatham, Wake, and Surrey.
' Tryon, who reared and hated Husband, procured the preferment of several charges against him, and he
was finally arrested, by order of the council, and imprisoned for several days. The charges, on investiga-
tion, were not sustained, and he was released.
3 Colonel Joseph Leech commanded the infantry, Captain Moore the artillery, and Captain Neale a com-
- panv of rangers. On his way to the Kim, he was joined
^y by a detachment from Hanover, under Colonel John Ashe ;
^ s ,/ s another from Carteret, under Colonel Craig ; another from
^/^/^yy^yjp^^-^y^ Johnston, under Colonel William Thompson j another from
* /l''C^^~C^Ci^72 Beaufort, under Colonel Needham Bryan ; another from
Wake, under i lolonel Johnson Hinton ; and at his camp on
the Eno, he was joined by Fanning, with a corps of clerks,
constables, sheriffs, and other materials ..fa similar kind.
The signatures here given, of two of Tryon's ..liners on
this occasion, I copied from original committee reports to
the Colonial Legislature, now in possession of the Rever-
end Dr. Hawks. Some of these officers were afterward active patriots. Several other signatures of North
Carolina men given in Ibis work, I copied from the same documents.
II. A A
370 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Dispersion of Waddel's Troops. Tryon's March toward the Allatnance. Dr. Caldwell's Mediation. Battle.
General Waddel crossed the Yadkin on the morning of the tenth of May," intend-
ing to join Governor Tryon. He had advanced but a short distance, when he re-
ceived a message from a body of Regulators, warning him to halt or retreat. Finding that
many of his men were averse to fighting, and that others were favorable to the Regulators,
and were thinning his ranks by desertions, he retreated across the Yadkin, hotly pursued by
the insurgents. They surrounded Waddel's small army, and took several of them prisoners,
after a slight skirmish. The general and a few followers escaped to Salisbury.
Tryon, informed of the disaster of Waddel, broke up his camp on the Eno, crossed the
Haw just below the Falls," and pressed forward toward the Allamance, where he
understood the Regulators were collecting in force on the Salisbury Road. He
encamped very near the scene of Colonel Pyles's defeat in 1781, within six miles of the in-
surgents, just at sunset, and during the night sent out some scouts to reconnoiter.' On the
fifteenth ho received a message from the Regulators, proposing terms of accommodation, and
demanding an answer within four hours.2 He promised a response by noon the next day.
At dawn the following morning1- he crossed the Allamance, a little above the pres-
ent site of Holt and Cardigan's cotton factory, and marched silently and undiscov-
ered along the Salisbury Road, until within half a mile of the camp of the Regulators, where
he formed his line in battle order. Dr. Caldwell, who was there, with many of his parish-
ioners, now visited the governor a second time, and obtained a renewal of a promise made
the night before to abstain from bloodshed ; but Tryon demanded unconditional submission.
Both parties advanced to within three hundred yards of each other, when Tryon sent a mag-
istrate, with a proclamation, ordering the Regulators to disperse within an hour. Robert
Thompson, an amiable, but bold, outspoken man, who had gone to Tryon's camp to negoti-
ate, was detained as a prisoner. Indignant because of such perfidy, he told the governor
some plain truths, and was about to leave for the ranks of the Regulators, when the irritated
governor snatched a gun from the hands of a militia-man and shot Thompson dead. Tryon
perceived his folly in a moment, and sent out a flag of truce. The Regulators had seen
Thompson fall, and, deeply exasperated, they paid no respect due to a flag, and immediately
fired upon it.! At this moment Dr Caldwell rode along the lines and urged his people and
their friends to disperse ; and had an equal desire to avoid bloodshed guided the will of
Tryon, valuable lives might have been spared. But he took counsel of his passions, and
gave the word "Fire.'" The militia hesitated, and the Regulators dared them to fire.
Maddened with rage, the governor rose in his stirrups and shouted " Fire.' fire on them, 01
on me !" A volley ensued, and the cannons were discharged with deadly effect. The fire
was returned, and the governor's hat was pierced by a musket-ball. He sent out a flag of
truce, but the bearer immediately fell. Some young men among the Regulators rushed for-
ward and took possession of the cannons. They did not know how to manage them, and
soon abandoned them. The military now fired with vigor, and the Regulators fell back to
a ledge of rocks on the verge of a ravine, not, however, until their scanty supply of ammu-
nition was exhausted. They had no acknowledged leader ;' for as soon as it was evident
1 Colonel Ashe and Captain John Wulker, who were out reconnoitering, were caught by the Regulators,
tied to a tree, severely whipped, and detained as prisoners. The great body of the Regulators in camp
censured this cruelty anil disclaimed approval.
2 The Reverend David Caldwell, D.D., of Orange, many of whose congregation were with the Regula-
tors, was the messenger on this occasion, and received from Tryon the most positive assurances that no
blood should be shed unless the insurgents should be the first aggressors. Dr. Caldwell was a pure patriot.
and during the war which ensued a lew years later, himself and family were great sufferers for " conscience'
sake."
3 Tradition currently reported that Donald Malcolm, one of Governor Tryon's aids, and who was after-
ward a very obnoxious under-officer of the customs at Boston, was the bearer of the flag. When the fir-
ing commenced, he retreated with safety to his person, but had the misfortune to have the buttons of hib
small clothes leave their fastenings. Trumbull, in his M'Fingall, with rather more wit than modesty, no
tices the circumstance in four lines.
1 Captain Montgomery, who commanded a company of Mountain Boys, was considered the principal
leader, if any might be called by that name. He was killed by the second fire of the cannon, when most
of the Regulators tied. James Pugh, a young gunsmith from Hillsborough, and three others, shielded by
OF THE R E VOLUTION.
::? 1
Flight of Husband.
Defeat of the Regulator*.
The Battle ground.
Crutlty of Tryon.
that blood would be shed, Herman Husband, the soul of the agitation, declared lhal Ins
peace principles as a Quaker would not allow him to Gght, and lie rode
off", and was not seen again in North Carolina until the close of the Rev- \ (
olution. Charity must stretch her mantle to cover this delinquency of
the leader of the Regulators; for why should he have urged the people
to assemble for resistance unless they were to fight ? All was con-
fusion when the conflict began, and each fought lor life and lib-
erty in his own way. Although they were defeated in that
early conflict — that first battle of our war for independ-
ence— they were not subdued, and many of the sur-
vivors were among the most determined opposers
of Cornwallis a few years later. Nine of _ ja^
the Regulators and twenty-seven of the
militia fell in that conflict, and a
great number on both sides were
wounded.' Tryon, in his re-
port, said, " The loss of
our army in killed,
wounded, and miss-
ing, amounted to
about sixty men."
The admitted ex-
--••s of the Regu-
lators afford no ex-
cuse for the cruelty
of Tryon after the
battle on ihe Alla-
mance. With the
implacable spirit of
revenge, he spent his wrath upon bis prisoners, and some of his acts were worthy only of a bar-
barian.1 Having rested a few days near the battle-ground, he went on as lar as the Yadkin.
The .iF.GLH.AToa Battle-ground.2
a ledce of rocks on the edge of a ravine, did «reat execution with rifles. Pugh fired while the others load-
ed. hkI he killed fifteen men. He was made prisoner, and was one of six who were hung at Hillsborough
1 Martin, Williamson. Caruthers. Foote.
* This view is from the south side of the Salisbury Road, which is marked by the fenee on the left. The
belligerents confronted in the open field seen on the north "I the road, beyond ihe fence. Between the
blasted tiine, to which a muscadine is clinging, and 'he road, on the edge of a small morass, several "I
those who were slain in that engagement were buried. I saw the mounds of four graves by the fenee.
where the sheep, seen in the picture, are standing. The tree by the road side is a venerable oak, in which
are a few scars produced by the bullets,
3 Among his victims was a young carpenter of Hillsborough, named James Few. He was the sole sup-
|K>rt of his widowed mother, and had suffered greatly, it is said, at the hands of Fanning. Young Few al-
leged that he had not only made him feel the curse of his exactions, but bad actually sednced a young girl
who was his betrothed. Driven to madness, he joined the Regulators; was taken prisoner, and was bong
on the night afler the battle, without trial, and without witnessing friends* Justice to the dead, .and a re-
gard for the truth of history, demand the acknowledgment thai this story, like the apocryphal one that ihe
Regulators cut off Fanning's ears.t needs confirmation, and rests solely upon uncertain tradition It i^ fur-
ther related that Trvon destroyed the property of Few's mother when he reached Hillsborough !
Captain Messer. who was made prisoner, was sentenced to be hanged the day afler the battle. His
wife, informed of his intended fate. ha>tened to him with her little son, a lad ten years old. She pleaded
for her husband's life in vain. Messer was led to execution, while his wife lay weeping upon the ground,
her boy by her side. Just as Messer was to be drawn up. the boy went to Tryon and said, " Sir, hang me.
and let my father live." 'Who told you to say that?'' said the governor. "Nobody," replied the lad.
" And why," said the governor, " do you ask thai '.' " " Because," the boy replied, " if you hang my father,
my mother will die, and the children will perish." The heart of the governor was touched, and he said,
* Foote's Sketches of Forth Carolina, paces 61. 62.
t See Johnson's Traditions and Reminiserrirea of the Revolution, pa::-- 572
[72 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Tryon's Prisoners exhibited in Chains. Execution oi'Hix of them. Rffect of the Regulator Movement Career ol Husband.
, M 17 and, after issuing a proclamation3 of pardon to all who should lay down their arms
1771 and take the oath of allegiance before the tenth of July, except a few whom he named,
he made a circuitous route through Stokes, Rockingham, and Guilford counties, hack to Hills-
borough, exhibiting his prisoners in chains in the villages through which he passed. He exact-
ed an oath of allegiance from the people ; levied contributions of provisions ; chastised those
who dared to offend him ; and at Hillsborough he offered a large reward fur the bodies of Hus-
band and other Regulators, " dead or alive."' On his march he held courts-martial for try-
ing civil cases, burned houses, and destroyed the crops of inoffensive people. At Hillsbor-
ough he held a court-martial for the trial of his prisoners. Twelve were condemned to suf-
b , ,„ fer death ; six were reprieved, and the others were hung.b among whom was Captain
1771 Messer, whose life had been spared a few days before by the intercession of his lit-
tle child. His thirst for revenge satiated, Tryon returned to his palace at Newbern, where
he remained but a short time, having been called to the administration of affairs in the prov-
ince of New York. Josiah Martin succeeded him as governor, and acted with judgment.
He so conciliated the Regulators that many of them were firm Loyalists when the governor
was finally driven away by the Whigs.
The movements of the Regulators and the result of the battle on the Allamance, form
an important episode in the history of our Revolution. Their resistance arose from oppres-
sions more personal and real than those which aroused the people of New England. It was
not wholly the abstract idea of freedom for which they contended ; their strife consisted of
efforts to relieve themselves of actual burdens. While the tea-duty was but a " pepper-corn
tribute," imposing no real burden upon the industry of the people in New England, extor-
tion in every form, and not to be evaded, was eating out the substance of the working-men
in North Carolina. Implied despotism armed the New Englanders ; actual despotism pan-
oplied the Carolinians. Each were equally patriotic, and deserve our reverent gratitude.
The defeat on the Allamance did not break the spirit of the patriots ; and many, determined
no longer to suffer the oppressions of extortioners, abandoned their homes, with their wives
and children, went beyond the mountains, and began settlements in the fertile valleys of Ten-
nessee. As Mr. Bancroft, in a letter to the Honorable David L. Swain, happily expressed it,
" Like the mammoth, they shook the bolt from their brow, and crossed the mountains."
While the Regulator movement planted deep the seeds of resistance to tyranny, the re-
sult of the battle on the Allamance was disastrous in its subsequent effects. The people,
from whom Tryon wrung an oath of allegiance, were conscientious, and held a vow in deep
reverence. Nothing could make them swerve from the line of duty ; and when the hos-
tilities of the Revolution fully commenced, hundreds, whose sympathies were with the patri-
ots, felt bound by that oath to remain passive. Hundreds of men, with strong hearts and
hands, would have flocked around the standards of Gates and Greene, in Guilford, Orange,
and the neighboring counties, had not their oath been held too sacred to be violated, even
when it was evident that the king could no longer protect them. Loyalty to conscience,
not opposition to the principles of the Revolutionists, tnade these men passive ; for their friends
and neighbors on the other side of the Yadkin, where Tryon's oath was not exacted, were
among those who earliest east off their allegiance to the British crown.
The course of Governor Martin was generally so judicious, that the people of North Car-
" Your father shall not be hanged to-day." Messer was offered his liberty if he would brin<; Husband back
He consented, and his wife and children were kept as hostages. He returned in the course of a few days,
and reported that he overtook Husband in Virginia, but could not brine him. Messer was immediately
bound, and. after being exhibited wilh the other prisoners, was hung at Hillsborough.
' Husband lied to Pennsylvania, and settled near Pittsburgh. He went to North Carolina on business
soon after the close of the war, but did not remain Ion;;. In 1794 he was concerned in the " Whisky In-
surrection,'' in Western Pennsylvania, and was appointed on the Committee of Safety wilh Brackenridge,
Bradford, and Gallatin. Husband was arrested, and taken a prisoner to Philadelphia, where he was par-
doned, through the interposition of Dr. Caldwell who happened to be there, Dr. Rush, and the North Car-
olina senators. He met his wife on his return home, and died at an inn before he reached his own neigh-
borbood. Husband was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature lor some years.
OF TH E REVO LUTION. 37 3
Committees of Correspondent-.' Difficulties between the Governor and People. Convention* of the Patriot*
olina were not very restive, while the Northern colonies were all on fire with rebellion in
1774. Vet sympathy for the people of Boston, suffering from the effects of the Porl Bill
was general and sincere, ami the inhabitants of Wilmington and other towns made large
contributions lor their relief. When the final decision was to he made respecting allegi-
ance to, or independence of the British crown, very many remained loyal, and the ardent
Whigs required the full exercise of all their zeal to leaven the inactive population of the
slate. The efficient machinery of corresponding committees was put in operation early
In December, 1773, the resolution of the House of Burgesses, of Virginia, recommending the
appointment of committees of correspondence, was received by the Assembly of North Cai
olina and approved of. A committee was appointed, ami instructed to be vigilant and in-
dustrious in the performance of their duties.' Govern- Q-
or Martin was then in New York, and the duties of his /f fj 7/
office devolved upon James Hasell, the president of the /") / V^ Q_^J CixjclJ^- ^
council. Hasell was rather favorably inclined toward \c_*s \
republicanism, and opposed the patriots only so far as his official duty do- )
manded action. The proceedings of that short session were quite offensive /
to the governor and most of his council, as representatives of the imperial ^^ ^/
government, and the amity of the provincial legislation was disturbed. The governor soon
returned home, and prorogued the Assembly until .March following,51 that the mem-
bers might " reflect upon their proceedings, learn the sentiments of their constituents,
and adopt a more loyal course." When they again met, strengthened by the approval of
their constituents, tiny were firmer than ever in their opposition to some of the measures of
government ; and that the sincerity and courage of those who professed patriotic proclivities
might be tested, the Yeas and Nays were taken upon the adoption of an important bill.'
A committee was appointed to address the king, and on the twenty-fifth of March the As-
sembly was again prorogued. Four days afterward, it was dissolved by the governor's proo
lamation ; an act considered unconstitutional, and which highly offended the people
During the summer of 177 1, a majority of the inhabitants, in primary meetings assem-
bled, openly avowed their approval of a Continental Congress, as proposed by Massachusetts.
A general meeting of delegates from the several towns was proposed to be held at New-
bern on the twenty-fifth of August. On the thirteenth of that mouth, the governor issued
his proclamation, disapproving of the district meetings, and requiring the people to forbear
sending delegates to the general convention. The people did not heed his proclamation,
and the delegates met on that day. John Harvey, of Perquimans, the late speaker of the
Assembly, was chosen moderator. The council convened by the governor, seeing the gath-
ering of the people's representatives, decided that "nothing could be done." The conven
tion expressed its firm loyalty to the king ; claimed only the common rights of Englishmen ;
asserted the doctrine that they ought not to be taxed without their own consent ; repro-
bated the tea and other duties ; expressed great sympathy for the people of Massachusetts ;
condemned the Boston Port Bill, as a "cruel infringement of the rights and privileges of
the people," and other measures of government as unrighteous ; signed a non-importation
1 Tbe committee consisted of John Harvej (speaker of the Assembly). Robert Howe (.-iltt-rw nnl a •;,.,,.
eral in the Continental armv). Cornelius Harnett, William Hoopei
(one of the signers of the Declaration of Imlepemh ine|. Richard Cas-
well, Edward Vail, John Ashe. Joseph Hewes (another signer), and
Samuel Johnson.
John Harvey was an active citizen in pnblic life, before the war
of the Revolution began. lie was a member of the Colonial Legis-
lature for a number of years, and in 1766 succeeded John Ashe as
speaker of the House. He presided with dignity for three years, and at the close of each session received
the unanimous thanks of the House for his impartiality. He earlj esj -ed the patriot cause ; was active
in the first Revolutionary movements in his -tale, hut died before the struggle had advanced far toward a
successful issue.
• A bill for the establishment of Superior Courts upon a new basis, which was calculated to remove the
powers of the judiciary further from the control of the people.
:; ; 1 P I C T O R I A L V I E L D - B O 0 K
Approval of a General Congress, and Appointment of Deputies. Provincial Congress. Maneuvers of Governor Martin
agreement, and expressed their hearty approval of the proposition for a general Congress.
This approval was further manifested by the choice of deputies to represent the province in
the Continental council.1
Pursuant to the recommendations of the general Congress when it convened in Septem-
ber, contributions were raised in all parts of the province for the relief of the people of Bos-
ton ; and committees of safety were appointed in every county and chief town, to see that
the articles of association adopted by the Congress were signed and faithfully observed.
Activity every where prevailed among the Whigs during the winter ; and when Governor
Martin fixed the day for the assembling of the Legislature," John Harvey, who
* April 5, J c j
i~75- presided over the convention at Newbern several months before, now summoned
those delegates to meet as a Provincial Congress on the same day. Governor Martin at-
tempted, by proclamation, to prevent the meeting of the deputies, but in vain. The two
bodies, composed chiefly of the same men, met at the same time, and Harvey was called upon
to preside over both. The governor attempted to keep the two Assemblies distinct. He
besought the legal Assembly to discountenance the irregular convention of the other depu-
ties, chosen bv the people, and expressed his determination to use all the means in his power
to counteract their treasonable influence. He denounced the Continental Congress as "se-
ditious and wicked," " highly offensive to his majesty," and in firm but respectful language
urged the people to remember their allegiance and to faithfully maintain it. His appeals
were of no avail, for both Assemblies were too intimately allied in sentiment to act in op-
position to each other. Both bodies concurred in approving of the proceedings of the Con-
gress of 177-1, and in appointing delegates to a new one, to meet in Philadelphia in May
,, M 10 following." The governor, perceiving the Assembly to be intractable, consulted
1775- his council, and by their recommendation dissolved it, by proclamation, on the eighth
of April.
Governor Martin and the representatives of the people were now fairly at issue. The
latter organized a Provincial Congress, and, assuming the functions ofgovernment, sent forth
an address to the people, recommending the adoption of measures for resistance, similar to
those pursued in other colonies. After transacting some other business for the public good,
they quietly separated. As soon as the deputies had departed, the governor, perceiving the
tide of public opinion setting strongly against him, became alarmed, and sought to intimidate
the people, and at the same time to protect his person, by placing some cannon in front of
the palace. He dispatched messengers to the Highlanders at Cross Creek, upon whose
loyalty he relied, and others were sent into the more westerly districts to promise the Reg-
ulators exemption from the punishments to which they were still liable for past misdeeds,
if they would assist the king's government against its opposers. These promises had great
effect, and, strange as it may seem, many of the Regulators were active Loyalists. About
this time, a letter which the governor had sent to General Gage at Boston, soliciting a sup-
ply of arms and ammunition, was intercepted. The people were greatly exasperated, and
the Committee of Safety of Newbern seized and carried oil" six of the cannons which had
been placed in front of the palace. From every quarter the governor heard of hostile prep-
arations, and becoming alarmed for his personal safety, he fled to Fort Johnson, on
■ June 14, * J
1775- the Cape Fear Puver, near Wilmington,0 whence he sent forth a menacing proc-
,IJune16 lamation.d'
At the beginning of July, preparations for a servile insurrection on the Tar River were
1 William Hooper, of the county of Orange, Joseph Hewes, of the town of Edenton, anil Richard Cas-
well, of the county of Dobbs were chosen deputies. They were instructed to carry out the principles era-
bodied in the preamble and resolutions adopted by the convention, the substance of which is given in the
text.
■ To ihi- proclamation the General Committee of Safety of the District of Wilmington, as appears by
their proceedings, issued mi answer, denying many of its allegations, nnd proclaiming the provernor to be
■■ an instrument in the hands of administration to rive) those chains so wickedly forged for America." This
answer was drawn up and adopted in the session of the committee, at the court-house in Wilmington, on
the twentieth of June. 1775.
OK THE REVOLUTION 37 5
Symptoms of a Servll. lusunvction. Destruction of Fort Johnson. Provincial Congress at Hii:
discovered. This plot was disclosed to Thomas Rispess, a former member of the Assembly
from Beaufort, by one of his slaves. It was generally sup-
posed that Governor Martin was an accessory in inducing
the slaves to rise and murder their masters.' Fired with
indignation by this opinion, the exasperated people determ-
ined to demolish Fort Johnson, lest the governor should strengthen it, and make it a place
of reception for a hostile force and insurgent negroes. Under Colonel John Ashe, a body of
about five hundred men marched to the fort, when it was ascertained that the governor had
fled to the sloop of war Cruisrr, lying in the river, and that Collett, the commander of the
fortress, had removed all the small arms, ammunition, and part of the artillery, to a transport
hired for the purpose. The militia immediately set fire to the buildings, and demolished a
large portion of the walls of the fort.2 The Committee of Safety of Wilmington, at the
same time, publicly charged the governor with fomenting a civil war, and endeavoring to
excite an insurrection among the negroes. They declared him an enemy to his country and
the province, and forbade all persons holding any communication with him. While these
events were transpiring on the coast, the people of Mecklenburg county, over the Yadkin.
met by representatives, and, by a series of resolutions, virtually declared themselves independ-
ent of the British crown, and established republican government in that county. This im-
portant movement will be considered in the next chapter.
Pursuant to a resolve of the late convention, delegates from the several towns in the
state were summoned to meet in Provincial Congress at Hillsborough, on the twentieth of
August.!" When this summons appeared, Governor Martin, yet on board the Cruiser, ^ ^
issued a long proclamation, in which he stigmatized the incendiaries of Fort Johnson as
traitors to the king ; pronounced the proceedings of the Wilmington committee as base and
scandalous; denounced the movement in Mecklenburg in May;3 warned the people not to
i delegates to Hillsborough ; denounced Colonels Ashe' and Howe as rebels ; and offered
the king's pardon for all past outrages to those who should return to their allegiance. The
people defied the governor's threats, and mocked his proffers of forgiveness ; and on Sunday.
the twentieth of August, every county and chief town in the province had a delegate in
Hillsborough. They organized on Monday.5 when one hundred and eighty-four deputies
were present One of their first acts was to declare their determination to hold the tegis
of popular power over the Pi.egulators, who were liable to punishment, and had not been
cajoled into submission by the governor's promises. They also declared the governor's proc-
lamation to he a " false, scurrilous, malicious, and seditious libel," and tending to stir up
' In a letter to I.- wis 11' nry de Rosset, the governor endeavored to vindicate himself, and denied all
knowledge of the matter. He said in his letter, "that /7 ^ r
nothing could justify such a measure but the actual and
designed rebellion of the king's subjects, and the failure
.1 nil other means i" maintain hi- government." From
these expressions and the language held in a pamphlet,
entitled Taxation no Tyranny, written by the celebrated
Dr. Johnson, together with ihe conduct of Lord Dnnmore,
■ if Virginia, it was evident that the inciting of the slaves tf /
ir> massacre their masters was a part of ihe programme
of ministers for crushing the rebellion.*
- Fort Johnson was on the west side of thi ape Fear River, two miles above its mouth, where ihe pres-
enttown of Smith, ille. the capital ofBrunswick county, is situated There is now a fortress and small gar-
rison there.
An account of the proceedings in Mecklenburg were published in the Cape Fear Mtrrury.
1 This was the same officer who accompanied Tryon to the Allamance, and was flogged by the Regu-
lators. Here- commission a! if the militia of Hanover, under the king, and espoused the
patriot cause. We shall meet him in the field hereafter. See page 508.
6 The members of the Provincial Congress assembled in the Presbyterian Church, which stood where the
present place of worship of that denomination, In Hillsborough, in located.
* "The slave should be set free " said Johnson ; " an act which the lovers of liberty must surely commmd. If they are fur
nished with arms for defense and utensils of husbandry, and settled in some simple form of government, within the country
they may be more honest and grateful than their masters."
:; ; G
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Action of the Congress.
Military Organization.
Minute men.
Sketch of Cornelius Harriett
tumult and insurrections, dangerous to the peace of the king's government." It was then
directed to be burned by the common hangman. They also provided for raising and equip-
ping a military force of one thousand men for the defense of the liberties of the province.
This force was divided into two regiments. The command of the first regiment was given
to Colonel James Moore (one of Tryon's officers when he marched against the Regulators),
of New Hanover; the second to Colonel R.obert Howe, of Brunswick. Tn addition to this
regular force, a battalion of ten companies, of fifty men each, was directed to be raised in
each district, to be called minute-men, their uniibrm to be a hunting-shirt, leggings or spat-
terdashes, and black gaiters. To pay these troops and other expenses of the government,
the Provincial Congress directed the emission of bills of credit to the amount of $150,000,
for the redemption of which a poll tax was levied for nine years, commencing in 1 777. The
deputies closed their labors by agreeing to an address to the inhabitants of the British empire
(which was drawn up by William Hooper), and in organizing a provisional govern-
ment.1 The Congress adjourned on the nineteenth of September.1
The provincial council met for the first time on the eighteenth of October following, and
appointed Cornelius Harnett, of Wilmington, president.3 Already the Continental Congress
' A provincial council was established, composed of two persons duly chosen by the delegates of each
district, and one by the whole Congress.* A Committee of Safety, composed of a president and twelve
members, were chosen for each district ; the freeholders were also directed to choose a committee. The
provincial council and the committees of safety exercised the functions of government in the management
of civil and militarv affairs. Secret committees of correspondence were also organized. Premiums were
voted for the manufacture of saltpetre, gunpowder, eotton and woolen cards, pins, needles, Jinen and wool-
en cloth, and for the erection of rolling and slitting mills, furnaces for the manufacture of steel and iron,
paper-mills, salt-works, and for refining sulphur.
* In the Wilmington Chronicle, August 21, 1844, there appeared a very interesting memoir of Cornelius
Harnett, which I have condensed. Mr. Harnett was a native of England, anil was born on the twentieth
of April, 1723. The precise time when he came to America
is not known. He was a man of wealth and consideration,
before circumstances brought him into public life. He was
among the earliest in North Carolina in denouncing the Stamp
Act and kindred measures, and from that period until his
death he was extremely active in public affairs. He resided
upon Hilton plantation, about one mile from the center of Wil-
mington, where he owned a large estate, anil was a gentleman
of leisure. He represented the borough of Wilmington in the
fc Provincial Assembly, in 1770-71, and was chairman of the
most important committees of that body. From one of the re-
ports of a committee of which Harnett was chairman. 1 copied
the accompanying signature of the patriot. In 1772, Mr.
Harnett, with Robert (afterward General) Howe, and .ludjp
Maurice Moore, constituted a committee of the Assembly to
prepare a remonstrance aoainst the appointment, by Govern-
oi" Martin, of commissioners to run the southern boundary line of the province
the young and ardent patriot of Boston, while traveling
in the South for his health, passed a night at Wilming-
ton, at the residence of Mr. Harnett, whom he denomin-
ated " the Samuel Adams of North Carolina" (except in
point of fortune). 1; Robert Howe, Esq., Harnett, and
myself," he wrote, 'made the social triumvirate of the
evening." The plan of ;k Continental Correspondence"
was a subject for discussion that evening, and Quiney
returned to Boston, reeling that with such men as Pinck-
ney, Rutledge, Gadsden, and Harnett, as leaders, the
South would co-operate with Massachusetts in resistance
Harnett's House.!
In 1773, Josiah Quiney.
• Samuel Johnson, Cornelius Harnett, Samuel Ashe, Abner Nash, James Coor, Thomas Jones of Edenton, Whitmill Hill.
William Jones, Thomas Jones of Halifax, Thomas Person, John Kinehen, Samuel Spencer, and Waightatill Avery, composer!
thin fir-r proi an ill council. They wire to meet quarterly.
t This Iketch is from a pencil drawing made in 1851 by Mr, Charles Hurr. It is situated ahout a mile and a half from the
■ ni i a Wilmington, on the northeast branch of the river. I ion informed by Edward Kidder, Esq., of Wilmington, thro'.eb
whose kindness tins ami several other drawings in his vicinity have been procuri il for my work, that it has never been altered
ii i Mr Harnett occupied it This is a view of the south point
0 F THE R EVO LUTION. 377
Friendship of the Highlanders courted. Called to take up Arms by Domild M'Donald. Flora N
had adopted measures for the defense of the province. The two battalions of five hundred
men each were attached to the Continental army, and the committees of safety were re-
quested to employ all the gunsmiths in the colony, that might be procured in making inns
kets. Two Gospel ministers were sent by the provincial council to explain to the High-
landers and others the nature of the quarrel with the mother country, and endeavor to win
ihem to the patriot cause. In the mean while, Governor Martin had busy emissaries among
the Highlanders and Regulators, endeavoring to unite them in favor of the king. This was
an object of great importance ; for if he could embody a strong force of Loyalists in the heart
of the province, he could easily keep the sea-board quiet, especially alter the arrival of Sir
Henry Clinton with troops from the North, then daily expected. He had also received in-
telligence that Sir Peter Parker, with a strong squadron, bearing Lord Coruwallis with a
considerable force, would sail for America at the beginning of 1776. These anticipations
gave the governor pleasing hopes for the future.
\\ hi le Lord Dnnmore, as we have seen, was making a demonstration against the lower
counties of \ irginia,' Governor Martin prepared to strike a blow against the patriots in
North Carolina. He gave Donald M'Donald, an influential Highlander at Cross Creek, a
commission of brigadier general, and with ii a large number of copies of a proclamation,
with a blank left for the date, winch commanded all the king's loyal subjects in North Car-
olina to join his standard. M'Donald had discretionary powers concerning the distribution
of these proclamations. While Colonel Robert Howe, with North Carolina troops, was ab-
sent at Norfolk, in Virginia, whither he had none to assist Colonels Woodford and Stevens
against Dnnmore, M'Donald set up the royal ensign at Cross Creeka (now Fayette- ,k, ;,
ville), and issued some of the proclamations. The loyal-hearted Scotchmen, not fully 1771'
comprehending the nature of the difficulties, obeyed blindly ; and in a few days more than
one thousand of them, with many timid Regulators, in all fifteen hundred strong, gathered
around the standard of the Highland chief. M-Donald was a brave veteran, and had fought
valiantly for the Pretender on the field of Culloden, and his influence over his countrymen
was very great.
At Cross Creek lived Flora M'Donald, the noble and beautiful girl who saved the life
of Charles Edward, after the defeat of the troops at Culloden. g She was now the wife of
In December, 177,'i, -Mr. Harnett was pi; 1 on ihc Committee of Correspondence for Wilmington district.
In that sphere lie was the master-spirit oflhe Revolution upon the Cape Fear run! in vicinity. In the Pro-
vincial Congress of 177o. he represented his old constituents; and when a provincial council was appoint-
ed to fill the vacancy in government caused by the abdication of Martin, lie was made iis president, and
became, in that capacity, actual governor of North Carolina, He was a member of the Provincial Con-
gress which assembled at Halifax in the spring ol 1776, ami was chairman of the committee appointed to
o nsidei thi a urpations, &c, of the imperial government. He submitted a report on the twelfth of April.
which contained a resolution empowering the delegates of North Carolina in the Continental Congress, to
use their influence in favor of a Dclarulion of Independence. When, in the spring of 1776, Sir Henry
Clinton, with a British licet, appeared in the Cape Fear River, that commander h id Harnett and Robert
Howe, by excepting ihcm in his oiler of a general pardon to those who should return to their allegiance.
as published in his proclamation issued to the people of North Carolina from the Pallas transport. They
w.rc considered areh-rebels. When, on the twenty-second of .Inly. 177l>, the Declaration of Independence
arrived at Halifax, Harnett read it to a great concourse ol citizens and soldiers. When he concluded, the
latter crowded around him, took him upon their shoulders, and bore him in triumph through the town. In
the autumn, he was on a committee for drafting a State Constitution, and a Bill of Rights; and to his lib-
eral spirit the people were indebted for the claim in the first document, guaranteeing the privilege of en-
joying the public offices and emoluments to Dissenters and Churchmen, equally. Under the new Constitu-
tion, Richard Caswell was made the first governor of the state, and Harnett was one of his council. He
was afterward elected to fill his place in the Continental Congress, and Cornelius Harnett's name is attach-
ed to the " articles of confederation and perpetual union/' When the British afterward held possession of
the country around the I ':'["■ Fear, Harnett was made prisoner, and died while a captive. His remains lie
buried in the northeast corner ol tic- grave-yard attached to St. James's Church, in Wilmington, and at the
head and foot of his grave arc two upright slabs of brown stone. On the one at the head is inscribed.
'•Cornelius Harxett, Died, 1781, aged 58 years." ' See page 328.
3 The Pretender, while a fugitive among the Highlands of Scotland, was discovered by his enemies, and
fled in an open boat to South Cist, an island on the west coast, where he found refuge with Laird M'Donald.
His pursuers discovered In- retreat, and three thousand Rnglish soldiers were sent to search every nook ami
378 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Influtnce of Flora MDonald. The Pretender saved by her. Patriot Expedition against the Highlanders.
Allan MDonald, and it is said used all her influence in bringing her countrymen to the
standard of the Scotch general. Her husband took a captain's commission under him, and
was one of the most active officers in the engagement which speedily ensued.
As soon as Colonel James Moore, of Hanover, was apprised of the gathering of the Loy-
alists to the banner of M'Donald, he marched with
his regulars and a detachment of New Hanover mi-
£/ 2-~&—-s Hti& (in all about eleven hundred men), toward Cross
Creek, and encamped about twelve miles south of the
, ... ,. Highlander's head-quarters. a He fortified his camp, and by scouts and spies cut
r'7'' off" all communication between M'Donald and Governor Martin. The Loyalist
general, feeling the necessity of dislodging the patriots, marched toward their camp. When
within four miles, he halted, and sent the governor's proclamation, and a friendly but firm
letter to Moore, urging him to prevent bloodshed by joining the royal standard ; at the
same time threatening him, in case of refusal, with the treatment due to rebels against the
king. After some delay, during which he sent an express to Colonel Caswell, Moore re-
plied, that he was engaged in a holy cause, from which he could not be seduced. He be-
sought M'Donald to prevent bloodshed by signing the Test proposed by the Provincial Con-
gress, and menaced him with the same treatment which the general proposed to award to
the patriot colonel and his followers. M'Donald was not prepared to put his threats into
execution, for he was advised of the rapid gathering of the minute-men around him In-
formed, in the mean while, of the expected arrival of Sir Henry Clinton and Lord William
Campbell in the Cape Fear River, M'Donald resolved to avoid an engagement that might
Jell, era" and cottage upon the island. A cordon of armed vessels surrounded South Uist, so that escape
appeareJ impossible. But. escape from the ishmd was necessary for the safety of the prince. Lady
M'Donald proposed that he should put on the garb of a servant-woman, and, in company with a laJy as
waitinc-maid, leave the island. Who had the courage? Flora M'Donald, from Millburg, a beautiful girl
just from school at Edinburgh, was there on a visit. Her step-father was then on the island, in command
of a corps of soldiers searching for the prince. Regardless of the certain displeasure of her father and the
extreme peril of the undertaking, Flora acceded to the proposal of Lady M'Donald to save the prince ; and
that very night, in company with a trusty officer, she went among the crags of Carradale, to the cave
where the royal fugitive was concealed. Great was the astonishment and delight of the prince when he
was informed of the plan for his escape. Within a day or two. Flora procured a passport from her unsus-
pecting step-father for herself, a young companion, a boat's crew, and Betsey Bonrke. an Irish woman, whom
Flora pretended she had procured as a spinster for her mother. The prince, attired as Betsey Bourlce. em-
barked with Flora and her companions, on the twenty-eighth of June. 1746. lor the Isle of Skve. A furious
tempest tossed them about all night, and a band of soldiers prevented their landing in the morning. They
finally landed near the residence of Sir Alexander M'Donald. where the prince was concealed in the cavity
of a rock, for the laird was his enemy, and his ball was filled with soldiers seeking the fugitive. Flora
touched the heart of Lady M'Donald. and by her aid the prince and the maiden made a safe journey of
twelve miles on foot, to Potarce. There they parted forever, the prince to escape to France, Flora to be
soon afterward carried a prisoner to London and cast into the Tower. The story of her adventure excited
Ote admiration of all classes, and as she was not a partisan of the Pretender, nor of his religious faith, the
nobilitv interfered in her behalf. The father of George the Third visited her in prison, and so much was
he interested in her that he procured her release. While she remained in London, her residence was sur-
rounded bv the carriages of the nobilitv; and Lady Primrose, a friend of the Pretender, introduced her to
court society. When presented to the old King George the Second, he said to her, " How could you dare
to succor the elemr of my crown and kingdom. ': Flora replied with great simplicity. "It was no more
than I would have done for your majesty, had you been in like situation." A chaise and four were tilted
up for her return to Scotland, and her escort was Malcolm M'Leod, who often said afterward, "I went to
London to be hanged, but rode back in a chaise and four with Flora M'Donald." Four years afterward
she married Allan, the sou of the Laird M'Donald. and became mistress of the mansion where the prince
passed his first night in the Isle of Skve. In 1775, Flora and her husband, with several children, arrived
among their countrymen in North Carolina. Full of loyalty, she encouraged her countrymen to rally in de-
fense of the roval cause. Alter suffering much, they embarked in a sloop-of-war for Scotland. On the
voyage, the vessel was attacked by a French cruiser, and the brave Flora, who was on deck during the
action, was severely wounded in the hand. They reached their country, where Flora lived until the fifth
of March, 1790. She was buried in the cemetery of Killmuir, in the Isle of Skve; her shroud was the
sheet in which the prince slept while under her guidance: ami three thousand persons stood and wept as
her coflin was let down into tin- grave
OF THE REVOLUTION. 370
The Highlanders pursued by Colonel Moon Colonels t':.swelt and l.illiugton. Biographical Skoteh of Caswell.
prove disastrous, and attempt to join the governor and his friends at Wilmington. At mid-
night lie decamped, with his followers, crossed the Cape Pear, and pushed on at a rapid
pace, over swollen streams, rough hills, and deep morasses, hotly pursued by Colonel Moore.
On the third day of his march, he crossed the South River (one of the principal tributaries
of the Cape Fear), from Bladen into New Hanover, and as he approached Moore's Creek,
a small tributary of that stream,' he discovered the gleaming of lire-arms. a He
bad come upon the camp of Colonels Caswell3 and Lillington,3 near the mouth of
■ Feb. S6,
1776.
1 Moore's Creek runs from north to south, and empties into the South River, about twenty miles above
Wilmington.
* I am indebted to the Honorable David L. Swain, hue governor ofNbrth Carolina, and now president of
the University at Chapel Hill, for the following .sketch of the public life of Kn-hard Caswell. Governor
Swain married a grand-daughter of Governor Caswell; and from among the family papers in his posses-
sion, he sent me the subjoined interesting autograph letter, written by Caswell, to his son, from Philadelphia.*
Richard Caswell was born In Maryland, August 3, 17-9. In 17-lli, he was bid I. by unsuccessful
mercantile speculations of his father, to leave his home, and seek his fortune in the then colony of North
Carolina. Bearing letters to Governor Johnston from the governor of Maryland, he soon received employ-
ment in one of the public offices. Subsequently, he was appointed deputy surveyor of the colony, and was
clerk ol the County Court of Orange in 1753.
He finally settled himself in Dobbs (now Lenoir) county, where he married -Mary Mackilwean, who bore
him a son. William, lie afterward married Sarah, the daughter of William Herritage, an eminent attorn-
ey, under whom he bad studied law. He bad obtained a license, and practiced the profession with great
success, in 17.V4 he was chosen a member of the Colonial Assembly from Johnston county, which be con-
tinued to represent till 1771 In tins and the preceding year, be was made the speaker of the House of
Commons. He was al- lone] of the militia of bis countv, and. as such, iianttrd the right wing of
Gover ■ Tryon's forces at the battle of Allamance, May 16, 1771.
In 1774. he was one of the delegates to Congress, with William Hooper and Joseph Hewes, and was con-
tinued in this ollicc in 177o. In September of this year, having been appointed treasurer of the Southern
District of North Carolina, he resigned bis seat in Congress. The estimate formed by his contemporaries
of Caswell's merits in this affair, is clearly shown in the resolve passed by the Provincial Congress, on the
thirteenth of April, "that the thanks of this Congress be given to Colonel Kir-bard Caswell and the brave
odicers and soldiers under his command, for the very essential service by them rendered this country at the
battle ol Moore s Creek ;" and by the further fact that, on the twenty-second of the same month, the same
body appointed bun "brigadier general of the militia for the District of Newbern." In November of the
same year, he was chosen president of the Provincial Congress, which framed the Constitution of the state,
and, in December, was elected the first governor under it. This ollicc he held during the stormy and per-
ilous period of 1777, 177S, and 1779. He refused to receive any compensat for Ins services beyond his
expeases. In 1780 he led the troops of North Carolina, under General Gates, ami was engaged in the
disastrous battle at Camden, In 178J he was chosen speaker of the Senate, and controller general, and
continued to discharge the duties of both offices lili 1784, when he was again elected governor ol the state,
and re-elected in 1785 and 17Kti, when he ceased to be eligible under the Constitution. The Assembly
of 1787 elected him a delegate to the convention which was to meet at Philadelphia in May of that year.
to form a Federal Constitution, and conferred on liini the extraordinary power, in case of his inability to at-
tend, to select his successor. William Blount was selected by him, ami bis name is appended to that in-
strument. In 1789 he was elected senator from Dobbs county, and also a member of the convention which,
m November, ratified the Federal Constitution. When the. General Assembly met. he was chosen speaker
of the Senate. But his course was run. His second son. Richard, had been lost on his passage by sea from
Charleston to Newborn, and the lather certainly entertained the opinion that he bad been taken by pirates
and carried to Ugicrs. or murdered. This and other events threw a cloud mn bis mind, from which he
seems never to have recovered. While presiding in the Senate, on the, filth of November, be was struck
with paralysis, and after lingering speechless till the tenth, he expired, in the sixtieth year of his age. His
body was. after the usual honors, conveyed to his family burial-place in Lenoir, and there interred. As a
statesman, his patriotism was unquestioned, his discernment was quick, and his judgment sound'; as a sol-
dier, his courage was undaunted. Ins vigilance untiring, and his .success triumphant. Mrs. Anne While,
Governor Caswell's lasi remaining child, died at Raleigh, on the twentieth of September, 1851, in the eighty-
fourth year of her age
3 I am indebted to Miss Margaret H. Lillington, a great, grand-daughter of General Lillington, for the
materials of the following brief sketch of the public career ol that office]
John Alexander Lillington, was the son of Colonel George Lillington. an oilieer in the British serv.
* Letter of Governor Caswell.
I print the subjoined letter of Governor Caswell entire, because it gives an interesting view of the excitement which prevailed
at the time, and the manner in which the delegates to the Continental Congress were carefully escorted on their way to Phila-
dclphia.
" Phitedtlp/ita IKK Mui/ 177f>.
"Mi 1>i:ar Son.— By a Gentleman Bound to Tar River, 1 now write to inform vnn rha ,'r, r I parted with you at Halifax Ml
[80 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Biographical Sketch of LilHngton. < lasweU'e I etter to his Poo.
the Creek, who, with the minute-men of Dobbs, Craven, Johnston, and Wake counties, and
battalions from Wilmington and Newborn, in all about one thousand strong, were out in
ice, who. after being engaged in an expedition against the French in the West Indies, settled upon the isl-
and of Barbadoes, and became a member of the Royal Council in 1698. In that capacity he remained dur-
ing the latter part of the reign of William and Mary, and the beginning of that of Queen Anne. His son.
the subject of this memoir, captivated by the glowing accounts given v{ ihe Carolina country, emigrated
thither, and settled within the present limits of New Hanover county. The fine mansion delineated in the
engraving, and known as LilHngton Hall, is yet standing. It was built in 1734. Its location is near the
Elewea 6c myself proceeded on our Journey as follows; Sunday evening we arrived at Petersburg in Virginia where we nut
the express with on acc't of a Battle between the King's Troops 6c the Bostonians. The next day we crossed James River 6c
Lodged at Hanover Court House, where we had an Acco'i of 1500 Men being under Arms to proceed to Williamsburg in Or-
der to Oblige Lord Dunmore to return some powder he had taken out of the Magazine 6c Lodged on Board of a Man of- War in
James River. What was done in that matter we have not since Heard. The next day we were constantly meeting Armed
men who had been to Escort the Delegates for Virginia, on their way towards this place. We Lodged that night at PoYt Royal
and were only 2 or 3 Hours after the Virginia Gent". The next day we got down to Potowmack side before the Boats returned
that had carried the Virginians over. Here were part of the Militia of three Counties under Arms, &in the Uniforms of Hunt
ing Shirts. They received us, and Conducted us on the return of the Boats, to the water's edge with all the Military Honors due
to General Officers. We then crossed the River, and learned at the Ferry on Maryland side that a Company of Independents
in Charles County had attended the Virginia Delegates from thence under Arms. We proceeded and overtook them at Port
Tobacco, where, indeed, the Independents made a Most Glorious Appearance. Their Company consisted of 68 Men beside of-
ficers, all Genteelly drest in Scarlet 6c well equiped with Anns, 6c Warlike Implements, with drum 6c Fife. Sentinels were
placed at the doors 6c Occasionally relieved during the Time we stayed there. The next Morning we all set out together, 6c
were Attended by the Independents to the Verge of their County, where they delivered us to another Company of Independ-
ents in Prince George's ; they in like Manner to a Second, and that to a Third, which bro* us thro' their County. We Lodged
that night at Marlborough 6c the next day tho' we met with a Most Terrible Gust of Lightning, thunder, wind. Hail 6c rain. Ar-
rived at Baltimore, at the entrance of which Town we were received by four Independent Companies who Conducted us with
their Colours Flying, drums Beating and Fife's playing, to our lodgings at the Fountain Tavern (Grants). The next day we
were prevailed on to stay at Baltimore, where Coll Washington, Accompanied by the rest of the Delegates, reviewed the Troops.
They have four Companies of 68 men each, Compleat, who go thro'i their Exercises extremely Clever. They are raising, in
that Town, three other Companies which they say will soon be full We were very Genteelly entertained here in the Court
House. The next day we Breakfasted at my old Master Cheynes 6c dined at Susquehannah; crossed the River & Lodged at
the Ferry House. As I had in some Measure been the cause of the Virginia Gent" going round the Bay by reccom mending that
road, 6c being the only person in Company acquainted with the road, I was Obliged to keep with them so that I did not call on
any of my relations. I sent George to Jos. Dallams where he left the Letters I brot for our Friends, and was informed my Grand
Mother* 6c all Friends were well except Mrs Dallam who had been poorly some Time — the next day we got to Wilmington
where we fell in with Several of the Maryland Delegates, & came all into the City to Dinner, on the !)tii Instant Yesterday the
Congress met Agreeable to Appointment, 6c this day it was Resolved that they enter upon the Consideration of American Griev-
ances on Monday next. Here a Greater Martial Spirit prevails, if possible, than I have been describing in Virginia and Maryland.
They have 28 Companies Compleat, which make near 2000 Men. who March out to the Common Sc go thro' their Exercises
twice a day regularly. Scarce any thing but Warlike Musick is to be heard in the Streets. There are several Companies of
Quakers only, and many of them beside enrolled in other Companies promiscuously. 'Tis said they will, in a few days, have
3000 Men under Arms ready to defend their Liberties. They are raising Men in New York 6c all the Northern Governments.
The Yorkers, I am told by their Delegates, are determined to Defend their Liberties, & since tie- action between the Kings Troops
and the Provincials, scarcely a Tory is to be found amongst them. I herewith inclose you a paper in which is a List of the Killed
and Wounded of the Kings Troops. But 'tis said this is not Genuine, a much greater number being Actually Killed. On the
Bide of the Bostonians 37 were Killed outright 4 are missing & I forget the number of Wounded ; I think thirty odd. Thus you
have the fullest Account I am able to give of these matters, and as the Accoi is so long, 'twill not be in my power to Communi-
cate the same to any other of my Countrymen and friends but throli you. You may therefore remember me in the Strongest
manner to Your Uncles. Cap* Bright, and others of my particular Friends. Shew tbem this Letter, and tell them it will be a
Reflection on their Country to be Behind their neighbours ; that it is Indispensibly necessary for them to arm and form into a
Company or Companies of Independents. When their Companies arc full. 68 private Men each, to elect Officers, Viz a Capt.
2 Lieut* an Ensign 6c Subalterns, And to meet as often as possible &. go thro' the exercise. Recieve no man but such as can
be depended on. at the same Time reject none who will not discredit the Company. If I live to return I shall most Chearfully
Join any of my Countrymen even as a rank 6c file man. And as in the Common caupe I am here exposed to Danger, that or
any other difficulties I shall not shun whilst I have any Blood in my Veins. But freely offer it in Support of the Liberties of my
Country. Tell your Uncles (the Clk 6c Sher<") it may not be prudent for them so far to engage yet awhile in any Company as
to risk the loss of their offices. But you, my Dear Boy, must become a soldier & risk your life in Support of those invaluable
Blessings which once lost, Po-tcrity will never be able to regain.! Some men, I fear, will stnrt objections to the enrolling of
Companies 6c exercising the Men, 6c will say it will be acting against Govern-
ment. That may be answered "that it is not so." That we are only Quali-
fying ourselves and preparing to defend our Country 6c Support our Liber-
ties, lean say no more at present. Rut that May God Almighty protect you
*11 & hi* Blessing Attend your good < ndeavour, is the Ardent prayer of My
Dear Child Your Affectionate Father.
"P.S. — only shew this letter to such as I have described above, A dont let it
be Copied. Consult Capt Bright 6cc.
" Mr William Caswell."
* This was Mrs. Smith, the grandmother also of Governor William Paca, of Maryland, one of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence. She lived to the remarkable age of ninety our yean
t I inn informed by Governor Swain, that this hoy entered the service in less than four months afterward, and before he had
attain, il his majority, as an ensign. He was a lieutenant in 177t>, and in 1777 was promoted to captain, and commanded a com
pany at the battle on the Brandywine. In 1781 he was a brigadier, his father, at the same time, being a major general, nnd hit-
younger fiim a colonel in active service struggling to counteract the operations of Mnjor Craig at Wilmington
OF Tli EKE VOLUTI ON
3a ]
Peril of the Highlanders.
Preparations for Battle.
Lillington Hall.
Colonel John LillUlgtOB
search of the Tory army.' The situation of M'Donald (who was now very ill) was peril-
ous in the extreme. The Btrong minute-men of the Neuse region, their officers wearing sil-
ver crescents upon their hats, inscribed with the stirring words, "Liberty or Death," were
in front ; aiul Colonel Moore, with his regulars, were close upon his rear. To fly was im
possible ; to fight was his only alternative.
Both patties were encamped in sipht of each other during the night. A professed neu-
tral informed Colonel Lillington of the intended movements of the enemy in the morning,
and he and Caswell took measures accordingly. During the night, they cast up a breast-
work, removed the planks from the bridge across Moore's Creek, and disposed their forces so
as to command the passage and the roads on each side. The patriots lay upon their arms
all night, ready, at a signal, to meet the foe. At early dawn, bagpipes were heard, and
the notes of a bugle, ringing out upon the frosty air, called the eighteen hundred Loyalists
to arms. In a lew minutes they rushed forward to the attack, led on by Captain M'Leod,
■VA
great road leading from Wilmington t" Newberu. on tin- northeast branch of the Cape Feai River, about
thirty miles above Wilmington. When the ' Hall" was erected, that part of Carolina was a wilderness, and
the savannah or grassy opening where it stands, in the
niiil-t of vast pine forests, made il an oasis in the desert.
John Alexander inherited ihe military tastes of his la-
ther, and when the notes of preparation fur the Revolu-
tionary contest, was heard all over the land, ln^ skill was
brought into requisition. His patriotic principles were
early made known ; and when the war broke out, we find
him a member of the Wilmington Committee of Safety,
and a colonel of militia. In the first battle fought at the
South (Moore's Creek Bridge), described in the test. Col-
onel Lillington was conspicuous, with his neighbor and
friend, Colonel Richard Caswell. Soon after this deci-
sive battle, Colonel Lillington was promoted to brigadier.
He served under General (Jates in the Carolinas, in 1780.
His son, Colonel John Lillington, also served with honor
Lillington U lli during this campaign. The silver crescents which each
wore on his hat during the war are preserved bv the fam-
ily, ami 1 am indebted to Miss Lillington lot tl pportunity of making a drawing ol the one worn by the
general. These crescents bear the initials of the names of the respective owners, and
each has tl„. motto, "Liberty or Death.'' engraved upon it. The sketch is aboul
half the size of the original.
General Lillington remained in service until the close of the war, when he retired
to his estate at Lillington Hall. .Near his mansion repose the remains of the gen-
eral and his son. Over the grave of the former is a marble slab, bearing the follow-
ing inscription : Sacred to the memory of General John Alexander Lillington,
a soldier of the Revolution. He comn led the Americans in the battle of Moore's
Creek, fought the twenty-seventh day of February, 1776, and by his military skill tout cool courage in the
field, at the head ol his troops, secured a complete and
decisive victory. To intellectual powers of a high
order he united an incorruptible integrity, devoted and
self-sacrificing patriotism. A genuine lover of lib-
erty, he periled his all to secure the independence of
his country, and died in a good old age, bequeathing
to his posterity the remembrance of his virtues.1' Near his grave is that of his son. with a stone bearing
the following inscription : " Sacred to the memory of Colonel John Lillington, son of General John Al-
exander Lillington; a patriot and soldier of the Revolution, he served his country faithfully during the en.
tire war."
"General Lillington," writes Miss L., "is represented as a man of Herculean frame and strength. There
arc no portraits of him extant. Some few of his old slaves still remain [1852], who were children, of course,
at the time, who can remember some of the events of the Revolution. It would be interesting to one un-
acquainted with the patriarchal relations of master and slave, to sec how their aged faces kindle with en-
thusiasm when they speak of the kindness of 'Old Master,' and of ' Massa Jackie eomin' hum from college
in Philadelphia to help his father Bghl I In- British.' " On account of bis uniform kindness to all. the fine
mansion of General Lillington was saved from the torch by the interposition of many of his Tory neighbors
1 Colonel Lillington. with the Wilmington battalion of minute-men. arrived at the bridge about four
hours before Caswell, with his larger force, made his appearance. Caswell, who was the senioi officer, took
command of the whole patriot army.
^^^^^«^^^Z-
382 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Battle at Moore's Creek. Feat of Mrs. Slocum. Effect of the Battle. Humanity of the Whiga Governor Martin.
lor General M' Donald was too ill to leave his tent. Finding a small intrenchment next the
bridge quite empty, they concluded the Americans had abandoned the post. They had ad-
vanced to within thirty paces of the breast-work, when the Whigs, though unused to war,
arose from their concealment, bravely confronted the foe, and for ten minutes the contest
was fierce and bloody. Captain M'Leod was killed at the beginning of the battle. Cap-
tain John Campbell, the next in command, soon fell, mortally wounded. At that moment.
Lieutenant Slocum, of the patriot army, with a small detachment, forded the stream, pene-
trated the swamp on its western bank, and fell with vigor upon the rear of the Loyalists.'
The Scotchmen were routed and dispersed, and many of them were made prisoners. Among
the latter were General M'Donald, and also the husband of Flora. The Loyalists lost sev-
enty men in killed and wounded ; the Americans had only two wounded, and one of them
survived.5 Colonel Moore arrived soon after the engagement ended, and that evening the
men of the united forces of the patriots slept soundly upon the field of their victory.
The effect of this defeat of the Loyalists was of vast importance to the Patriot cause in
North Carolina. It exhibited the courage and skill of the defenders of liberty, and com-
pletely broke the spirit of the Loyalists. It prevented a general organization of the Tories,
and their junction with the forces under Sir Henry Clinton, which arrived in the Cape Fear
in May, upon which the royal power in the South depended for vitality. The opposers of
that power were encouraged, and the timid and wavering were compelled to make a decision.
The kindness extended to the prisoners and their families won the esteem of all, and many
Loyalists were converted to the Republican faith by the noble conduct of the victors.3 The
plans of the governor, anil of .Sir Henry Clinton and Lord William Campbell, were, for the
time, completely frustrated, and Martin1 soon afterward abdicated government, and took
' Mrs. Ellelt relates a noble instance of female heroism which this battle developed. The wife of Lieu-
tenant Slocum, whose home was sixty miles distant from the scene of conflict, had dreamed, after her hus-
band and his neighbors had departed with Caswell, that she saw him lying dead upon the ground. She
awoke in great distress, arose, saddled a horse, and rode at full gallop in the direction the troops had taken.
Through that thinly-settled and swampy country she pressed on, and at nine o'clock in the morning she
heard the firing. As she came near the battle-ground, she saw a body lying in her husband's cloak, but it
proved to be another man, who was wounded. She alighted, washed his face, bound up his wounds, and
was administering comfort to another wounded man, when Caswell and her astonished husband came up.
With uuc womanly feeling, she interceded for the life of the prisoner, attended to the wounded Loyalists
through the day, and at midnight started for home. She did not tell her husband of her dream until his
return. She rode one hundred and twenty-five miles in less than forty hours, and without one interval of
rest ! A mother's love, for she " wanted to see her child," impelled her to return with speed. The Caro-
linas were full of such heroic women as Mary Slocum when the storm of the Revolution swept over them.
— See Mrs. Ellett's Domestic History of the Revolution, page 46; Women of the Revolution, i., 317-321.
- The patriots captured thirteen wagons, three hundred and fifty guns and shot-hags, about one hundred
and fifty swords and dirks, and fifteen hundred excellent rifles. — Gordon, ii., 37.
3 The Provincial Congress issued a manifesto on the twenty-ninth of April, respecting the Loyalists, in
which they averred, " We have their security in contemplation, not to make them miserable. In our power,
their errors claim our pity; their situation disarms our resentment. We shall hail their reformation with
increasing pleasure, and receive them among us with open arms We war not with helpless fe-
males whom they have left behind; wc sympathize in their sorrow, and wish to pour the balm of pity into
the wounds which a separation from husbands, fathers, and the dearest relations has made. They are the
rightful pensioners upon the charity and bounty of those who have aught to spare from their own necessi-
ties for the relief of their indigent fellow-creatures; to such we recommend them." Had such noble sen-
timents governed Cornwallis and his officers when they subdued the Carolinas, a few years later, they might
have made their victory permanent. General M'Donald and Ins son, who held a colonel's commission, were
granted liberal paroles of honor; and, during the summer, the general and twenty-live of his fellow-prison-
ers were exchanged at Philadelphia.
4 Governor Josiaii Martin was a
soldier by profession, and, in 1770. had
risen to the rank of major in the British
army. When Tryon was transferred
to New York in 1771. Martin was ap- (/ £/ t/// /f^7 /^/*
pointed governor of North Carolina, and *^
was the last royal chief magistrate of thai colony. He was a man of considerable ability, urbane
in manners, and sincerely desirous of promoting the best interests of the colony. After going to
OF THE REVOLUTION.
38;
Organization of Civil Guv. u
Proclamation nt Sit Henrj I
Devolution of Howe's l'luiitalion.
refuge on board the Bristol, the flag-snip of Sir Peter Parker.' Royal government in North
Carolina now ceased forever, and a brighter era in tin- history of the state was opened.
The provincial council now labored vigorously in the elaboration of measures lor the de
fense of the colony, and the maintenance of liberty. A strong military establishment was
organized, and in each district a brigadier general was appointed, with an efficient corps of
iield-olliocrs.'J On the eighteenth of December1 a state
government was formed under a Constitution,' anil, a few
days afterward, a device lor a great seal of the commonwealth
was presented by a committee appointed for the purpose, and
adopted.' In all their actions, the Carolinians exhibited the
aspect of men determined to be tree, and conscious that hope for
reconciliation with the mother country was vain. A blow had
been struck which marked out the bright line of future opera-
tions. There could no lunger he hesitation, and the line be-
tween AYlngs and Tories was as distinctly drawn as that of the
twilight between the day and the night.
The siege of Charleston, and other events of the war which speedily followed the battle
on Moore's Creek, will be detailed hereafter. From this tune until the close of the Revo-
lution, the military history of North Carolina is identified with that of the whole confederacy.
From the time of the battle on Moore's Creek until Cornwallis and his army overran the
Carolinas, there were no regularly organized bands of Loyalists in the " Old North State."
Here let us close the chronicle for a day, and ride on toward the fertile region of the
Allamanee, after glancing at noteworthy objects in Hillsborough.
I employed the first morning of the new year," in visiting places of interest at b JnTl ,
Hillsborough, in company with the Reverend Dr. Wilson. The first object to i?49.
which my attention was called was a small wooden building, represented in the engraving
on the next page, situated opposite the hotel where 1 was lodged. Cornwallis used it for
Now York with Sir Henry Clinton, when driven from the colony, he joined the army, unilcr Cornwallis.
and was in tin- battle near Camden, where elates was defeated, lie was with Cornwallis in Carolina as
late as April, 1781, when impaired health caused him to leave. He went to New York, spent a part of the
slimmer at Rockawav, on Long Island, and (hen sailed for England. He died in London, in July, 1786.
Samuel Martin, who fought a doel with the celebrated John Wilkes in 1763, was the governor's brother.
Ili^ father was Colonel Samuel Martin, "t Virginia, who lost a large csiaie by confiscation. Judge Mar-
Lin, the historian "i North Carolina, computes the population i>f that state, when Governor .Martin lied and
ihe royal power ended, at one hundred and fifty thousand, more than one fifth of whom were slaves.
hi,,, ii . 3(i. 37; Foote, 143-14.5: Martin, n.. 380-384. On the fifth of May, 1776, Sir Henry
Clinton issued a proclamation from the Pallai sloop "I war. which declared North Carolina in a state ol
rebellion, ordered all Congresses to be dissolved, and offered pardon to all penitents, except the arch-rebels
Cornelius Harnett and Robert Howe. The people laughed at him. Fired with indignation, he vented his
spite upon the property of Colonel Howe. On the twelfth, he sent Cornwallis and a marauding party of
nine hundred men on shore, who ravaged Howe's plantation in Brunswick, treated some women at his
house with brutality, burned some mills in the neighborhood, and then returned to the ships. Despairing
of success in thai quarter, Clinton sailed with the British fleet of thirty vessels lor New York.
*The following gentlemen were appointed brigadiers : Richard Caswell, of Newbern ; John Ashe, ol U il-
mington ; Thomas Person,* ol Hillsborough; Griffith Ruth.
hC^r~~7-rT~ c-3 ! / tf-J-J it oil - erford, of Salisbury j Edward Vail, of Edenton ; and Allen
J Jones, of Halifax.
■' The following gentle n weie a|>| led -into oilieers under the Republican Constitution: Richauii
Ciswell. governor; James Glasgow, secretary of state ; Cornelius Harnett, Thomas Person, Will-
iam Day, William Haywood, Edward Starkey, Joseph Leech, and Thomas Eaton, counselors of state.
1 The committee consisted of William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, and Thomas Burke. The seal then adopted
continues to be that of the state. The two figures represent respectively Liberty and Plenty. Liberty
holds the Constitution in one hand, and in the other a staff, with the cap of freedom, indicating the security
of liberty by the Constitution. Clasped by one arm, Plenty holds a small bundle of wheat ears, and with
ihe other supports an overflowing cornucopia, indicating the generous fertility of the soil of North Carolina.
• Thomas Person hud been one of the lending Regulators, and exceedingly active against the royal government. He was lor
many years a member of the State Senate. Person Hall, of the university at Chapel Hill, Ninth Carolina, was so named to
commemorate a munificent donation which he made to that institution.
38 i
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Localities at Hillsborough.
Departure for the Allamance.
Place of I'ylu'a Defc»t
CoBMULLIb;
FICK.1
1849.
CoHNWALLIs'S HEAD-QUARTERS.
mi office, 'luring his tarryings in Hillsborough, after driving Genera] Greene out of the state.
After sketching this, we visited the office of the Clerk of the Superior
Court, and made the fac similes and extracts from its records, printed on
pages 3 6 7—8. We next visited the head quarters of Cornwallis, a large
frame building situated in the rear of Morris's Hillsborough House, on King
Street. Generals Gates and Greene also occupied it when they were in
Hillsborough, and there a large number of the members of the Provincial
Congress were generally lodged. The old court-house, where the Regula-
tors performed their lawless acts, is no longer in existence. I was inform-
ed by Major Taylor, an octogenarian on whom we called, that it was a
brick edifice, and stood almost upon the exact site of the present court-house, which is a
spacious brick building, with steeple and clock.
The successor of the first was a wooden struc-
ture, and being removed to make room for the
present building, was converted into a place of
meeting for a society of Baptists, who yet wor-
ship there. a Upon the hill near the Epis-
copal church, and fronting King Street, g
is the spot where the Regulators were hung.
The residence of Governor Tryon, while in Hills-
borough, was on Church Street, a little west of
Masonic Hall. These compose the chief objects
of historic interest at Hillsborough. The town
has other associations connected with the Southern campaigns, but we will not anticipate
the revealments of history by considering them now.
At one o'clock I exchanged adieus with the kind Dr. Wilson, crossed the Eno, and, pur-
suing the route traversed by Tryon on his march to the Allamance, crossed the rapid and
now turbid Haw,2 just below the falls, at sunset. I think I never traveled a worse road
than the one stretching between the Eno and the Haw. It passes over a continued series
of red clay hills, which are heavily wooded with oaks, gums, black locusts, and chestnuts
Small streams course among these elevations ; and in summer this region must be exceed-
ingly picturesque. Now every tree and shrub was leafless, except the holly and the laurel,
and nothing green appeared among the wide-reaching branches but the beautiful tufts of
mistletoe which every where decked the great oaks with their delicate leaves and trans-
parent berries. Two and a half miles beyond the Haw, and eighteen from Hillsborough,
I passed the night at Foust's house of entertainment, and after an early breakfast, rode to
the place where Colonel Pyle, a Tory officer, with a considerable body of Loyalists, was de-
ceived and defeated by Lieutenant-colonel Henry Lee and his dragoons, with Colonel Pick-
ens, in the spring of 1781. Dr. Holt, who lives a short distance from that locality, kindly
accompanied me to the spot and pointed out the place where the battle occurred ; where
Colonel Pyle lay concealed in a pond, and where many of the slain were buried. The
place of conflict is about half a mile north of the old Salisbury highway, upon a "planta-
tion road," two miles east of the Allamance, in Orange county. Let us listen to the voices
of history and tradition.
In February, 1781, General Greene, then in command of the American army at the
South, accomplished a wonderful and successful retreat across North Carolina into Virginia,
closely pursued by Lord Cornwallis. This memorable retreat we shall consider presently.
1 This view is from the piazza of the Union Hotel. The building is of logs, covered with clap-Doards
When James Monroe (afterward President of the United States) visited the Southern army in 1780, as
military commissioner for Virginia, he used this building for his office while in Hillsborough.
3 The Haw River (which derives its name from the abundance of hawthorns in that region) rises in
Rockingham and Guilford counties, and in Chatham county unites with the Deep River, and forms the
northwest branch of the Cape Fear.
OF THE REVO I.UTION
::--
Cornwallis at Hillsborough.
Greene's Plans.
Expedition under Lieutenant Colonel Lee.
His Public Life
When Cornwallis was certified that Greene had escaped across the Dan with all his force,
baggage, and stores, he ordered a halt,a and, after refreshing his wearied troops, , K,.|, 14
moved slowly back to Hillsborough, and there established his head-quarters.' Ilis 1781-
object was partially accomplished ; he had not captured the " rebel army," but he had
driven it from the Carolinas, and he now anticipated a general rising of the Tories, to as-
sist him in crushing effectually the remaining Republicanism at the South. Although
driven across the Dan, Greene had no idea of abandoning North Carolina to the quiet pos-
session of the enemy. In the fertile and friendly county of Halifax, in Virginia, his troops
reposed for a few days, and then they were called again to the field of active exertion. He
resolved to recruit his thinned battalions, and as soon as possible recross the Dan and con-
front Cornwallis.
Among the most active and efficient officers engaged in the Southern campaigns was
Henry Lee,' at this time lieutenant col-
onel, in command of a corps of choice cav
airy. He was in Greene's camp when
that general issued his orders to preparo
for recrossing the Dan into the Carolinas.
His patriot heart leaped for joy when the
order was given, and he was much grati-
fied when himself and General Pickens,
who commanded a body of South Caro-
lina militia, with Captain Oldham and
two companies of Maryland veteran mili-
tia, were directed" to repass the b Feb lg
Dan and reconnoitre the front 1781-
of Cornwallis, for he burned to measure
strength with the fiery Tarleton. They
were sent by Greene to interrupt the in-
tercourse of Cornwallis with the country
surrounding his army at Hillsborough,
and to suppress every attempt of the
Loyalists to join him in force. This
proved necessary, for the British com-
mander issued a proclamation on the
twentieth of Februarys inviting
the Loyalists to join his standard
at Hillsborough.
Lieutenant-colonel Lee crossed the
Dan on the eighteenth, and was followed
1 Cornwallis remained in Hillsboroujrh about ten days. While a detachment of his army lay at the Red
House, a short distance from the town, they occupied the Church of Hugh M'Aden. the first located mis-
rionary in North Carolina. Supposing M'Aden (then a short lime in his grave) to have been a rebel, be-
cause he was a Presbyterian, the British burned his library and papers. His early journal escaped the
flames. — Footc, 273.
• Henry Lee was born at the family seat, in Stratford (see page 217), on the twenty-ninth of January,
1756. He was educated at Princeton College, where he graduated in 1773. Fond of active life, an. I im-
bued with a military spirit, he sought and obtained the command of a company, in Colonel Bland's regi-
ment of Virginia volunteers, in 1776. He joined the Continental army in September, 1777. where he soon
attracted the favorable notice of Washington. He was promoted to the rank of major, in command of a
separate corps of cavalry. On the sixth of November. 1780, Congress promoted him to lieutenant colonel,
and ordered him to join the Southern army under General Greene, where bis career was marked by great
skill and bravery. His military exploits and the honors conferred upon him by Congress, are noticed in
various places iii this volume. In 1786. he was appointed a delegate to Congress, which position he held
until the adoption of the Constitution. In 1791, he succeeded Beverly Randolph as governor of Virginia,
and remained in office three years. He commanded the forces, bv appointment of Washington, which were
IT. Bb
386 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Pursuit ofTarleton. ApprofK'h of Tories under Colonel Pyle. Conception of ft Plan to Ensnare thelo
by Pickens and Oldham. He sent out his scouts, and early on the morning of the nineteenth
he was informed by them that Tarleton and his legion were out toward the Haw reconnoi-
tering, and offering protection to the Loyalists who were desirous of marching to Cornwal-
lis's camp. Lee and Pickens pushed on to gain the great road leading from Hillsborough to
the Haw. They ascertained that Tarleton had passed there the day before, and was prob-
ably then on the western side of the Haw. The next daya the Americans cross-
ed the Haw, and were informed that the Loyalists between that and the Dee])
River were certainly assembling to join the earl. They also learned from a countryman
(a sort of passive Tory named Ephraim Cooke) that Tarleton's force consisted of most of
his cavalry, four hundred infantry, and two light field pieces ; and that he was encamped
about four miles distant with all the carelessness of confident security. Lee determined to
surprise him, and placed his little army in battle order for a quick march. They reached
the designated spot too late, for Tarleton had left and proceeded a few miles further, to the
plantation of Colonel William O'Neil, whose memory, if common report speaks true, de-
serves a greater share of the odium of his countrymen than the most bitter Tory, for by his
avaricious acts while claiming to be a Whig, he drove many of his neighbors to join the
ranks of the Loyalists.' Two of Tarleton's officers, who were left behind, were cap-
tured.
Lee now resolved to employ stratagem! His legion greatly resembled that of Tarleton,
and he made the country people believe that his was a detachment sent by Cornwallis to
re-enforce that officer. The two prisoners were commanded to favor the deception, under
b Feb as tne Pellaity °f instant death. The legion took the van in the march, b with Lieu-
17^1- tenant-colonel Lee at the head, preceded, at the distance of a few hundred yards, by
a scout. The officer of the van soon met two well-mounted young men, who, believing him
to belong to a British re-enforcement, promptly answered an inquiry by saying that they
were " rejoiced to fall in with him, they having been sent forward by Colonel Pyle, the
commander of quite a large body of Loyalists, to find out Tarleton's camp, whither he was
marching with his followers." A dragoon was immediately sent to Lee with this informa-
tion, and was speedily followed by the young men, who mistook " Legion Harry" for Tarle-
ton, and, with the greatest deference, informed him of the advance of Colonel Pyle. Lee
dispatched his adjutant to General Pickens to request him to place his riflemen (among
whom were those of Captain Graham.2 who had just joined him) on the left flank, in a
place of concealment in the woods, while he himself should make an attempt to capture the
deceived Loyalists. Lee also sent one of the duped young men, with the dragoon who es-
corted them, to proceed to Colonel Pyle with his compliments, and his request " that the
colonel would be so good as to draw out his forces on the side of the road, so as to give con-
venient room for his (Lee's) much wearied troops to pass by without delay to their right
position." The other young countryman was detained to accompany Lee himself, whom he
supposed to be Tarleton. The van officer was ordered to halt as soon as he should perceive
the Loyalists. This order was obeyed ; and presently the young man who had been sent
to Colonel Pyle, returned with that officer's assurance that he was "happy to comply with
the request of Colonel Tarleton." It was the intention of Lee, when his force should ob-
tain the requisite position to have the complete advantage of Colonel Pyle, to reveal his real
name and character, demand the immediate surrender of the Tories, and give them their
sent to quell the whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania. He was a member of Congress in 1799, and was
chosen to pronounce a funeral oration at Washington, on the occasion of the death of the first president.
He wrole his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, in 1808. He wn^ act-
ive in quelling a mob in Baltimore in 1814, and from wounds received at that time he never fairly recov-
ered. Toward the close of 1817, he repaired to the West Indies lor the benefit of his health, lint without
success. Returning, he stopped at. Cumberland Island, near St. Mary's, in Georgia, to visit Mrs. Shaw,
the daughter of General Greene, where he died on the twenty-fifth of March, 1818, at the age of sixty-
two years. The names of I.ee, Marion, Morgan, Sumter, and Pickens form n brilliant galaxy in the South-
en firmament of our Revolutionary history. ' See Caruthcrs's Life of Caldwell, page 213
: The father of the late Secretary of the Navy,
OF THE REVOLUTION 387
Oeslrunion of the Loyalist) Escape of Colonel Pylo. The Battle ground. Escape of Tarleton.
choice, to return quietly to their homes, after being disarmed, or to join the patriot army
Thus far every thing had worked favorably to Lee's humane design.
Lee's cavalry first approached the Loyalists, who. happily for the furtherance of the plan.
were on the right side of the road ; consequently, the horsemen following Lee were obliged
to countermarch ind confront the Loyalists. As Lee approached Colonel Pyle, the Loyal-
ists raised the shout, "God save the king !" He rode along the Tory column (who were
also mounted, with their rifles on their backs), and. with gracious smiles, complimented them
on their fine appearance and lo\al conduct. As he approached Pyle and grasped Ins hand
(the signal for his cavalry to draw when he should summon the Tories to surrender), the
Loyalists on the left discovered Pickens's militia, and perceived that thrv wore betrayed
They immediately commenced firing upon the rear-guard of the American cavalry, com-
manded by Captain Eggleston.1 That officer, as a matter of necessity, instantly turned
upon the foe, and this movement was speedily followed by the whole column. A scene of
dreadful slaughter followed, for the Loyalists, taken bv surprise, could not bring their rifles
to bear before Lee had struck the fatal blow. Colonel Pyle commanded four hundred Loy-
alists; ninety of them were killed in that brief moment, and a large portion of
the remainder were wounded. A cry for mercy arose from the discomfited
Tories, but the hand of mercy was stayed until the red arm of war had
placed the Americans beyond danger.' Colonel Pyle was badly
wounded, and fled to the shelter of a small pond, which was en-
vironed and deeply shaded by a fringe of oaks, persimmons, haw-
thorns, crab-trees, and black jacks, trellised with the vines of the
muscadine. Tradition says that he laid himself under the wa-
ter, with nothing but his nose above it, un-
til after dark, when he crawled out, made ~-*- .... ,f .-.
his way home, and recovered. The place
of his concealment is yet known as " Pyle s
Pond,' of which the engraving is a correct -*
view, as it appeared when I visited the spot
in 1849. a It is on the verse of a -
• Jan. 2. . . , ~ , , r 1'yle's I'ond.'
cultivated field, ol some six acres,
half a mile northwest from the Salisbury road. Its den-'- fringe is gone, and nothing indi-
cates its former concealment but numerous stumps of the ancient forest.
Lee and Pickens did not pursue the retreating Loyalists; but, anxious to overtake Tarle-
ton, who was at Colonel O'Neil's, upon the Grreensborough road, three miles northward, be
resumed his march, not withstanding it was almost sunset, lb- halted within a mile of
O'Neil's, and encamped for the night, where they were joined by Colonel Preston and three
hundred hardy mountaineers from Virginia, who had hastened to the support of Greene
At ten o'clock in the morning, the Americans formed for attack, when it was ascertained that
Tarleton. alarmed bv the exaggerated stories of some of the survivors of Pyle's corps, win.
made their way to his camp, had hastened to obey the orders of Comwallis, just received, and
was moving toward the Haw. The Americans pursued him as far as that river, when they
halted, and Tarleton, after a narrow escape at the ford, returned in safety t" Hillsborough
••Fortune, the capricious goddess," says Lee, "gave us Pyle, and saved Tarleton."'
' Captain Eo-glestnn was one of the most efficient cavalry officers in I 's legion, daring the campaigns
further south the same year. We shall meet him hereafter
I In ihis action the Americans did not lose a single man. and only one horse. The generally accurate
and impartial Stedman, influenced, doubtless, by wrong information, called i! vent a "massacre;" says
that " no quarter was granted" when asked , ami that " between two ami three hundred "i them were inhu-
manlv butchered while in the act "I' begging for mercy." — History nf the American War. ii.. 334.
3 About a quarter of a mile north v* esl I i this pom 1. 1> ihe spot where the I, ait I icurred. It was then
heavily wooded; new ii i- a cleared field, on the plantation of Colonel Michael Holt. Mr. II"li planted
an apple-tree upon the spol where fourteen of the slain were buried in "tic grave. Near by, a persimmon-
tree indicates the place of burial of several others. ' Memoirs, page 160
388 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Allamance. Factory Labor. Regulator Battleground. Greensborough.
CHAPTER XV.
" Cornwallis led a country dance :
The like was never seen, sir;
Much retrograde, and much advance,
And all with General Greene, sir.
They rambled up and rambled down,
Joined hands, and off they ran, sir ;
Our General Greene to old Charlestown.
And the earl to Wilmington, sir.'
There was Greene in the South ; you must know him — ■
Whom some called a " Hickory Quaker ;"
But he ne'er turned his back on the foeman,
Nor ever was known for a Shaker." — William Elliot.
LEFT the place of Pyle's defeat toward noon, and, following a sinuous and
seldom-traveled road through a forest of wild crab-apple trees and black
jacks, crossed the Allamance at the cotton-factory of Holt and Carrigan,
two miles distant." Around this mill quite a village of neat log-houses,
occupied by the operatives, were collected, and every thing had the ap-
pearance of thrift. I went in, and was pleased to see the hands of intel-
ligent white females employed in a useful occupation. Manual labor by
white people is a rare sight at the South, where an abundance of slave
labor appears to render such occupation unnecessary ; and it can seldom be said of one of
our fair sisters there, " She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff."3
This cotton-mill, like the few others which I saw in the Carolinas, is a real blessing, present
and prospective, for it gives employment and comfort to many poor girls who might other-
wise be wretched ; and it is a seed of industry planted in a generous soil, which may here-
after germinate and bear abundant fruit of its kind in the midst of cotton plantations, there-
by augmenting immensely the true wealth of the nation.
At a distance of two miles and a half beyond the Allamance, on the Salisbury road, 1
reached the Regulator battle-ground ; and, in company with a young man residing in the
vicinity, visited the points of particular interest, and made the sketch printed on page 37 1.
The rock and the ravine from whence James Pugh and his companions (see page 37 0) did
such execution with their rifles, are now hardly visible. The place is a few rods north of
the road. The ravine is almost filled by the washing down of earth from the slopes during
eighty years ; and the rock projects only a few ells above the surface. The whole of the
natural scenery is changed, and nothing but tradition can identify the spot.
While viewing the battle-ground, the wind, which had been a gentle and pleasant breeze
from the south all the morning, veered to the northeast, and brought omens of a cold storm.
I left the borders of the Allamance, and its associations, at one o'clock, and traversing a very
hilly country for eighteen miles, arrived, a little after dark, at Greensborough, a thriving,
compact village, situated about five miles southeast from the site of old Guilford Court
House. It is the capitol of Guilford county, and successor of old Martinsburg, where the
1 These lines form a part of a song which was very popular at the close of the war, and was sung to
the air of " Yankee Doodle."
" This factory, in the midst of a cotton-growing country, and upon a never-failing stream, can not be
otherwise than a source of great profit to the owners. The machinery is chiefly employed in the manufac-
ture of cotton yarn. Thirteen hundred and fifty spindles were in operation. Twelve looms were employed
in the manufacture of coarse cotton goods suitable for the use of the negroes. 3 Proverbs, xxxi., 19
OF THE REVOLUTION.
389
Fire in Grccneborough-
Thc Guilford Battleground.
G«tei superseded by Greene
court-house was formerly situated. Very few of the villages in the interior of the state
appeared to me more like a Northern town than Greensborough. The houses are gener-
ally good, and the stores gave evidences of active trade Within an hour after my arrival.
the town was thrown into commotion by the bursting out of flames from a large frame
dwelling, a short distance from the court-house. There being no fire-engine in the place,
the flames spread rapidly, and at one time menaced the safety of the whole town. A small
keg of powder was used, without effect, to demolish a tailor's shop, standing in the path of
the conflagration toward a large tavern. The flames passed on, until confronted by one
ol those broad chimneys, on the outside of the house, so universally prevalent at the South,
when it was subdued, after four buildings were destroyed. I never saw a population more
thoroughly frightened ; and when I returned to my lodgings, far away from the lire, every
bed in the house was packed ready for flight. It was past midnight when the town be-
came quiet, and a consequently late breakfast delayed my departure for the battle-field at
Guilford Court House, until nine o'clock the next morning.
A cloudy sky, a biting north wind, and the dropping of a few snow-flakes when I left
Greensborough, betokened an unpleasant day lor my researches. It was ten o'clock when
I reached Martinsville, once a pleasant hamlet, now a desolation There are only a few
dilapidated and deserted dwellings left ; and nothing remains of the old Guilford Court
House but the luius of a chimney, depicted on the plan of the battle, printed ou page 608
Only one house was inhabited, and that by the tiller of the soil around it. Descending
into a narrow, broken valley, from Martinsville, and ascending the opposite slope to still
higher ground on the road to Salem, I passed among the fields consecrated by the events of
the battle at Guilford, in March," 1761, to the house of Mr. Hotchkiss, a Quaker,
who, I was informed could point out every locality of interest in his neighborhood.
' March 15
Mr. Hotchkiss was absent
and I was obliged to wait
more than an hour for his
return. The time pass-
ed pleasantly in conver-
sation with his daughter,
an intelligent young lady,
who kindly ordered my
horse to be fed, and re-
galed me with some fine
apples, the first fruit of
the kind I had seen since
leaving the James River.
While tarrying there, the
snow began to fall thickly,
and when, about --->
noon, I rambled /O/
over the most in-
teresting portion of V
the battle-ground,
and sketched the
and directed General Washington to make the selection.
ed General Nathaniel Greene, b late the quarter-master general, who immediately
proceeded to his field of labor.1 Passing through Delaware, Maryland, and Yir- "so.
scene printed on page
-1 0 5, the whole country
was covered with a white
mantle. Here, by this
hospitable fireside, let us
consider the battle, and
those wonderful antece-
dent events which distin-
guished General Greene's
celebrated R.ETREAT.
After the unlucky bat-
tle near Camden, where
General Gates lost the
laurels he had obtained at
Saratoga, Congress per-
ceived the necessi-
ty of appointing a
more efficient com-
mander for the ar-
my in the South-
cm Department,
The commander-in-chief appoint-
X^*/
1 Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, at Warwick, in Rhode Island, in 1740. His father was
an anchor smith, and in that business Nathaniel was trained. While yet a boy, he learned the Latin lan-
guage, and by prudence and perseverance ho collected a small library while a miner. The perusal of
military history occupied much of his attention. He had just attained his majority, when his abilities were
so highly estimated, that he was chosen a representative in the Legislature of Rhode Island. Fired with
39Q PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Greene's Arrival in Carolina. Courtesy of Gates. Disposition of the belligerent Armies.
rrinia, lie ascertained what supplies he was liltely to ohtaiu from those states; and leaving
the Baron Steuben to direct the defense of Virginia, and to raise levies and stores for the
Southern army, he proceeded to Hillsborough, the seat of government of North Carolina.
Governor Nash received him with joy, for the dangers which menaced the state were im-
minent. After remaining there a lew days, he hastened on to Charlotte, the head-quarters
of the army. General Gates received him with great respect, and on the day after his
D 3 arrival he took formal command of the army.a Gates immediately set out for
1780. the head-quarters of Washington (then in New Jersey, near the Hudson), to submit
0ct5 to an inquiry into his conduct, which had been ordered by Congress.1' From
I'so. that time until the commencement of his retreat from the Carolinas, Greene was
exceedingly active in the arrangement of the army, and in wisely directing its move-
ments.
His first arrangement was to divide his army into two detachments, the largest of which,
under himself, was to be stationed opposite Cheraw Hill, on the east side of the Peedee
River, in Chesterfield District, upon a small stream called Hick's Creek, about seventy miles
to the right of Cornwallis, who was then at Winnsborough, in Fairfield District. The other,
composed of about one thousand troops, under General Morgan, was placed some fifty miles
lo the left, near the junction of the Broad and Pacolet Rivers, in Union District. Cornwal-
lis sent Colonel Tarleton, with a considerable force, to disperse the little army of Morgan,
c Jan 17 ant' soon tne memorable battle of the Cowpens occurred,0 in which the Americans
1781. were victorious. Tarleton, with the remnant of his troops, retreated precipitately
in the main army of Cornwallis, who was then at Turkey Creek ; and Morgan, in the even-
ing of the same day, crossed the Broad River, and moved, by forced marches, loward the Ca-
tawba, to form a junction with the division of General Greene.
When Cornwallis heard of the defeat of Tarleton and the direction that Morgan had
taken, he resolved on pursuit, with the hope of regaining the prisoners taken at the Cowpens,
and of demolishing the Americans before they could reach the Catawba. He was joined
on the eighteenth by General Leslie and his troops, from Camden. To facilitate his
j Jan 35.
march, he ordered all the superfluous baggage and wagons to be destroyed" at Ram-
military zeal, and ardent patriotism, young Greene resolved to take up arms for his country, when he heard
of the ba'lle at Lexington. He was appointed to the command of three regiments in the Army of Observa-
tion, raised by his state, and led them to Roxbury. In consequence of this violation of their discipline, the
Quakers disowned him. General Washington soon perceived his worth, and in August the following year,
Congress promoted him from the office of brigadier of his state militia to that of major general in the Con-
tinental army. He was in the battles at Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown. In March,
1778, he was appointed quarter-master general, and in June was engaged in The battle of Monmouth. He
resigned his office of quarter-master general in 1780, and was succeeded by Timothy Pickering. He took
the command of the Southern Department. December third. 1780. nnd in February following made his fa-
mous retreat. He engaged in the battle of Guilford, in March, 1781, when he was defeated. In April
following, he fought with Lord Rawdon, near Camden, where he was again defeated, but retreated in good
order, and soon afterward captured several British posts in South Carolina. He besieged Fort Ninety-Six
in Mav, hut was unsuccessful. On the eighth of September, he gained a partial victory at Eutaw Springs,
for which Congress presented him with a British standard and a gold medal. This engagement closed the
war in Sonlh Carolina. He returned to Rhode Island at the conclusion of the war. He went to Georgia
in 1785 to look after an estate belonging to him near Savannah. While walking one day, in June, without
an umbrella, he was "sun struck," and died on the nineteenth of that month, in 1786. at the a^e of forty-
six years. His body was buried in a vault in Savannah, on the same day, but owing to negligence in des-
ignating the one, a search for his remains, in 1820, was unsuccessful. No man living can now point out
the sepulchre of that ablest of Washington's generals. On the eighth of August following, Congress adopt-
ed the following resolution: "That a monument be erected to Nathaniel Greene, Esq., at the seat of the
Federal government, with the following inscription : Sacred to the memory of Nathaniel Greene. Esq., u
native of the State of Rhode Island, who died on the nineteenth of June, 1786; late major general in the
service of the United States, and commander of their army in the Southern Department. The United
States, in Congress assembled, in honor of his patriotism, valor, and ability, have erected ibis monument. "
The Board of Treasury was directed to take action for the due execution of the foregoing resolutions.
In person General Greene was rather corpulent, and above the common size. His complexion was fair
and florid ; his countenance serene and mild. His health was generally delicate, but was preserved by tem-
perance and exercise.
OF THE REVOLUTION 39]
Greene in Co operation with Morgan. Conference of the Command, rs. Buttle at Uamsour's Milli. Genera] liuthcrforri
sour's Mills, on the south fork of the Catawba.' In the mean while, General Greene had
been apprised of the battle and the result, and on the same day when Cornwallis commenced
pursuit, he ordered Brigadier Stevens to march with his Virginia militia (whose term of
service was almost expired) by way of Charlotte, to take Morgan's prisoners and conduct
them to Charlottesville, in Virginia Greene, anxious to confer with Morgan personally, left
the camp on the Pedee, under the command of General linger and Colonel Otho II. Will-
iams, and started, with one aid and two or three mounted militia, for the Catawba."
On the route he was informed of Cornwallis's pursuit, and immediately sent an ex-
press to linger and Williams to break up the camp, and march with all possible dispatch to
tbrm a junction with Morgan's light troops at Salisbury or Charlotte. Greene reached Shor-
rard's Ford, on the Catawba, on the thirty-first, where he had an interview with Morgan,
and directed his future movements.
1 At this place a severe battle was foughl on the twentieth of June, 1780, between a body of North
Carolina militia and a large force of Loyalists. Early in June, General Rutherford* was in command of
more than the hundred North Carolina militia, and was In the vicinity of Charlotte. Having received in-
telligence that the Tories were embodying in aims beyond the Catawba, in Tryon county, he issued orders
to commanders in the vicinity to arouse the militia for the dispersion of those men. Ramsour's -Mills, in
the present county of Lincoln, on the south fork of the Catawba, was their place of rendezvous, and toward
thai point he marched, he having received intelligence that Lord Rawdon had retired to Camden. The
Tones were assembled under Colonels John .Moore and Major Nicholas Welch, to the number ol almost
thirteen hundred, on the twentieth ol' June. On Sunday, the eighteenth, having concentrated the militia ol
Mecklenburg, Rowan, and neighborhood, Rutherford proceeded to the Catawba, and crossed that river at the
Tuckesege Ford, on the evening of the nineteenth. He dispatched a messenger to Colonel Francis Locke,
of Rowan, informing him of the state of affairs, and ordering him to form aji tion with him between the
Forks of the Catawba, sixteen miles from Ramsour's. That officer, with the militia under several other sub-
ordinate commanders, in all about loin hundred men. encamped on the nineteenth on Mountain Creek, higher
up on the Catawba, above Beanie's Ford, and also sixteen miles from Ramsour's. At a council of the offi-
cers, junction with Rutherford, who was about thirty-five miles distant, was not deemed prudent, and they
resolved to attack the Tories without delay. Colonel Johnson, one of their number, was dispatched to ap-
prise General Rutherford of the situation of affairs. He reached Rutherford's camp at ten o'clock the
same night.
Late in the evening of the nineteenth, Colonel Locke and his companions commenced their march, and at
daylight the following morning they were within a mile of the enemy's camp. The latter were upon a
high hill, three hundred yards east of Ramsour's Mill, and half a mile from the present villaoe of Lincoln-
ton. Their position was very advantageous, and as there were but few trees upon the slope, they OOllId
fire effectually upon an approaching foe. The companies of Captains Falls, M'Dowell, and Brandon,
of the patriot army, were on horseback, and led on to the attack ; the footmen were under the immediate
command of Colonel Locke. The Tories were surprised. Their pickets fired when the patriots appeared,
and then retreated to the camp. For a moment the Tories were confused, but. recovering, they poured
such a deadly fire upon the horsemen, who had pursued the pickets to the lines, that they were compelled
to fall back. They rallied, and soon the action became general. Captain Hardin now gained the right
Hank of the Tories, while the action was warm in the center. In two instances the parties were s,, olose
that they heat each other with the huts of their guns. The Whigs soon drove the Tories from the hill,
when they discovered them collected in force on the other side of the mill stream. Expecting an imme-
diate attack, messengers were sent to urge Rutherford forward. They met him within six miles of Ram-
sour's. pushing on with all possible baste. Major Davie, with his cavalry, started off at full gallop, followed
by Colonel Davidson's infantry. They were met within two miles of Ramsour's, with the intelligence that
the Tories had retreated. Rutherford marched to the scene of action, and there encamped. The conlliel
was very severe, and seventy men were left dead on the ground. As all were in "citizen's dress.'' it was
difficult to distinguish the Whigs from the Tories among the dead. It is believed that each party had an
equal number killed. About one hundred men on each side were wounded. Fifty Tones were taken
prisoners. A terrible voice of wail went up from that battle-field the next day, when the relatives of the
slain came there in search of them.
' Griffith Rutherford was an Irishman by birth, brave and patriotic, bvit uncultivated in mind and manners. He resided west
of Salisbury, in the Locke settlement; ami in 1?7."> rrpn-
sented Kowan county in the Convention at Newborn. In
l?7lj he led a large force into the Cherokee country, and
assisted the people of South Carolina in destroying their
V // ^r corn-fields and villages. He was appointed a brigadier by
^<m lt*^ the Provincial Congress, in April, 177G. He commanded a
brigade in the battle near Camden, in August, 1780, and was taken prisoner by the British. He was exchanged, and was in com-
mand at Wilmington when that place was evacuated by the British at the close of the war. He was a state senator in 1784.
and soon afterward removed to Tennessee, where he died. A county both in North Carolina and Tennessee bears his name.
(&^i£SaM^>.
392
PICTORIAL FIELD- BO OK
Morgan pursued by Cornwallis,
Narrow Kscupe of the former.
Passage of the Catawba by Cornwallis'a Army.
The pursuit by Cornwallis had been keen and untiring. He had kept between the Broad
and the Catawba Rivers, and his sole efforts were to reach the fords toward which Morgan
was pressing, in time to cut him off". Morgan's march was equally rapid, and he crossed
the Catawba at the Island Ford, on the northern border of the present Lincoln county, with
his prisoners and baggage, two hours before the arrival of the British van-guard, under Brig-
„ adier-general O'Hara.a It was sunset, and the earl, confident of his prey, postponed
i?8i.' further pursuit until morning. This delay was fatal to his success. Rain fell
copiously during the night, and in the morning the Catawba was brimful, and entirely mi-
fordable. Thus it remained for forty-eight hours ; and in the mean while Morgan's prisoners
were sent forward to a place of safety, and measures were adopted to dispute the passage of
the river with the British. Had the flood in the river happened a few hours earlier, Mor-
gan's little army must have been lost. The event was properly marked by the friends ot
liberty as the tangible interposition of Providence. The arrival of Greene, at this juncture,
was equally providential ; for Morgan had resolved upon a line of retreat which must have
proved fatal. Greene interposed counter orders, and the whole army was saved.
When the waters subsided, Cornwallis resumed his pursuit. Lieutenant-colonel Webster,
with a small detachment, moved toward Beattie's Ford, to give the impression that the
British army would cross there ; while Cornwallis, decamping at midnight with the main
body, moved rapidly toward Cowan's Ford,
six miles below. This was a private crossing-
place, and the earl supposed he would thus
elude the vigilance of Greene and Morgan. It
was a miscalculation, as numerous camp-fires
assured him when he approached the ford, a
little before dawn." General David- bFe.b]
son, the commander in Salisbury Dis- 1781-
trict, who had arrived the day before with
three hundred North Carolina militia, was
sent by Greene, who was quartered at Salis-
bury,1 to guard the ford and dispute its pas-
sage if attempted. Neglecting to place his
main body near the river, so as to make an
imposing appearance, he did not deter Corn-
wallis from proceeding to cross. The current
was rapid, the stream in many places waist-
deep, and almost five hundred yards wide, yet
the brave Britons, led on by General O'Hara,
plunged into the stream, and in the face of a
severe fire from Captain Graham's1 riflemen, who were posted at the ford, pressed forward
1 Greene was quartered at Salisbury, in the house of Elizabeth Steele, a patriot of purest mold. She
had heard Greene utter words of despondency, and her heart was touched. While he was at table, she
hrourrht two bags full of specie, the earnings of years of toil, and presented them to him, saying, " Take
thesiT; for you will want them, and I can do without them." Greene was grateful ; and before he left her
house'he wrote upon the back of a portrait of the king, hanging in the room, "O George, hide thy face
and mourn !" and then hung it up, with the face to the wall. That portrait, with the writing, is in the
present possession of the Honorable David L. Swain, of Chapel Hill.
- Captain Joseph Graham was an excellent specimen of those young men of Carolina who flocked to the
army fighting for independence. He was born in Pennsylvania, on the thirteenth of October, 1759. and at
the age of seven years accompanied his widowed mother to North Carolina. He was educated at Queen's
Museum, in Charlotte, and was a spectator at the famous convention, held there in May, 1775. In May.
1778, at the age of nineteen, young Graham enlisted in the fourth regiment of North Carolina regular
troops, under Colonel Archibald Lyle. Marching northward, his commander received instructions to return
to Carolina, ami Graham went home on furlough. He was railed into active service in tin' autumn of that
war :u:,\ ae ipanied General Rutherford to the banks of the Savannah, soon after the defeat of General
Ashe at Brier Creek. He was with General Lincoln while maneuvering against Prevost. and was in the
severe battle at Stono, in June, 1779. A fever prostrated him, and he returned home. While plowing in
OF THE REVOLUTION 3 9 3
Success of the British. Death of Genera! Davidson. British Account of the Conflict Queen's Museum
to the opposite bank.' The British reserved their fire until they had gained the shore, and
then, pouring a few volleys into the ranks of Graham, soon dispersed them. While ascend-
ing the bank, Colonel Hall, of the British army, was killed. General Davidson was sta-
tioned half a mile from the ford, with the main body of the militia. Hearing the tiring, ho
hastened to the spot, with Colonel William Polk and the Reverend Thomas MCaule.
They arrived just as the Americans were about to flee. Davidson was the last upon the
ground, and as he turned to follow his troops lie was shot dead by a rifle ball.3 The mili-
the field, he heard of the fall of Charleston and defeat of Buford at the Waxhaw. and. like Cineinnatus, he
left the furrow to engage in public duties. He was appointed adjutant of the Mecklenburg regiment.
He was engaged in active service for some time, and fought the enemy with Major Davie, at Charlotte, in
the autumn of 1780. In that engagement he was cut down and severely wounded by a Biiti-h dragoon.
He received six sabre and three bullet wounds. These confined him in the hospital for two months.
When recovered, he raised a company of mounted riflemen, and. with his fifty men, disputed the passage
of the British army at Cowan's Ford. With his company, and some troops from Rowan, he surprised and
captured a British guard at Hart's Mill, only a mile and a half from head-quarters at Hillsborough, and the
next day was with Lee when Pyle was defeated, lb' was engaged in active service all that summer, and
in September was appointed a major, and. with a pretty strong force, proceeded toward Wilmington lo res-
cue Governor Burke, who had been abducted from Hillsborough by Fanning, a noted Tory, and his asso-
eiales. South of Fayetleville he encountered a band of Tories, and, after a severe skirmish, defeated them.
His lone was only one hundred and thirty-six ; that of the Tories was six hundred. It was a brilliant
achievement. He was engaged in two or three other military enterprises soon afterward, when the sur-
render of Cornwall!- caused a cessation of hostilities at the South. With this campaign, Major Graham':
revolutionary services closed. In the course of four years (at the end of which he was only twenty-three
\r.us of age) he had commanded in fifteen engagements, and was greatly beloved by his companion,.
Major Graham was elected the first sheriff of Mecklenburg, after the close of the war, and, in 1787, mar-
ried a daughter of John Davidson, one of the members of the famous Mecklenburg Convention. By her he
had twelve children, the youngest of whom, the Honorable William A. Graham, is now ( 1S5-J) Sooietary of
the Navy of the United States. Soon after his marriage, he erected iron-works, and settled in Lincoln
county, eight miles from Beanie's Ford, where he lived forty years, and died. In 1814, one thousand men
were raised in .North Carolina to assist the Tennessee and Georgia volunteers against the Creek Indians.
Graham was urgently solicited to take the command. He consented, ami received the commission ol ma-
jor general. He arrived with his corps just as the Creeks had submitted to Generals Jackson, Coffee, and
Carroll, alter the battle al the Horse Shoe. For many years after that war, General Graham was the senior
officer of the fifth division of the state militia. Temperate in all things, he enjoyed remarkable health until
about the time of his death, which occurred from apoplexy, on the twelfth of November. 183li, at the age
of seventy-seven years. His honored remains lie in a secluded spot, near the great road leading from
Beattie's Ford to Lincolnton.
1 Stedman, an eye-witness, from whose work the plan is copied, gives the following account of the
passage of the river. This description illustrates the plan. " The light infantry of the guards, led by Col-
onel Hall, first entered the water. They were followed by the grenadiers, and the grenadiers by the bat-
talions, the men marching in platoons, to support one another against the rapidity of the stream. When
the light infantry had nearly reached the middle of the river, they were challenged by one of the enemy's
sentinels. The sentinel having challenged thrice and received no answer, immediately gave the alarm by
discharging his musket ; and the enemy's pickets were turned out. No sooner did the guide [a Tory] who
attended the light infantry to show the'm the ford, hear the report of the sentinel's musket, than he turned
round and left them. This, which at first seemed to portend much mischief, in the end proved a fortunate
incident. Colonel Hall, being forsaken by bis guide, and not knowing the true direction of the ford, led the
column directly across the river, to the nearest part of the opposite bank. This direction, as h afterward
appeared, carried the British troops considerably above the place where the ford terminated on the other
side, and where the enemy's pickets were posted, so that when they delivered their lire the light infantry
were already so far advanced as to be out of the line of its direction, and it took place angularly .upon the
grenadiers, so as to produce no great effect." — History of the American War. ii., 328.
5 General William Davidson was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in 174fi. His family went to
North Carolina (Rowan county) when he was four years old. He was educated at Queen's Museum,* an
* This building stood upon the site of the present residence of W. .1. Alexander, Esq.. and was better known daring the Rev-
olution as Liberty Hall Acadimy. Previous to the establishment of an institution of learning here, there were but two char-
tered seminaries in the province; one at Edenton. and the other at Newbern, In these none but members of the Established
Church were allowed to hold official swtion. The Presbyterians, who were very numerous, resolved to have a seminary of
their own, and applied for an unrestricted charter for a college. It whs granted ; but. notwithstanding it was called Queen's
College, in compliment to the consort of the km:.', and was located in a town railed by her name, and a county ot the same
name as her birth-place, the charter was repealed in 1771 by royal decree. The triple compliment was of no avail. It contin-
ued to exist, nevertheless, and the first Legislature under the State Constitution, in 1777, gave it a charter under the title ui Lib-
erty Hall Academy. The people ot Mecklenburg would not allow any prcfrr, lire u> be L-iven to one religious denomination over
another in the management of the atFairs of the institution ; and with firmness they pressed forward, with a determination
3 94 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Dispersion of Militia. Commencement of Greene'6 Retreat His Passage of the Yadkin. Cornwallis again foiled.
lia were entirely routed ; and all the fords being abandoned, Cornwallis, with the whole royal
army, crossed the Catawba without further molestation.' The militia reassembled at Tar-
rant's tavern, about ten miles distant. Tarleton, who had been sent with his cavalry in pursuit,
hastened to their rendezvous, made a furious charge, broke through their center, killed quite
a number, and dispersed the whole. A heavy rain had injured their powder, and they were
not prepared to fight The loss of General Davidson, and the total dispersion of the militia,
greatly dispirited the patriots in that region, and Toryism again became bold and active.
Now fairly commenced the great race between Greene and Cornwallis ; the goal was
the Dan, the prize the possession of the Carolinas.
General Greene had hoped, by guarding the fords on the Catawba with the light troops
under Morgan, to prevent the passage of the British army until Huger and Williams should
arrive with the other divisions of the American forces. The passage at Cowan's Ford de-
stroyed these hopes, and Morgan and his light troops retreated precipitately toward the Yad-
kin. The detachment of Lieutenant-colonel Webster crossed at Beattie's Ford, and joined
Cornwallis the next day,'1 on the road to Salisbury, five miles from the crossing-place.
The royal army rested at Salisbury" that night, and the next morning started in pur-
suit of Greene and Morgan. These officers did not await the dawn, but passed the Yad-
kin at Trading Ford (see cut on opposite page), while Cornwallis was slumbering ; and when,
on the morning of the third, the earl hastened to strike a fatal blow on the banks of that
stream, the Americans were beyond his reach, and Providence had again placed an impassa-
ble barrier of water between them. Another copious rain in the mountains had swollen the
Yadkin to a mighty river. The horses of Morgan had forded the stream at midnight, and
the infantry passed over in bateaux at dawn. These vessels were secured on the east shore
of the ladkin, and Cornwallis was obliged to wait for the waters to subside before he could
cross. Again he had the Americans almost within his grasp. A corps of riflemen were
yet on the west side when O'Hara, with the van-guard, approached, but these escaped across
the river, alter a smart skirmish of a few minutes. Nothing was lost but a few wagons
belonging to the Whigs who were fleeing with the American army, with their effects.
Greene now pushed on toward Guilford Court House, where he arrived on the sev-
institution at Charlotte, where many of the patriots of Carolina were instructed ; and when the war broke
out he took up arms. He was major of one of the first regiments raised in Carolina, but first saw active
s~> ,_^ service in New Jersey. In November, 1779, he was detached to re-
enforce Lincoln at the South. In a skirmish, near Calson's Mills, a
ball passed through his body, near the kidneys, but the wound was
not mortal. He was appointed brigadier after the battle of Camden,
in the place of Colonel Rutherford, who was made a prisoner there.
In the action at Cowan's Ford, on the first of Februarv, 1781, be was
shot through the breast, and instantly fell dead. Congress, on the
twentieth of September following, ordered a monument to be erected to his memory, at a cost not exceed-
ing S500 dollars.* General Davidson was a man of pleasing address, great activity, and pure devotion.
1 The loss on this occasion is not certainly known. Colonel Hall and three or four of the light infantry
were killed, and between thirty and forty were wounded. The Americans lost Davidson, and about twenty
killed and wounded. Cornwallis's horse was shut under him. and fell as soon as he got upon I he shore.
O'Hara's horse tumbled over with him in the water, and other horses were carried down the stream. — Lee's
Memoirs. 137.
2 It is related that while at Salisbury, the British officers were hospitably entertained by Dr. Anthony
Newman, notwithstanding he was a Whig. There, in presence of Tarleton and others, IV Newman's two
little sons were engaged in playing the game of the battle of the Cowpens with grains of corn, a red grain
representing the British officers, and a white one the Americans. Washington and Tarleton were partic-
ularly represented, and as one pursued the other, as in a real batlle, the little fellows shouted, " Hurrah for
Washington, Tarleton runs! Hurrah for Washington!'' Tarleton looked on for a while, but becoming
irritated, he exclaimed, " Sec those cursed little rebels."
to maintain both religious and political freedom. These principles, ever active, made Mecklenburg, the seat of this free institu-
tion of learning — "the must rebellioua county in the state" — "Mr Hornets Ifeat." No doubt the repealing of the charter by
royal authority, of this popular institution, operated powi rlully in alienating the affections of the people from the parent govern-
ing lit ; lor th' re, us in -wry 1I1--1 iitinir roinm unity in America, the establishment of "the Church" as a dominant power among
th- 111, was regarded with disfavor. Episcopacy and royalty appeared to be inseparable in interest, and concurrent in aristocratic
I'liikncics. * Journals of Congress, vii., Md.
OF THE RE VOLUTION
The Trading Ford.
Numbers of the two Armies.
Passage of the Yadkin by Cornwallis.
' rch resumed.
■ Feb., 1781.
sntfi." He had dispatched an order to linger and Williams to march directly
to that point,
and join linn there.
This onlcr was prompt-
ly obeyed, and I hese otli-
cers, with their com-
mands, arrived there
on the same day with
Greene and Morgan.
Lieutenant-colonel Lee
and his legion, who had
been on an expedition to
Georgetown, seventy
live miles below Che-
raw, overtook them on
their march, and that
gallant corps was now
added to the concentra-
ted strength of the Amer-
icans. The army, lying
at rest' on the slopes
around Martinsville, was
Trading Ford." mustered oil the eighth.
and amounted to about two thousand men. including rive hundred militia. Ol this number
nearly two hundred were superior cavalry. The army of Cornwallis in pursuit, was be-
tween two thousand five hundred and three thousand strong, of which three hundred were
mounted men.
Perceiving no prospect of the falling of the river, for the rain continued, Cornwallis
marched as rapidly as possible up the western side of the Yadkin to the shallow ford near
the present village of Huntsville, in Surrey county, where lie crossed. There he was in-
formed of the junction of the two divisions of the American army, and the hope of keeping
them separate was extinguished. An attempt to intercept their march toward Virginia,
and compel Greene to fight or surrender, was now the chief object of the earl's solicitude.
Upon the success of this undertaking depended not only the maintenance of his power in
the Carolinas, but perhaps the actual existence of his army. He knew the inferiority ol the
American army in numbers, and being assured that the rivers which lay between Greene
and Virginia were too much swollen to be forded, and the ferries too wide apart to furnish
a sufficient number of boats at one point to transport the retreating army across, be felt con-
fident of success. His lordship was now within twenty-live miles of Greene, at Guilford,
and nearer the shallow fords of the Dan than he was ; and on the ninth of February1'
he resumed his march with vigor, to gain a position in front of the Americans.
1 Both divisions of the army were in want of rest. Thai ol Morgan hail been almost constantly in mo-
tion since the battle at the Cowpens, and had traveled one hundred ami fifty miles ; that of Huger had trav-
eled one hundred miles from the camp on the Pedee, with bad wagons and poor learns, ever an exceedingly
wretched road. Many marched without shoes over the frozen ground, and their footsteps were marked
with blood lor manv miles. No one can form an idea of the character of the roads in winter, at the Smith,
where the red clay abounds, without passing over them. Until I bad done so, I could nol appreciate the
difficulties experienced by the two armies in this race inward Virginia, particularly in ihe transportation
of baggage wagons or of artillery.
'; This view of the Trading Ford, where Greene, wilh Morgan and his light troops, crossed ihe Yadkin, is
from the east side of the river. It is just at the foot of an island, about a mile and a half below the great
bridge on the road to Salisbury. The river is usually fordable between the island and the stakes seen in
the picture ; below that point the water is deep. I made this sketch just at dawn on a cold frosty morn-
ing (January 5, 1849). the moon shining brightly in the west, and the nearer stars glittering in profusion
in the deep sky above.
396
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Greene's Resolution to continue his Retreat.
Light Army organized.
Colonel Williams.
Line of March,
Greene, also aware of the inferiority of his forces, called a council of war, a when
it was resolved to avoid a battle, and retreat as rapidly as possible across the Dan
into the friendly districts of Virginia. A light army, designed to maneuver in the rear of
the Americans and in front of the pursuers, was formed out of Lee's legion, the regular bat-
talion of infantry under Colonel Howard, the cavalry under Colonel Washington, and a
small corps of Virginia riflemen under Major Campbell, in all about seven hundred men,
the flower of the Southern army. General Mor-
gan, who was worn down by fatigue, and tor-
tured by rheumatism, expressed a desire to quit
the service. Greene was embarrassed, for he
was at a loss how to supply the place of the
brave partisan, and wished him to command the
light corps just organized. Morgan declined,
and Greene bestowed the honor upon his deputy
adjutant general, Colonel Otho Holland Will-
iams, a brave young officer of the Maryland line,
who proved himself worthy of the confidence of
his commander.1 Williams entered upon his
command on the morning of the tenth, and on
that day the whole army moved toward the Dan
at a point seventy miles from Guilford Court
House.
The two armies moved in lines almost par-
y — i S*/ SsL-j. allel with each other, Greene on the right, and
( Qy^&- 'y/jy&fs W*-*t</ Cornwallis on the left. Colonel Williams, with
^- ' J his light corps, took an intermediate road, to
watch the movements of the enemy. Lee's " par-
tisan legion," which maneuvered in the rear, was often in sight of O'Hara's van-guard.
Great vigilance was necessary at night to prevent a surprise, and so numerous were the
patrols, that each man on the march enjoyed only six hours sleep in forty-eight. Williams
always moved at three o'clock iu the morning, so as to get a sufficient distance in advance to
partake of breakfast, the only meal they were allowed each day. Cornwallis was equally
active, and both armies made the extraordinary progress of thirty miles a day.
On the morning of the thirteenth, while a portion of the light troops were eating break-
fast at a farm-house, they were informed by a friendly countryman, who came from his
plow for the purpose, that the British army had left their direct route, and were only four
miles in the rear, upon the road they were marching. Lee dispatched Captain Mark Arm-
strong, one of the most efficient of his cavalry officers, to reconnoiter, and his whole camp
1 Otho Holland Williams was born in Prince George county, Maryland, in 1748. His ancestors
were Welsh, and came to America soon after Lord Baltimore became proprietor of the province of Mary-
land. He was left an orphan at twelve years of age. He was a resident of Frederick county when the
war of the Revolution began, where he entered the military service as lieutenant of a ride corps under Col-
onel Michael Cresap, and with that officer he went to Boston. He was afterward promoted to the com-
mand of his company. In 1776. he was promoted to major, and fought at Fort Washington with distinc-
tion. In that engagement he was wounded and captured, and for some time experienced the horrors of the
provost prison of New York. He was afterward exchanged for Major Ackland. captured at Saratoga.
During his captivity, he was appointed to the command of a regiment in the Maryland line. He was
Gates's adjutant general during the campaign of 1780. When Gates collected the remnant of his army,
scattered at Camden, the Marylanders were formed into two battalions, constituting one regiment. To
Williams was assigned the command, with John Eager Howard as his lieutenant. When Greene assumed
the command of the Southern army, he perceived the value of Williams, and appointed him adjutant gen-
eral. In Greene's memorable retreat, and the subsequent battle at Guilford, Williams greatly distinguish-
ed himself; and at Eutaw Springs he led the celebrated charge which swept the Held and gained the bloody
victory. Congress promoted him to the rank of brigadier ; and at the close of the war he received the ap-
pointment of collector of customs at Baltimore, which office he held until his death, which occurred on the
sixteenth of July, 1794. while on his way to a watering-place for the benefit of his health.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 397
Death of Lee's Bugler. A Skirmish and Race. Efforts of both Partiei to reach the Dan
was soon in commotion. Lee, with a considerable force, concealed himself in a wood, to
await the approach of the British van. Soon a / , ,
sharp firing was heard, and Captain Armstrong ^ />,* /4^v£ *s1 /•? /• /s~
came dashing by where Lee was posted, with some •*-//££* / r///'W/^ /^
of Tarleton's cavalry, under Captain Miller, in hot pursuit. Lee instantly y
gained the road, and made such a fierce charge upon the pursuers that he //
completely broke their ranks, killing a large number. Captain Miller was £/
made prisoner, and narrowly escaped hanging, for Lee charged him with the murder of his
bugler, a lad of eighteen, who, while hastening to Williams, was overtaken and sabred by
the British cavalry.1 Lee was about to hang him upon a tree, when the British van ap
peared, and Miller was sent on to General Greene as a prisoner of war. In this skirmish
eighteen of the British dragoons were killed ; the Americans lost only the little bugler
The dead were buried by Cornwallis, an hour afterward.
In the course of the day another encounter occurred. Lee's troops had been deprived
of their morning meal, which was half cooked when the countryman gave the alarm. By
taking a road shorter and more secluded than the one passed by Williams, he hoped to gain
time to dine at a well-stocked farm. He did not apprehend a surprise, for the road was
only a by-way. He stationed a few videttes, however, to watch, and well he did. Just
as the horses were about to partake of their provender, and the soldiers of corn bread and
bacon, the videttes fired an alarm and came dashing toward the main body. Battle 01
flight was the alternative. Before them was a swollen stream spanned by a single bridge ;
to gain and hold this, was an object of vital importance to Lee. His infantry were ordered
to run and take possession of it, while the cavalry prepared to cover a retreat. The van
of the British were surprised at this meeting, not being aware of the proximity of their foe,
and while halting to receive orders, Lee's troops had an opportunity to pass the bridge.
The British soon followed, and across a cultivated plain both parties sped with all their
might. The Americans had the strongest and fleetest horses, and, ascending a hill to its
summit, they entered upon the great road leading to Irwin's Ferry, on the Dan. All day
long O'Hara, with the van of the British army, continued in pursuit, and was frequently in
sight of Lee's legion ; sometimes within rifle-shot. Thus again escaped this right arm of
the Southern army. Vigilance — sleepless vigilance alone, under Providence, preserved it.
The night that succeeded was dark, cold, and drizzly. Cornwallis and his whole army
were directly in the rear of the Americans, and now was his only chance for striking an ef-
fective blow, for another day, and Greene might be beyond the Dan. The British com
mander resolved to push forward with the hope of overtaking his prey before morning. Will-
iams and the wearied troops of Lee were compelled to do the same to avoid an encounter.
They were ignorant of the position of Greene, and felt great anxiety for his safety. At
eight o'clock, they were much alarmed by the apparition of camp fires, a mile in advance,
supposing it to be the camp of Greene, and that Cornwallis would inevitably overtake him.
Williams prepared to confront and annoy th.- enemy while Greene should escape. This
sacrifice was unnecessary, for the camp fires were those Greene had lighted two nights be-
fore, and had been kept burning by friendly people in the neighborhood. With glad hearts
the light troops pressed forward, until assured that the enemy had halted for the night, when
they lighted fires, laid down, and slumbered for three or four hours.
Only forty miles now intervened between Cornwallis and the Dan. His rest was brief.
and before dawn he was again in pursuit. The roads, passing through a red clay region.
1 The pony rude by the countryman who gave notice of the approach of the British was much jaded, and
when he went back with Armstrong, Lee ordered his young bugler to change horses with the planter.
Upon the jaded pony the bugler started for the ranks of Williams in advance. The attacking party, undei
Captain Miller, soon overlook the bugler, who, too small to carry a sword, was unarmed. The poor boy
was cut down, begging for mercy. Lee saw the transaction just as he led his cavalry to the attack. He
was o-reatly exasperated, and held Captain Miller responsible for the deed. That officer charged the cru-
elty upon the drunkenness of some of his men, but Lee would listen to no excuse. Miller escaped, as we
have seen in the text. The bugler was left in the woods by the road side.
398 PICTORIAL FIE I, D-BOOK
Greene's Passage across the Dan. Passage of the whole Army. Disappointment of Cornwallis.
were wretched in the extreme, yet the pursued and the pursuers pushed forward rapidly.
It was the last stake for the prize, and eagerly both parties contended for it. During the
forenoon, only a single hour was allowed by the belligerents for a repast. At noon a loud
shout went up from the American host ; a courier, covered with mud, his horse reeking
with sweat, brought a letter to Colonel Williams from Greene, announcing the joyful tidings
• Feb i! tnat ne na^ crossed the Dan safely at Irwin's Ferry on the preceding day.*
1781. That shout was heard by O'Hara, and Cornwallis regarded it as ominous of evil.
Still he pressed forward. At three o'clock, when within fourteen miles of the river, Will-
iams filed off toward Boyd's Ferry, leaving Lee to maneuver in front of the enemy. Will-
iams reached the shore before sunset, and at dark was landed upon the north side. Lee
sent his infantry on in advance, and at twilight withdrew with his cavalry, and galloped
for the river. When he arrived, his infantry had just passed in boats with safety. The
horses were turned into the stream, while the dragoons embarked in bateaux. At nine
o'clock, Lieutenant-colonels Lee and Carrington (the quarter-master general'), embarked in
the last boat, and before midnight the wearied troops were in deep slumber in the bosom
of Virginia. During the evening Cornwallis heard of the passage of Greene, and the escape
of Williams and his light troops. The Dan was loo much swollen to be forded ; every
boat was moored upon the northern shore, and for the third time a barrier of water inter-
posed between the pursuer and pursued. The prize was lost, and with a heavy heart
Cornwallis moved slowly back toward Hillsborough, after resting his wearied troops for a
day. He had but one hope left, the promised general rising of the Tories in North Car-
olina, now that the "rebel army" was driven out of the state. Greene encamped in the
rich and friendly district of Halifax county, in Virginia, and there his wearied troops reposed
after one of the most skillfully conducted and remarkable retreats on record.3 Upon this
1 Lieutenant-colonel Edward Carrington was an exceedingly active officer. He had been detached with
that portion of the Virginia regiment of artillery retained with the main army, when some of his companies
had attended the Virginia line to the South,
and had been taken at the surrender of
Charlestown. On reaching North Carolina
with De Kalb, Colonel Harrison, commander
',ff2^ of the Virginia artillery, unexpectedly ar-
^*" rived and assumed the command. On ac-
count of a misunderstanding with Harrison.
Carrington retired, and was afterward dis-
patched by Gates to superintend the exam-
ination of the Roanoke, to ascertain the readiest points of communication across it, to be used either in re-
ceiving supplies from Virginia or in retreating from North Carolina. Greene found him engaged in this
service. Aided by Captain Smith of the Maryland 1 he explored the Dan, and made every preparation
for Greene to cross it with his army. Having completed his arrangements, he joined the army near the
Yadkin, and was one of the most active of Lee's officers in the retreat to the Dan. At this time he held
the office of quarter-master general of the Southern army, which office he filled with honor to himself and
the service. He was afterward engaged in the siege of Yorktown, where he commanded the artillery on
alternate days with Lamb and Stevens of New York. After the war, he was a representative in Congress
from his native state (Virginia). When Aaron Burr was tried for treason, Colonel Carrington was the
foreman of the jury. He died on the twenty-eightn of October, 1810, at the age of sixty-one years. — See
Lee's Memoirs.
* Gordon, Ramsey, Lee, Tarleton, Stedman, &c. The distance traversed by the retreating army was
more than two hundred miles. It was in February, when the roads are worse than at any other season
of the year, sometimes very muddy, at others frozen hard. On the day after his passage, Greene sent the
following dispatch to Governor Jefferson: "On the Dan River, almost fatigued to death, having had a re-
treat to conduct for upward of two hundred miles, maneuvering constantly in the face of the enemy, to give
time for the inililia to turn out and get odour stores.'' Nothing of importance was lost on the way. and
baggage and stores were safely crossed to the Virginia side. The condition of the army was wretched
respecting clothing. The shoes were generally worn out, the body-clothes much tattered, and no more
than a blanket for four men. The light corps was a little better off, yet there was only one blanket for
three men. During the retreat from Guilford, the tents were never used ; and Greene, in his note to Will-
iams announcing his passage of the Dan, declared that he had not slept more than four hours since he lefl
Guilford. The troops were allowed only one meal a day during the retreat. Before crossing, many ol
the North Carolina militia deserted ; only about eighty remained. General Lillington (who was a col
OF THE REYOLUTIO N 399
Preparations to Recro>a the Dan. March of the Array toward Guilford. Maneuver* of the Belligerent*
movement all eyes wore turned, and when the result was known the friends of liberty
every where chanted a loud alleluiah.
As we have observed (page 3 8 5), Greene soon prepared to recross the Dan, and attempt to
retrieve his losses in Carolina. We have considered the first movements toward the accom-
plishment of this object — the expedition of Lee and Pickens beyond the Haw, the defeat of
1'vle. and the retreat of Tarleton to Hillsborough. The success of this enterprise, the ar-
rival in camp of General Stevens, with six hundred Virginia militia, and the necessity of
making a demonstration before the Tories should rise, caused Greene to break up his camp
alter a few days of repose. He recrossed the Dan on the twenty-third,:' and this
event being made known, completely dispirited the Loyalists who were disposed to
join the royal army. The recruiting service stopped, and the friends of government, awed
by the fate of Pyle's corps, stood still. The situation of Cornwallis was full of peril. The
country around Hillsborough was speedily stripped of provision by his army,1 and he Ibund
it expedient to fall back and take a new position upon the south side of the Allamance, west
of the Haw.1' On the same day, Lee and Pickens, with their respective forces, joined
the main body of the American light infantry, and the whole corps crossed the Haw,
a little below the mouth of Buffalo Creek. Greene, with the main army augmented by the
North Carolina militia, crossed above Buffalo Creek the next morning,1; and en-
camped between Troublesome Creek and Reedy Fork. It was an ineligible place;
and, hoping to gain time for all his expected re-enforcements to come in, Greene constantly
changed his position, and placed Colonel Williams and his light corps between the two
armies, now within a score of miles of each other. Tarleton occupied the same relative
position to the British army, and he and Williams frequently menaced each other. Final-
ly, the latter having approached to within a mile of the British camp, Tarleton attacked
him,"1 and a brief but warm skirmish ensued. This encounter was sustained, on ,1Marcllo
the part of the Americans, chiefly by Lee's legion and Preston's riflemen. About 17SI-
thirty of the enemy were killed and wounded. The Americans sustained no loss. In the
mean while, Greene's constant change of position, sometimes seen on the Troublesome Creek,
and sometimes appearing near Guilford, gave the impression that his force was larger than
it really was, and Cornwallis was much perplexed. Well knowing that the American army
was augmenting by the arrival of militia, he resolved to bring Greene to action at once.
Under cover of a thick fog, he crossed the Allamance,0 hoping to beat up Will-
, , i • -o i -n i j ■ e March '«.
lams s quarters, then between that stream anil Reedy cork, and surprise Ureene.
Williams's vigilant patrols discovered the approach of the enemy at about eight o'clock in
the morning, on the road to Wetzell's Mill, an important pass on tin' Itocdy Fork Lee's
legion immediately maneuvered in front of the enemy, while Williams withdrew his light
troops and other corps of regulars and militia across the stream.2 A covering party, com-
posed of one hundred and fifty Virginia militia, were attacked by Lieutenant-colonel Webster,
with one thousand British infantry and a portion of Tarleton's cavalry. The militia bold-
I) returned the fire, and then fled across the creek. The British infantry followed,3 and met
one) at the battle on Moore's Creek), was sent with his corps to Cross Creek, to awe the Tories in that
quarter.
1 Stedman savs (ii.. 335), " Such was the situation of the British army [al Hillsborough], that the author,
with a rile of men, was obliged to go from house to house throughout the town, to take provisions, from the
inhabitants, many of whom were greatly distressed by tin* measure, winch could only !»■ justified by ex-
treme necessity"
' These consisted of quite a large body of mil ilia, under Pickens ; a corps of cavalry, under Lieutenant-col-
onel William A. Washington ; some militia and riflemen, under Colonel Campbell, the hero ol King's .Mount-
ain ; and regular infantry, tinder Colonel John Eaijer Howard, who distinguished himself at the Cowpens.
I ee says, that in the woods, near the mill, where some riflemen were stationed, \v;i* an old log scl I-
bouse. In this building, twenty-five of the most expert marksmen, who were at Km; a Mountain, were
stationed by Lee. with orders not to engage in the general conflict, but to pick off officers at a distance.
When Webster entered the stream, and was slowly fonling in rocky bed, the marksmen all discharged
their rifles at him in consecutive order, each certain ol bitting him, vet not a hall touched him or his horse
Thinv-two discharjes were made without effect ! The hand of Providence shielded him on that day, but
received a fatal wound, in a battle far more fierce and bloody. — Lee's Memoirs, 164.
400 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Skirmish on Reedy Fork. Augmentation of the American Army. Disposition of the two Armies.
with a severe attack from Campbell's riflemen and Lee's infantry. Webster was quickly
re-enforced by some Hessians and chasseurs, and the whole were supported by field-pieces
planted by Cornwallis upon an eminence near the banks of the stream. The artillery dis-
mayed the militia, which Williams perceiving, ordered them to retire. He followed with
Howard's battalion, flanked by Kirkwood's Delaware infantry and the infantry of Lee's
legion, the whole covered by Washington's cavalry.' The day was far spent, and Corn-
wallis did not pursue. In this skirmish the Americans lost about fifty killed and wounded.
As soon as Greene heard of the approach of Cornwallis, he fell back across the head wa-
ters of the Haw with the main army, determined not to risk an engagement until the ar-
rival of re-enforcements, now fast approaching. In the mean while he changed his position
daily, and Cornwallis, who, unwilling to wear down his army by useless attempts to strike
the Americans in detail, had retired slowly to Bell's Mills on the Deep River, about thirteen
miles below the present Jamestown, could gain no positive information concerning him.2
At length, while encamped at Speedwell's iron-works, on Troublesome Creek, northeast of
Guilford, Greene was joined by a brigade of militia from Virginia, under General Lawson ;
two from North Carolina, under Generals Butler and Eaton ; and four hundred regulars,
raised for eighteen months. a He now felt strong enough to grapple with the earl,
and the light corps of Colonel Williams was incorporated with the main army.3
Crossing the Haw and Reedy Fork, Greene encamped in battle order near Guilford Court
House.0 The movements of the two generals during the ten preceding days were
of great interest. They were contending for a prize of the greatest value. One
false step by either party would have been his ruin. None were more interested spectators
than the Tories, from whom Cornwallis fondly anticipated aid. When Greene invited bat-
tle, they were utterly amazed, and not one dared lift his arm in defense of the king, the is-
sue being so doubtful.
Cornwallis, in the mean while, had advanced from Deep Reep River toward New Gar-
den (Quaker) meeting-house. Perceiving Greene's disposition to fight, he gladly prepared
to meet him. It was an event he had been trying to accomplish for more than six weeks.
Sending his baggage back to Bell's Mills, on the evening of the fourteenth, under a proper
escort, he moved forward at dawn the next morning, « with twenty-four hundred
men, chiefly veterans. The vigilant Lee, with his legion, was near New Garden
1 Gordon relates that Sergeant-major Perry, and Quarter-master-sergeant Lumsford, of Lee's dragoons,
performed a verv bold maneuver. They were separately detached, with four dragoons, to make observa-
tions. They saw sixteen or eighteen British horsemen ride into a farm-house yard in an irregular manner,
and some of them dismount. The two young men joined their forces, charged the horsemen, and, in sight
of Tarleton's legion, cut every man down. They then retired without a scar ! — Gordon, iii., 172.
* Cornwallis first encamped, in this retrogade inarch, on the plantation of William Rankin, a Whig, and
then proceeded to the plantation of Ralph Gorrel, another wealthy patriot. The family were turned out
of doors, and sought shelter at a neighbor's house. The soldiers plundered and destroyed until the place
was made a desolation. On Sunday, the eleventh of March, the royal army proceeded to the plantation of
Reverend Dr. Caldwell, one of the most ardent Whigs in North Carolina, from the lime of the Regulator
movement. The doctor was then in Greene's camp, at the iron-works on Troublesome Creek. His family
left the house, and retired to the smoke-house, where they remained twenty-four hours without food or a
bed, exposed to the abuse and profane language of the soldiery. Cornwallis occupied the house of Mr.
M'Cuistin, on the great road from the Court House to Fayetteville. Every thing but the buildings were
destroyed on the plantation of Dr. Caldwell. " Every panel of fence on the premises was burned j every
particle of provisions was consumed or carried away ; every living thing was destroyed, except one old
goose ; and nearly every square rod of ground was penetrated with their iron ramrods in search of hidden
treasure." By command of the officers, the doctor's valuable library and papers — even the family Bible —
were burned in an oven near the house. All was made a desolation. Cornwallis had offered a reward of
one thousand dollars to any one who should bring Dr. Caldwell into his camp. Dr. Caruthers, in his Lift
of Caldwell, "ives many painful descriptions of the sufferings of this good man and his faithful Rachel. Dr
Caldwell died in 1824, when in his hundredth year. His wife died in 1825, at the age of eighty-six.
3 The whole army fit for duty now consisted of 4243 foot, and 161 cavalry. It was composed of Huger's
brigade of Virginia continentals, 778 ; Williams's Maryland brigade, and a company of Delawares, 630 ; in-
fantry of Lee's partisan legion, 82; total of Continental regulars, 1490. There were 1060 North Carolina
militia; 1693 from Virginia; in all, 2753. Washington's iight dragoons, 86; Lee's dragoons, 75. To
these were added, the next dav, 40 horse, under the Marquis of Bretagne, a French nobleman.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
•10 1
Skirmish at New Garden Meeting-house.
Defeat of T»rleton.
Lee drifen back by the main British Army.
tneeting-house when the van of the British army, consisting of cavalry, some light infantry,
add yagers, under Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton,1 approached. Desirous of drawing them as
far from the royal army, whole cavalry of the legion
pressing upon him, he sound-
ed a retreat ; l'or he well
knew the superiority of the
horses of the Americans.''
Only one front section of
the British cavalry met the
shock, and these were all
dismounted, and most of
the horses were prostrated.
Some of the dragoons were
killed, and others made
prisoners. The
Americans lost
neither man nor
horse. Tarle-
ton, with the re-
mainder of his
corps, withdrew
in great haste,
and sought to
Lee did not pursue, hut endeavored to cut off Tarleton's retreat
ami as near Greene's as pos
sible, Lee ordered a change
of front, and a slow retreat
Hoping to produce a route,
Tarleton and his cavalry
pressed forward upon Arm-
strong, who was now in the
rear, but with little effect
They made a second charge,
and emptied their pistols,
when Lee, with the troops
of Rudolph and
advanced upon
Tarleton. The
moment Tarle-
ton saw the
2ain the main army
/
-tfr*
zf*/
While pushing forward with eager hope, he met the British van-guard, in the midst of the
lofty oaks at the meeting-house. They instantly displayed, and gave his cavalry a terrible
volley. Lee ordered a retreat, when his infantry came running up, and delivered a well-
directed fire. This was followed by a volley from Campbell's riflemen, who had taken post
on the left of the infantry, and a general action ensued. It had continued but a few min-
utes, when Lee, perceiving that the main body of the British was approaching, ordered a
general retreat ; his cavalry falling in the rear, to cover the infantry and riflemen.' Dur-
ing this skirmish, Greene prepared for battle.
From Guilford Court House southward, the ground slopes abruptly, terminating in a
broken vale, through which winds a small stream. At the time of the engagement, thero
were pretty broad clearings around the court-house, which extended southward along the
great Salisbury road. On either side of the road, and crossing it at some distance from the
court-house, was a forest of lofty oaks. Within the southern border of this forest, and con-
1 Banastt.e Taiileton was born in Liverpool, England, on the twenty-first of August, 1754. He com-
menced the study of the law, but when the war in America commei d, he entered the army, and came
hither with Cornwallis. He served with that officer in all his campaigns in this country, and ended his
military career at Yorktown, in 17*1. On his return to England, the people of his native town elected him
their representative in the House of Commons. In 171>N. he married the daughter of the Duke of Ancas-
ter. In 1817, he received the commission of major general, but never entered into active service. At
the coronation of George the Fourth, he was created a baronet and Knight of Bath. In person, Tarleton
was below the middle size, stout, strong, and heavily built. Hi^ leir* were very muscular, and great activ-
ity marked all of his movements. He had a sanguinary and resentful temper, which made him unmerciful
to his enemies. — See Georgian Kra, London, 1833.
= Tlic inferiority of the horses of the British cavalry was owing to the fact that they had been taken
ehieflv from the plantations in South Carolina, and could not be compared in size and strength with thos«
of Pennsvlvania and Virginia, from whence eame those of Lee. The momentum of the latter, when meet-
ins.', was much greater than that of the former, and, of course, in a charge they had a great advantage.
3 About forty of Tarleton's dragoons were killed in tin- action ; and it is believed that about one hund-
red of the infantry were killed and wounded by the riflemen. The loss of the Americans was considerably
less ; the exact number was not reported. Lieutenant Snowdon, of the legion infantry, was left wounded
on the field. Captain Tate, who shared in Howard's memorable charge at the Cowpens, was with Lee,
and had his thigh broken.
II C c
4U2
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Disposition uf the American Army at Guilford.
Plan of the Biittlc.
Approach of the British
eealed behind a fence and some dwarf trees, lay the North Carolina forces (B), militia an
volunteers, and some riflemen, the
whole under Generals Butler and
Eaton. They were strongly
posted, and much was expected
of them. Within the woods,
about three hundred yards in the
rear of the first line, the second
ine (C) was formed. It was
composed of the Virginia mili-
tia, under Generals Stevens and
Lawson ;' the right flank of
Stevens, and the left flank of
Lawson, resting on the road.
The Continental infantry, con-
sisting of four regiments, were
drawn up near the court-house, in
the field, on the north side of the
road, about four hundred yards
in the rear of the Virginians.
The two Continental regiments
of Virginia were commanded by
Colonel Greene and Lieutenant-
colonel Hewes, under Brigadier
Huger, and composed the right.
The two Maryland regiments, led by Colonel Gunby and Lieutenant-colonel Ford, were
under Colonel Williams, and composed the left. The remainder of the troops, under Greene,
lay near the court-house. Only Gunby's regiment were experienced soldiers ; the remain,
der were new recruits. Lieutenant-colonel Washington, with his cavalry, the old Delaware
corps, under Captain Kirk wood, and Colonel Lynch with a battalion of Virginia militia,
were posted on the right ; Lieutenant-colonel Lee, with his legion, and the Virginia rifle-
men, under Colonel Campbell, were posted on the left, each being ordered to support the re-
spective flanks. Captain Singleton, with two six pounders, took post in the road, a little in
advance of the front line, and the remainder of the artillery (only two pieces) were with the
rear line, near the court-house.
Such was the disposition of the Americans for battle when the royal army, under Corn-
wallis, approached. It was about noon ; the sun was unclouded, and the air was cool, but
not cold. They could be seen for more than a mile, defiling (G) from the Salisbury road
into the open fields, and presented a gorgeous spectacle ; their scarlet uniforms and bur-
1 These were chiefly from Augusta and Rockbridge counties, and were descendants of the Scotch-Irish,
who first settled that portion of Virginia. One company was composed principally of the congregation of
James Waddell, the glorious Blind Preacher of the wilderness along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge,
whose person and ministration is so eloquently described in Letter VII. of Wirt's British Spy. He gave
them a farewell address when they were under arms and ready to march. Many of them were left upon
the field of Guilford.
NOTE. Explanation of the Plan. — The shaded parallelograms, A, B, and C, and others not lettered,
represent American troops; the half shaded ones the British troops. G. the British columns advancing
along the road from the direction of the New Garden meeting-house. 1 . Their first position, in battle order.
B the first American line, consisting of North Carolina militia, posted at the head of a ravine, in the edge
of a wood. C, the second American line, of Virginia militia. A, the American right wing, extending along
the road to Reedy Fork, to its junction with the main road, near the court-house. E, the Maryland and
Virginia Continentals, under Hugcr and Williams. 2. The second position of the British, after the retreat
of the Carolinians. 3 The third position of the British, endeavoring to gain Greene's right. O, severe con-
flict between Leslie with the Hessians and the Americans. E, Guilford Court House. The broken chim-
ney in the corner of the map represents all that is left of the old court-house.
OF THE REVOLUTION. • iUo
Commencement of the Bailie. Flight of the Carolinians. Bravery of the Virginians and Marjlan Jen. General -
nished arms strongly contrasting with the somber aspect of the country, then barren of
leaves and grass. Having formed their line, they approached slowly and steadily, chiefly
in solid column (1), to the contest. As soon as the van appeared, Singleton opened a can-
nonade upon it, but with little effect. Lieutenant M'Leod, commanding the British artillery,
pressed forward along the road, and returned the fire, also with little effect. The battle
now commenced. Although Cornwallis knew Ins inferiority of numbers, and the great ad-
vantages of Greene's position, he boldly began what he had so long sought an opportunity
for a general battle with his antagonist. He had brave and veteran troops. The 71st
(Fraser's Highland regiment), with the Hessian regiment of I'.--- formed his right, under
General Leslie ; his left consisted of the 23d and 33d regiments, under the command of
Lieutenant-colonel Webster. The royal artillery, led by M'Leod, and supported by the
light infantry of the guards and the yagers, moved along the road in the center. Lieuten-
ant-colonel Norton, with the first battalion of the guards, supported the right, and Brigadier
O'Hara, with the grenadiers and second battalion of guards, supported the left.
After a brisk cannonade of nearly half an hour, Singleton, pursuant to orders, fell back to the
second line, when Leslie, with the guards m the center, the Hessians on the extreme left, and
Webster's brigade, with Norton's battalion, on the right, immediately advanced upon the North
Carolinians, who were concealed behind a fence in the edge of the wood. When the British
were within rifle shot, the Carolinians commenced a desultory lire upon them. The British
pressed steadily forward, and when at a proper distance, discharged their guns, and with a
loud shout rushed forward to a bayonet charge. The North Carolinians wheeled and fled
in great confusion, though not a man had been killed, or even wounded. Only a few of
"reneral Eaton's men were exempt from the panic, and these, falling back upon Lee's legion
and Campbell's riflemen, maintained their ground well. Butler and Eaton, with Colonel
Davie, the commissary general, endeavored, but in vain, to rally the fugitives. Throwing
awav their muskets, knapsacks, and even canteens, they rushed through the woods like fright-
ened deer, until far beyond the point of danger.1 Had the first line done its duty, the result of
the battle must have been far different ; for the few that remained with Campbell, together
with his corps, maintained their position so maufully that Leslie was obliged to order Lieuten-
ant-colonel Norton into line for his support. The cowardly flight of the Carolinians left Lee's
legion exposed to the danger of being cut oft" from the main body. The Virginians of the sec-
ond line, upon whom the first had partially retreated, did their duty nobly,2 until, being hard
pressed by the British, the right of that line, under General Lawson, wheeled round upon
the left, and retreated in confusion, back to the line of regulars. Lieutenant-colonel Web-
ster, with the British left, now advanced across the open fields, in the face of a terrible fire
from the Americans, and gallantly attacked their right, while Leslie and Bose were in fierce
conflict with the American left. The whole of the British infantry were now engaged in
action. The Virginians, under Stevens and Lawson, combated vigorously with Webster,
while supported on the right by Washington and his cavalry. That olficer sent Lynch's
battalion of riflemen to fall upon the flank of Webster. Perceiving this, O'Hara, with the
grenadiers and second battalion of guards, hastened to the support of the left. Webster im-
mediately turned the 33d regiment upon Lynch, and relieved his flank from annoyance
1 Dr. Caruthers. speaking from tradition, says that many of the Highlanders, who were in the van, fell
near the fence, from behind which the Carolinians rose and fired. Among the Carolinians were some vol-
unteers. under Captain John Forbes, from the Allamance, consisting chiefly of his friends and neighbors.
Captain Forbes fired the first gun, and in the retreat received a mortal wound. He was found by his
friends thirty hours after the battle. He said that a Tory passed him, and, instead of giving him some wa-
ter asked for, he kicked him. and called him a rebel. After the death of Forbes, the Tory was found one
morning suspended to a tree before his own door.
1 General Stevens had posted forty riflemen twenty paces in the rear of his brigade, with orders to shoot
every man who should leave his post. This had the effect to keep the cowardly in the ranks. General
Stevens was shot through the thigh during this first conflict of his brigade wilh the British, yet he did not
quit the field. When the Carolinians retreated, he had the address to prevent his own brigade being panic-
stricken, bv telling them that the former had been ordered to retreat after the first fire. He ordered the
Virginians to open, and allow the fugitives to pass through.
4 04 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Retreat of ^la^ylnndcra. Washington's Charge. Junction of British Regiments. Cornwallis's victorious Wow.
O'Hara, advancing at that instant with the remainder of the left, with fixed bayonets, aided
by the 71st, under Leslie, compelled first Lawson's and then Stevens's brigade to give way,
and the second line of the Americans was broken up.
In the mean while, the action on the right (D), between the regiment of Bose and the
riflemen, and the legion infantry, was unremitting. The portion of the British force thus
engaged could not be brought to bear upon the third line of the Americans, now well sup-
ported by Colonel Washington at the head of his cavalry, and Captain Kirkwood with his
brave Delawares. Greene felt hopeful, and, riding along the lines, exhorted his battalions
to stand firm, and give the final blow which would secure victory. Webster pressed for-
ward over the ground lately occupied by the Virginia militia (c) to attack the right wing of
the Continentals. There stood Colonel Guuby and Lieutenant-colonel Howard, with the
first Maryland regiment, ready to do battle. The British, with great courage, rushed for-
ward, and engaged in a close fire. The Marylauders, nobly sustained by Howe's Virginia
regiment and Kirkwood's Delawares, received the shock so valiantly, that Webster recoiled
and fell back across a ravine, where, upon an elevation, he awaited the arrival of the re-
mainder of his line. Very soon Lieutenant-colonel Stuart, with the first battalion of guards,
followed by two other small corps, swept across the open fields, and attacked the second
Maryland regiment, under Colonel Ford, which was supported by Captain Finley with two
six pounders. Colonel Williams expected to observe bravery on the part of his second reg-
iment, like that of the first, and hastened toward it to combine his whole force in repelling
the attack, but he was disappointed. It gave way at the first shock, fled, and abandoned
the two field-pieces to the enemy. Stuart pursued, when Gunby, who had been left free
by the recession of Webster to the other side of the ravine, wheeled upon him, and a very
severe conflict ensued. Lieutenant-colonel Washington, who was upon the flank of the
Continentals, pressed forward with his cavalry, and Stuart was soon compelled to give way.
With sword in hand, followed by his cavalry, and Howard and his infantry with fixed bay-
onets, Washington furiously charged the British, and put them to flight.' Stuart was slain
by Captain Smith of the first Maryland regiment, the two field-pieces were retaken, and
great slaughter ensued. The whole of Stuart's corps would have been killed or made pris-
oners, had not Cornwallis, who came down from his post where the Salisbury road enters
the wood a little south of the court-house, ordered MLeod to draw up his artillery and pour
grape-shot upon the pursuers. This cannonade endangered friends as well as foes, for it
was directed in the face of the flying guards. It was effectual, however ; and Washington
and Howard, perceiving two regiments of the enemy, one on the right, and the other on the
left, approaching, withdrew to the line of Continentals.
When Webster perceived the effect of Stuart's attack upon Ford, he recrossed the ravine,
and fell upon Hawes and Kirkwood. The 71st and 23d (the two regiments discovered by
Washington) were soon connected in the center by O'Hara, who, though severely wounded,
kept his horse, and, rallying the remnant of the guards, filled up the interval between the
left and right wing. The fierce contest upon the British right still continued, with some
advantage to the enemy. Norton, believing Bose's regiment sufficient to maintain the con-
flict, joined the 71st, in preparation for a final blow upon the Continentals. Lee's legion
infantry and Campbell's riflemen immediately attacked Bose with new vigor. Bose and
his major, De Buy, fought gallantly, and by example encouraged their men. Leaving
Campbell to continue the contest, Lee hastened, with his infantry, to rejoin his cavalry, whom
he had left on the flank with the Continentals. On his way, he found Norton with the
guards upon the eminence occupied by Lawson's brigade. He attacked Norton, and driv-
ing him back upon Bose, withdrew with Campbell, and joined the Continentals near the
1 It was at this time that Francisco, a brave Virginian, cut down eleven men in succession with his broad-
sword. One of the guards pinned Francisco's leg to his horse with a bayonet. Forbearing to strike, he
assisted the assailant to draw his bayonet forth] when, with terrible force, he brought down his broadsword,
and cleft the poor fellow's head to his shoulders ! Horrible, indeed, were many of the events of that battle ;
the recital will do no good, and I will forbear.
OF Til E It EVO I.I' II ON
I OS
ICnd of the Battle.
Retreat of the American*
View of the Battle ground.
Lom ol the CombitantA
court-house. The flight of the North ( Sardinians, the retreat of the second Maryland regi-
meiit, the scanty supply of ammunition, and the junction of the two wings of the British
army, convinced Greene that there was no hope of success in a conflict with Webster, who
was now pressing forward in trood order, with a prospect of speedily turning the American
right. He had resolved, before the battle, not to risk the annihilation of his army, and he
now determined to retreat before it should be too late. Ordering the brave veteran Col-
onel Greene, with his Virginia regiment, to take post in the rear, and cover a retreat, the
Americans withdrew in regular order, leaving their artillery behind, for almost every horse
bad been slain. The 71st and 23d British regiments, supported by Tarleton's cavalry,
commenced a pursuit ; but Cornwallis, unwilling to risk such a movement, soon recalled
them.' Thus ended the battle at Guilford Court House ; a battle, in its effects highly ben
View of the I
eficial to the cause of the patriots, though resulting in a nominal victory lor the British
army. Both of the belligerents displayed consummate courage and skill, and the flight of
the North Carolinians from a very strong position is the only reproach which either army
deserved. -It doubtless caused the loss of victory to the Americans. Marshall justly ob-
serves, that " no battle in the course of the war reflects more honor on the courage of the
British troops than that of Guilford." Greene had a much superior force, and was very ad-
vantageously posted. The number of the Americans engaged in the action was quite double
that of the British. The battle lasted almost two hours, and many brave men fell upon that
field of carnage.3 The British claimed the victory ; it was victory at fearful cost and small
1 Ramsay, Gordon, Marshall. Lee, &c.
= This view is from tlie eminence southwest "f the site of old Guilford Court House, near the junction of
the roads running one north to Bruoe's Cress-reads, the other west to Salem. The iog*house, partially clap-
boarded, seen on the right, was uninhabited. It stands near the woods which intervene between Martins-
ville and the plantation of Mr. Hotehkiss. In the distance, near the center, is seen Martinsville, and be
tween it and the foreground is the rolling vale, its undulations furrowed by many gulleys. In an open field,
on the left of the road, seen in the hollow toward the left of the picture, was the fiercest part of the battle,
where Washington charged upon the guards. fjpon the ridge extending t" the rieht, through ihe center
of the picture, the second line (Virginians) was po9ted. The fence running to the right from Martinsville,
down into the valley on the risht. denotes the Salisbury road. The snow was falling very fast when 1
made this sketch, and distant objects were seen with great difficulty. Our point of view, at the old log-
house, is the extreme westerly boundary of the field of controversy.
3 The British lost in killed and wounded over six hundred men. besides officers. Colonel Stuart, of the
ffuards, and Lieutenant O'Hara (the general's brother), of the royal artillery, were killed General O'Hara.
Lieutenant-colonel 'Webster. Captains Schuliz and Maynard, of the guards, and Captain Wilmouski and En-
sign De Trott, of the Hessian regiment, were severely wounded. All but O'Hara died of the wounds rcci ived
in the battle, during the march of the army to Wilmington. The whole army deeply lamented the loss of
l0C PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Effect of the Battle. Withdrawal of Cornwallis. Pursued by Greene. American Women nt Prnyer.
advantage.' In some degree, the line of the Scotch ballad might be applied to the com-
batants,
"They baith did fight, they baith did beat, and baith did rin awa'."
The Americans retreated in good order to the Reedy Fork, and crossed that stream about
three miles from the field of action. Tarrying a short time to collect the stragglers, they
retired to Speedwell's iron-works, on Troublesome Creek, ten miles distant from Guilford
Cornwallis remained upon the battle-ground that night, burying the dead. The next morn-
ing he proceeded as far as New Garden meeting-house. On the eighteenth,"
he issued a proclamation boasting of his complete victory, calling upon the Loy-
alists to join him in restoring good government, and offering pardon to the rebels. Had he
remained, this proclamation might have given confidence to the Tories, but the very next
dayb he decamped, leaving behind him between seventy and eighty wounded
British officers and soldiers in the New Garden meeting-house, which he used
for a hospital. He also left behind him all the American prisoners who were wounded, and
retreated as speedily as possible southward, toward Cross Creek (Fayetteville), evidently
afraid that Greene would rally his forces and attack him. Greene, supposing the earl
would advance, bad made preparations to confront him ; as soon as he was informed of his
retreat, he eagerly commenced a pursuit,0 after writing a letter to the Quakers
at New Garden, desiring them to take care of the sick and wounded of both
parties. Notwithstanding heavy rains and wretched roads, Greene pressed after his lord-
ship with great alacrity, as far as Ramsay's Mills, on the Deep River, in Chatham county.
On the way, frequent skirmishes occurred between the light troops of the two armies, and
Greene arrived at the earl's encampment, on the Deep River, only a few hours after Corn-
wallis had left it.
Webster, for he was one of the most efficient officers in the British service. He was the son of an eminent
physician in Edinburgh, and came to America with Cornwallis. During the operations in New Jersey, in
1777, he was very active. In 1779, he had charge of Fort La Fayette at Verplanck's Point, and sustained
the attack of General Robert Howe upon that post. He commanded the right wing in the battle at Cam-
den j and, as we have seen, bore a conspicuous part in the pursuit of Greene previous to the battle in which
he received his death wound. Webster was buried near Elizabeth, on the Cape Fear River, now Bladen
county- Captains Goodrych, Maitland, Peter, Lord Douglas, and Eichenbroeht, who were wounded, re-
covered. Among the wounded was Adjutant Fox. a lirolher of the eminent statesman, Charles J. Fox.
The Americans lost in killed and wuunded about three hundred of the Continentals, and one hundred of
the Virginia militia. Among the killed was M;ijor Anderson, of the Maryland line ; and among the wound-
ed were Generals Stevens and Huger. Of the North Carolina militia, six were killed and three wounded,
and five hundred and fifty-two missing. Of the Virginia militia, two hundred and ninety-four were missing.
The missing, "as is always the case with militia after a battle," according to Lee, might be found "safe
at their own firesides." By these desertions, Greene's army suffered a greater diminution than that of the
British, whose loss in action was so much greater. They did not, however, desert "by thousands," as
the editor of the Pictorial History of England avers.
Events such as are generally overlooked by the historian, but which exhibit a prominent trait in the
character of the people of North Carolina, occurred during this battle, and deserve great prominence in a
description of the gloomy picture, for they form a few touches of radiant light in the midst of the somber
coloring. While the roar of cannon boomed over the country, groups of women,' in the Buffalo and Alla-
manci ngregations, who were under the pastoral charge of Dr. Caldwell, might have been seen engaged
in common prayer to the God of Hosts for his protection and aid; and in many places, the solitary voice
of a pious woman went up to the Divine Ear. with the earnest pleadings of faith, for the success of the
Americans. The battling hosts were surrounded by a cordon of praying women during those dreadful
hours of contest !
1 This victory of Cornwallis was considered by many British statesmen equivalent to a defeat. In the
Parliament, the intelligence of the battle produced a great sensation. Ministers were dissatisfied, and the
opposition had a theme for just denunciation against the policy of government. Fox moved in committee,
"That his Majesty's ministers ought immediately to take every possible measure for concluding peace with
our American colonics :" and in the course of an animated debate, he declared, " Another such victory will
ruin the British army." William Pitt, the successor <>f his father, the Earl of Chatham, inveighed eloquently
a^;iinsi a further prosecution of the war. He averred that it was " wicked, barbarous, unjust, and diabol-
ical— conceived in injustice, nurtured in folly — a monstrous thing that contained every characteristic of
moral depravity and human turpitude — as mischievous to the unhappy people of England as to the Amer-
icans." Fox's motion was rejected by one hundred mid seventy-two against ninety-nine.
OF THE REVOLU TION.
107
Cornwall's March to Wilmington. Pursued by Green. Greene'f Approach to Camden. New Garde
Before leaving Winnsborough, Cornwallis sent an order to Lieutenant-colonel Balfour
who commanded at Charleston, to dispatch a competent force by water to Wilmington, to
hold that post as a depot for supplies for the royal army in North Carolina. Balfour de-
tached Major Craig upon that service, who drove the American militia from Wilmington,
and took possession of it on the same day when General Davidson was killed at Cowan's
Ford. After the battle at Guilford Court House, Cornwallis, observing the backwardness
of the Loyalists in that vicinity, and the scarcity of provisions, determined to fall back to
Cross Creek, where, he knew, had been a population of loyal Scotchmen, and there make his
head-quarters, not doubting that his army could be easily supplied with stores, by water,
from Major Craig at Wilmington. In these expectations the earl was bitterly disappoint-
ed. The Loyalists were comparatively few, a large portion having been changed to either
active or passive Whigs ; provisions were very scarce, and no communication could be had
with Major Craig. Greene was in eager pursuit, and the earl had no alternative but to
continue his march to Wilmington This he performed along the southwestern side of the
Cape Fear, and arrived at Wilmington on the seventh of April. a He had got so . 178I
much the start of Greene, that the latter relinquished pursuit at Ramsay's Mills, ° bMwcha|
where he resolved to allow his troops to repose and recruit, as far as circum-
stances would allow. Greene dismissed all of the militia except a few North Carolinians,
yet he could not aflbrd his army such comforts as he desired.'
At the suggestion of Lieutenant-colonel Lee, Greene resolved to march back into South
Carolina and take post at Camden with the main army, while the light troops should join
Marion on the Pedee, and beat up all the British posts between Camden and Ninety-Six,
and Charleston. Pursuant to this plan, he left Ramsay's and marched toward Camden,
to confront Lord Rawdon, then in command there. Cornwallis. as we have already no-
ticed in chapter xxi., soon afterward marched into Virginia, while Greene and his brave
partisan allies of the South regained all that had been lost in previous conflicts.
Let us here leave the two commanders and their armies for a time, and resume our jour-
ney toward King's Mountain and the Cowpens. We shall meet them both frequently, in
our future journeys in the Carolinas and Georgia.
I left the Guilford battle-ground and the hospitable cottage of Mr. Hotchkiss, at noon.
the snow falling fast. At four miles distant, on the
Salisbury road, I reached the venerable New Garden
meeting-house, yet standing within the stately oak forest
where Lee and Tarleton met. It is a frame building
with a brick foundation. It was meeting-day, and the
congregation were yet in session. TyiiiL' Charley to a
drooping branch, I entered softly. A larger number
than is usually present at " week-day meetings" had
congregated, for a young man of the sect from Randolph
countv. thirty miles distant, and a young woman of
Guilford, had signified their intentions to declare them-
selves publicly, on that day, man and wife. They had
just risen before the elders and people when I glided
into a seat near the door, and with a trembling voice
the bridegroom had begun the expression of the mar-
riage vow. His weather-bronzed features betokened the man of toil in the fields, and
strongly contrasted with the blonde and delicate face, and slender form of her who, with
the downcast eyes of modesty, heard his pledge of love and protection, and was summoning
New
1 "No magazines were opened for our accommodation.'' says Lee in liis Mcmon ..ur wearied
limbs was the only boon within his gift. Our tattered garments could not be exchanged ; nor could our
worn out shoes be" replaced. The exhilarating cordial was not within his reach, nor wholesome provision
in abundance within his grasp. The meager beef of the pine barrens, with corn ash-cakes. »«s our food,
and waier our drink; vet we were content; we were more than content — we were happy." — Page 189.
408 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Quaker Marriage. A Centenarian Preacher. His Blessing. Jamestown. Ridge Roads.
iill her energy to make her kindred response. I had often observed the simple marriage
ceremony of the Quakers, but never before did the beauty of that ritual appear so marked
with the sublimity of pure simplicity.1
At the close of the meeting, I learned from one of the elders that a Friend's boarding-
school was near, and, led by curiosity, I visited it. The building is of brick, spacious, and
well arranged. It was under the superintendence of Thomas Hunt, a son of Nathan Hunt,
an eminent Quaker preacher. Au incidental remark concerning my relationship with Qua-
kers, made while conversing with the wife of the superintendent, caused her to inquire
whether I had ever heard of her father-in-law. I replied in the affirmative, having heard
him preach when I was a boy, and expressed the supposition that he had long ago gone
to his rest. " Oh no," she replied, " he is in the adjoining room," and leading the way, I
was introduced to the patriarch of ninety-one years, whose voice, still vigorous, i had listen-
ed to when I was a lad of twelve years. He remembered well when the New Garden
meeting-house was built, and resided in the neighborhood when the wounded and dying,
from the field of Guilford, were brought there. Although physical infirmities were weigh-
ing heavily upon him, his mind appeared clear and elastic. When I was about departing,
and pressed his hand with an adieu, he placed the other upon my head and said, " Fare-
well ! God's peace go with thee !" I felt as if I had received the blessing of a patriarch
indeed ; and for days afterward, when fording dangerous streams and traversing rough
mountain roads, that uttered blessing was in my mind, and seemed like a guardian angel
about my path. Gloomy unbelief may deride, and thoughtless levity may laugh in ridicule
at such an intimation, but all the philosophy of the schools could not give me such exquisite
feelings of security in the hands of a kind Providence as that old man's blessing imparted.
The storm yet continued, and the kind matron of the school gave me a cordial invitation
to remain there until it should cease ; but, anxious to complete my journey, I rode on to
Jamestown, an old village situated upon the high southwestern bank of the Deep River,
nine miles from New Garden meeting-house, and thirteen miles above Bell's Mills, where
Cornwallis had his encampment before the Guilford battle. The country through which
I had passed from Guilford was very broken, and I did not reach Jamestown until sunset.
It is chiefly inhabited by Quakers, the most of them originally from Nantucket and vicinity ;
and as they do not own slaves, nor employ slave labor, except when a servant is working
to purchase his freedom, the land and the dwellings presented an aspect of thrift not visible
in most of the agricultural districts in the upper country of the Carolinas.
I passed the night at Jamestown, and early in the morning departed for the Yadkin
Snow was yet falling gently, and it laid three inches deep upon the ground ; a greater
quantity than had fallen at one time, in that section, for five years. Fortunately, my route
from thence to Lexington, in Davidson county, a distance of twenty miles, was upon a
fine ridge road" a greater portion of the way, and the snow produced but little incovenience.
Toward noon, the clouds broke, and before I reached Lexington (a small village on the west
' The marriage ceremony of the Quakers is very simple. The parties give notice at a monthly meeting
of the society that on a certain day they intend to enter into the holy estate of matrimony. On the day
appointed, they, with their friends, repair to the meeting-house, where they arise before the whole congre-
gation and say, the bridegroom first, " I, A B, do take thee, C D, to be my wedded wile, and promise.
throu"h Divine assistance, to be unto thee a loving husband, until separated by death." The bride then
repeats the same, only changing the person. A certificate of the marriage is then read by a person ap-
pointed for the purpose, and is signed by as many present as may choose to do so. These simple proceed-
ings compose the whole marriage ceremony, which is as binding in the sight of God and man as the most
elaborate formalities of priest or magistrate. The groomsman and bridesmaid are called waiters among
the Quakers of New Garden.
• These rid"-e roads, or rather ridges upon which they are constructed, are curious features in the upper
country of the Carolinas. Although the whole country is hilly upon every side, these mads may be trav-
eled a score of miles, sometimes, with hardly ten feet of variation from a continuous level. The ridges
are of sand, and continue, unbroken by the ravines which cleave the hills in all directions for miles, upon
almost a uniform level. The roads following their summits arc exceedingly sinuous, but being level and
hard, the greater distance is more easily accomplished than if they were constructed in straight lines ovc
lhe hills The country has the appearance of vast waves of the sea suddenly turned into sand.
OF THE KEVill.l'TlnN I Qfl
Journey to the Yadkin. Salisbury. A Night wiUi a Cntton-plcntcr near Concord
BiJe of Abbott's Creek, a tributary of the Yadkin), at half past two in the afternoon, not a
flake of snow remained. Charley and I had already lunched by the margin of a little
stream, so I drove through the village without halting, Imping to reach Salisbury, sixteen
miles distant, by twilight. 1 was disappointed : for the red clay roads prevailed, and I
only reached the house of a small planter, within a mile of the east bank of the Yadkin,
just as the twilight gave place to the splendors of a full moon and myriads of stars in a
cloudless sky. From the proprietor 1 learned that the Trading Ford, where Greene and
Morgan crossed when pursued by Cornwallis, was only a mile distant. As I could not pass
it on mv way to Salisbury in the morning, I arose at four o'clock, gave Charley his break-
fast, and at earliest dawn stood upon the eastern shore of the Yadkin, anil made the sketch
printed upon page 39 5. The air was frosty , the pools were bridged with ice. and before
the sketch was finished, my benumbed fingers were disposed to drop the pencil. I remained
at the ford until the east was all aglow with the radiance of the rising sun. when 1 walked
back, partook of some corn-bread, muddy coffee, and spare-ribs, and at eight o'clock en ssed
the Yadkin at the great bridge, on the Salisbury road.1 The river is there about three
hundred yards wide, and was considerably swollen from the melting of the recent snows.
Its volume of turbid waters came rolling down in a swift current, and gave me a full appre-
ciation of the harrier which Providence had there placed between the Republicans and the
royal armies, when engaged in the great race described in this chapter.
From the Yadkin the roads passed through a red clay region, which was made so miry
by the melting snows that it was almost eleven o'clock when I arrived at Salisbury. Tins
village, of over a thousand inhabitants, is situated a few miles from the Yadkin, and is the
capital of Rowan county, a portion of the " Hornet's Nest" of the Revolution. It is a place
of considerable historic note. On account of its geographical position, it was often the plac
of rendezvous of the militia preparing for the battle-fields ; of various regular corps, American
and British, during the last three years of the war ; and especially as the brief resting-place
of both armies during Greene's memorable retreat. Here, too, it will be remembered, Gen-
eral Waddell had his head-quarters for a few days, during the "Regulator war." I made
diligent inquiry, during my tarry in Salisbury, for remains of Revolutionary movements and
localities, but could hear of none.5 The Americans, when fleeing before Cornwallis, en-
camped for a night about half a mile from the village, on the road to the Yadkin ; the
British occupied a position on the northern border of the town, about an eighth of a mile
from the court-house. I was informed that two buildings, occupied by officers, had remained
until two or three years ago, when they were demolished. Finding nothing to invite a pro-
tracted stay at Salisbury, I resumed the reins, and rode on toward Concord. The roads
were very bad, and the sun went down, while a rough way, eight miles in extent, lay be-
tween me and Concord. Night approached, brilliant and frosty ; the deep mud of the road
soon became half frozen, and almost impassable, and I was beginning to speculate upon the
chances of obtaining comfortable lodgings short of the village, when a large sign-board by
the way-side indicated a place of entertainment, and relieved my anxiety. Such an appari-
tion is so rare in the upper country of the Carolinas, where the traveler must depend upon
the hospitality of the planters, that it is noteworthy. Passing through a lane, I came to
the spacious mansion of Mr. Martin Phifer, one of the largest planters in Cabarras county.
It is in the midst of one of the finest districts of North Carolina for the production of up-
land cotton. Practical observations upon that great staple of the South was the chief topic
of our evening's conversation, which was protracted to the "small hours of the morning
1 The Yadkin rises in North Carolina, on the east of the Alleghany range, and flows east and southea."'
into South Carolina. A few miles below the Narrows, In Mi.MtL...iiii rv county, it receives tho Rocky River
and from thence to its mouth at Winyaw Bay, near Georgetown, it bears the name of I he Great Pedee.
• An ancient stone wall exists at Salisbury, but tradition has no knowledge of its origin. It is laid in
cement, and plastered on both sides. It is from twelve to fourteen feet high, and twonty-two inches thick
The top of the wall is a foot below the surface of the earth at present. It has been traced for three hund-
red feet. Six miles from Salisbury there is a similar wall, and may connect with the other. Conjecture
alone can read its history. May it not be a part of the circnmvaliation of a city of the mound builders '
HO PICTORIAL FIE I, D-BOOK
A Patriot's Grave at the Red Hills. Picturesque Scenery. Arrival at Charlotte. Ancient Church and Congregation
and I left his hospitable abode a wiser man than when I entered it. Mr. Phifer is a grand-
nephew of John Phifer, one of the leading patriots of Mecklenburg, whose remains lie buried
at the Red Hills, three miles west of Concord. A rough, mutilated slab covers the grave
of the patriot. Tradition avers that when the British army was on its march from Char-
lotte to Salisbury, a fire was built upon the stone by the soldiers, in contempt for the patri-
ot's memory.
Departing from the post-road, a little distance from Mr. Phifer's, I traversed a nearer,
though a rougher route to Charlotte than through Concord, passing that village about
three miles to the westward, close by the Red Hills. The scenery through this whole re-
gion is extremely picturesque. Wooded hills, deep ravines, broad cultivated slopes and up-
lands, and numerous water-courses, present diversified and pleasing pictures at every turn
of the sinuous road. In summer, when the forests and fields are clad, the roads hard, and
the deep shades of the ravines and water-courses desirable, I can not imagine a more agree-
able tour for a traveler of leisure than that portion of my journey from the Roanoke to the
Cowpens, across the Broad River, back to the eastern side of the Catawba, and so down to
the verge of the low country, near Camden. In the vicinity of Concord are the head-wa-
ters of several tributaries of the Yadkin and Catawba, and between that village and Char-
lotte I crossed the Coddle, Stony, and Mallard Creeks, and one of the main branches of
Rocky River. The latter, which is a considerable tributary of the Yadkin, is here a small
stream, but very turbulent, and broken into numerous cascades. I reached Charlotte at
half past three o'clock, having traveled only twenty-one miles since morning.1 It was Sat-
, , 6 urday,a and I eagerly coveted the Sabbath's rest, after a week of excessive toil. Char-
1849. leyi too, was jaded, and needed repose ; for a large portion of the circuitous journey
from Hillsborough hither had been through a region abounding in red clay, saturated with
rains and melting snows.
Charlotte has historical notoriety, chiefly on account of its being the place where a con-
vention of patriots assembled in 1775, and by a series of resolutions virtually declared them-
selves and those they represented free and independent of the British crown. To this
event I particularly directed my inquiries, but was singularly unsuccessful. Two gentlemen,
to whom I had letters of introduction from President Polk, were absent. I called upon an-
other, whom he named, but could not obtain information of much value. Being an entire
stranger, I knew not unto whom to apply, and I left Charlotte on Monday, with feelings of
disappointment not to be expressed. Since my visit, I have received varied and important
information from James W. Osborne, Esq., superintendent of the Branch Mint, and others
in that vicinity, which compensates me, in a measure, for my failure.
By the merest accident, I ascertained that the mill upon Sugar Creek, two or three miles
1 Charlotte is the capital ol' Mecklenburg county, and contains about fourteen hundred inhabitants. It
is pleasantly situated upon a rolling plain, on the east side of the Sugar or Sugaw Creek, a small tributary of
the Catawba. Ii is in the midst ut" the gold region of North Carolina, and here a branch of the United
States Mint is established. Eastward of Charlotte are several productive gold mines, which ate now but
little worked, partly on account of the more inviting field for miners in California. The first settlers in
Mecklenburg county were, principally the descendants of the Puritans, Scotch-Irish, and Roundheads; and.
near Charlotte, the " Sugar Creek Congregation," the first on the Catawba, was established. I passed
the brick meeting-house about three miles from the village, where worshiped the parent of the seven
congregations from which came delegates to meet in political convention in 1775* This meeting-house
is the third erected by the Sugar Creek Congregation. The first stood about half a mile west from this.
and the second a few feet south of the present edifice. In the second, the mother of Andrew Jackson, lan-
president of the United States, worshiped for a-while. when she took refuge in the Sugar Creek Congrega
tion, after the massacre of Burford's regiment, near her residence on the Waxhaw, in May, 1780. Near
the site of the first church is the ancient burying-ground. Therein is the grave of Alexander Craighead,
the first minister of the congregation. His only monument are two sassafras-trees, one at the head, the
other nt the foot of his grave, which are the living poles used as a bier for his coffin, and stuck in the ground
to mark, temporarily, his resting-place. t
These were Sugar Creek, Steel Creek, Providence, Hopewell, Center, Rocky River, and Poplar Tent— Foote, p. 190.
t Ibid, p. 195.
OF THE REVOLUTION. I 1 1
Colonel Polk's Mill. The People of Mecklenburg. Scheme for n Republican Assembly. A Convention called
south of Charlotte, and Known as Bissell's, was formerly the property of Colonel Thomas
Polk, one of the active patriots in that section. Early <>n Monday morning, I rode down
to the mill. Informed that it had been materially altered since the Revolution, I did not
stop to sketch the locality. It is an interesting spot, for there a portion of Comwallis's
army was encamped, and the mill was used during the cantonment there, to supply his
troops with (lour.
Let us glance at the historical events which render Charlotte lainous in our annals.
While public sentiment in North Carolina and its sister colonies was making rapid strides
toward a bold resistance to augmenting oppressions, the people of Mecklenburg and vicinity,
between the Yadkin and the Catawba, were neither indifferent nor inactive, notwithstand-
ing their distance from the seaboard. There was no printing-press in the upper country ;
and as no regular post traversed that region, a newspaper was seldom seen there among the
people. They were in the habit of assembling at stated places to hear printed hand-bills
from abroad read, or to obtain verbal information of passing events. Charlotte was a cen-
tral point for these assemblages, and there the leading men in that section often met at
Queen's Museum or College, the Faneuil Hall of North Carolina, to discuss the exciting
topics of the day. These meetings were at first irregular, and without system. It was
finally agreed that Thomas Polk, a large property-holder in the vicinity of Charlotte, col-
onel of the militia of Mecklenburg, a man of great excellence of character, extensive knowl-
edge of the people around him, and deservedly popular, should be authorized to call a con-
vention of the representatives of the people whenever circumstances should appear to require
it.1 It was also agreed that such representatives should consist of two from each cap-
tain's company, to be chosen by the people of the several militia districts, and that, their
decisions, when thus legally convened, should be binding upon the people of Mecklenburg.
This step was in accordance with the recommendation of the eleventh article of the Amer-
ica/ Association, adopted by the first Continental Congress (see page G2), and now gen-
erally acted upon throughout the colonies.
When Governor Martin made an attempt to prevent the assembling of a Provincial Con-
gress at Newbem,a the people were much exasperated, for they remembered his ^
arbitrary proceedings in dissolving the last Provincial Legislature, after a session
of lour days, and before any important business had been transacted. The excitement
throughout the province was intense. While the public mind was thus inflamed. Colonel
Polk issued a notice to the elected committee-men of the county, to assemble in the court-
house5 at Charlotte toward the close of May. On what precise day they first met, cati not
now be positively determined. They appointed Abraham Alexander,3 an esteemed citizen,
• oriel Polk was great uncle to the late President Polk. His brother, Ezekiel P>>lk. whose name ap
pears quite conspicuous in the annuls of Mecklenburg county. was the- president's grandfather. ''The
house in which President Polk is supposed to have been born," says Honorable David L. Swain, in a Idler to
me of recent date, " is about two hundred yards south of Sugar Creek, ami eleven miles south ol Chai lotte,
on the lands ol Nathan Orr. The house shown to me i^ of logs, was never weather-boarded, ami is cov-
ered with a decaying shingle roof. It is formed In joining two bouses together."
- The court-house was ;l frame building, about fifty feet square, placed upon brick pillars, ten or twelve
feet in height, with a stair-way on the outside. It stood in the center of the town, at the intersecti I' the
two principal streets, now the village green. The lower pan was a market-house; the nppei pari was
used for public purposes. Stedman says it was a "large brick building," and Lee says it was ol stone.
Tradition of undoubted character pronounces it such as I have described. The village at that time con-
tained about twenty hi a
3 Abraham Alexander was a lcadino magistrate in Mecklenburg county, and represented it in the Colo-
nial Legislature. At tie time of the convention, of which he wa^ appointed chairman, ho was almost
thrcc-corc vein- ol ;i«r. He died on the twenty-third ol April, 1786, at the age of sixty-eight years, lb-
was buried in the old church-yard, near Charlotte, where a plain slab, with an inscription, marks his grave
Elijah Alexander, a relative of the chairman, and who was present when the Mecklenburg Resolutions
were read to the people at Charlotte, died at the residence of his son-in-law. James Osborne, Esq., in Cor-
nersvillc, Tennessee, on the eleventh of November, 1850, at the age of ninety years. He voted for every
president of the United States, from Washington to Taylor. His widow, to whom he was married ii 1784,
was \et living in 1851.
112 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Officers or the Convention. Speakers on the Occasion. Preamble and Resolutions
who had served them in the Colonial Legislature, chairman, and Dr. Ej)hraim Brevard,1 a
scholar and unwavering patriot, clerk or secretary. According to tradition, intelligence of
the affairs at Lexington and Concord, in Massachusetts, was received during the session of
the delegates, and added greatly to the excitement among the people, who had assembled
in great numbers around the court-house, eager to know the resolves of their representatives
within. The principal speakers on the occasion were Dr. Brevard, Reverend Hezekiah J.
Balch, William Kennon (a lawyer of Salisbury), and Colonel Polk. The first three gentle-
men were appointed a committee to prepare suitable resolutions, and on the thirty-first of
May, 1775, the following preamble and resolves were unanimously adopted:3
"Whereas, By an address presented to his majesty by both Houses of Parliament in Feb-
ruary last, the American colonies are declared to be in a state of actual rebellion, we con-
ceive that all laws and commissions confirmed by or derived from the authority of the king
and Parliament are annulled and vacated, and the former civil Constitution of these colonies
for the present wholly suspended. To provide in some degree tor the exigencies of this
county in the present alarming period, we deem it proper and necessary to pass the follow-
ing resolves, viz. :
I. That all commissions, civil and military, heretofore granted by the crown to be exer-
1 Ephraim Brevard was one of the " seven sons" of his widowed mother who were " in the rebel army.'"*
He graduated at Princeton, and, iifter pursuing medical studies a proper time, settled as a physician in
Charlotte. His talents commanded universal respect, and he was a leader in the movements in Mecklen-
bui'ix toward independence, in 1775. When the British army invaded the Southern States. Dr. Brevard
entered the Continental army as a surgeon, and was taken prisoner at Charleston, in May. 1780. Broken
by disease, when set at liberty, Dr. Brevard returned to Charlotte, sought the repose of privacy in the fam-
ily of his friend, John M'Knitt Alexander, who had succeeded him as clerk of the Mecklenburg Committee,
and there soon expired. His remains were buried in Hopewell grave-yard. No stone marks his resting-
place, and "no man living," says Mr. Foote, '"can lead the inquirer to the spot." He was a remarkable
man, and, as the undoubted author of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence and Constitution of Gov-
ernment, deserves the reverence of all patriots. His pen was often employed in the cause of freedom, and
he was probably the most accomplished writer, of his day. in Western Carolina.
Minute biographical sketches of these leading patriots of Mecklenburg, if they could be obtained, would
make an exceedingly useful and entertaining volume. Of the general character of the people in that vi-
cinity at the period of the Revolution, J. G. M. Ramsey, M.D., the historian of Tennessee, who has studied
the character of the Mecklenburg patriots with great care, writes thus appreciatinglv to me, under date of
January 19, 1S52 : " In regard to the people, then residing between the Yadkin and the Catawba, it is al-
most impossible to conceive, at this day, the incalculable benefits the country received from their immigra-
tion and settlement in it ; nor the happy influences, secular, civil, religious, and literary, they uniformly dif-
fused in their respective neighborhoods. To these are wc indebted, in a great measure, for the enterprise,
industry, thrift, skill, frugalitv, love of order, sobriety, regard for wholesome laws, family and social govern-
ment, establishment of schools, churches, and a high standard of education and training for youth, attach-
ment to well-regulated liberty, and the representative principle in government."
- The following are the names of the leading patriots in Mecklenburg, and reported to have been mem-
bers of the Mecklenburg Committee, who met in the Convention at Charlotte: Abraham Alexander.
Ephraim Brevard, John M'Knitt Alexander. Adam Alexander. Hezekiah Alexander, Ezra Al-
exander, Charles Alexander, Waightstill Avery, Hezekiah J. Balch. Thomas Polk, John Flene-
kjn, James Harris, Neil Morrisson, David Reese. Robert Harris, senior, Richard Barry, Duncan
'i, kiltree, John Ford. William Kennon. Samuel Martin, Zacheus Wilson, senior,! Benjamin Pat-
ton, Robert Irwin, John Davidson, John Pfifer, Henry Downes. William Graham, Matthew
Mt'i.rRE, John Queary, William Wilson.
' When Cornwallis was in pursuit of Greene, he passed near the plantation of the Widow Brevard, and ordered it to be des-
olated. When asked why he was so cruel toward a poor widow, he replied. '■ She has seven sons in the rebel army !" Whit
higher compliment could that noble mother hav,- r. r. \ e I
t The Wilsons were all stanch Scotch-Irish, and sturdy Republicans. The wife of Robert Wilson, a brothel of '/.ulcus
tike the Widow Brevard, had "seven sons in the rebel army," and also her husband. When Cornwallis retired from Char-
lone, he halted upon Wilson's plantation, and himself and staff quartered at the house of the patriot. Mrs. Wilson was very
courteous, and Cornwallis endeavored to win her to the royal cause by flattering words. Her reply deserves to be inscribed
upon brass and marble : " I have seven sons who are now. or have been hearing arms ; indeed, my seventh son. Zacheus, who
is only fifteen years old, I yesterday assist-d tu get ready to go and join his brothers in Sumter's army. Now. sooner than see
one of my family turn hack from the glorious enterprise, I would take these boys (pointing to three or four small sons), and
with them would myself enlist under Sumter's standard ana show my husband and sons how to fight, and, if necessary, to die
for their country !" " Ah. general," said the cruel Tarleton, " 1 think you've got into a hornet's nesl ! Never mind ; when we
■■' Camden, I'll take good rare that old Rohm Wilson never gets back again !" Mrs. Wilson died in Williamson county,
Kentucky, on the 2uih of April, 1H03, aged ninety years. — see Mrs. Bllet'fl Women of the Revolution, iii., 347.
OF TH E R i:v OLUTION
1 13
lute raphsofihi Mecklenburg Committee.
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7 frZ^t^7^^ J& yW
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Autographs of the Members of the MSCKLENBOKQ Cok-
H1TTEB.1
UWj //ajud
rased in these colonies, are null and void, and the
Constitution of each particular colony wholly suspended.
II. That the Provincial Congress of each province, under the direction of the great Con-
tinental Congress, is invested with all legislative and executive powers within thnr respect-
ive provinces, and that no other legislative or executive power does or can exist at this time
in any of these colonies.
III. As all former laws are now suspended in this province, and the Congress has not
1 I am indebted to the kindness of the Honorable David L. Swain, of Chapel Hall, John II. Wheeler,
Esq., author of Historical Sketches of North Carolina and James W. Osborne, Esq., superintendent of the
Branch Mint at Charlotte, for the originals from whi • these fac similes are made.
lit PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Resolutions adopted by the Mecklenburg Convention.
yet provided others, we judge it necessary for the better preservation of good order, to form
certain rules and regulations for the internal government of this county, until laws shall
bo p-ovided for us by the Congress.
IV. That the inhabitants of this county do meet on a certain day appointed by the com-
mittee, and, having formed themselves into nine companies (to wit : eight for the county, and
one for the town), do choose a colonel and other military officers, who shall hold and exer-
cise their several powers by virtue of the choice, and independent of the crown of Great
Britain, and former Constitution of this province.
V. That for the better preservation of the peace and administration of justice, each of
thoso companies do choose from their own body two discreet freeholders, who shall be em-
powered each by himself, and singly, to decide and determine all matters of controversy
arising within said company, under the sum of twenty shillings, and jointly and together
all controversies under the sum of forty shillings, yet so as their decisions may admit of ap-
peal to the convention of the selectmen of the county, and also that any one of these men
shall have power to examine and commit to confinement persons accused of petit larceny.
VI. That those two selectmen thus chosen do jointly and together choose from the body
of their particular company two persons to act as constables, who may assist them in the
execution of their office.
VII. That upon the complaint of any persons to either of these selectmen, he do issue
his warrant directed to the constable, commanding hirn to bring the aggressor before him
to answer said complaint.
VIII. That these select eighteen selectmen thus appointed do meet every third Thurs-
day in January, April, July, and October, at the court-house in Charlotte, to hear and
determine all matters of controversy for sums exceeding forty shillings, also appeals ; and
in case of felony to commit the persons convicted thereof to close confinement until the
Provincial Congress shall provide and establish laws and modes of proceeding in all such
cases.
IX. That these eighteen selectmen thus convened do choose a clerk, to record the trans-
actions of said convention, and that said clerk, upon the application of any person or persons
aggrieved, do issue his warrant to any of the constables of the company to which the of-
fender belongs, directing said constable to summon and warn said offender to appear before
said convention at their next sitting, to answer the aforesaid complaint.
X. That any person making complaint, upon oath, to the clerk, or any member of the
convention, that he has reason to suspect that any person or persons indebted to him in a
sum above forty shillings intend clandestinely to withdraw from the county without paying
the debt, the clerk or such member shall issue his warrant to the constable, commanding
him to take said person or persons into safe custody until the next sitting of the convention.
XI. That when a debtor for a sum above forty shillings shall abscond and leave the
county, the warrant granted as aforesaid shall extend to any goods or chattels of said debtor
as may be found, and such goods or chattels be seized and held in custody by the constable
for the space of thirty days, in which time, if the debtor fail to return and discharge the
debt, the constable shall return the warrant to one of the selectmen of the company, where
the goods are found, who shall issue orders to the constable to sell such a part of said goods
as shall amount to the sum due.
That when the debt exceeds forty shillings, the return shall be made to the convention,
who shall issue orders for sale.
XII. That all receivers and collectors of quit. rents, public and county taxes, do pay the
Bame into the hands of the chairman of this committee, to be by them disbursed as the pub-
lic exigencies may require, and that such receivers and collectors proceed no lurther in their
office until they be approved of by, and have given to this committee good and sufficient
security for a faithful return of such moneys when collected.
XII I. That the committee be accountable to the county for the application of all moneys
received from such public officers.
OF THE HE VOL I II ON 415
Mecklenburg Resolutions dispatched to Philadelphia und Hillsborough. Action concerning them.
XIV. That all these officers hold their commissions during the pleasure of their several
constituents.
XV. That this committee will sustain all damages to all or any of their officers thus
appointed, and thus acting, on account of their obedience and conformity to these rules
KYI. That whatever person shall hereafter receive a commission from the crown, or
attempt In exercise any such commission heretofore receired, aha I 'I be deemed an enemy to
his country; and upon confirmation being made to the captain of the company in which
he resides, the said company shall cause him to be apprehended and conveyed before two
selectmen, who, upon proof of the fact, shall commit said offender to safe custody, until the
next sittinir of the committee, who shall deal with him as prudence may direct.
XVII. That any person refusing to yield obedience to the above rules shall be considered
equally criminal, and liable to the same punishment as the offenders above last mentioned.
XVIII. That these resolves be in full force and virtue until instructions from the Pro-
vincial Congress regulating the jurisprudence of the province shall provide otherwise, or the
legislative body of Great Britain resign its unjust and arbitrary pretensions with respect to
America.
XIX. That the eight militia companies in this county provide themselves with proper
arms and accouterments, and hold themselves in readiness to execute the commands ami di-
rections of the General Congress of this province and this committee.
XX. That the committee appoint Colonel Thomas Polk and Dr. Joseph Kennedy to
purchase three hundred pounds of powder, six hundred pounds of lead, and one thousand
Hints, for the use of the militia of this county, and deposit the same in such place as the com-
mittee may hereafter direct.
Signed by order of the Committee. Epheaim Brevard, Clerk of the Committee"
These resolutions, which not only substantially declared the people of Mecklenburg, rep-
resented by the convention, free and independent of the British crown, but organized a civil
government upon a republican basis, were read to the assembled multitude from the court-
house door, and were received with loud acclaims of approbation. It is said that they were
read to fresh gatherings of the people several times during the day, and were always greeted
with cheers.
These resolutions formed the closing proceedings of the convention, and having provided
for the transmission of the resolutions to the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, to meet
in Hillsborough in August, and to the Continental Congress, then in session at Philadelphia,
it adjourned. Captain James Jack, of Charlotte, was the appointed messenger, and a few
days after the adjournment of the convention, he proceeded to Philadelphia, and placed
the papers in his charge, in the hands of Caswell, Hooper, and Hewes, the delegates in Con-
gress from North Carolina.1 These gentlemen, perhaps considering the movement prema-
ture or too radical, did not make the proceedings public. They st ill hoped for reconcilia-
tion with the mother country, and were willing to avoid any act that might widen the
breach. They addressed a joint letter to the people of Mecklenburg, complimenting them
for their patriotism, recommending the strict observance of order, and expressing their belief
that the whole continent would soon follow their example, if the grievances complained of
were not speedily redressed. For the same prudential reasons, the Provincial Congress at
Hillsborough declined taking any immediate action upon their bold proceedings.' But for
1 It was the regular court day when Captain Jack passed through Salisbury. Mr.Kennon, a member
of the convention, was in attendance there, and persuadad Jack to permit the resolutions to be publicly
read. They were generally approved ; but two men (John Dunn anil Benjamin BooteJ pronounced them
treasonable," ami proposed the forcible detention of Captain Jaek. For this an. Dunn and Boote were ar-
rested by some armed men sent by the committee at Charlotte lor the purpose. They were first sent to
Camden^ in South Carolina, to lie kept in confinement as 'persons inimical to the country." They were
afterward sent to Charleston for better security.
5 The papers were referred to a committee, who reported on the first of September. After some discus-
sion, the Congress resolved that " the present Association ought to be further relied on for bi inging about a
reconciliation with the parent state." No further notice was taken of the matter, and this brilliant spark
was lost in the blaze of the Federal Declaration of Independence published the following year.
110 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
History of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence.
ibis hesitation, growing out of a sincere desire to preserve the integrity of the British realm,
the world would long- ago have conceded to the people of Mecklenburg, in North Carolina,
the distinguished honor of making a Declaration of Independence of the British crown, thir-
teen months previous to the Federal declaration by the Continental Congress. That honor
has not only been withheld, but the fact denied by men presumed to have positive informa-
tion upon all subjects connected with Revolutionary events. Documentary evidence bus
settled the question beyond cavil.1
1 Almost fifty years this brilliant event in Mecklenburg county remained in obscurity, and when its ra-
diance appeared, it was believed to be only reflected light. There appeared in the Raleigh Register, April
30, 1819, a statement over the signature of J. M'Knitt, that a convention of representatives of the people
of Mecklenburg county met at Charlotte, on the nineteenth and twentieth of May. 1775, and by a series
of resolutions substantially declared themselves free and independent.* He alleged that Captain Jack
bore those resolutions to the Continental Congress, and placed them in the hands of the delegates from
North Carolina in that body, who thought them premature. Mr. M'Knitt also stated that John M'Knitt
Alexander was the secretary of the convention, and that all of the original papers were destroyed when the
house of that gentleman was burned in April, 1800, but that copies of the proceedings were made, one of
which was sent to Dr. Hugh Williamson, of New York, who was writing a history of North Carolina, and
one to General William R. Davie. f This statement was copied from the Raleigh Register by the Essex
Register, of Massachusetts, and was brought to the notice of the venerable John Adams. Mr. Adams sent
the paper to Mr. Jefferson, accompanied with the remark that he thought it genuine. On the ninth of July,
1819, Mr. Jefferson replied to Mr. Adams's letter at some length, disclaiming all knowledge of such pro-
ceedings, and giving his decided opinion that the article in the Register was a u very unjustifiable quiz.'t
Among his reasons for not believing the thing genuine, he mentioned the fact that no historian, not even
Williamson (whose History of North Carolina was published in 1812), alluded to any such proceedings.
Such was the fact, and public opinion was divided. It was singular, indeed, that such an important event
should not have been mentioned by Williamson, if he believed the resolutions sent to him by Mr. Alex-
ander to be true copies of those adopted in convention at Charlotte. Because of a similarity of expressions
and sentiments in these resolutions and the Federal Declaration of Independence, Mr. Jefferson was charged
with gross plagiarism, § while the North Carolinians were charged with attempting to arrogate to them-
selves a glory which did not belong to them.
In 1829, Judge Martin's History of North Carolina appeared, and in vol. ii., pages 272-274, inclusive,
he publishes an account of the Mecklenburg proceedings, with the resolutions. These resolutions differ
materially from those which were possessed by General Davie, and published as authentic in a state pam-
phlet, prepared by order of the North Carolina Legislature, in 1831. Whence Judge Martin procured his
copy, is not known. In 1830, a publication appeared denying the statements of the Raleigh Register in
1819. and also denying that a convention, with such results, was ever held at Charlotte. The friends of those
patriots whose names appeared as members of the convention in question, very properly tender of their
* The following is a copy of the resolutions, which were in the possession of General William R. Davie, and are now in the
archives of the state, at Raleigh:
" Ursolved, I. That whoever directly or indirectly abetted, or in any way, form, or manner, countenanced the unchartered
and dangerous invasion of our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to this country — to America — and to the inher-
ent and inalienable rights of mau.
•* Resolvtd, '2. That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg county, do hereby dissolve the political bands which have connected us
to the mother country, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, and abjure all political connection,
contract, or association with that nation, who have wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties, and inhumanly shed the blood
ot American patriots at Lexington.
"Resolved, 3. That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent people; are. and of right ought to be, a sovereign
and self-governing association, under the control of no power, other than that of our God, ami the general government of the
Congress ; to the maintenance of which independence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual co-operation, our lives, our
fortunes, and our most sacred honor.
■' Resolved, 4. That as we acknowledge the existence and control of no law or legal officer, civil or military, within this county,
we do hereby ordain and adopt, as a rule of life, all. each, and every of our former laws ; wherein, nevertheless, the crown of
Great Britain never can be considered as holding rights, privileges, immunities, or authority therein.
" Rrsolccd, 5. That it is also further decreed, that all, each, and every military officer in this county is hereby retained in hia
former command and authority, he acting conformably to these regulations. And that every member present of this delega-
tion shall henceforth be a civil officer, viz., a justice of the peace, in the character of a ' committee-man,' to issue process, hear
and determine all matters of controversy, according to said adopted laws; and to preserve peace, and union, and harmony in
said county ; and to use every exertion to spread the love of country and fire of freedom throughout America, until a more
general organized government be established in this province."
To these resoluttons.it is said, a number of by-laws were appended to regulate the general conduct of citizens.
t Hie house of Mr. Alexander was destroyed in April, 1800. The date of the earliest copy of the resolutions is September of
the same year. t Jefferson's Memoirs and Correspondence, iv., 3*22.
£ The chief ground upon which this charge was predicated, was the Identity of expression in the last clause of the third resolu-
tion, and the closing of the Federal Declaration—" We pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our most sacred honor."
This charge has no weight when it is considered that this was a common narlinmentary 6uffix. Gibbon, writing to his friend
Sheffield concerning the Boston Port Bill, in 177-),said, " We voted an address of lives and fortunes, &c." See volume i. of this
work, page 515.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 117
History of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence.
Charlotte was the point to which Gates retreated, with a few followers, after the disas-
trous battle near Camden, in August, 1780, and soon afterward it became the scene of act-
reputation and the honor of the state, sought for proof that such a convention, with such glorious results, was
lield in Charlotte. The testimonies ol several living witnesses of the fact were procured, some of them as
early as 1819— 2D. and -nine as late as 1830. Their certificates all agree as to the main fact that sufh a con-
tention oat htld. but all :oe not explicit as to date, and some evidently point to other resolves than those refer-
red to. These discrepancies caused doubts, and the public mind was -till unsatisfied. To set the matter at
rest, the Legislature of North I larolina appointed a committee to investigate the subject. The result was pub-
lished in pamphlet form in 1831, and the statement made in the Raleigh Regitter in 1819 was endorsed as
true. The certificate- alluded to (which also appear in Force's American Vrchives, ii., 855) are published
therein, together with the names of the Mecklenburg Committee appended thereto. Vet one stubborn fact
remained in the way — a fact favorable to a belief in the undoubted truth and sincerity of Mr. Jefferson in his
denial namely, that in no public records or files of newspapers of the day had the resolutions of the twen-
tieth or an account of the convention, been discovered. Some of the most important of those of the thirty-
first were published in the ufastachuet Ut Spy in 1775. Doubt still hung over the genuineness of the publish-
ed resolution-, and eminent men in North Carolina made earnest searches for further testimony, but in vain.
In 1847, the Reverend Thomas Smyth, D.D., of Charleston, published an inquiry into " The true Origin
and Source of the Mecklenburg and National Declaration of Independence," in which, assuming the pub-
lished resolutions, purporting to have been adopted at Charlotte on the twentieth of May. 1775. to be gen-
uine copies of the originals prepared b; Dr. Brevard, he advanee- an ingenious theory, by which Mr. Jeffer-
son is impliedly defended against the charge of plagiarism and subsequent misrepresentation. Assuming
that both Jofferson and Dr. Brevard were, as -indent- ofhistory, familiar with the confessions, covenants, and
bands (declaration- and pledge-) of the Presbyterian Reformers ofScotland and Ireland in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, he draw- thi iclusion that their ideas, and even their expressions, were copied from
those instruments ol a people struggling for religions freedom. As a proof that such forms were appe ded
to, he quotes Jefferson's acknowledgment [Memoirs, &c., i.. 2), that to a Scotch Presbyterian tutor he was
indebted for his republican bias; and his state nt (p 6] that, in preparing a resolution at Williamsburg,
recommending a fast on the first of June, 1774. they "rummaged over" Rushworth " for the revolul ary
precedents and forms of the Puritans of that day.'' Upon these premises, Dr. Smyth argue- that Mr. Jef-
n and Dr. Brevard doubtless drew water from the same well, without a knowledge of each other's act
— a well from which copious draughts were made by the Father of our Republic.
While these inquiries were in progress, the discovery of documentary evidence settled the main question
beyond cavil, and established the fact that, on the thirty-first of .May. 1775, the people of Mecklenburg, it:
a representative convention assembled, passed resolutions equivalent in spirit to a declaration ol independ-
ence, and organiz.ed a civil government upon the basis of political independence. Among the most inde-
fatigable searchers after the truth, was the Honorable David L. Swain, late governor of North Carolina. A
manuscript proclamation of Governor Martin, dated August 8. 1775. which was deposited in the archives
of the state by Reverend Francis L. Hawks, D.D.. was found to contain the following words: " And where-
as, I have also -ecu a most infamous publication in the Cup, Fear Slercury, importing to be resolves of a set
ol people styling themselves a committee for the county of Medklenburg, most traitorously declaring the
entire dissolution of the laws, government, and Constitution of (his country, and setting up a system ol rule
and regulation repugnant to lite laws, and subversive of his majesty's government," &c, &C. Here was a (due.
Aftei repeated si irehes at the instance of Mr Swain, a copy of the South Carolina Gazette ami Country
Journal, dated " Tuesday, June 13, 1775." and containing the entire sel of resolutions printed on page
21, bearing date of May '.i 1 . 1775. wa- di-eovcred h\ In . .Li-eph Johnson, in the Charleston Library.*
These were copied, and sent to Mr. Swain, who immedi arded a copy to Mr. Bancroft, the histo-
rian, then the American minister at the court of St. James. Before they reached Mr. Bancroft at London.
thai gentleman bad discovered in the State Paper Office a copy of the same South C lina paper, contain-
ing the resolutions. Thi- paper was sent to Lord Dartmouth, the secretary of state for the colonies, by Sir
James Wright, then governor of Georgia. In a letter which accompanied the papers, Governor Wright
said, " By the inclosed paper your lordship will see the extraordinary resolves of the people of Charlotte-
town, in Mecklenburg county ; and I should not be surprised if the same should be done every where else,
These facts Mr. Bancroft communicated in a letter to Mr. Swain, written on the fourth of July, 1848.
The only question unsettled now is, Whether the Mecklenburg Committee assembled at an earliei dati
than the thirty-first of May, 1775. and adopted the resolutions which were in possession ol General Davie,
and published in the Raleigh Register in 1819. It is a question of minor historical importance, since the
great fact is established beyond cavil, that more than a year previous to the promulgation of the Federal
Declaration, the people of Mecklenburg declared their entire independence of the British crown, and. in
pursuance of that declaration, organized a civil government.
" Dr. Johnson, in his Traditions and Reminiscences nf the Revolution (Charleston, 1851). gives a fnc simile of s hand-bill, contain,
ing th.- first Hire.- of the Mecklenburg Resolutions published in the state pamphlet, together with the names ot tne committee.
Dr. Johnson says it is "the oldest publical Mecklenburg Declaration yet found in print." Tin ntfaet. The
hand bill was printed by II. lake! in i lirown. who established their printing-office nt Knoxrille, Tennessee, in 1816. This docu-
ment is not now (1852) more thnn thirty five years old. It was probably printed at about the time (1819) when the resolutions
red in the Raleigh Register.
11. D D
lib
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Movements of Comwallis and his Subordinates.
Colonel Polk suspected.
General William R. Davie.
"Oct. 7.
ual hostilities. After refreshing his army at Camden, and adopting further measures for
keeping down the spirit of rising rebellion in South Carolina, Comwallis moved, with his
* Seat 8 forces, toward Charlotte,1 for the purpose of giving encouragement to the timid
1780. Loyalists between the Yadkin and the Catawba ; to assist Major Ferguson, who
was then across the Broad River attempting to embody the militia in the service of the
king ; to awe the Republicans, who were in the ascendant in Mecklenburg, Rowan, and vicin-
ity ; in fact, to conquer North Carolina before Congress could organize another army at the
South. Comwallis reached Charlotte toward the close of the month, where he expected to
be joined by Ferguson and his Loyalists. But he was doomed to disappointment ; that
officer was soon afterward killed, and his whole force was broken up in a severe battle on
King's Mountain.0 Comwallis was diligent in issuing his proclamations, in which
he denounced " the rebels ;" offered pardon to those who should seek it, and protec-
tion to persons and property to those who would accept it. Gates, in the mean while, had
retired, with the remnant of his army, to Salisbury, and soon proceeded to Hillsborough.
Hundreds, who were stanch patriots, came forward and accepted protection from Comwallis.
for they saw no alternative but that, and the ruin
of their families and estates. Among them was
Colonel Ephraim Polk, who thereby incurred the
suspicions of his countrymen; but when the dan-
ger was over, he renounced the forced allegi-
ance. Non-conformity would have insured the
destruction of all his property ; he accepted a
protection, and saved his estate. Colonel Thom-
as Polk was also under a cloud of distrust for a
short season.1
When Comwallis marched from Camden,
on the east side of the Wateree, Tarleton trav-
ersed the country, with his legion, on the west
side of that river. At the Waxhaws, Com-
wallis halted, and there Tarleton united with
the main body. On the fifth of September,
Major William R. Davie2 was appointed, by
Governor Nash, colonel commandant of cavalry,
and, with Major George Davidson, was very
active in collecting supplies for Gates's broken
His suspected acceptance of protection from the Brit-
1 Colonel Polk was then commissary of provisions,
ish was considered equivalent to a renuncia-
tion of republicanism. He was, therefore, de-
nounced as a Tory- Among Gates's papers in
the New York Historical Society is the fol-
lowing order, issued after Cornwallis had re-
treated to Winnsborough : " From a number
of suspicious circumstances respecting the eon-
duet and behavior of Colonel Thomas Polk.
commissary general of provisions for the State
of North Carolina, and commissary of pur-
chases for the Continental troops, it is our
opinion that the said Colonel Polk should be
directly ordered to Salisbury to answer for
his conduct; and that the persons of Duncan
Ochiltree and William M'Aferty* be likewise
brought under guard to Salisbury. Given
unanimously as our opinion, this twelfth day of November, 17§0."
* William Richardson Davie was born at Egremnnt. near Whitehaven. England, on the twentieth of .lune.
* M'Canerry, as the name is properly spelled, was a wealthy Scotchman, and was employed by Cornwalli* as a guide when
he left Charlotte.
4U
V-
OF THE REVOLUTION 4^
CornwallU'a March toward Charlotte. Operation* of the American! against him. niah at Charlotte.
army, and in repressing; the depredations of the British. They had continually maneuvered
in front of the approaching- enemy, and fell gradually back to Charlotte as the British pi
onward. While encamped at Providence, Davie learned that some Tories and light troops
were on the western bank of the Catawba, not far distant. He determined to beat up their
quarters ; and early on the morning of the twenty-first of September," he surprised
them at Captain WahabV plantation, and killed and wounded sixty, while he lost but
one man wounded. He took ninety-six horses, with their equipments, and one hundred and
twenty stand of arms, and returned to his camp, having inarched sixty miles within twenty-
four hours.
On the day of the engagement at Wahab's, Generals .Sumner and Davidson, with their
brigades of militia, arrived at Providence On the advance of the British, they retreated
to Salisbury, ordering Colonel Davie and Major Joseph Graham to annoy the enemy on his
march. Four days afterward. Cornwallis having established a post at Blair's .Mill, on Five
Mile Creek, commenced his march toward Charlotte, by the Steel Creek road. Davie and
Graham were on the alert, annoying him all the way. They took several of his men pris-
oners, in one or two skirmishes. Davie reached Charlotte at midnight,1' and de-
.... tt 1- 111, i> Sept 25.
termined to give the enemy a warm reception. He dismounted his cavalry, who
were armed with swords, pistols, and muskets, and posted them in front of the court-house,
under cover of a stone wall, breast high. His infantry and Graham's volunteers were ad-
vanced eighty yards in front on each side of the street, covered by the garden inclosures of
the villagers. While this arrangement was in progress, Tarleton's legion, the van of the royal
army, approached. Tarleton was sick, and Major Hanger was in command. As soon as
he reached the Common at the entrance of the village, and observed the Americans, Hanger's
trumpeter sounded a charge. The cavalry moved slowly, while the flanking infantry at-
tacked Graham and his party. While they were engaged, Hanger, with his cavalry, rushed
toward the court-house, when Davie poured a deadly volley upon them. They recoiled, but
were instantly rallied on the Common. In the mean while, the contest in the street was
warmly maintained. Again the cavalry charged, and arrain fell back in confusion to the
Common. The British infantry having gained Davie's right, he withdrew from the court-
house, and formed his line on the eastern side of the town. Cornwallis had now reached
the cavalry, and upbraided them for want of courage. They charged a third time, when
Davie, having mounted his men, gave the enemy such a reception that they again fell back
to the Common. The 7 1st and 33d British regiments of Webster's brigade (which fought so
callantly at Guilford nearly live months afterward) now advanced to the support of the light
1756. He came with his father to America at the age 0! five years, and was adopted by William Ricb-
ardsoD, a maternal uncle, who lived near the C - nth Carolina. He commenced study at Prince-
ton, but during the summer of 1776 entered the army as a volunti ei He resamed hi- studies after the
battle of Lone Island, graduated in the autumn of 177H. ami returned to Carolina, where he commenced the
stud) "flaw in Salisbury. He was elected lieutenant of a troop ol horse in 1779, and was attached to
Pulaski's legion. He - 1 rose to the rank of major. At Stono, below Charleston, he was wounded in the
thigh. When he recovered, he returned to Salisbury and resumed his bonk-. In the winter of 1780, he
raised a troop of cavalry, with which he was very active in beating back the enemy, while forcing his way
northward. He was in the battle at Hanging Rock; with Rutherford at Ramsour's Mills, and nobly con-
fronted the British army at Charlotte, after a brilliant display of courage and skill at Wahab's plantation
General Greene appointed Davie commissary general of the Southern army; and be was with that officei
in his Retreat, and at the battle- at Guilford, Hobkirk's Hill, and Ninety-Six. In 1783, he commenced his
career as a lawyer, and the same year married the daughter of General Allen Jones. He was a member
of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution. He was instrumental in procuring the erection
or the buildings of the University at ' 'Impel Hill, and as grand master of the Masonic Fi iternity, he laid the
corner stone. He received the •-,, mini — inn of major general of militia in 1797. and in 1798 was appointed
a brigadier in the army of the Unite. 1 States. He was elected governor of North Carolina the same year,
and in 1799 was appointed an embassador to France by President Adams. On his return, he '.v.,- en-
gaged in some Indian treaties, but on the death of bis wife in 1803, he withdrew from public life. He died
at Tivoli, near Landsford, in South Carolina, in December, 1820, in the sixty-fourth year of hi- age.
1 Captain Wahab was with Davie on this occasion, and for the first time in many months had the oppor-
tunity of embracing his wife and children. Before he was out of sight of his dwelling, he saw his deai
ones driven from it by the foe, and their shelter burned to the ground, without the power to protect them
120 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Retreat of the Americans from Charlotte. March of Cornwallis Southward. Young Ladies of Mecklenburg and Rowan.
troops. Davie, perceiving the contest now to be very unequal, retreated toward Salisbury,
leaving Cornwallis master of Charlotte. Colonel Francis Locke (who commanded at Ram-
sours) and five privates were killed ; and Major Graham and twelve others were wounded
in this action. The British lost twelve non-commissioned officers and privates, killed ; Ma-
jor Hanger, two captains, and many privates, were wounded. Cornwallis remained in Char-
lotte until the fourteenth of October, when he retreated southward. It had been his inten-
tion to advance northward ; but the loss of Ferguson and his corps, and the general luke-
warmncss, if not absolute hostility of the people, and the constant annoyance by the Ameri-
can troops,' caused him to retrograde, and on the twenty-ninth he established his head-quar-
ters at Winnsborough, in Fairfield District, South Carolina, midway between the Catawba
and Broad Rivers. There we shall leave the earl for the present.
The British army, while at Charlotte, lay encamped upon a plain, south of the town, on
the right side of the road. Cornwallis's head-quarters were next to the southeast corner of
the street from the court-house ; and most of the other houses were occupied, in part, by his
officers. I found no person in Charlotte yet living who remembered the British occupation
and the noble deeds of the patriots ; but history, general and local, fully attests the patriot-
ism of its inhabitants during the whole war.2 It was never visited by the British army
alter Cornwallis returned to Winnsborough, and only for a short time was the head-quar-
ters of the American army, while Gates was preparing for another campaign. It was at
, Dec 3 this place General Greene took the command of the Southern army from Gates
l7fi0- fifty days after Cornwallis decamped a
' Provisions soon became scarce in the British camp, for the people in the neighborhood refused a supply.
In Colonel Polk's mill, two miles from the town, they found twenty-eight thousand weight of flour, and a
quantity of wheat. Foraging parties went out daily for cattle and other necessaries, but so hostile were
the people that Webster's and Raw. Inn's brigades were obliged to move, on alternate days, as a covering
party. There were few sheep, and the cattle were so lean that they killed one hundred head a day. On
one day, according to Stedman (who was commissary), they killed thirty-seven cows with calf. Frequent
skirmishes occurred. On one occasion, the plantation of Mr. M'Intyre, seven miles north of Charlotte, on
the road to Beattie's Ford, was plundered, the family having barely time to escape. While loading their
wagons with plunder, a bee-hive was overturned, and the insects made a furious attack upon the soldiers.
While their commander stood in the door laughing at the scene, a party of twelve patriots approached ;*
in a moment, the captain, nine men, and two horses lay dead upon the ground The British hastily retreat-
ed to their camp, believing that a large American force was concealed near.
- On one occasion, the young ladies of Mecklenburg and Rowan entered into a pledge not to receive the
attentions of young men who would not volunteer in defense of the country, they "being of opinion that
such persons as stay loitering at home, when the important calls of the country demand their military serv-
ices abroad, must certainly be destitute of that nobleness of sentiment, that brave and manly spirit which
would qualify them to be the defenders and guardians of the fair sex." — South Carolina and Amman
General Gazette, February, 1780.
* One of the twelve was George Graham, brother of General Joseph Graham. He was born in Pennsylvania, in 175S, and
went to North Carolina, with his widowed mother, when six years of age. He was educated at Queen's Museum, and was
strongly imbued with the republican principles of the Scotch-Irish of that region. He was one of the party who rode from
Charlotte to Salisbury and arrested those who proposed to detain Captain Jack, as mentioned on page 415 He was active in
partisan duties while the British were at Charlotte. After the war. he rose to the rank of major general of militia, and oftci
served his country in the State Legislature. He died at Charlotte, on the twenty-ninth of March, 1826, in the sixty-eighth year
J hia n'ge.
OF THE REVOLUTION
121
I.\ pm lure l'roin Charlotte.
go Ford.
CHAPTER XVI.
" We marched to the Cowpens, Campbell was there,
Shelby, Cleveland, and Col I Se
Men of renown, sir, like lions, so bold —
Like lions undaunted, ne'er in lie controlled,
We set mil mi cur march that very same night .
Sometime-- we wriv wrong, sometimes we were right .
Our hearts being run in true liberty's mold,
We valued not hunger, wet, weary, or cold.
On the i"]> of King s Mountain the i we found,
Am!, like brave heroes, his camp did surround ;
Like lightning, the Hashes : like thunder, the noise .
Our rilles struck the i Tories with sudden surprise."
Old So
HE Sabbath which I passed in Charlotte was exceedingly unpleasant
The morning air was keen and hazy ; snow fell toward evening, and night
set in with a gloomy prospect for the morrow's travel. I breakfasted by
candle-light on Monday morning, and before sunrise was on the road for
King's Mountain and the Cowpens. I passed the United States Branch
.Mint, upon the road leading from the village to the Tuckesege or Great
Catawba Ford, and at the forks, about a mile from the town, halted a
moment to observe the operation of raising gold ore from a mine, by a horse and windlass.
This mine had not been worked lor fifteen years, owing to litigation, and now yielded spar-
ingly. The vein lies about seventy feet below the surface. This is in the midst of the
gold region of North Carolina, which is comprehended within the limits of eleven counties.2
From Charlotte to the Catawba, a distance of eleven miles, the country is very hilly, and
the roads were bad the greater portion of the way- I crossed the Catawba at the Tucke.
sege Ford, the place where General Rutherford and his little army passed, on the evening
of the nineteenth of June, 1 7s0, wherl on their
way tu attack the Tories at Ramsoiir's Mills.5
I was piloted across by a lad on horseback.
The distance from shore to shore, in the di-
rection of the ford, is more than half a mile,
the water varying in deptli from ten inches to
three feet, and running in quite a rapid cur-
rent. In the passage, which is diagonal, two
islands, covered with shrubbery and trees, are '
traversed. This was Charley's first experi-
ence in fording a very considerable stream, and
he seemed to participate with me in the sat-
isfaction experienced in setting loot upon the
solid ground of the western shore. 1 allowed
View at Tucksseoi Kuan.1
him to rest while 1 made the above sketch,
1 The song called " The Baltic of King's Mountain," from which these lines are taken, was very populai
in the Carolinas until some years after the close of the war. It was mn; with applause at political meet-
ings, wedding parties, and other gatherings, where the ballad formed B pari "I the proceedings. Mr.
M'Elwees, an old man of eighty-seven, who fought under Sumter, ami with whom I passed an evening,
within two miles of Kind's Mountain, remembered it well, ami repeated the portion here given.
- These are Randolph, Montgomery, Richmond, Davidson, Stanley, Anson. Cabarras, Rowan, Iredell.
Mecklenburg, ami Lincoln, all easi of the Catawba. 3 See page 391
1 Tuis view is from the western hank of the Catawba, looking down the stream.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Passage of the South Fork of the Catawba. Loss of Way in a Forest. Road to King's Mountain,
and then we pushed on toward the South Fork of the Catawba, almost seven miles farther.
I was told that the ford there was marked by a row of rooks, occurring at short intervals
across the stream ; but when I reached the bank, few of them could be seen above the sur-
face of the swift and swollen current. The distance across is about two hundred and fifty
yards, and the whole stream flows in a single channel. The passage appeared (as it really
was) very dangerous, and I had no guide. As the day was fast waning away, a storm
seemed to be gathering, and there was not an inhabitant within a mile, I resolved to ven-
ture alone, relying upon the few rocks visible for indications of the safest place for a passage.
Taking my port-folio of drawings from my trunk, and placing it beside me on the seal, and
then folding my wagon-top, I was prepared to swim, if necessary, and save my sketches, if
possible. Charley seemed loth to enter the flood, but once in, he breasted the stream like a
philosopher. Twice the wheels ran upon rocks, and the wagon was almost overturned, the
water being, in the mean while, far over the hubs ; and when within a few yards of the
southern shore, we crossed a narrow channel, so deep that my horse kept his feet with dif-
ficulty, and the wagon, having a tight body, floated for a moment. The next instant we
struck firm ground. I breathed freer as we ascended the bank, and with a thankful heart
rode on toward Falls's house of entertainment, away among the hills near the South Caro-
lina line, twenty-six miles from Charlotte.
On account of numerous diverging ways, it was very difficult to keep in the right road
from the South Fork to Falls's. I tried to reach there before dark, but the clouds thick-
ened, and night fell suddenly. In the uncertain twilight, I missed a diverging road which
I was directed to pursue, and got into the midst of a vast pine forest. Just before entering
the woods, I had a glimpse of Crowder's Knob, the highest peak of King's Mountain, es-
timated to be three thousand feet above the level of the sea.1 It was about twelve miles
distant, and loomed up from the wilderness of pines which intervened, like some ancient cas-
tle in the dim light. For more than an hour I pursued the forest road, without perceiving
the diverging one which I was directed to follow. I stopped to listen for sounds of habita-
tion. All was silent but the moaning of the wind among the pine boughs, the solemn voice
of an owl, and the pattering of the rain upon my wagon-top. For almost another hour I
rode on in the gloom, without perceiving an opening in the forest, and I began to think I
should be obliged to " camp out" for the night. Again I listened, and was cheered by the
distant barking of a dog. I gave Charley a loose rein, and in twenty minutes an open field
appeared, and the glimmer of a candle. A shout brought the master of the cottage to the
door, and, in reply to my solicitation for food and shelter until morning, he informed me that
a contagious disease, which had destroyed two of his family, yet prevailed in his house. He
could not oiler me the hospitalities of his roof and table, but he would mount his horse and
guide me to Falls's, which was four miles distant. I was glad to avoid the contagion, and
to reward him liberally for his kind pilotage. I ascertained that I had been within a quar-
ter of a mile of Falls's, but, missing the " turn out," had traversed another road several miles
back in the direction of Charlotte !
Mr. Falls was the postmaster, and an intelligent man, apparently about sixty years of
age. It was the anniversary of the battle of New Orleans, in 1 81 5,a and as the
old man had a brother killed in that engagement, it was a day always memorable to
him. I was entertained with the frank hospitality so common in the Carolinas, and at my
request breakfast was ready at early dawn. A more gloomy morning can not well be con-
ceived. Snow had fallen to the depth of two inches during the night, and when I departed,
a chilling east wind, freighted with sleet, was sweeping over the barren country. King's
Mountain battle-ground was fourteen miles distant, and I desired to reach there in time to
make my notes and sketches before sunset. The roads, except near the water courses, were
eandy and quite level, but the snow made the traveling heavy. ' Six miles from Falls's, I
forded Crowder's Creek, a stream about ten yards wide, deep and sluggish, which rises from
' The sides of this peak are very precipitous, and its t«>| ^ accessible to man only upon one side.
OF THH REVOLUTION.
I 2 3
.
Visit to the King's Mountain Battle ground.
Character of the Locality.
Battle-ground
Crowder's Knob, and. alter a course of eighteen miles, (alls into the Catawba. A little be-
yond it, I passed a venerable post oak, which was shivered, but not destroyed, by lightning
the previous summer. It there marks the dividing-line between North and South Caro-
lina. At noon the storm ceased ; the clouds broke, and at three o'clock, when I reached
the plantation of Mr. Leslie, whose residence is the nearest one to the battle-ground, the sun
was shining warm and bright, and the snow had disappeared in the open fields.
H hen my errand was made known. Mr. Leslie brought two horses from his stable, and
within twenty minutes after my arrival we were in the saddle and traversing a winding
way toward Clarke's Fork of King's Creek. From that stream, to the group of hills among
which the battle was fought, the ascent is almost imperceptible. The whole range, in that
vicinity, is composed of a series of great undulations, from whose sides burst innumerable
springs, making every ravine sparkle with running water. The hills are gravelly, contain-
ing a tew small bowlders. They are covered with oaks, chestnuts, pines, beaches, gums,
and tulip poplars, and an undergrowth of post oaks, laurel, and sour-wood. The large trees
stand far apart, and the smaller ones are not very thick, so that the march of an army over
those gentle elevations was comparatively easy. Vet it was a strange place for an encamp-
ment or a battle ; and to one acquainted with that region, it is difficult to understand why
Ferguson and his band were there at all.
We tied our horses near the grave of Ferguson and his fellow-sleepers, and ascended to
the summit of the hill whereon the British troops were encamped and fought. The battle-
ground is about a mile and a half south of the North Carolina line. It is a stonv ridge.
View at King's Mountain Battle-ground.1
extending north and south, and averaging about one hundred feet in height above the ra-
vines which surround it. It is nearly a mile in length, very narrow upon its summit, with
steep sides. From its top we could observe Crowdt r's Knob in the distance, and the hills
of less altitude which compose the range.' The sun was declining, and its slant rays,
1 This view is from the foot of the hill, whereon the holiest of the fight occurred. The north slope ol
that eminence is seen on the left. In the center, within a sort "I basin, into which several ravines converge,
is seen the simple monument erected to the memory of Ferguson and others: and in the foreground, on
the right, is seen the great tulip-tree, upon which, tradition says, ten Tories wore nun:;.
; The range known as King's Mountain extends about sixteen miles from north to south, with several
spurs spreading laterally in each direction. One of these extends to the Broad River, near the Cherokee
Ford, where 1 crossed that stream on my return from the Cowpens. Many of its spurs abound in marble
and iron, and from its bosom a great number of sin •am-, ihe beginning of rivers, gush out. The battle-
mound is about twelve miles northwest of Yorkville. and one hundred and ninety from Charleston.
[24 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Past find Present Major Ferguson detached to the Upper Country. Gathering of Tories. Surprise at Greene's Spring.
gleaming through the boughs dripping with melting snows, garnished the forest for a few
moments with all the seeming splendors of the mines ; gold and silver, diamonds and rubies,
emeralds and sapphires, glittered upon every branch, and the glowing pictures of the Arabian
Nights, which charmed boyhood with the records, of wondrous visions, crowded upon the
memory like realities. Alas ! on this very spot, where the sun-light is braiding its gorgeous
tapestry, and suggesting nothing but love, and beauty, and adoration, the clangor of steel,
the rattle of musketry, the shout of victory, and the groans of dying men, whose blood in-
carnadined the forest sward, and empurpled the mountain streams, were once heard — it was
an aceldatna ; and there, almost at our feet, lie the ashes of men slain by their brother
man ! History thus speaketh of the event :
On the sixteenth of August, 1780, the Americans, under General Gates, were defeated
by Cornwallis, near Camden, and dispersed. Two days afterward, Tarleton defeated Sum-
ter at Rocky Mount, and elsewhere the American partisan corps were unsuccessful. The
whole South now appeared to be completely subdued under the royal power ; and the con-
queror, tarrying at Camden, busied himself in sending his prisoners to Charleston, in ascer-
taining the condition of his distant posts at Ninety-Six and Augusta, and in establishing
civil government in South Carolina. Yet his success did not impair his vigilance. West
of the Wateree' were bands of active Whigs, and parties of those who were defeated near
Camden were harassing the upper country. Cornwallis detached Major Ferguson, a most
excellent officer and true marksman, of the 71st regiment,2 with one hundred and ten regulars
under the command of Captain Depuyster, and about the same number of Tories, with an
ample supply of arms and other military stores. He ordered him to embody the Loyalists
beyond the Wateree and the Broad Rivers ; intercept the Mountain Men,3 who were retreat-
ing from Camden, and also the Americans, under Colonel Elijah Clarke, of Georgia, who
were retiring from an attack upon Augusta ; endeavor to crush the spirit of rebellion, which
was still rife ; and, after scouring the upper part of South Carolina, toward the mountains,
join him at Charlotte. Ferguson at first made rapid marches to overtake the Mountain
Men, and cut off Clarke's forces. Failing in this, he proceeded leisurely, collecting all the
Tories in his path, until about the last of September, when he encamped with more than a
thousand men, at a place called Gilbert Town, west of the Broad River, near the site of the
present village of Rutherfordton, the county seat of Rutherford, in North Carolina.4 These
were all well armed,6 and Ferguson began to feel strong. True to their instincts, his Tory
recruits committed horrible outrages upon persons and property wherever they went, and
this aroused a spirit of the fiercest vengeance among the patriots. At different points, large
1 The Wateree River is that portion of the Catawba which flows through South Carolina. It is the
Catawba to the dividing-line of the states, and, after its junction with the Congaree, is called the Saniee.
The Congaree is formed by a union of the Broad and Saluda Rivers at Columbia] the head of steam-boat
navigation upon the Santee and Congaree. from the ocean.
2 This was the regiment that behaved so gallantly at the battle of Guilford.
3 The pioneers who had settled in the wilderness beyond the mountains, now Kentucky and Tennessee,
were called Mountain Men.
4 While Ferguson was in Spartanburg District, on his way toward Gilbert Town, a detachment of his little
army had a severe skirmish with Colonel Clarke and his men at Greene's Spring. Clarke and his com-
pany, some two hundred in number, had stopped at the plantation of Captain Dillard, who was one ul litem,
and. after partaking of refreshments, proceeded to Greene's Spring. The same evening Ferguson arrived
at Dillard's, whose wife soon learned, from the conversation of some of his men, that they know where'
Clarke was encamped, and intended to surprise him that night. She hastily prepared supper for Ferguson
and his men, anil while they were eating she stole from the room, bridled a young horse, and, without a
saddle, rode to the encampment of Clarke, and warned him of impending danger. In an instant every man
w :i* at his post, prepared for the enemy. Very soon Colonel Dunlap, with two hundred picked mounted
men. sent hy Ferguson, fell upon the camp of Clarke. Day had not yet dawned, and the enemy were
lu' illy surprised and disconcerted when they found the Americans fully prepared to meet them. For fif-
teen minutes the eonlliet raged desperately in the gloom, when the Tories were repulsed with great
slaughter, and the survivors hastened hack to Ferguson's camp.
Those of his recruits who were without arms Ferguson furnished with rifles. Some of them so fixed
the large knives which they usually carried about them, in the muzzle of their rifles, as to be used as bayo-
nets, if occasion should require.
O F T H E KKVOL V Tin N
I 2 S
Lenders of Ihe Mountain Men. Ferguson West of the Broad River. Expedition ngHinst him. Concentration of Troops.
bodies of volunteers assembled simultaneously, without concert, and placed themselves under
tried leaders, the chief of whom were Colonels Campbell, of Virginia . Cleaveland, Shelby,
Sevier, ami MDowell, of North Carolina; ami Lacy, Hawthorn, and Hill, of South Car-
olina. They all had but one object in view — the destruction of the marauders under Fer-
guson. They were men admirably fitted by their daily pursuits for the privations which
they were called upon to endure. Tiny had neither tents, baggage, bread, nor salt.and no
Commissary Department to furnish regular supplies. Potatoes, pumpkins, roasted corn, and
occasionally a bit of venison supplied by their own rifles, composed their daily food. Such
were the men who were gathering among the mountains and valleys of the Upper Carolinas
to beat back the invaders.
On his way to Gilbert Town, Ferguson had succeeded in capturing two of the Mountain
Men. These he paroled, and enjoined them to tell the officers on the Western waters, that
if they did not desist from their opposition and "take protection under his standard, he
would march his army over the mountains, hang their leaders, and lay waste their country
with fire and sword."' While Colonel Charles MDowell,2 of Burke county, who, on the
approach of Ferguson, had gone over the mountains to obtain assistance, was in consultation
with Colonels Shelby and Sevier, the paroled prisoners arrived, and delivered their message
These officers were not dismayed by the savage threat of Ferguson, but decided that each
should endeavor to raise all the men that could be enlisted, and that the forces thus collect-
ed should rendezvous at Watauga on the twenty -fifth of September. It was also agreed
that Colonel Shelby should give intelligence of their movements to Colonel William Camp-
bell, ol Washington county, in Virginia, hoping that he would raise a force to assist them
The following official report of events from the meeting of these several forces at Watau-
ga, until the defeat of Ferguson, I copied from the original
manuscript among Gates's papers. It is lull, yet concise,
and being official, with the signatures of the three princi-
pal officers engaged in the affair, attached, it is perfectly
reliable :3
"On receiving intelligence that Major Ferguson had
advanced up as high as Gilbert Town, in Rutherford
county, and threatened to cross the mountains to the
Western waters, Colonel William Campbell, with four
hundred men. from Washington county, of Virginia. Col-
onel Isaac Shelby, with two hundred and forty men. from
Sullivan county, of North Carolina, and Lieutenant-col-
onel John Sevier, with two hundred and forty men, of
Washington county, of North Carolina, assembled at Wa-
Colonkl Isaac Shelby' tauga, on the twenty-fifth day of September, where they
1 General Joseph Graham, who lived in the vicinity of King's .Mountain, and knew many of those who
were employed in the hattle. wrote a graphic account of the events connected with that affair. His ac-
count is published in Foote's Sketches of North Carolina, page 264 269, inclusive.
2 The M'Dowells were all brave men. Joseph and William, the brothers of Charles, were with him in
the battleon Kino'- Mountain. Their mother, Ellen M'Dowell, was a woman of remarkable energy, Mrs
Ellet relates that "il out ca-ion sonic marauder- rallied off sunn- property dnrino the ahsen I her liu--
band. She assembled some of her neighbors, started in pursuit, and recovered the property. When her
d was secretly making gunpowder in a cave, she burned the charcoal for the purpose upon her own
hearth, and earned "it to him. Some ol the powder thus manufactured was used in the hattle on King's
Mountain — Women of the Revolution, iii., 356.
General Gates sent a copy of this report to Governor Jefferson for bis perusal, and desired him to for-
ward it to Congress. His letter to Jefferson is dated Hillsborough, November 1, 1780.
1 Isaac Shelbv was born on the eleventh of December. 175U. near the North Mountain, a few miles from
Hagerstown in Maryland His ancestors were from Wales. He learned the art of surveying, and at the
age of twenty-one years settled in Western Virginia. He was with his lather. Evan Shelby, in the battle
it Point Pleasant, in 1774. He was afterward employed as a surveyor under Henderson o; Co., in Ken-
niekv. In July, 177b. he was appointed captain of a company of minute-men by the Virginia Commillei
nf Safety. Governor Henrv appointed him a commissary of supplies in 1777, and in 1778 he was attach-
12G PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Selection of a Comuianderio chief. March to the Cowpena. Colonela Shelby, Campbell, aDd Williams.
were joined by Colonel Charles M'Dowell, with one hundred and sixty men, from the coun-
ties of Burke and Rutherford, who had fled before the enemy to the Western waters. We
began our march on the twenty-sixth, and on the thirtieth we were joined by Colonel
Cleaveland, on the Catawba River, with three hundred and fifty men, from the counties of
Wilkes ami fturry. No one officer having properly a right to the command in chief, on the
first of October we dispatched an express1 to Major-general Gates, informing him of our
situation, and requested him to send a general officer to take command of the whole. In
the mean time, Colonel Campbell' was chosen to act as commandant till such general offi-
cer should arrive. We marched to the Oowpens, on Broad River, in South Carolina, where
we were joined by Colonel James Williams,3 with lour hundred men, on the evening of the
ed to the Continental Commissary Department. In the spring of 1779, he was elected a member of the
Virginia Legislature, from Washington county, and in the autumn Governor Jefferson gave him the com-
mission of a major. He was engaged in defining the boundary-line between Virginia and North Carolina,
the result of which placed his residence in the latter state. Governor Caswell soon afterward appointed
him a colonel of the new county of Sullivan. In the summer of 1780, he was engaged in locating lands
for himself in Kentucky, when he heard of the fall of Charleston. He returned home to engage in re-
pelling the invaders. He raised three hundred mounted riflemen, crossed the mountains, and joined Col-
onel Charles M'Dowell, near the Cherokee Ford, on the Broad River. In that vicinity he was very active,
until he joined other officers of like grade in an attack upon Major Ferguson, on King's Mountain. Col-
onel Shelby soon afterward suggested to Greene the expedition which resulted so brilliantly at the Cow-
pens. In the campaign of 1781, Shelby served under Marion, and was in the skirmish at Monk's Corner.
Colonel Shelby was a member of the North Carolina Legislature 'in 1782 ; and ten years afterward, he was
imong the framers of the Constitution of Kentucky. In May of that year, he was elected the first gov-
ernor of the new state. He served one term with great distinction; and in 1812, consented again to an
election to the chief magistracy of Kentucky. His energy and Revolutionary fame aroused the patriotism
of his state when the war with Great Britain broke out. At the head of four thousand volunteers, he march-
ed to the shores of Lake Erie, to assist General Harrison in his warfare with the British and Indians in the
Northwest. During the whole war. his services were great and valuable in the highest degree ; and for
his bravery at the battle of the Thames, Congress honored him with a gold medal. In 1817, President
Monroe appointed him his Secretary of War, but on account of his age (being then sixty-seven), he declined
the honor. His last public act was that of holding a treaty with the Chickasaw Indians, in 1818. in which
General Jackson was his colleague. He was attacked with paralysis, in February, 1820, which somewhat
disabled him. He died of apoplexy, on the eighteenth of July, 1826, at the age of seventy-six years.
Shelby county, in Kentucky, was named in honor of him in 1792. A college at Shelbyville also bears his
name. The Legislature of North Carolina voted him a sword. It was presented by Henry ('lav in 1813.
1 Colonel Charles M'Dowell. His brother, Major M'Dowell, commanded his regiment till his return.
* William Campbell was a native of Augusta, Virginia. He was of Scotch descent, and possessed all
the fire of his Highland ancestors. He was among the first of the regular troops raised in Virginia in 1775,
and was honored with a captain's commission. In 1776, he was made lieutenant colonel of the militia of
Washington county, and, on the resignation of Evan Shelby, the father of Governor Shelby, he was promoted
to colonel. That rank he retained until after the battle on King's Mountain and at Guilford, in both of
which he greatly distinguished himself, when he was promoted by the Virginia Legislature to the rank of
brigadier. La Favette gave him the command of a brigade of riflemen and light infantry. He was taken
sick a few weeks before the siege of Yorktown, and soon afterward died at the house of a friend. He was
only in the thirty-sixth year of his age when he died. His military career, like those of Warren and Mont-
gomery, was short, but brilliant, and on all occasions bravery marked his movements. Foote relates that
in the battle on King's Mountain he rode down two horses, and at one time was seen on foot, with his coat
off, and his shirt collar open, righting at the head of his men. He also says, that on one occasion Senator
Preston, of South Carolina, a grandson of Campbell, was breakfasting at a house near King's Mountain, and,
while eating, the old landlady frequently turned to look at him. She finally asked him his name, and re-
marked, apologetically, that he appeared very much like the man she had most dreaded upon earth. " And
who is that?" Preston inquired. "Colonel Campbell," replied the old lady, "that hung my husband at
King's Mountain."*
3 James Williams was a native of Granville county, in North Carolina. He settled upon Little River,
Laurens District, in South Carolina, in 1773, where he engaged in the pursuit of a farmer and merchant.
He early espoused the patriot cause. Williams first appears as a colonel in the militia, in April, 1778. In
the spring of 1779, he went into actual service, and he was probably at the siege of Savannah. He was
with Sumter in 1780, but does not seem to have been permanently attached to the corps of that partisan.
In the early part of that year, he was engaged in the battle at Musgrove's mill, on the Ennoreo River.
After that engagement, he went to Hillsborough, where In- raised a corps of cavalry and returned to South
Carolina; and during Ferguson's movements, after crossing the Wateree, Williams continually hovered around
* Sketches of North Carolina, page 271.
UK THE REVOLUTION 127
Pursuit of Ferguson. The Battle. Colonel Sevier. Frankland
sixth of October.' who informed us that the enemy lay encamped somewhere near the Cher-
okee Ford, of Broad River, about thirty miles distant from us. By a council of principal
officers, it was then thought advisable to pursue the enemy that night with nine hundred
of the best horsemen, and have the weak horse and footmen to follow us as fast as possible.
We began our march with nine hundred of the best men about eight o'clock the same even-
ing, and, marching all night, came up with the enemy about three o'clock P.M. of the
seventh, who lay encamped on the top of King's Mountain, twelve miles north of the Cher-
okee Ford, in the confidence that they could not be forced from so advantageous a post.
Previous to the attack on our march, the following disposition was made : Colonel Shelby's
regiment formed a column in the center, on the left ; Colonel Campbell's regiment another
on the right, with part of Colonel Cleaveland's regiment, head-
d /// . -y — - — ed in front by Major Joseph Winston ;s and Colonel Sevier's3
f^L\ 0 //}?1 i^/Wl/ formed a large column on the right wing. The other part of
e. ,,,» - ifr Cleaveland's regiment, headed by Colonel Cleaveland
himself, and Colonel Williams's regiment, composed the left wing. In this order we ad-
vanced, and got within a quarter of a mile of the enemy before we were discovered. Col-
onel Shelby's and Colonel Campbell's regiments began the attack, and kept up a fire on the
enemy, while the right and left wings were advancing to surround them, which was done in
about five minutes, and the fire became general all around. The engagement lasted an
hour and five minutes, the greater part of which time a heavy and incessant fire was kept
his camp. In the sanguinary battle upon King's Mountain, he was slain. He was near Major Ferguson
and both officers received their death-wound at the same moment. He died on the morning after the bat
tie, and was buried within two miles of the place where he fell. Tradition says that his first words, whei
reviving a little soon after he was shot, were, " For God's sake, boys, don't give up the hill !"
1 Colonel Williams had just been joined by sixty men from Lincoln, under Colonel Hambrite and Major
Chronicle.
2 Joseph Winston was a native of North Carolina, and was the first senator in the Republican Legisla-
ture, from Stokes countv. He was a member of Congress from 1793 to 1795, and again from 1803 tn
1807. He died in 1814.
3 John Sevier was descended from an ancient French family. The original orthography of the name was
Xavier. His father settled on the Shenandoah, in Virginia, where this son was born, about 1740. In 1769.
he accompanied an exploring party to East Tennessee, where, with his father and brother, he settled on the
Holston River. He aided in the construction of Fort Watauga ; and while in that fortress as commander,
bearing the title of captain, he caught a wife ! One day. in June. 1 77(i, he saw a young lady speeding, like
a fawn" toward the fort, closely pursued by Cherokces, under " Old Abraham." She leaped the palisades.
and fell into the arms of the gallant captain. Her name was Catharine Sherrill ; and in 1779 she became
the second wife ol Sem r, by whom he had ten children. Sevier was with Shelby at the battle of Point
Pleasant, in 1774 During the first five years of the war, he was an active Whig partisan, on the mount-
ain frontier of the Carolinas, was raised to the rank of colonel, and greatly distinguished himself at King's
M ltain. He was in the battle near Musgrove's Mills, and early in the following year he chastised some
of the turbulent Indians among the mountains. At the close of the war, he received the commission of
brigadier; and be was so much beloved by the people, that by acclamation he was acknowledged governor
of the " State of Franklin" or Frankland."* He was so often engaged in treaties with the Indians, that
they called him the treaty-maker. When the State of Tennessee was organized, and admitted into the
Union, Sevier was elected its first governor. In 1811, he was elected to a seat in Congress, with Felix
Grundy and John Rhea, and in 1813 was re-elected. During the war. .Madison appointed him Indian com-
missioner, and while engaged in his duties, near Fort Decatur, on the east side of the Tallapoosa River, he
died, on the twenty-fourth of September, 1815. Under the direction of the late General Gaines. |,e was
buried with the honors of war. No stone marks his grave ; but in the .Nashville cemetery, a handsome mar-
ble monument to his memory has lately been erected. Upon the monument is the following inscription
" Sevier, noble and successful defender of the early settlers of Tennessee ; the first, and for twelve years
governor; representative in Congress; commissioner in many treaties with the Indians. He served bis
country faithfully for forty years, and in that service died. An admirer of patriotism and merit unrequited
erects this cenotaph.''
* At the close of the Revolution, that portion of North Carolina bordering East Tennessee contained quite a large and ex-
ceedingly active population. Dissatisfied with the course pursued by North Carolina, they called a convention, adopted a Con-
stitution, and organized a state government, which they called Fkankland. in honor ot Dr. Franklin. They chose John Sevier
for governor, and organized a judiciary. Sec. When informed of this movement, Governor Caswell issued a proclamation
against " this lawless thirst for power," and denounced it as a revolt. But the mountaineers did not heed official menaces.
Violence ensued. The difficulties were finally settled, and the State of Frankland disappeared.
428
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Surrender of the British and Tories.
Loss in the Battle.
Effect of the Buttle.
De.ith of FerLTiscu
up on both sides. Our men in some parts where the regulars fought, were obliged to give
way a distance, two or three times,' but rallied and returned with additional ardor to the
attack. The troops upon the right having gained the summit of the eminence, obliged the
enemy to retreat along the top of the ridge to where Col-
onel Cleaveland commanded, and were there stopped by his
f^///^/'^? 7 brave men. A flag was immediately hoisted by Captain
Depeyster,1 the commanding officer (Major Ferguson hav-
ing been killed a little before), for a surrender. Our fire
immediately ceased, and the enemy laid down their arms (the greatest part of them charged),
and surrendered themselves prisoners at discretion. It appears from their own provision
returns for that day, found in their camp, that their whole force consisted of eleven hundred
and twenty-five men, out of which they sustained the following loss :
Of the regulars, one major, one captain, two sergeants, and fifteen privates killed ; thirty-
five privates wounded, left on the ground not able to march ; two captains, four lieutenants,
three ensigns, one surgeon, five sergeants, three corporals, one drummer, and forty-nine pri-
vates, taken prisoners. Loss of the Tories, two colonels, three captains, and two hundred
and one killed ; one major, and one hund- ^fj? ~) ^? 4* — —-~
red and twenty-seven privates wounded /j^J f-?^/' "^^ '^ ^)
and left on the ground not able to march O^c- XP /i
One colonel, twelve captains, eleven lieu-
tenants, two ensigns, one quarter-master,
out adjutant, two commissaries, eighteen ***<2
^>^4
sergeants, and six hundred privates taken
prisoners.
Total losS of the enemy, eleven hund-
red and five men at King's Mountain.
Given under our hands at camp
No battle during the war was more obstinately contested than this ; for the Americans
were greatly exasperated by the cruelty of the Tories, and to the latter it was a question
of life and death. It was with difficulty that the Americans,
rememberiue Tarleton's cruelty at Buford's defeat, could be re-
strained from slaughter, even after quarter was asked. In ad-
dition to the loss of men on the part of the enemy, mentioned
in the report, the Americans took from them fifteen hundred
stand of arms. The loss of the Americans in killed was only
twenty, but they had a great number wounded. Among the
killed were Colonel Williams and Major Chronicle. Colonel
Hambrite was wounded. Major Chronicle and Major Fergu-
son were buried in a ravine at the northern extremity of the
battle-hill, where the friends of the former erected a plain monu-
ment, a few years ago, with inscriptions upon both sides. The
monument is a thick slab of hard slate, about three feet high.
Monument ox King's Mountain.
rough hewn, except where the inscriptions are.'
. ' Captain Depeyster belonged to a corps of Loyalists, called the King's American Regiment. His sin-
nature, here given, I copied from a letter of his to General Gates a few days after the battle, while Depev-
ster was a prisoner.
5 The following is a copy of the inscriptions: North sirle. — "Sacred to the memory of Major William
Chronicle. Captain John Mattocks. William Roeb. and John Boyd, who were killed here fightinc in
defence of America, on the seventh of October, 1780." South side. — Colonel Ferguson,* an officer be-
longing to his Britannic majesty, was here defeated and killed."
* Major Patrick Ferguson was a Scotchman, a son of the eminent jurist, James Ferguson, and nephew of Patrick Murray
(Lord Elibank). He entered the army in Flanders at the age of eighteen years. He csine to America in the spring of 1777. and
was active in the battle on the Brandywine, in September of thut year, lie was active on the Hudson in l?7y, and accompa
cd Sir Henry Clinton to South Carolina. He »o distinguished himself nt the siege of Charleston in 1780, that he was partio-
OF THE REVOLUTION. 429
Execution of Tories. Character of the Battleground. One of Sumter's Men. Route to the Cowpens.
On the morning after the battle,11 a court-martial was held, and several of the . 0ct.e.
Tory prisoners were found guilty of murder and other high crimes, and hanged. 1780
Colonel Cleaveland had previously declared that if certain persons, who were the chief ma-
rauders, and who had forfeited their lives, should fall into his hands, he would hang them
Ten of these men were suspended upon a tulip-tree, which is yet standing — a venerable
siant of the forest. This was the closing scene of the battle on King's Mountain, an evenl
which completely crushed the spirits of the Loyalists, and weakened, beyond recovery, the
royal power in the Carolinas. Intelligence of the defeat of Ferguson destroyed all Corn-
wallis's hopes of Tory aid. He instantly left Charlotte, retrograded, and established hi'
camp at Winnsborough,b in Fairfield District, between the Wateree and Broad Riv- b urt .,
ers. It was from this point he commenced the pursuit of Morgan and General 17e0
Greene, after the battle at the Cowpens, as detailed in a preceding chapter.
After making the sketch on page 12:;, and that of the monument on King's Mountain,
we rode back to Mr. Leslie's. It was twilight when we arrived; for we had ] ' I
leisurely along the way. viewing the Burrounding scenery. I could perceive at almost every
turn of our sinuous road the originals of Ke dy's graphic sketches in the scenery ol Horse
Robinson, and a recurrence to that tale at the house of Mr. Leslie awoke pleasing rem-
iniscences connected with its first perusal. On our return, we ascertained that the grand-
father of Mr. Leslie, the venerable William M'Elwees, had just arrived. His company for
the evening was a pleasure I had not anticipated. He was one of Sumter's partisan corps,
and fought with him at Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock. He was also in the battle at
Guilford, and during the whole war was an active Whig. Mr. M'Elwees was eighty-seven
years of age when I saw hitn,c yet his intellect seemed unclouded. His narrative ^ (
of stirring incidents, while following Sumter, was clear and vivid ; and when, at a
late hour, the family knelt at the domestic altar, a prayer went up from that patriarch -
lips, equal in fervid eloquence, both in words and accents, to any thing I ever heard from
the pulpit.
A cold, starry night succeeded my visit to the battle-ground on King's Mountain, and at
sunrise the next morning I was on my way to the Broad River and the Cowpens The
ground was frozen and very rough. I traversed King's Mountain in a northwesterly direc-
tion, and in the deep narrow valley at its western base crossed King's Creek, a large and
rapid stream. The country over which I passed, from Leslie's to Ross's Ferry, on the
Broad River, a distance of twenty-one miles, is exceedingly rough and hilly. In some
places the road was deep gullied by rains ; in others, where it passed through recent clear-
ings, stumps and branches were in the way. endangering the safety of wheel and hoof
Within a mile of the ferry, I discovered that the front axle of my wagon was broken, evi-
dently by striking a stump ; but, with the aid of a hatchet and strong cord with which I had
provided" myself, I was enabled to repair the damage temporarily.
The sun was about an hour high when I reached the eastern bank of the Broad Rive,
a little below the mouth of Buffalo Creek. The house of Mis. Ross, the owner of the ferry,
was upon the opposite side. For more than half an hour I shouted and made signals with
a white handkerchief upon my whip, before I was discovered, when a shrill whistle respond-
ed, and in a few minutes a fat negro came to the opposite shore, and crossed, with a m
able bateau or river flat, to convey me over. The river, which is there about one hundred
and twenty yards wide, was quite shallow, and running with a rapid current, yet the ferryman
had the skill to "pole" his vessel across without difficulty. I was comfortably lodged at
the house of Mrs. Ross for the night, and passed the evening very agreeably in the company
of herself and two intelligent daughters. Here I observed, what I so frequently saw in the
upper country of the Carolinas, among even the affluent planters — the windows without
sashes or glass In the coldest weather these and the doors are left wide open, the former
beinu closed at night by tight shutters. Great light-wood (pine) fires in the huge chimney -
ularly mentioned by the commander-in-chief. lie was on the high road to military fame, when he was slam on King
am. He was a major in the British army, and lieutenant colonel of the Tory niiliiia
430 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ventilation of Southern Houses. Thicketty Mountain. Loss of Way. Visit to the Cowpens Battleground
places constantly blazing, in a measure beat back or temper the cold currents of air which
continually flow into the dwellings. This ample ventilation in cold weather is universally
practiced at the South. At Hillsborough and Charlotte, I observed the hoarders at the
hotels sitting with cloaks and shawls on at table, while the doors stood wide open !
, , n I was now within fifteen miles of the Cowpens, and at daybreak the next morn-
1849. inga started for that interesting locality. I was informed that the place of conflict
was among the hills of Thicketty Mountain, and near the plantation of Robert Scruggs
To that gentleman's residence I directed my inquiries. After traversing a rough road, much
of it, especially along the water-courses, of red clay, I began the ascent of Thicketty Mount-
ain, upon the Mill-gap road, at the forks leading to Clarke's iron-works and Rutherfordton.
Here the ground was covered with snow, and I had no means of discriminating between the
beaten track of the Mill-gap way and the numerous forks. I ought to have turned to the
northwest after leaving the Rutherfordton Fork half a mile, and descended the northern
slope of the mountain. Instead of that, I kept along the ridge road^skirted by the forest on
each side, without any indication of habitation. For an hour I slowly traversed this grad-
ually ascending way, and almost imperceptibly approached the summit of Thicketty Mount-
ain, until convinced that I was not in the Mill-gap road. Far to the northward, some
thirty miles distant, I could see the azure range of the Blue Ridge, near the Nut-gap, where
the springs of the Broad River gush out from the mountains. They were covered with
snow, and from their lofty summits came a keen breeze, like that of December at the North.
The day was waning, and I had no time to lose in deliberation, so I turned back and sought
a lateral road, toward the west, to the settlements below. Presently I heard the crying of
a child, and looking in the direction of the sound, I saw some thin blue smoke curling among
the trees near. I tied Charley to a laurel shrub, and soon discovered a log cabin, in front
of which some children were at play. They fled at my approach, and the mother, a lusty
mountaineer, whose husband was at work in the iron-beds which abound in that mountain,
appeared astonished at the apparition of a stranger. From her I learned that I had left
the Mill-gap road at least three miles back. By her direction I found it, and at about four
o'clock reached the residence of Mr. Scruggs. His house is upon the Mill-gap road, and
about half a mile west of a divergence of a highway leading to Spartanburg, the capital of
Spartanburg District, in which the Cowpens' are situated. Upon the gentle hills on the
- — "" -7. pi?; borders of Thicketty Creek, covered with pine
yJ-, woods, within a triangle, formed by the Spartan-
£),- i1 burg and Mill-gap roads, having a connecting
~^7_L J cross-road for a base, the hottest part of the fight
^Jj'kl.. iiecurred. The battle ended within a quarter of
f 'jLlrj ijp'i a nnle el Serugtrs's, where is new a cleared field,
:^f;KJt|! "" 'I'1-' northeast side of the Mill-gap road, in the
-Jf^vlILl cen'or OI" which was a log-house, as seen in the
'I' ' ^H * f^ ^ '', m'Jfc. B annexed engraving. The field was covered with
~-'!- H.^ kA iH'l blasted pines, stumps, and stocks of Indian corn,
s^^hj and had a most dreary appearance.3 In this field,
sckse at the iTiktkns. and along the line of conflict, a distance of about
' This name is derived from the circumstance that, some years prior to the Revolution, before this sec-
tion of country was settled, some persons in Camden (then called Pine-tree) employed two men to go up to
the Thicketty Mountain, and in the grassy intervales among the hills, raise cattle. As a compensation,
they were allowed the entire use of the cows during the summer for making butter and cheese, and the
steers for tilling labor. In the fall, large numbers of the fattest cattle would be driven down to Camden to
be slaughtered for beef, on account of the owners. This region, so favorable for rearing cows, on account
of the grass and fine springs, was consequently called The Coippens.
* They have a dangerous practice at the South in clearing their wild lands. The larger trees are girdled
and left standing, to decay and fall down, instead of being felled by the ax. Cultivation is carried on
among them, and frequently they fall suddenly, and endanger the lives of the laborers in the field. Such
wa-s the condition of the field here represented.
UF THE REVOLUTION
431
Material of the Army under Morgan.
Biography of Morgan
two miles, many bullets ami other military relics have been found. Among: other things
1 obtained a spur, which belonged to the cavalry of either Washington or Tarleton.
" Come listen a while, and the truth I'll relate,
How brave General Morgan did Tarlet lefeal .
Fur all his proud boasting, he forced was to fly,
When brave General Morgan hi- courage did try."
/o volutionary Song.
We have noted on page39 0 the disposition which General Greene made of the " shadow
of an army'' (less than two thousand men) which he received from Gates. Brigadier-gen-
eral Daniel Morgan,' an exceedingly active officer, who was placed in command of the
Western division, was stationed, toward the close
of 1780, in the country between the Broad and
Pacolet Rivers, in Spartanburg District. His
division consisted of four hundred Continental
infantry, under Lieutenant-colonel Howard of
the Maryland line ; two companies of the Vir-
ginia militia, under Captains Triplet and Tate :
and the remnants of the first and third regi-
ments of dragoons, one hundred in number, un-
der Lieutenant-colonel William Washington
This force, at the time in question, was consid-
erably augmented by North Carolina militia
under Major MDowel), and some Georgia mili-
tia, under Major Cunningham. At the close of
December,2 Morgan and his troops were
encamped near the northern bank of the
Paeolet, in the vicinity of Pacolet Springs
From this camp Lieutenant-colonel Washington
^ZzrT—/^' ■^'J— frequently sallied out to smite and disperse bod-
/ ies of Tories, who assembled at different points
// and plundered the Whig inhabitants. He at-
1 Daniel Morgan was a native of New Jersey, where he was born in 1737. and at an early age went
to Virginia. He was a private soldier under Braddock, in 1755,
and alter the defeat ofthat officer, returned to hi- tupation "I a
farmer and wagoner. When the war of the Revolution broke out.
he joined the army under Washington, at Cambridge, and command-
ed a corps of riflemen. He accompanied Arnold across the wilder-
ness to Quebec, and distinguished himself at the siege of that city
He was made a prisoner there. After his exchange, he was ap-
pointed to the command of the 11th Virginia regiment, in which
was incorporated his rifle corps.* He performed great service at
Stillwater, when Burgoyne was defeated. Gates unjustly omitted
his name in his report ofthat affair to Congress. He served under
(Jates and (Greene at the South, where he became distinguished as
a partisan officer. His victory at the Cowpens was considered a
most brilliant affair, and Congress voted him a gold medal. (See
next page). At the close of the war, he returned to his farm. He
commanded the militia organized to quell the Whisky Insurrection in Western Virginia, in 17114, and soon
afterward was elected a member of Congress. His estate in Clarke county, a few miles from Winchester.
Virginia, was called Saratoga. He resided there until 1800, when he removed to Winchester, where he died
on the sixth of Julv. 1802, in the sixty-seventh year of bis age. The house in which he dud stood in the
northwest part of the town, and a few years since was occupied by the Reverend Mr. Boyd. His grave
is in the Presbyterian grave-yard at Winchester; and over it is a plain horizontal slab, raised a few feet
from the ground, upon which is the following inscription :
"Major-general Daniel Morgan departed this life on July the 6th, 1802, in the sixty-seventh year of his
age. Patriotism and valor were the prominent features of his character, and tin- honorable services he rcn-
* This sketch of the flag of Morgan'8 rifle corps 1 made from the original in the Museum at Alexandria, in Virginia.
F-I.AG op- Moboan's Rifle Cuups.
1 3 -3
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Defeat of Tories \<y Washington.
Pursuit of Morgan by Tarleton.
Gold Medal awarded tu Moi gan.
tacked ami defeated two hundred of them at Hammond's store, and soon afterward a sec-
tion of Washington's command dispersed another Tory force under Bill Cunningham. Corn-
wallis, who was still at Winnsborough, perceived these successes with alarm, and appre-
hending a design upon his important post at Ninety-Six, over the Saluda, determined to dis-
perse the forces under Morgan, or drive them into North Carolina, before he should rally the
Mountain Men in sufficient numbers to cut off his communication with Augusta. He ac-
cordingly dispatched Tarletou with his legion of horse (three hundred and fifty in number),
and the foot and light infantry attached to it, the 7th regiment, and the first battalion of the
71st, with two field pieces, to force Morgan to fight, or retreat beyond the Yadkin. Tarle-
ton's entire force consisted of about eleven hundred well-disciplined men, and in every par-
ticular he had the advantage of Morgan.
Tarleton commenced his march on the eleventh of January. The roads were in a very-
bad condition, and it was not until the fifteenth that he approached the Pacolet. He had
crossed the Broad River near Turkey Creek, and advanced with all possible speed toward
the camp of Morgan. That officer was at first disposed to dispute Tarleton's passage of
the Pacolet, but, informed of the superiority of his numbers, and that a portion had already
crossed above him, he retreated hastily northward, and took post on the north side of Thick-
etty Mountain, near the Cowpens. Tarleton passed through the place of Morgan's camp
, ,„ in the evening, a few hours after he had left,3- and leaving his baggage behind, he
i Jan. lo, p' ° °° ~
1781. pressed eagerly forward in pursuit, riding all night, and making a circuit around
t.Jan. 17. t[le western side of Thicketty Mountain. Early the following morning, D he cap-
dered to his country daring the Revolutionary war crowned him with glory, and will remain in the hearts
of his countrymen, a perpetual monument to his memory."
In early life General Morgan was dissipated, and was a famous pugilist ; yet the teachings of a pious
mother always made him reverential when his thoughts turned toward the Deity. In his latter years, he
professed religion, and became a memher of the Presbyterian church in Winchester. " Ah !'" he would
Gold Medal awarded to Morgan.'
often exclaim, when talking of the past. '■ people said old Morgan never feared — they thought old Morgan
never prayed they ilid not know old Morgan was often miserably afraid." He said he trembled at Que-
bec, and in the gloom of early morning, when approaching the battery at Cape Diamond, he knelt in the
snow and prayed : and before the battle at the Cowpens, he went into the woods, ascended a tree, and there
poured out his soul in prayer for protection. In person, Morgan was large and strong. He was six feet
in height, and very muscular.
• The following are the devieee and inscriptions upon the medal : An Indian queen with n quiver on her back, in the act ol
crowning an officer with a laurel wreath ; his hand resting upon his sword. A cannon lying upon the ground ; various mili-
tary weapons and implements in the back-ground. Legend : Daniel Morgan duci Exercitus Comitia Amebicana— "The
American Congress to Genera! Daniel Morgan." Reverse: An officer mounted, at the head of his troops, charging a flying en
emy. A battle in the back-ground. In front, a personal combat between a dragoon unhorsed and a foot soldier. Legend:
Victoria libeetatis vikdex— "Victory, the assertor of Liberty." Exergue: Fugatis, caftis alt cesis ad Cowperb
IIoSTIBUS, 17th Janlarv, 1781— " The foe put to flight, taken, or slain, at the Cowpens. January 17, 1781 "
OF THE REVOLUTION.
433
Disposition of the American Army.
John Eager Howard.
Silver Medal awarded to Howard.
lured two American videlles, and learned from them the place of Morgan's encampment.
At eight o'clock he came in sight of the advanced guard of the patriots, and fearing that
Morgan might again retreat, and get safely across the Broad River, he resolved to attack
him immediately, notwithstanding the fatigue of bis troops.
The Americans were posted upon an eminence of gentle descent, covered with an open
wood. They were rested, had breakfasted, and were thoroughly refreshed after their flight
from the Pacolet. And now, expecting Tarleton, they were drawn up in battle order. On
the crown of the eminence were stationed two hundred and ninety Maryland regulars, and
on their right the two companies of Virginia militia, under Major Triplet. These composed
They were commanded
by Colonel Andrew Pick-
ens, who, with his follow-
ers, had joined Morgan
during tin- night. About
one hundred and fifty
yards in advance of this
fust line, were placed the
best riflemen of the corps
if MDowell and Cun-
ningham. Those on the
right were commanded
by Cunningham, and
those on the left by
M'Dowell. These were
directed to operate as cir-
cu instances should
L/" £"-' ?r~Z\~~, direct, alter delivcr-
/S ing their first fire,
\—^^ which was to be
' No accurate plan of the arrangement of the troops on this occasion has ever been made. Captain
Hammond made a sketch many years afterward from memory, which is published in Johnson's Tradition*
and Reminiscences of the Revolution. As it dues not fully agree with official reports, 1 forbear copying it.
* John Eager Howard was born in Baltimore county, Maryland, on the fourth of June, 1752. When
the war commenced, he entered the service as captain of one of ihose bodies of militia termed flying camps
He was present at the battle near White Plains, New York. His corps was dismissed in December; 1776.
the rear line of four hund-
red and thirty men, and
were under the genera
command of Lieutenant
colonel Howard. One
hundred and fifty yards
in advance of this line
was a body of militia,
about three hundred in
number, all practiced ri-
flemen, and burning with
a spirit of revenge, be- /
cause of the crueltie.-
which the British and
Tones had inflicted. A
part of these were com-
manded by Captain
Beatty and Sam-
uel Hammond, of
South Carolina. '
Silver Medal awarded to Colonel Howard."
* The following are the device and inscriptions: An officer mounted, with uplifted sword, pursuing an officer on foot bear
ing a stand of colors. Victory is seen descending in front, over the former, holding a wreath in her right hand over his head
In her left hand is a palm branch Legend : John Eaoer Howard. I.egiosts peditcm pr.kfecto couitia Americana—
"The American Congress to John Eager Howard, commander of a regiment of infantry." Reverse: A laurel wrei.th. inclosing
the inscription, Qcod in ncta.mem hostium aciem scbito ikrcens. pr.^ci.akcm bellice virtutts specimen dedit in
fcgna. AD Cowpens. '.7tu January, 1781—" Because, rushing suddenly on the wavering line of tho foe, he gave a brilliant
specimen of martial courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781."
II. E E
t:;l PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Morgan prepared to Fight. His Address to his Troops. The Attack. Tarlcton's Charge.
given when the British should be within one hundred and fifty yards. In the rear of the
second line, under Howard, and behind an eminence of sufficient height to conceal them,1
the American reserve was posted. These consisted of Washington's cavalry, and M'Call's
mounted militia of Georgia, armed with sabers.
Tarleton was rather disconcerted when he found that Morgan was prepared to fight him,
for he expected to overtake him on a retreat. He rode cautiously forward to reconnoiter,
but the shots of the advanced corps of riflemen obliged him to retire precipitately to his
lines. Yet, feeling sure of an easy victory, Tarleton quickly arranged his line in battle order
upon the Spartanburg road, within three hundred yards of Morgan's first line. At this
moment, Morgan, with solemn voice and sententious sentences, addressed his troops. He ex-
horted the militia ol the first line to be steady, and fire with sure aim ; and expressed his
conviction that, if they would pour in two volleys at a killing distance, victory would be
theirs. He addressed the second line iii a similar manner, informed them that he had or-
dered the militia to fall back after delivering two volleys, and exhorted them not to be dis-
concerted by that movement. Then taking post with his line, near Lieutenant-colonel
Howard, he awaited in silence the approach ol the British van, already in motion. It con-
sisted of the light troops and the legion infantry, with the 7th regiment, under Major New-
marsh. In the center of this line were the two pieces of artillery. Upon each flank was
a troop of cavalry ; and in the rear, as a reserve, was Major M'Arthur, with the battalion
of the 71st regiment and the remainder of the cavalry. Tarleton placed himself in the
first line.
It was now about nine o'clock in the morning. The sun was shining warm and bright
over the summits of Thicketty Mountain, and gave brilliancy to the martial array in the
forests below. At a signal from Tarleton, his advance gave a loud shout, and rushed furi-
ously to the contest, under cover of their artillery and an incessant discharge of musketry
The riflemen, under Cunningham and MDowell, delivered their fire with terrible effect, and
then fell back to the flanks of the first line under Pickens. The British still shouting, rush-
ed forward, and poured in a close fire upon the militia. These stood firm, until assailed
with bayonets, when they fell back to the second line. M'Call's militia fled to their horses,
while the remainder, under Pickens, took post upon Howard's right. Upon the main body
Tarleton now made a vigorous charge, and was met with equal valor and determination.
The contest was close and severe, and the British line began to bend, when M'Arthur, with
the reserve, was ordered to advance. This movement reanimated the quailing Britons, and
they plied ball and bayonet with incessant force. While the contest was raging, M-Arthur
and at the solicitation of his friends, he accepted of the commission of major in one of the Continental battal-
ions of Maryland. In the spring of 1777, he joined the army uniler Washington, in New Jersey, with which
he remained until the close of June, when he returned home, on account of the death of his father. A few
days after the battle on the Brandywine, he rejoined the army, and was distinguished for his cool courage
in the battle at Germantown, of which he wrote an interesting account. In that engagement, he was ma-
jor of the 4th regiment, commanded by Colonel Hall, of Maryland. Major Howard was present at the bat-
tle of Monmouth, in 1778. On the first of June, 1779, he received a commission as lieutenant colonel of
the 5th Maryland regiment, "to take rank from the eleventh day of March, 1778.'' In 1780, he went
with the Maryland and Delaware troops to the South, and served under Gates until the arrival of Greene.
Soon after this, we find him with Morgan, winning bright laurels at the Cowpens ; and for his bravery there,
Congress awarded him the honor of a silver medal. Howard again distinguished himself at the battle of
Guilford, where he was wounded. At the conclusion of the war, Colonel Howard married Margaret, the
daughter of Chief-justice Chew, around whose house at Germantown he had valiantly battled. In Novem-
ber, 1788. he was chosen governor of Maryland, which olfiee he held for three years. He was commis-
sioned major general of militia in 1794, but declined the honor. Washington invited him to a seat in his
cabinet, at the head ol the War Department, in 1795. That honor he also declined. He was then a mem-
ber of the Man land Senate. In 1796, he was elected to the Senate of the United States, where he served
mil 1 1 18( 3, when he retired from public life. When, in 1814. Baltimore was threatened with destruction
by the enemy, the veteran soldier prepared to take the Geld. The battle at North Point, however, rendered
such a step unnecessary. He lost his wife in 1827; and on the twelfth of October, 1827, he. too, left the
scenes of earth, at the age of seventy-five years. Honor, wealth, and the ardent love of friends, were his
lot in life, and few men ever went down to the grave more truly lamented than John Eager Howard.
1 Between this eminence and the one on which Howard was stationed, the Mill-gap road passes.
OF THE REVOLUTION
135
Charge of Tarleton.
Bold Maneuvet of Howard.
Americana Victorious.
Colonel Washington.
attempted
movement
His order
to gain the American flank under Colonel Howard. That officer perceived the
and its intent, and instantly ordered his first company to charge the British 71st
was mistaken, and the company fell back. The whole line also gave way at
the same moment, and Morgan ordered it to re-
treat to the eminence behind which the cavalry
were posted. Tarleton, believing this maneuver
to be a precursor of flight, ordered another charge,
and, with shouts, his infantry rushed forward im-
petuously, in disorder. When close to Howard,
that officer ordered his line to face about and
give his pursuers a volley. Instantly a close
and murderous fire laid many of the British line
dead upon the earth, and the living, terrified by
the unexpected movement, recoiled in confusion,
Howard perceived the advantage of the moment.
and followed it up with the bayonet. This 3e-
cided the victory in favor of the Americans. At
the same time, a portion of Tarleton's cavalry
having gained the rear of the Americans, fell
upon M'Call's mounted militia. Now was the
moment for Lieutenant-colonel Washington' to
act. With his cavalry, he struck the British
horsemen a decisive blow, and drove them m
confusion before him. The reserve, under M'Ar-
1 William Washington-, "the modem Marcellus," "the sword o/his country," was the eldest son of
Bail; Washington, of Stafford county, Virginia, where he was born on the 28th of February, 1752. He
was educated for the Church, but the peculiar position of public affairs led him into the political field. He
early espoused the patriot cause, and entered the army under Colonel Hugh (afterward General) Mercer as
captain. He was in the battle near Brooklyn, Long Island, distinguished himself at Trenton, and was with
his beloved general when he fell at Princeton. He was afterward a major in Colonel Baylor's corps of cav-
alry, and was witb that officer when attacked by General Grey, at Tappan. in 1778. The following year, he
joined the army under Lincoln in South Carolina, and was very active in command of a light corps in the
neighborhood of Charleston He became attached, with bis corps, to the division of General Morgan, and
with that officer fought bravely at the Cowpcns. For his valor on that occasion, Congress presented him
with a silver medal He was an active officer in Greene's celebrated retreat, and again fought bravely at
Silvek Medal awarded to Washington. '
* The following are the device and inscriptions : An officer mounted at the head of a body of cavalry, charging flying troops ;
Victory is flying over the heads of the Americans, ho'ding a laurel crown in her right hand and a palm branch in her left. Le-
gend: Gulielmo Washington legioms BQU1TUM pr-efecto comiti a Americana— "The American Congress to William
Washington, commander of a regiment of cavalry." Reverse: Quod parva militum manc strenue prosecutus hostbs
tirtctis ingenit* pr.eci.arcm specimen dedit in puona ad Cowfbnb, 17th Jancary, 1781 — " fiecause, having vig-
orously pursued (he foe with a small band of soldiers, lie gave a brilliant specimen of innate valor in the battle at the Cowpens,
ITth January. 1781." This inscription is within a laurel wreath.
1 3 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Retreat of the British. Encounter between Washington and Tarleton. Result of the Rattle.
thnr, were too much mixed up with the main forces of Tarleton, to present a rallying; point,
and the whole hotly retreated along the Mill-gap road to the place near Scruggs's, delineated
on page l 3 0, then covered with an open wood like the ground where the conflict commenced.
There the battle ended, and the pursuit was relinquished. It was near the northern border
of that present open field that Washington and Tarleton had a personal conflict. In the
eagerness of his pursuit of that officer, Washington had got far in advance of his squadron,
when Tarleton and two of his aids, at the head of the troop of the 17th regiment of dra-
goons, turned upon him. An officer on Tarleton's right was about to strike the impetuous
Washington with his saber, when his sergeant came up and disabled the assailant's sword-
arm. An officer on Tarleton's left was about to strike at the same moment, when Wash-
ington's little bugler, too small to wield a sword, wounded the assailant with a pistol-ball
Tarleton, who was in the center, then made a thrust at him, which Washington parried,
and gave his enemy a wound in the hand.' Tarleton wheeled, and, as he retreated, dis-
charged a pistol, by which Washington was wounded in the knee. During that night and
the following morning, the remnant of Tarleton's force reached Hamilton's Ford, on Broad
River, and also the encampment of Cornwallis, at Turkey Creek, about twenty-five miles
from the Cowpens. For this defeat, Tarleton's cotemporaries censured him severely.'
The loss of the Americans in this decisive battle was ahout seventy men, of whom, strange
to say, only twelve were killed. The British, according to Comwallis's letter to Sir Henry
Clinton, written a few days afterward, lost ten officers and ninety privates killed, and twen-
ty-three officers and five hundred privates taken prisoners. Almost the whole of the Brit-
ish infantry, except the baggage guard, were killed or taken. The two pieces of artillery,'
eight hundred muskets, two standards, thirty-five baggage wagons, and one hundred dragoon
horses, fell into the possession of the Americans.* To the honor of the victors, it is declared
that, notwithstanding the cruel warfare which Tarleton had waged had exasperated the
Americans to the last degree, not one of the British was killed or wounded, or even insulted,
after they had surrendered.
The defeat of the British at the Cowpens has not been inaptly compared to that of the
Germans of Burgoyne's army near Bennington. The disaster, in both cases, dealt a severe
blow against the success of the main army. The battle near Bennington paralyzed the en-
ergies of Burgoyne's army ; the battle at the Cowpens equally affected the power of Corn-
wallis. He was advancing triumphantly toward the heart of North Carolina, having placed
Guilford Court House. He behaved gallantly at Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, and at the battle at Eutaw
.Springs he exhibited signal valor ; but his horse being shot unilcr him, he was there made a prisoner. He
remained a captive until the close of the war. Having become attached to a South Carolina lady during his
captivity, he married her, and settled in Charleston. He represented that district in the State Legislature.
His talents as a statesman were so conspicuous, that he was solicited to become a candidate for governor.
He declined the honor, chiefly because he could not make a speech, When President Adams appointed
General Washington commander-in-chief of the American army, he chose Colonel Washington to be one of
his staff, with the rank of brigadier. Colonel Washington died on the sixth of March, 1810 He was tall
in person, possessed nf great strength and activity, and in society was taciturn and modest.
1 [t is related that this wound was twice the subject for the sallies of wit of two American ladies, who
were sisters, daughters of Colonel Montfort, of Halifax county, North Carolina. When Cornwallis and his
army were at Halifax, on their way to Virginia, Tarleton was at the house of an American. In the pres-
ence of Mrs. Wihe Jones (one of these sisters), Tarleton spoke of Colonel Washington as an illiterate fel-
low, hardly able to write his name. " Ah ! colonel." said Mrs. Jones, " you ought to know better, for you
bear on your person proof that he knows very well how to make his mark J" At another time, Tarleton
was speaking sarcastically of Washington, in the presence of her sister. Mrs. Ashe. "I would be happy
to see Colonel Washington," he said, with a sneer. Mrs. Ashe instantly replied, " If you had looked be-
hind you, Colonel Tarleton, at the battle of the Cowpens, yciu would have enjoyed that pleasure." Stung
with this keen wit, Tarleton placed his hand oil his sword. General Leslie, who was present, remarked,
"Say what you please, Mrs. Ashe, Colonel Tarleton knows better than to insult a lady in my presence." —
Mr. Ellet's Women of the Revolution. * See Stedman, ii., 324.
' These two pieces of artillery were first taken from Burgoyno at Saratoga ; then retaken by the British
at Camden; now were recovered by the Americans, and afterward fell into the hands of Cornwallis at
Guilford. They were of the kind of small field-pieces called "grasshoppers."
' Ramsay, Gordon, Marshall, Lee, Johnson, Tarleton, Moultrie.
OF l HE KE VOLUTI ON. ]:; ;
The Ueroea ol the Cowpeus. Di pal tan from thai Place. Cherokee Ford. Indiana in the Carolina*:
South Carolina as lie thought, in submission at his feet. The defeat of Ferguson at King's
Mountain, and now of Tarleton, his favorite partisan, withered his hopes ol Tory organiza-
tion and co-operation, His last bope was the destruction of Greene's army by his own su-
perior force, and for that purpose he now commenced the pursuit which we have considered
in a preceding chapter, the capture of Morgan and his prisoners being his first object.
The victory of the Cowpens gave great joy to the Americans throughout the confi deracj
Congress received information of it on the eighth ol' February," and on the ninth of
March that body voted an award of a gold medal to Morgan : a silver medal to How-
ard and Washington ; a sword to Colonel Pickens; and a vote of thanks to the other offi-
cers and men engaged in the battle.'
It was almost sunset when 1 left the Cowpens to return to a house of entertainment
upon the road to the Cherokee Ford, seven miles distant ; for the resident there could not
find a comer for me in his dwelling, nor for Charley in his stable, that cold night. ' for love
nor money,' but generously proposed that I should send him a copy of my work when com-
pleted, because he lived upon the battle-ground ! To a planter on horseback, from Spar-
tanburg, who overtook me upon the road, I am indebted for kindness in pointing out the
various localities of interest at the Cowpens ; to the other for the knowledge that a small
building near his house was the depository of a field-piece used by an artillery company in
the vicinity, when celebrating the anniversary of the battle.
After dark. 1 reached the house of Mrs. Camp, where 1 was comfortably lodged for the
night ; and early the following morning, accompanied by one of her sons on horseback. I pro-
ceeded to the Cherokee Ford, on the Broad llivcr, ten miles distant. The road was very
rough most of the way. and quite hilly. At the ford, on the west side of the river, is a
large iron manufactory. The ore is brought from the neighboring mountains, smelted there,
and wrought into hollow-ware, nails, spikes, tacks, &c. Around the establishment quite a
little village has grown up, and there, as at Matson's Ford (Conshohocken), on the Schuyl-
kill, where hostile parties were seen during the Revolution, and all around was a wilderness,
the hum of busy industrv is heard, and the smiles of cultivation are seen Here, as we have
observed (page 127), the Americans, who gained the victory at King's Mountain, crossed
this stream on the morning of the battle.
Before crossing the Broad River, the Eswaivpuddenak of the Cherokee Indians, let us
take a historical survey of the most important occurrences westward of this stream, in the
beautiful country watered by the Tyger, the Eunoree, and the Saluda, and further on to the
noble Savannah. Standing here upon the western selvage of civilization when the war
broke out, and where the aborigines were sole masters but a lew years before, let us glance.
in-' at the record of events which mark their conflicts with the over-reaching white race,
who beat them back beyond the mountains.'
We have already noticed, on page 356, the efforts of the Corees, Tusearoras, and other
Indians of the Neuse and Cape Fear region to expel the Europeans. b This conflict
was soon succeeded by another, more serious in its character. For a while, the very
existence of the Southern colony was menaced. The powerful nation of the Yamassees. who
1 Journals of Congress, vn , 47.
2 South Carolina was occupied by twenty-eight Indian nations when ihe Europeans iirst made a perma-
nent settlement \i|ion the Ashley River. The domain of these liibes extended from the ocean to the mount-
ains. The Westos Vi| Co tws, and Sewees occupied the country between Charleston and thi
to Rivers. They were conquered by the Savannahs, and expelled from the country. The Yamassees anil
Tluspahs held the territory in the neighborhood of Port Royal. The Savannahs, Serannahs, Cussobos, and
Euchees occupied ihe middle country, along the Isundigia, or Savannah River. The Apalaehians inhabit-
ed the head waters of the Savannah and Alatamaha, and gave their name to the mountains of Apalachy,
and the bay of Apalactaicola. The Moscogbees or Creeks occupied a part ol ihe country between the
Savannah and Broad Rivers, being divided by the latter from the country of the Cherokces. The Conga-
rees, Santees, Waterees, Saludas. Catawbas, Peedees, and Winyaws lived along the rivers which bear their
respective names. Tbe Muscoghee- and Catawbas were the most warlike . the Cherokees were more nu-
merous than cither, but more peaceful. These various nations, when Charleston was founded, could muster
probably, fifty thousand warriors. — See Simms's History of South Carolina, page 67.
438 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
War with the Indians. Peril of the White People. Defeat and Conquest of the Indians. Seminole*
possessed the territory around Tort Royal, where the French Huguenots first attempted set-
tlement, had long evinced their friendship for the Carolinians, whose first settlement was in
the neighborhood of the present city of Charleston, by engaging with them as allies in their
wars against the Spaniards and some Indian tribes. The Spaniards at St. Augustine, who
were the mortal enemies of the Carolinians, finally succeeded in uniting the Cherokees —
•' the mountaineers of aboriginal America"' — the Museoghees, Apalachians, and other In-
dian nations, in a league for the destruction of the colony. They also won the confidence
of the Yamassees, and suddenly that powerful tribe appeared in arms against the Carolinians.
Already the Apalachian tribes, occupying a large portion of the present State of Georgia,
instigated by the Spaniards, had desolated some of the frontier settlements.!1 Gov-
■ 1703.
ernor Moore, at the head of a body of Carolinians and friendly Indians, penetrated
into the very heart of the Apalachian settlements, between the Savannah and the Alatama-
haw E,ivers. He laid their villages in ashes, devastated their plantations, slew about eight
hundred people, and, with a large number of captives, marched back in triumph to Charles-
ton. This invasion broke the spirit of the tribe, and made the power of the Carolinians
thoroughly respected among their neighbors.
When the confederacy of the tribes of the upper country was effected, and the Yamas-
sees lifted the hatchet against the white people,0 Governor Craven, who had prompt-
ly sent aid to the people of the northen provinces, as promptly met the danger at his
own door. So secretly had the confederation been formed, and their plans matured, that
the first blow was struck, and almost a hundred people were slain,2 before the Carolinians
were aware of danger. The Yamassees, the Museoghees or Creeks, and Apalachians, ad-
vanced along the southern frontier, spreading desolation in their track. The Cherokees, the
Catawbas, and the Congarees joined them, and the Corees, and some of the Tuscaroras, also
went out upon the war-path. Almost a thousand warriors issued from the Neuse region,
while those of the southern division amounted to more than six thousand. Within forty
days, the Indian tribes from the Cape Fear to the St. Mary's, and westward to the Alabama,
were banded together for the destruction of the colony at Ashley Ftiver.
Governor Craven, whose character was the reverse of his name, acted with the utmost
energy when the confederation and its purposes were made known. He immediately pro-
claimed martial law ; laid an embargo on all ships to prevent men or provisions from leav-
ing the colony, and seizing arms wherever they could be found, placed them in the hands
of faithful negroes, to co-operate with the white people. With twelve hundred men, white
and black, he marched to confront the Indians, now approaching with the knife, hatchet,
and torch, in dreadful activity. In the first encounters of his advanced parties with the
enemy the Indians were victors, but Craven finally compelled them to fall back to their
chief camp upon the Salk-hatchie,3 whither the governor pursued them. Desperate were
the conflicts which ensued, and for a while the victory was doubtful. The fate of the whole
colony was suspended upon the result, and the Carolinians contended with all the energy
of men fighting for life, home, and family. The Indians were repulsed, and, hotly pursued
by the white people and their black aids, they were driven across the Savannah and
sought shelter under the guns of the Spanish fortress at St. Augustine. No longer useful
to them, the Spaniards drove their savage allies into the wilderness, and fearing to return
to their hunting-grounds north of the Savannah, the Indians set up their wigwams among
the everglades of Florida, and became, it is believed, the ancestors of the powerful Seminoles
of our day.
< 1729. When the division of the Carolinas occurred, c and the southern portion became a
1 Bancroft, iii., 246.
5 This massacre was at Pocotaligo, an old village in the parish of Prince William, in Beaufort District.
It then contained about three hundred inhabitants. There stood Fort Balfour, which was captured, during
the Revolution, by a few Ameiirans under Colonel Harden.
1 This is the name of the south fork of the Combahec River, which empties into St. Helena Sound. The
place of the encampment was near Barnw'cll. the capital of Barnwell District.
OF THE REVOLUTION
I 3 a
Embassy to the Indians, tion of Forts. War with the Cherokees. Smallpox
royal province, the first care of the administration \v;is to secure the friendship of the neigh-
boring tribea. In 17o0, an embassy under Sir Alexander dimming, visited and explored
the Cherokee country, three hundred miles from Charleston. They made a favorable im-
pression, secured advantageous treaties, and laid, as they hoped, the foundation of a perma-
nent peace. For twenty years the treaty remained unbroken. In 1755, the Cherokees re-
newed their treaty with the Carolinians, and at the same lime made cessions to them of
large tracts of land. Upon this ceded territory, stretching along the Savannah to the Ten-
nessee River, Glenn, then governor of South Carolina, built forts, and named them respect-
ively Prince George,' Moore, and Loudon. The first was upon the Savannah, three hund-
red miles from Charleston ; the second was about one hundred and seventy miles below;
and the latter was upon the waters of the Tennessee River, five hundred miles from Charles-
ton. These forts were garrisoned by troops from Great Britain, and, promising security,
settlements rapidly extended in that direction. They served to awe the Indian nations,
and peace might have been always seemed, had the white people exercised ordinary pru-
dence. But one rash act scattered the power of treaties to the wind, and lighted the
flames of war along the Carolina frontier.
In 1759, during the administration of Governor Lyttleton (afterward Lord Wescott),
while a large party of the Cherokees, who had been assisting the English against the French
on the Ohio, were returning home, they took possession of some horses from the back settlers
of Virginia. The while people pursued them, killed a number of warriors, and took several
captive. This violence exasperated the Indians, and they retaliated by scalping every white
man whom they met. Parties of young warriors fell upon the border settlements of the
Carolinas, and war was kindled along the whole frontier. Lyttleton called the Carolinians
to arms. The Cherokee chiefs were alarmed, and sent a deputation to Charleston to ap-
pease the wrath of the English. Lasting friendship might have been at once secured had
not Lyttleton indiscreetly refused to listen. lie collected fourteen hundred men upon the
Congaree, conducted the Cherokee delegation thither, under guard, and, extorting a pledge
of peace and alliance, he returned to Charleston, after sending to Fort George twenty-two
hostages, whom he had demanded for the delivery of the warriors who had desolated the
border settlements The Cherokees were very indignant, and the governor had scarcely
reached his capital, when he received intelligence that fourteen white people had been mur-
dered within a mile of Fort George. Soon the Cherokees surrounded that fortress, led on
by Oeconastota, a chief of great influence, and the implacable enemy of the English. Per-
ceiving the power of his arms to be vain, he had recourse to stratagem. Withdrawing his
warriors, he spread them in ambush, and while conferring with the commander of the «ar-
rison and two other officers, whom he had decoyed to the margin of a stream by expressions
of friendship, he gave a signal, and instantly they were surrounded by armed savages. The
commander was slam, and the other two were wounded and made prisoners. The garrison
proceeded to put the hostages in irons. They made a deadly resistance, and were all slain.
This event maddened the whole Indian nation, and, with gleaming hatchets, they swept
along the Carolina frontier like the scythe of Death. Men. women, and children were
butchered without mercy ; and the war-belt was sent to the Catawbas and other tribes,
inviting them to confederate for the extermination of the English.
About this time, Charleston was severely scourged by the small-pox, and was too weak
to send efficient succor to the frontiers. Lyttleton had been appointed governor of Jamaica,
and, sailing for that island about this time, was succeeded by William Bull, a native Caro-
linian. Bull sent to Virginia and North Carolina for aid, and those states furnished seven
troops of rangers for the service. These, with the British regulars under Colonel Montgom-
ery (afterward Earl of Eglinton), sent from Canada by General Amherst, marched into the
1 Fort Prince George was a strong work: It was quadrangular, with an earthen rampart six feet hi^h,
■pon which stockades were placed. Around it was a ditch, and it had a natural glacis on two sides. At
each angle was a bastion, on which four •small cannons were mounted. It contained barracks for a hund-
red men.
4 10 P J (; T O It I A L F I E I, D - D O 0 K
Montgomery's Expedition agninat the Indiana. Peace. Renewal of War. Grant and Middlcton'a Expedition.
Indian country. Before proceeding, Montgomery rendezvoused at Monk's Corner,"
pn' ' near Charleston, where volunteers flocked to his standard. The Cherokees were
advised of these preparations for invading their territory, and were at first uneasy. Their
beautiful domain spread out between the Broad and Savannah Rivers, and was fenced in
by rugged mountains. They had then sixty-four towns and villages, and upon an emer-
gency could call six thousand warriors to the field. Reflecting upon this force, they felt
6trong. Montgomery, with only two thousand men, proceeded against the Indians. In sev-
eral engagements he chastised them severely, and pressed on to the relief of Fort Prince
George, then closely invested by the red warriors. The Indians fled at his approach toward
the secure fastnesses of the mountains and morasses, and hither Montgomery pursued them.
The wilderness was vast and fearful over which he marched, and the streams to be forded
were often deep and turbid. The enemy finally made a stand at Etchoee, the nearest town
of their middle settlements. Within five miles of this village a severe battle was fought.
The Cherokees fell back slowly before the cold bayonet ; and when- they saw the English
pressing toward the town, they fled thither precipitately, to save their women and children.
Montgomery, feeling unsafe in that far off and desolate region, relurned to Fort Prince George,
and from thence toward Charleston. All the way to the populous settlements, he was an-
noyed by the Indians, who hung upon his rear, and the purpose of the campaign was only
half accomplished. Montgomery and his regulars soon afterward returned to New York.
While this retreat was in progress, the distant post of Fort Loudon, on the Tennessee,
was invested by the Cherokees. The garrison of two hundred men was daily melting away
by famine. The Virginia Rangers attempted its relief, but without success. The garrison
finally surrendered. Safe guidance to the frontier settlements, with ammunition and other
baggage was promised them ; but they had gone only a short distance on their way, when
their guides forsook them, and another body of Indians fell upon and massacred twenty-six
of them. A few escaped, and Stuart, their commander, and some others, remained captives
a long time.
The Cherokees were now willing to treat for peace, but the French had sent emissaries
among them, who kept their fears and animosities constantly excited. Soon the war was
renewed with all its former violence, while Carolina was left almost wholly to her own re-
sources. She raised a provincial regiment of twelve hundred men, and gave the command
to Colonel Middleton, a brave and accomplished officer. Among his subordinates were
Henry Laurens, Francis Marion, William Moultrie, Isaac Huger, and Andrew Pickens, all
of whom were very distinguished patriots during the Revolution. This was their first mil-
itary school, and the lessons they were there taught were very useful in a subsequent hour
of need. When this little band was ready to march into the Cherokee country, Colonel
James Grant, with the regiments formerly commanded by Montgomery, landed at Charles-
ton.0 The united forces of Grant and Middleton, with some of the Chickasaw
and Catawba Indians as allies, in all twenty-six hundred men, reached Fort
< June 7. prince George on the twenty-ninth of Mir. Nine days afterward0 they advanced
toward Etchoee, where, upon the ground where Montgomery fought them, a large body of
Cherokees were gathered. Well skilled in the use of fire-arms, and now well supplied by
the French, they presented a formidable front. They also had the advantage of superior
position, and the battle which ensued was severe and bloody. For three hours the conflict
raged in that deep wilderness ; and it was not until the deadly bayonet, in the hands of des-
perate men, was brought to bear upon the Indians, that they gave way. Inch by inch they
fell back, until finally, completely overpowered, they fled, holly pursued by their conquerors.
How many were slain is not known ; the English lost nearly sixty men. Like Sullivan
in the Seneca country, Grant followed up his victory with the torch. Etchoee was laid in
ashes ; the cornfields and granaries were destroyed, and the wretched people were driven to
the barren mountains.1 So terrible was the punishment, that the name of Grant was to
them a synonym for devastation.
1 Marion, in a letter quoted by Weems, mentioned the wanton destruction of the corn, then in full ear,
Uf THK REVni.rTION. Ill
Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Influence of Roy.il Kmi-saries. Indian Hostilities renewed. Juhn Stuart
By this victory, the spirit uf the Cherokee Nation was broken, and the French, whose
machinations had urged them to continued hostilities, were hated and despised by them
Through the venerable sachem, Attakullakulla, who had remained a friend of the white
people, the chiefs of the Nation humbly sued for peace. "The Great Spirit," said the old
man, " is the father of the white man and the Indian : as we all live in one land, let us
all live as one people" His words of counsel were heeded; a treaty of amity was con-
cluded, and a bloody war was ended. The Treaty of Paris, between the English and
French, was concluded in 1703, and. except the feeble Spaniards on the Smith, the Chero-
kees had no enemies of the English thereafter to excite them to war.
From 1761, until the war of the Revolution commenced, the Indians upon the Carolina
and Georgia frontiers were generally quiet and peaceful. Pursuant to the secret instructions
which the royal governors received from the liritish ministry, to hand the Indians against
the colonists, Tory emissaries went up from the sea-board and excited the Cherokees and
their neighbors to go upon the war-path. Anions the most active and influential of these
emissaries of the crown was John Stuart, a Scotchman, and at that time his majesty's Indian
agent for the Southern colonies.1 Stuart arranged a plan with Wright. Campbell, Martin,
Dunmore, and other royal governors, to land a British army at St Augustine, in Florida.
which, uniting with the Indians and Tories, might invade the slate at an interior point,
while a fleet should blockade its harbors, and land an invading army on the sea-hoard.
This plan was discovered by the Carolinians, hut not in tunc entirely to defeat it : for, when
Parker and Clinton made their attack upon Charleston, a the Cherokees commenced „ June gg
a series of massacres upon the western frontiers of the province. Already a few l?76-
stockade forts had been erected in that section, and to these the terrified borderers fled for
Bafety. Colonel Williamson, of the district of Ninety-Six, who was charged with the defense
of the upper country, raised about live hundred true men, and in his firsl skirmish with the
Indians, in which he took some prisoners, discovered thirteen white men, Tories, disguised
as savages, and wielding the tomahawk and scalping knife. The indignation excited
against these men extended to their class, and this discovery was the beginning of those
bloody scenes between bands of Whigs and Tories which characterized many districts of
South Carolina. The domestic feuds which ensued were pregnant with horrid results; the
ferocity of the tiger usurped the blessed image of God in the hearts of men, and made them
brutes, with fearful power to be brutal.
When intelligence of the affair at Charleston reached the interior, the patriots were en-
couraged, and Williamson soon found himself at the head of a force of twelve hundred men.
and daily augmenting. With a detachment, of three hundred horsemen, he proceeded to at-
tack an Indian and Tory force at Oeonoree Creek. lie fell into an ambuscade, and himsell
and companions narrowly escaped destruction. His horse was shot under him ; his squad
and sai.l. "I saw every where around the footsteps of the little Indian children, where they had lately play-
ed under the shelter of the rustling corn. No doubt they had often looked up with joy to the swelling
shocks, and gladdened when they thought of their abundant cakes for the coming winter. When we are
gone, tboughl I. they will return, ami. peeping through the weeds with tearful eyes. Mill mark the ghasth
ruin poured over then- homes, and the happy fields where they had so "Hen played. ' Who did tin-- " ihej
will ask their mothers. ' The white people: the Christians did it I' will lie the rep]y-';
1 John Stuart came to America with Oglethorpe, probably with the Highlanders under M 'In tosh, the
father of General Lachlin M'lntosh, of the Revolution, who settled upon tie- AJatamahaw, and culled the
place New Inverness. The Indians were greatly pleased with the dress and character of the Highlanders.
and to this circumstance is attributed Stuart's influence among them. Stuart went to Charleston ; became
Indian agent; married Miss I'euwiek. daughter of one of the wealthiest men in the province, ami finally
became one of the king's council. He lived in the house on the corner of Wadd and Orange Streets.
Charleston, now (1851) owned by William Carson. Esq. lie hoi commanded a corps on Cumberland Isl-
and, who gallantly repulsed the Spaniards in 1745, and this was the commencement of his popularity which
led up to the civil station that he held in council. He chose the royal side when the Revolution broke out.
and to him was attributed all of the difficulties with the Indians upon the frontier during the first year of
that struggle. Alarmed for his personal safety, he fled to St. Augustine. His estate was confiscated. He
died in England. His son Sil John Stuart, became a distinguished general in the British army. — Set-
Johnson's Traditions of the Revolution, page 107.
14 2 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Desolation of the Cherokee Country. Expeditions under Rutherford and Pickens. Present Condition of the Cherokee*
ron were thrown into disorder ; and but for the skill and coolness of Colonel Hammond in
rallying them, they would have been routed, and many slain. They were victorious, and
shortly after this event, Williamson marched, with two thousand men, to lay waste the
Cherokee country. Again he fell into an ambuscade, in a narrow defile among the rugged
mountains, near the present town of Franklin. From the rocky heights, and from behind
the huge trees of the forest, twelve hundred warriors, with some Tories, poured a destructive
fire upon the Whigs. But again the Indians were repulsed, and Williamson pressed for-
ward cautiously but efficiently in the work of conquest and desolation. The valleys were
smiling with crops of corn, and numerous villages dotted the water-courses. Towns were
laid in ashes; the standing corn was trampled down and destroyed; and over all the In-
dian settlements eastward of the Apalacbian Mountains, the broom of desolation swept with
terrible effect. The destruction of food invited famine to a revel, and, to avoid starvation,
five hundred warriors crossed the Savannah and fled to the Loyalists in Florida.
In the mean while, General Rutherford, of North Carolina, with a force fully equal to
Williamson's, crossed the Blue Ridge at Swannanoa Gap, and proceeded to the valley of
the Tennessee River, laying waste the Indian country on the line of his march. There he
joined Williamson on the fourteenth of September. The work of destruction being com-
pleted, Rutherford returned to Salisbury in October, where he disbanded his troops. The
conquest was consummate. The Cherokees sued for peace, but they had no Attakullakulla
to intercede for them, for he had gone down into silence. They were compelled to submit to
the most abject humiliation, and to cede to South Carolina all their lands beyond the mount-
ains of Unacaya, now comprised within the fertile districts of Greenville, Anderson, and
Pickens, watered by the tributaries of the Savannah, the Saluda, and the Ennoree.1
Only once again did the Cherokees lift the hatchet, during the war In 1781, British
emissaries induced them to go upon the war-path. With a large number of disguised
white men, they fell upon the inhabitants in Ninety-Six, massacred some families, and burned
their houses. General Pickens, with a party of militia, penetrated the Cherokee country,
and in the space of fourteen days he burned thirteen of their villages, killed more than forty
of the Indians, and took nearly seventy of them prisoners. They sued for peace, promised
never to listen to the British again, and from that time they remained quiet.2
The spirit of the North Carolina Regulators was infused into the back settlers of South
Carolina, beyond the Broad R.iver, and about 1769, the leading men of that region took the
law into their own hands. To suppress their rising power and importance, the governor
employed a man of low habits, but of haughty demeanor, named Scovill, to go thither and
enforce the laws of the province. He gave him the commission of colonel, and, with the mis-
taken policy of a narrow mind, he used rigorous measures, instead of evincing forbearance and
a spirit of conciliation. The sufferings which they endured made them reprobate all govern-
ment, and when asked to espouse the cause of Congress, they refused, on the ground that all
congresses or instruments of government are arbitrary and tyrannical. These formed the
basis of the Tory ascendency in that section of the state at the beginning of the war ; and
before the names of Whig and Tory became distinctive appellations, the name of Seovill-
ltes was applied to those who opposed the Republicans. There were also many Dutch set-
tlers between the Broad and Saluda Rivers, who had received bounty lands from the king.
1 Moultrie, Ramsay, Smims, Johnson.
2 A greater portion of the Cherokee Nation, now in existence, occupy territory west of the Mississippi.
A remnant of them remain in North Carolina, at a place called Qualla Town, in Haywood county. They
were allowed to remain when the general emigration of their nation took place. They havo a tract of
seventy-two thousand acres of land. Alnmsi every adult can read in the Cherokee language, and must ,,|
them understand English. Thej manufacture all their necessaries; have courts, lawyers, ami judges of their
own, and have all the political rights of free citizens of the slate. They are sober, industrious, and relig-
ious. Their present business chief (1851) is William II. Thomas, Esq., senator from that district (50th).
The Qualla Town Cherokees oxliil.it some remarkable cases of longevity. In 1850, Messrs. .Mitchell and
Smoot, while on an official visit there, saw Kalofih. who was then one hundred a i.l twenty years old.
His wile '■ went oui like a candle," as Kalosteh said, the year before, at the age of one hundred and twenty.
e years. It is said that people one hundred years old arc not uncommon there.
OF THE REVOLUTION. j | ;;
The Western Settlers. Growth of Tarty Spirit Tbo Cunninghams.
Government emissaries persuaded these settlers to believe that an espousal of t!ie rebel cause
would be the sure precursor of the loss of their lauds. These augmented the loya] popula-
tion when the inhabitants were called upon to make a political decision Still another
class, the Scotch-Irish Protestants, had experienced the bounty of the king, and these, with
a feeling of gratitude, adhered to the royal government. Over all these Lord William
Campbell, the royal governor when the war broke out, had unbounded influence, and prob-
ably in not one ol the thirteen colonies was loyally more rarrlpant and uncompromising than
in South Carolina. .Many, whose feelings were all in harmony with the opposers of royal
rule, were urged by self-interest to remain quiet ; for they felt secure in person and property
under present circumstances, and feared the result of commotion. Thus active and passive
loyalty sat like an incubus upon the real patriotism of South Carolina; and yet, in every por-
tion of the stau-. the Tones were outnumbered by the Whigs, except in the Bection we are
now considering, between the Broad and Saluda Rivers. The inhabitants there could not
be persuaded to furnish men and arms for the army of Congress, nor to sign the American
Association.
Early in 177t'>. William Henry Drayton,' Colonel William Thomson, Colonel Joseph
Kershaw, and Reverend William Tennent, were sent by the Council of Safety at Charleston
into that district, to explain to the people the nature of the dispute. Emissaries ol govern
incut counteracted their influence by persuading the people that the inhabitants of the sea-
board desired to get their tea free of duty, while those in the interior would be obliged to
pay a high rate lor salt, osuaburgs, and other imported necessaries. The baneful seeds of
suspicion and mutual distrust were sown broad cast among the settlers. The men of each
party banded together in tear of the violence of the other, and soon opposing camps were
lormed. Moderate men endeavored to prevent bloodshed, and a conference of their respi ct-
ive leaders was finally effected. A treaty of mutual forbearance was agreed to, and lor a
while agitation almost ceased. But restless spirits were busy. Among these, Robert and
Patrick Cunningham, Tor) leaders, were the most active, ami they soon disturbed the re-
pose of party suspicion and animosity. By their machinations, it was aroused to wakeful-
ness. The Whigs, fearful of Robert Cunningham's influence, seized and conveyed bun to
Charleston, where he was imprisoned. His brother Patrick raised a force to attempt a
rescue.
At about this time, a thousand pounds of powder, on its way as a present to the Chero-
kees, was seized by these Loyalists. This excited the already vigorous efforts of the Coun-
cil of Safetj to more efficient measures. Colonel Williamson (the same officer who chas-
tised the Cherokees), with a party (d' patriots, was sent to regain the powder. They seized
Patrick Cunningham, the leader, when the Tories gathered in strength, and drove Will-
iamson into a stockade fort at Ninety-Six. Alter remaining there some days, an agreement
for a cessation of hostilities was concluded, and both parties dispersed to their homes.
' Mr. Drayton was, at this lime, quite a young man, i descendant of one ofthe leading families of South
Carolina. He was a nephew ol Governor Bull. When Republican principles began lo work up to the
surface, and becomi -.1-. 1 3outh, in 1771, his pen was cm 1 de et ' ..'ovcrnmeiit, in op-
position to Christopher Gadsden and others. These 1 ij brought hint into notice, lie was introduced
at court, and was appointed one "I 1 rovernor Ball's tncil. As the Revolution advanced to a crisis, Dray-
ton saw the u Britain, and espoused the Ri 1 ublican cause. He 1 favorite of the
people, and, while a delegate in the Continental l Ions n died in their service in 177;'.
1 Robert Cunningham was an Irish settler in the District oi Ninety-Six, 1 lie, where he was
commissioned a judge in 177o. After his release, in 1776, he removed to Charleston. In 1780, he was
appointed a brigadier general to command the Loyalists of that province. His estate was confiscated in
1782, and not being allowed to remain in the province at the cl 1 nl to Nassau, New
Providence, where he died in 1813, at the age of seventy-four year-. The British government indemnified
him for his losses, and gave him a pension. His brother Patrick was deputy surveyor of the colony in
1769. He received the comn . under Robert, in 1780. His properly, also, was confis-
cated in 17*:.'. and at the close of the war he went to Florida. The South Carolina Legislature afterward
treated him leniently, and restored a part ol his property He was elected a member of the Legislature
bv his Tory friends. He died in 1794.
411 PICTORIAL FIEI.D-BOOK
Tory Faithlessness. Expedition against them Buttle at Mnsgrove's MilL
The treaty at Ninety-Six was soon violated by the Tories, when the Provincial Congress,
resolving no longer to rely upon words, sent a large body of militia and newly-raised regulars,
under Colonels Richardson' and Thomson,5 to apprehend the leaders of the party which
seized the powder, and to do all other things necessary to suppress the present and future
insurrections 3 They were joined by seven hundred militia from North Carolina, under
Colonels Thomas Polk and Griffith Rutherford, and two hundred and twenty regulars, com-
manded by Colonel James Martin. This was a wise step. It gave the Tories an exalted
idea of the strength of the friends of government, and entirely destroyed their organization
Colonel Richardson used his discretionary powers with mildness. The most obstinate lead-
ers were seized and carried to Charleston. Quiet was restored, and the Loyalists made no
demonstration of moment until after the reduction of Savannah, when a considerable party
arose in favor of the royal government, having for their leader Colonel Boyd, who had been
secretly employed by the British government to head the Tories. These were routed and
dispersed at Kettle Creek, while on their way to the British posts in Georgia. This event
will be noticed in detail hereafter. From that time until the British took possession of
Charleston, in 1780, the Tories remained rather quiet upon their plantations. On the
eighteenth of August, 1780, Colonel Williams (who was killed at King's Mountain a few
weeks afterward), with Colonels Shelby and Clarke, attacked quite a large body of British
under Colonel Iunis and Major Fraser, near Mnsgrove's Mill, upon the Ennoree River, in
the northeast corner of Laurens's District. Many Tories were collected there, and were
joined on the seventeenth by Innis and Fraser. The whole force was about three hundred
strong, and were encamped upon the south side of the river, where they commanded a bad,
rocky ford. The Americans, whose force was much less, took post upon the north side,
upon a small creek which empties into the Ennoree just below the Spartanburg line, about
two miles above Mnsgrove's Mill. It was agreed that Williams should have the chief
command. He drew up his little army in ambush, in a semicircle within a wood, and then
proceeded to entice his enemy across the river. For this purpose he took a few picked men,
appeared at the ford, and fired upon the enemy. The stratagem was successful. Innis
immediately crossed the lord to dislodge the "rebels." Williams and his party retreated,
hotly pursued by Innis until within the area of the patriot ambuscade, when a single shot
by Colonel Shelby gave the signal for attack. Willi a loud shout, the concealed Americans
arose, and within two minutes the Tories were completely surrounded. Colonel Innis was
slightly wounded, but with the larger part of his regulars he escaped. Major Fraser was
killed, with eighty-five others. Colonel Clary, the commander of the militia, escaped, but
1 Richard Richardson was a native of Virginia, where he was employed as a land-surveyor at the time
when Washington was engaged in the same pursuit. ' He afterward settled in old Craven county, in South
Carolina; and during the Indian horder wars, he commanded a regiment. As a representative in the
Provincial Congress of South Carolina, Colonel Richardson assisted in forming the first Republican Consti-
tution for that state. He was with General Lincoln in his Southern campaigns, and with that officer be-
came a prisoner at Charleston, at which time he was a brigadier. With others, he was sent to St. Augus-
tine, from whence he returned in September with a broken constitution, and soon died at his residence, near
Salisbury, in Sumter District, at the age of about seventy-six years. Soon after his death, Tarleton occu-
pied his house, and, believing the famih plate was buried with him, had his body disinterred. When he
was about leaving, that cruel man applied the torch to the house with his own hand, avowing his determ-
ination to make it the " funeral pile of the widow and her three young rebels." His son, James B., was aft-
erward governor of South Carolina. — Sec Johnson's Traditions, £c., page 158.
■ William Thomson was a native of Pennsylvania, and a relative of Charles Thomson, the secretary of
the Continental Congress. He was born about the year 1727, and, while a child, was taken to Orange-
burg District, in South Carolina He was a patriot, and was placed in command of the 3d regiment, called
the Rangers. With his regiment, he fought in the battle on Sullivan's Island in 1776. He was with Gen-
eral Howe in Georgia, and served under the command of D'Estaing at Savannah. He behaved gallantly.
and suffered much during the greater part of the war. At its close, he returned to his estate at Belleville.
near Fort Motte, mentioned on page 687, with shattered health and fortune. There he continued in the
pursuit of an indigo planter, which he began before the war, until 1796, when declining health induced him
to go to medicinal springs in Virginia. He died there on the twenty-second of November of that year,
ill the at:e of sixty-nine years.
a Instructions ol the Provincial Congress to Colonel Richardson.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
I I .".
Gathering of Troops t'y Sumter.
Ilia partisan Compatriots.
Attack upon WemyM at F.»h Dam Fori
most of his incn wore made prisoners. The Americana lost four men killed and i Q
wounded. After tliis victory, Williams, with the prisoners, encamped at the Cedar Spring,
in Spartanburg District, and from thence proceeded to Charlotte. Williams and Clarke
returned to the western frontier, and the prisoners, under Major Hammond, marched to Hills-
borough.
General Sumter,1 after his defeat at the mouth of the Fishing Creek, on the Catawba,
in August, 1780,a collected a small
volunteer force at Sugar Creek. Al-
though, when the tleleat ol dales at Camden
was effected, there was no regular army in the
field in South Carolina for three months, Sumter
with his volunteers, maintained a warfare, and
kept up the spirit of liberty upon the waters of
the Broad River and vicinity for a long time.
He crossed that stream, and by rapid marches
ranged the country watered by the Etllioree and
Tyger Rivers, in the neighborhood of the Broad
His men were all mounted. They would strike
a blow in one place to-day ; to-morrow, their
power would be felt far distant. Marion was en-
gaged, at the same time, in similar service in the
lower country ; while Clarke and Twiggs oT
Georgia, and Williams, Pickens, and others of
Ninety-Six, were equally active The utmost
vigilance of Com wallis, then at Winnsborough,
w.:> necessary to maintain a communication be-
tween his various posts. While Tarleton was
engaged in endeavors to find, liu'lit, and subdue
Swamp Fox," then making Ins valor felt on and near tin- banks of the San tee,
Cornwallis perceived the operations of Sumter with alarm. lie surmised (what was really
the fact) that Sumter designed to attack his fort at Ninety-Six ; he accordingly detached Ma-
jor Wemyss, a bold and active officer, to surprise the partisan, then on the east side of the
Broad Piiver, at Fish Dam Ford, in Chester District, fifty-three miles from Camden. Wemyss,
with a considerable force of well-mounted men, reached the vicinity on the evening of
the 11th of November." Fearing Sumter might be apprised of bis proximity before
morning, and cross the river, Wemyss resolved to attack bun at midnight, and immediately
formed his corps for battle. At about one o'clock in the morning, he rushed upon Sumter's
camp. That vigilant officer was prepared to receive him. Colonel Taylor, who commanded
Sumter's advanced guard, had taken particular precautions. The horses were all saddled
and bridled, ready to retreat or pursue, as circumstances might require. This preparation
astonished the British, for they believed their approach wras unknown. As soon as the) were
1 Thomas Sumter was one of the South Carolina patriots earliest in the field. Of his early life ami hab-
its very little is known. In March, 1776. he was a lieutenant colonel of a regiment of riflemen. ' After the
fall of Charleston, in 17S0, when a partisan warfare was carried on in the Carolina?, Sumter began to dis-
play those powers which made him so renowned. Governor Rutledue. pereeivini his iin'i,i~. pimtioted him
to brigadier of militia. His battles at Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock gave bim great eclat. He was
defeated by Tarleton at Fishing Creek, on th<" Catawba, just after the unfortunate battle near Camden.
With a few survivors, and other volunteers, he crossed the Broad River, ranged the districts upon its west-
ern hanks, and on the eighth of November, 1780, defeated Colonel Wemyss. who had attacked hi^ camp
He afterward defeated Tarleton at Blackstocks. Sumter was w ded. bul was able to take the field early
in February, 1781. While Greene was retreating before Cornwallis, Sumter, with Marion, was humbling
British garrisons in the lower country, lb ntinued in active service during the whole campaign ol 1781.
Ill health caused him to leave the army before the close of the war He served a long tune in the Con-
grcss c( the United States He died a: his residence at Statesbnrg. near Bradford Springs, in Sumter Dis-
trict, on the first of June. 1832, at the remarkable age of ninety-eight mi -
Mi', P I C T O R I A J. F I E I. D - B O O K
Defeat of Wemyss. Sumter pursued by Tarleton. Halt and Buttle at Blacketocks 8.
within rifle shot, Sumter gave a signal ; a deadly volley ensued, and twenty-three of the
enemy were laid dead upon the field. The British recoiled, but rallying in a moment, they
renewed the attack. A hot skirmish ensued, when the British gave way and retreated
precipitately, leaving their commander (who was wounded at the first attack), with many
slain and wounded comrades, upon the field. Major Wemyss was found the next morning,
bleeding profusely. The blood was stanched, and, notwithstanding he had been guilty of
various cruelties toward the Whigs, and in his pocket was a list of houses he had burned,
Sumter treated him kindly, and allowed him to go to Charleston on parole.
Sumter now prepared to cross the Broad River, for the purpose of effecting his design
upon Ninety-Six. He had agreed with Colonels Clarke, Twiggs, and others, from Georgia,
to join them on the west side of the Broad River, and proceed to invest that post. For the
purpose of covering this expedition, and deceiving the British, he first approached and men-
aced Camden, and then wheeling, by forced marches he crossed the Broad River and joined
Clarke and his associates between the Tyger and Ennoree. Sumter took the command ol
the whole, and had crossed the Ennoree, when he was intercepted by Tarleton. Cornwal-
lis, alarmed for the safety of Ninety-Six, had recalled that officer from the expedition against
Marion, and ordered him to proceed immediately in pursuit of Sumter. With his usual
celerity, Tarleton soon crossed the Broad River, and, pushing up the southern side of the
Ennoree, attempted to gain Sumter's rear. A deserter from the British infantry informed
that officer of the approach and design of Tarleton, and he immediately ordered a retreat.
Backward they turned, but so near was the enemy, that, while crossing the Ennoree, the
rear guard of the Americans were handled roughly by Tarleton's van. They escaped,
however, with a trifling loss. Sumter continued his retreat until he reached the plantation
of Blackstocks, on the southwest side of the Tyger River (in the extreme western part of
Union District), still closely pursued by Tarleton. That place appeared favorable for a
small force to do battle, and Sumter resolved there to face his pursuers, maintain his ground
during the day, if possible, and, if compelled to retreat, to cross the river at night. Tarleton
■ Nov "0 ^id not aPProacn as early as was apprehended, and it was near the close of the
1780. afternoon,3 when, with about four hundred of his command, he appeared near
Blackstocks's. He was in such haste to overtake Sumter before he should cross the Tyger,
that he pressed forward without waiting for the remainder of his force. He found the
Americans upon a hill near Blackstocks's house, ready for battle and determined to fight.
Major Jackson, of Georgia, who acted as Sumter's volunteer aid on that occasion, assisted
him essentially in the proper formation of his troops, and in directing their movements.
In Sumter's front was a very steep bank, with a small rivulet at its base, a fence, and
some brushwood. His rear, and part of his right flank, was upon Tyger River ; his left
was covered by a large log-barn. Tarleton took position upon an eminence near by, and,
believing the victory for himself quite sure, he leisurely prepared to attack the Americans,
as soon as the remainder of his command should arrive. When Sumter perceived that the
whole of Tarleton's force was not with him, he determined not to wait to be attacked, but to
act on the offensive. He issued his orders hastily, and in a few minutes his troops descend-
ed suddenly from the hill, and poured a well-directed fire upon the British. The latter met
the unexpected shock with great valor, and then rushed upon the American riflemen with
bayonets. These fell back in good order, when a reserve of riflemen, with a second volley,
slew many of the British, and repulsed the remainder. Tarleton, now observing the peril
of his little army, charged directly up the hill with his cavalry. The Americans stood firm,
and, making sure aim with their rifles, drove the cavalry back beyond the rivulet. Tarle-
ton, amazed at the result, drew off h is whole force, then, wheeling his cavalry, made a furi-
ous charge upon Sumter's left flank, where the hill was less precipitous. Here he was met
by a little band of one hundred and fifty Georgia militia, under Twiggs and Jackson, who,
like veterans of many wars, stood firm, and made a noble resistance for a long time,' until
1 Colonel (afterward General) James Jackson, in a letter to the late Mathew Carey, of Philadelphia,
written many years subsequent to the war (the original of which is in possession of H. C. Baird, Esq., of
0 F T H E R E V 0 L U T i O N. 117
Flight of Taileton. Sumter Wounded. His Retrcnt Thunka of Cougrcss. Pntriotic Women.
hoof, and saber, and pistol, bore too hard upon them, and they gave way. At that moment,
the rifles of a reserve, under Colonel Winn, and a sharp tire from the log-barn, decided the
day. Tarlelon Bed, leaving nearly two hundred upon the Geld. Of these, more than ninety
were killed, and nearly one hundred wounded. The Americana lost only three killed and
five wounded. Among the latter was General Sumter, who received a ball in his breast
early in the action, and was taken to the rear, when Colonel Twiggs assumed the command.
Though Sumter's wound was severe, and kept him iron) the field for several months after-
ward, it did not completely disable him at the time. Without waiting lor the remainder
of Tarleton's force to come up, Sumter, as soon as he had buried the dead, and made the
wounded of the enemy as comfortable as possible, forded the swift-flowing Tyger, bearing his
wounded on litters, and continued his retreat to the eastern side of the Broad River, where
a large portion of his followers separated, some to go home, others to join new commanders.
He proceeded into North Carolina, and remained there until his wounds were healed. The
Georgians turned westward, and marched along the base of the mountains toward Ninety-
Six. The valorous achievements of Sumter (several more of which will be noticed in detail
hereafter) during the campaign of 17s0 acquired for him the title of the Carolina Game-
cock. Cornwallis was obliged to speak of him as the most troublesome ot his enemies.
On the thirteenth of January, 1 7 1> 1 , Congress passed a very complimentary resolution of
thanks to him and his men, in the preamble of which, his victory at Hanging Rock, and
his defeat of Wemvss and Tarleton, are particularly mentioned.' With these latter events
ended all the important military operations westward of the Broad River, and north of the
Saluda.'
The day is waning ; let us cross the Eswawpuddenah, and resume our journey.
Philadelphia|. says, "General Sumter was wounded early in the action, and retired. Colonel (now Gen-
eral) Twig»s and myself fought the enemy three hours after this, and defeated them totally, bringing till
upward of thirty dragoon horses." ' Journals of Congrets, vii., 14.
■ Tradition has preserved many thrilling accounts of the sufferings, self-sacrfiiee, and great courage ol
the women westward of the Broad River. The gentle maiden and the rough woodsman were taught in
the same school of rude experience, and imbibed from the events of daily life a spirit of self-reliance seldom
seen in more refined society. Among the heroines of this region. Sarah Dillard, of Spartanburg District.
mentioned on page 424, and Dicey Langston, of Laurens District, were among the most conspicuous. Of
the latter, Mrs. Ellet, in her admirable sketches of Women of the Revolution, has recorded many interesting
les. One of these will suffice to illustrate the courage of this young girl — a noble type of her class.
Her father was infirm ; her brothers were abroad ; and Dicey, then only sixteen, was her father's chief com-
panion and solace. A Tory band, called the Bloody Scout, under the notorious Bill Cunningham, spread
terror over that lonelv region ; and the known patriotism of Dicey often jeoparded the life and property ol
her father. On one occasion, she learned that the Scout were about to fall upon a settlement beyond the
Tyger, where her brothers dwelt. She resolved to save them. At night and alone, she crossed the Eu-
noree and hastened to the banks of the Tyger. It was swollen, yet she did not recoil from the dangei
The blackness of midnight was upon the land, yet she went boldly into the stream, Neck deep in the chan-
nel, she became confused, and did not know which way to go. God led her to the northern bank; and.
like an angel of mercy, she sped to the settlement. When the Bloody Scout reached there the next day.
no man was to be found.
Mi-s Langston married Thomas Springfield, of Greenville, South Carolina, where many of her descend-
ants are still living. She died only a few years ago. Mrs. Thomas, Mrs. Simms, Mrs. Olterson, Miss
Jackson. Mrs. Potter, and other less conspicuous of the women west of the Broad River, were copatrioti
with Dicey Langston. Of these, Mrs. Eliet has made many interesting records.
I IS
Cherokee Ford.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Romantic Mountain Gorge.
Passagu of King'u Creek.
CHAPTER XVII.
'* Ours are no hirelings train'd to the fight,
With cymbal ami clarion, all glittering and bright :
No prancing of chargers, no martial display ;
No war-trump is heard from our silent array.
O'er the proud heads of freemen our star-banner waves ;
Men. firm as their mountains, and still as their graves.
To-morrow shall pour out their life-blood like rain :
We come back in triumph, or come not again !" — T. Gray.
T noon I crossed the Broad River at the Cherokee Ford, and turning to
the southeast, pressed on toward Yorkville and the interesting fields of
conflict beyond, near the waters of the Catawba and its surname, the
Wateree, where the chivalrous partisans of the South, scorning the Deli-
lah lap of ease, retained their strength and battled manfully with the
Philistines of the crown. The river at the ford is about eight hundred
yards wide, and upon the firm pathway, which has been constructed at considerable expense,
the average depth of
watei did not exceed
one foot. Unless the
river is much swollen.
the ford is perfectly safe.
A strong dam, owned by
the proprietors of the
iron-works, crosses the
river an eighth of a mile
above ; and so shallow
and rapid is the current,
and so rocky the bed of
the river, lor many miles
in this vicinity, that it
is quite unnavigable, ex-
cept in a few places.
Soon after leaving the
ford, I passed through a
gorge of a spur of King's
Mountain, which here
comes down in a precip
itous ridge to the Broad
River. The scenery
within this gorge was
the most romantic I had
observed in the South-
View at the Cherokee Ford.1
ern country. From a ravine, just wide enough for the passage of a small stream and the
high-way, the hills rise almost perpendicularly to a -
considerable altitude. They were covered with the
various evergreens which give beauty to Southern for-
ests in winter ; and from the fissures of the rocks,
where the water-fountains were bursting forth, hund-
reds of icicles were glittering in prismatic beauty
wherever the sun shed its rays upon them. It was
truly a gorgeous scene. Along this sinuous mountain
stream, rock-bound on either side, the road continued
to an iron establishment, where it ascends the steep
margins of the hills, presenting a surface of deep adhe-
sive red earth. Descending the eastern side of the |
eminence, I crossed King's Creek, a dozen miles below
the place where I passed it two days before when on
my way to the Cowpens. Soon again I was among the
rough hills, and so bad was the road, that at sunset I
had traveled only ten miles from the Cherokee Ford. Mountain Gorge near the Cherokee Ford
1 This view is from the cast bank of the river. Toward the oxtreme right is seen the dam, mjde tc.
supply water-power for the iron-works delineated toward the left of the picture. The fording-place. which
crosses a small island in the middle of the stream, is indicated by the slight fall toward the left.
OF THE REVOLUTION ,,.,
A Ni_;ht on the Mountains. Contentment. Mule Driving. Yorkville. Catawba Indians
I discovered that the temporary repairs of my wagon had not heen sufficient to withstand
the rough usage of the way, and that more thorough work was necessary before I could
pursue my journey with safety. Yorkville, the nearest place in advance where a smith
could be lound, was fourteen miles distant, so I was compelled to halt tor the night at a
small log-house, of forbidding aspect, among the mountains. The food and shelter was ol
the plainest kind imaginable. There was no "light in the dwelling," except the blaze ot
pine wood upon the hearth, and I wrote a letter by the glare of a resinous knot, brought
from the " wood pile" for the purpose Lying in bed, I could count the stars at the zenith
while the open floor below afforded such ample ventilation, that my buffalo robe, wrapped
around me, was not uncomfortable on that keen frosty night. But generous, open-handed
hospitality was in that humble cabin, which made amends for trilling discomforts, and 1
felt satisfied.
" Out upon the calf, I say, " Our hungry eyes may fondly wish
Who turns his grumbling head away, To revel amid flesh and fish,
And quarrels with his feed "I hay, And gloat upon the silver dish
Because it i? not clover. That holds a golden plover
Give to me the happy mind, Yet if our table he but spread
That will ever seek and find With bacon and with hot corn-bread,
Something fair and something kind, Be thankful if we're always fed
All the wide world over." As well, the wide world over.'
Unwilling to risk a journey to Yorkville in my broken buggy, I hired a team of mules
and a lumber-wagon from my host, to convey myself and baggage thither ; and placing Char-
ley and the vehicle iu charge of his son, a lad of fourteen years, we started lor the distant
village at daybreak the next morning. All the way over that rough road I had practiea
evidence that mules are, like facts, "stubborn things." I was furnished with a hickon
goad as long as an angler's rod, and with this I labored faithfully, full half of the way, to
whip the annuals into a trot where a level space occurred. But I made no visible impres-
sion ; walk they Would, until they reached the brow of a hill, when they would descend with
the vehemence of the swine of old, who, filled with devils, ran down into the sea. Down
three long hills, rocky and gullied, they ran, while my energies were fully occupied in pull-
ing at the reins with one hand, and securing my seat upon a loose board, covered with a
sheepskin, with the other. I reached Yorkville in safety at a little past meridian, resolved
never again to play postillion with mules or donkeys, whether biped or quadruped.
Yorkville, the capital of York District, in .South Carolina, almost two hundred miles from
Charleston, is a very pleasant village of about eight hundred inhabitants, situated in tin
midst of a high plain, on the dividing-ridge between the waters of the Broad and Catawba
Rivers. Sheltered from the northwest winds by the mountains, the climate is mild in win-
ter ; elevated far above the low country of the Carolinas, it is salubrious in summer. The
streets of the village are regularly laid out, and adorned with beautiful Pride of India trees
filled, when I was there, with clusters of fruit. I saw some elegant mansions ; and in tin
gardens, fine palmettoes, the first I had seen, were growing. I passed the Sabbath pleas-
antly in Yorkville, and left it early on Monday morning, with the impression that not a
lovelier village flourishes in the " upper country" of the South. Leaving the great higbwav
to Columbia on the right, J traversed the more private road? iu the direction of the Catawba,
to visit the scenes of valor and suffering in the vicinity of that stream. The weather was
fine, and the roads generally good. Soon after leaving Yorkville, I passed through a part ol
the Catawba reservation, a narrow tract of land on the Catawba River, near the southeast
comer of Yorkville District. The Catawba tribe, once so powerful, have dwindled down t.
the merest remnant. Tor their general adherence to the patriots during the Revolution, the\
have always received the fostering care of the state. Their number now does no) exceed one
hundred, and in a few years that once great rival tribe of the Five Nations will be extinct
So the aborigines pass away, and the few survivors iu our land may chant iu sorrow,
: The Catawbas spoke a language different from any of the surrounding tribes. They inhabited thi
II. I- r
150 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Fishing Creek and its Associations. Generous Hospitality. Petition of a Catawba Indian.
"We, the rightful lords of yore,
Are the rightful lords no more;
Like the silver mist, we fail,
Like the red leaves in the gale —
Fail, like shadows, when the dawning
Waves the bright flag of the morning.''
. J. M'Lellan, Junior.
" I will go to my tent and lie down in despair;
I will paint me with black, and will sever my hair;
I will sit on the shore when the hurricane blows,
And reveal to the God of the tempest my woes;
I will weep for a season, on bitterness fed,
For my kindred are gone to the hills of the dead ;
But they died not of hunger, or lingering decay —
The hand of the white man hath swept them away !"
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft.
I crossed the Fishing Creek at sunset ; and at the house of a young planter, a mile be-
yond, passed the night. There I experienced hospitality in its fullest degree. The young
husbandman had just begun business life for himself, and, with his wife and " wee bairn,"
occupied a modest house, with only one room. I was not aware of the extent of their ac-
commodations when I asked for a night's entertainment, and the request was promptly com-
plied with. It made no difference to them, for they had two beds in the room, and needed
but one for themselves ; the other was at my service. The young man was very intelli-
gent and inquiring, and midnight found us in pleasant conversation. He would accept no
compensation in the morning ; and I left his humble dwelling full of reverence for that gen-
erous and unsuspecting hospitality of Carolina, where the people will give a stranger lodg-
ings even in their own bedrooms, rather than turn him from their doors.
" Plain and artless her sons ; but whose doors open faster
At the knock of the stranger or the tale of disaster ?
How like to the rudeness of their dear native mountains,
With rich ore in their bosoms, and life in their fountains;"
Gaston.
My journey of a day from Fishing Creek to Rocky Mount, on the Catawba, was delight-
ful. The winter air1 was like the breath of late April in New England ; and the
» Jan. Id, # i o '
is-13- roads, passing through a picturesque country, were generally good. Almost every
plantation, too, is clustered with Revolutionary associations ; for this region, like Westchester
eountv, in New York, was the scene of continual partisan movements, skirmishes, and cruel-
ties, during the last three years of the war. Near the mouth of the Fishing Creek (which
empties into the Catawba two miles above the Great Falls), Sumter suffered defeat, after
partial success at Rocky Mount below ; and down through Chester, Fairfield, and Richland,
too, Whigs and Tories battled fearfully for territorial possession, plunder, and personal re-
country south of the Tuscaroras, and adjoining the Cherokees. In 1672, the Shawnees made settlements
in their country, but were speedily driven away. In 1712. they were the allies ofthe white people against
the Corees and Tuscaroras ; but in 1715, they joined the other tribes in a confederacy against the Southern
colonies. In 1760, thev were auxiliaries of the Carolinians against the Cherokees, and ever afterward were
the friends ofthe white people. Their chief village was on the Catawba, twenty-four miles from Yorkville.
The following eloquent petition of Peter Harris, a Catawba warrior during the Revolution, is preserved
among the colonial records at Columbia, in South Carolina. The petition is dated 1822 :
" 1 am one of the lingering survivors of an almost extinguished race. Our graves will soon be our only
habitations. I am one ofthe few suilks that still remain in the field where the tempest of the Revolution
has passed. I fought against the British for your sake. The British have disappeared, and you are free ;
vet from me have the British took nothing; nor have I gained any thing by their defeat. 1 pursued the
leer lor subsistence ; the deer are disappearing, and I must starve. God ordained me for the forest, and
my ambition is the shade. But the strength of my arm decays, and my feet fail me in the chase. The
hand which fought for your liberties is now open lor your relief. In my youth I bled in battle, that you
night be independent; let not my heart in my old age bleed for the want of your commiseration."
This petition was not unheeded ; the Legislature of South Carolina granted the old warrior an annuity
of sixty dollars.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
151
Greal Folia of the Catawba.
Mount Dearborn.
Cotton Factory.
Hocky Mount and its Association*.
venge. Some of these scenes will be noticed presently. Turning to the left at Beckham-
ville.' I traversed a rough and sinuous road down to the banks of the Catawba, just below
the Great Falls. Here yet remain the foundations of a projected United States military
establishment, to be called Mount
Dearborn, which was abandoned ;
and upon the brink of the foaming
waters stands a cotton-mill, the prop-
erty of Daniel M'Cullock, operated by
white hands, and devoted chiefly to
the production of cotton-yarns. At
this place, in the midst of a fine cot-
ton-growing country, almost inex-
haustible water-power invites capi-
tal and enterprise to seek good in-
vestment, and confer substantial ben-
efit upon the state. The place is
wild and romantic. Almost the
whole volume of the river is here
compressed by a rugged island into
a narrow channel, between steep,
rocky shores, fissured and fragment-
ed, as if by some powerful convulsion.
There are no perpendicular falls; but down a rocky bed the river tumbles in mingled rap-
ids and cascades, roaring and foaming, and then subsides into comparative calmness in a
basin below.
It was late in the afternoon when I finished my sketch of the Falls, and leaving Mount
Dearborn, crossed R.ock Creek and reined up in front of the elegant mansion of Mrs. Bark-
ley, at Rocky Mount. Her dwelling, where refined hospitality bore rule, is beautifully sit-
uated upon an eminence overlooking the Catawba and the surrounding country, and within
a few rods of the remains of the old village and the battle-ground. Surrounded by gardens
and ornamental trees, it must be a delightful summer residence. Yet there was grief In
that dwelling and the habiliments of mourning indicated the ravages of death. The hus-
band and father had been an honored member of the Legislature of South Carolina, ami
View of the Great Falls of the Catawba.3
1 Here was the scene of exciting events during the early part of the summer of 1780. Rocky M I
was made a royal post. Captain Houseman, the commander, sent forth band-bills, calling the inhabitants to-
gether in an ''old field,'" where Beckhamville post-office now stands, to receive protection and acknou ledge
allegiance to the crown. One aged patriot, like another Tell, refused to bow to the cap of this tiny Ges-
ler. That patriot was Joseph (iaston, who lived upon the Fishing Creek, near the Catawba. In vain
Houseman, who went to his residence with an armed escort, pleaded with and menaced the patriot. His
reply was, " Never !" and as soon as the British captain bad turned his back, he sent his sons out to ask the
brave among his neighbors to meet at his house that ninht. Under Captain John M'Clure, thirty-three de-
termined men were at Judge Gaston's at midnight. They were clad in bunting-shirts and moccasins, wool
hats and deer-skin caps, each armed with a butcher-knife and a rifle. Early in the morning, they pre-
pared for the business of the day. Silently they crept along the old Indian trail by the margin of llif creek,
and suddenly, with a fearful shout, surrounded and discomfited the assembled Tories upon the "old field.'
at Beckhamville. The British soldiers in attendance fled precipitately to their quarters at Rocky .Mount.
Filled with rage, Houseman sent a party to bring the hoary-headed patriot, then eighty years of :iLre, to his
quarters : but they found his dwelling deserted. His wile, i en lei I in some hushes near, saw them plun-
der the house of every thing, and carry off the stock from the plantation. Nothing was left but the family
Bible — a precious relic, yet preserved in the family.
This movement of Justice Gaston and his neighbors was the first effort to cast back the wave of British
rule which was sweeping over the state, and threatening to submerge all opposition east of the mountains.
Judge Gaston had nine sons in the army. When they heard of the massacre of the patriots on the Wax-
haw, by Tarleton, these young men joined hands, pledged themselves thenceforth never to submit to op-
pression, and from that time they all bore arms in defense of liberty. — See Mrs. Ellen's Domcstu History
of the Revolution, panes 169—174, inclusive.
' This view is from the west side of the Catawba, looking northeast, toward Lancaster District.
I 5 '
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
A Ni^lit at Rocky Mount.
The Battle-ground.
Sumter Again in Arms.
His Compatriots.
111 the midst of his useful public life he was thrown from his gig anil killed. Yet the light
of hospitality was not extinguished there, and I shall long remember, with pleasure, the
night I passed at Rooky Mount. Accompanied by Mrs. Barkley's three daughters, and a
young planter from
'over the river,"
I visited the battle-
ground before sun-
set, examined the
particular localities
indicated by the fin-
ger of tradition, and
sketched the accom-
panying view of the
principal place of
conflict. Here, in
the porch, sitting
with this interesting household in the golden gleams of the declining sun, let us open the
clasped volume of history, and read a brief but brilliant page.
Almost simultaneously, three distinguished partisans of the South appeared conspicuous.
., ,„ after the fall of Charleston ;«• Marion, between the Pedee and Santee ; Sumter,
neo.' upon the Catawba and Broad Rivers; and Pickens, in the vicinity of the Saluda
and Savannah Rivers. With the surrender of Charleston, the hopes of the South Car-
olina patriots withered ; and so complete was the subjugation of the state by the royal
arms, that on the fourth of June, Sir Henry Clinton wrote to the ministry, " I may venture
to assert that there are few men in South Carolina who are not either our prisoners or in
arms with us." Many unsubdued patriots sought shelter in North Carolina, and others
went up toward the mountains and gathered the cowed Whigs into bands to avenge the
insults of their Tory oppressors. Early in July, Sumter (who had taken refuge in Meck-
lenburg), with a few chosen patriots who gathered around him, returned to South Carolina.
" Catawba's waters smiled again
To see her Sumter's soul in arms ;
And issuing from each glade and glen.
Rekindled by war's fierce alarms,
Thronged hundreds through the solitude
Of the wild forest, to the call
Of him whose spirit, unsubdued,
Fresh impulse gave to each, to all.
J. W. Simmons.
Already Whigs between the Catawba and Broad Rivers, led by Bratton, M'Clure, Moffit.
Winn,2 and others, had smitten the enemy at different points. The first blow, struck at
Beckhamville, is noticed on the preceding page. To crush these patriots and to band the
1 This view is from the garden-gate at Mrs. Barkley's, looking northeast. On the left is seen part of a
store-house, and on the right, just beyond the post with a pigeon-house, is a hollow, within which are the
remains of houses. At the foot of the hill may still he seen the foundations of the house mentioned in the
lext a- having been occupied hv the British when attacked by Sumter. The small log buildings across
the center, occupying the slope where the conflict occurred, are servants' houses.
- Richard Winn was a native of Virginia. He entered the service early, and in 1775 was commission;
ed the first lieutenant of the Soiuh Carolina rangers. He served under Colonel William Thomson, in Gen-
eral Richardson's expedition against the Tories, in the winter of that year. He had been with Thomson
in the battle on Sullivan's Island. He afterward served in Georgia, and was in command of Fort M'Intosh,
on the Ill side of the Saniilla River. He was subsequent!} promoted to colonel, and commanded the
militia ol Fairfield District. He was with Sumter at Hanging Rock, where be was wounded. He was
active during the remainder of the war, and at the conclusion, was appointed a brigadier, and finally a ma-
jor general of militia. He represented bis district in Congress from 1793 to 1802. He removed to Ten-
nessee in 1812, and died soon afterward. Winnsborongh, the present seat of justice of Fairfield District.
was so named in his honor, when he was colonel of that district in 1779.
OF THE REVOLUTION. ].,;;
Skirmish at Molley's Meeting house. Expeditions of Huck and Cunningham. Their Defeat.
Loyalists, marauding parties, chiefly Tories, were sent out. At Mobley's meeting-house, on
t he banks of Little River, in Fairfield District, a party of these men were collected just after
the atlair at Beckhamville.1 Around them were gathering the Tories of the dis-
trict, when Captains Bratton and M'Clure fell upon and dispersed them. This
disaster, following closely upon the other, alarmed the commander at Rocky Mount, and he
sent out Captain Christian Huck, a profane, unprincipled man,' with four hundred cavalrv.
and a body of well-mounted Tories, to ■« push the rebels as far as he might deem convenient
He executed his orders with alacrity. At one time he destroyed Colonel Hill's iron-works ;
at another he burned the dwelling of the Reverend William Simpson, of the Fishino- Creek
church, and murdered an unoffending young man on Sunday morning, while on his way '"
the meeting-house, with his Bible in his hand. He hated Presbyterians bitterly, and made
them sutler when he could. Loaded with the spoils of plunder, Iluck fell back to Rocky
Mount, and prepared for other depredations.
About this lime, Bill Cunningham and Ins " Bloody Scout" were spreading terror in Un-
ion and Spartanburg Districts, and also south of the Enuoree. Against this monster, John
M'Clure was dispatched. He chased him across Union District, and almost thirty mih".
further toward Ninety-Six. Four of the scout were captured, and carried in triumph into
Sumter's camp, on the Waxhaw ; their leader barely escaped.
Sumter was now gathering bis little army, and Huck proceeded to execute his commission
as speedily as possible, before the newly-made brigadier should approach. He encamped
upon the plantation of James Williamson3 (now Brattonville), and there passed the night
of the eleventh of July. b At a little past midnight, Colonel Neil and the companies
of Captains Bratton and M'Clure came down from Sumter's camp, in Mecklenburg,
and cautiously approached the sleeping enemy in his encampment, which was in the middle
of a lane. At dawn,c they entered each end of the lane, and fell upon Huck's party
with fury. The surprise was complete, and for an hour a fierce battle ensued, when
Huck, with Colonel Ferguson of the Tory militia, was killed, and his party dispersed. The
whole patriot force was only one hundred and thirty-three men. MClure and his party,
well mounted, pursued the fugitives almost to Rocky Mount, and within four hours the army
of Huck was as completely dissolved as if they had never seen each other. Colonel Neil
lost only one of his command.
The defeat of Huck bad an important bearing upon the future condition of the state. It
encouraged the Whigs, and many joined the standard of Sumter ; while the Tories, abashed,
were fearful and silent. Strengthened by daily recruits, until he had more than six hund-
red men under his command, Sumter determined to attack the royal post at Rocky Mount
The massacre of Buford's command on the Waxhaw, m May,'' had fired the
Whigs with a desire for revenge ; and Sumter felt strong enough to attack a force
known to be a third larger than his own. The post at Rocky Mount was now commanded
by Lieutenant Colonel Turnbull, with a small garrison, consisting of one hundred and fifty
New York volunteers, and some South Carolina militia. These were stationed principally
in three buildings, upon a slope surrounded by a ditch and abatis, and encircled by an open
wood .
On the thirtieth of July, c Sumter left Major Davie's camp, at the parting of the
roads for R.ocky Mount and Landsford, and crossing the Catawba at Blair's Ford,
1 Huck had often been heard to say, says Ramsay (ii., 136), that 1: God Almighty was turned rebel ; bin
that If there were twenty Gods on their side, they should all be conquered."
* The house of Colonel Bratton was only half a mile ihstant from Williamson's. There Huck had lir~i
halted, and rudely demanded of Colonel Bratton's wife where her husband was. " In Sumter's army," was
her prompt reply. Huck tried to win her to the royal cause, or force her, by menaces, to disclose the place
of her husband's retreat. She firmly refused all compliance, even when a sharp reaping-hook was at her
throat, in the hands of a brutal soldier. This courageous act of Mrs. Bratton i* still remembered with rev-
erence in that section : and as late as 1839, a toast, complimentary of ihe " fortitude of Martha Bratton,
was given at the anniversary of Huek's* defeat. — See Mrs. Ellel's Women of the Revolution, i., 237.
* This name is spelled hy different authors. Huyck. lluek ami Hucke
l54 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Pumtcr's unsuccessful Battle at Rocky Mount. His Success at Wateree Ford. His Defeat at Fishing Creek.
proceeded cautiously, but swiftly, toward Rocky Mount. Davie, in the mean while, was to
attack the outposts of the British camp at Hanging Rock, east of the Catawba, twelve miles
distant. Sumter was accompanied by Colonels Neil, Irvine, and Lacy,' and Captain M'Clure
and some of the Gastons. At an early hour of the day, he appeared with his whole force
upon the crown of the hill now occupied by the servants' houses of Mrs. Barkley The
British commander, warned of his approach by a Tory, was prepared to receive him, and
though the Americans poured severe volleys upon the fortification (if it might be called one),
they produced hut little eilect. Having no artillery, they resorted to means for dislodging
the enemy, seldom used in war. Leaping the abatis after three assaults, they drove the
garrison into the houses. These, according to Mr. M'Elwecs, who was in the engagement
(mentioned on page 4 29), were situated near the bottom of the slope, and were composed
of logs. They first attempted to set them on fire by casting burning fagots upon them.
Not succeeding in this, an old wagon was procured, and upon it was placed a quantity ol
diy brush and straw taken from the abatis. These were ignited, and then rolled down
against the houses. The British, perceiving their danger, hoisted a flag. Supposing they
intended to surrender, Sumter ordered the firing to cease. At that moment a shower of
rain extinguished the flames, and the enemy defied him. Having no other means at hand
to dislodge or seriously injure the garrison, Sumter withdrew, first to the north side of Fish-
ing Creek, near the Catawba (where he was surprised eighteen days afterward), and then
to Landsford, where he crossed the river. Seven daysa afterward, he was bat-
i August, J
l>" tling with the enemy at Hanging Rock. Early in the action, in front of the
abatis, the gallant Colonel Neil was slain, with two other white men and a Catawba In-
dian. Sumter had ten wounded, also. The British lost ten killed, and an equal number
wounded.
On the seventh of August Sumter attacked a British post on Hanging Creek, an event
which we shall consider presently Immediately after that engagement, he recrossed the
Catawba. In the mean while, General Gates, with his army, had arrived in the neighbor-
hood. Advised by Sumter that a British detachment, with stores for the main army at
Camden, was on its way from Ninety-Six, Gates ordered that officer to intercept it,"
and detached to his aid one hundred infantry and a company of artillery of the
Maryland line, and three hundred North Carolina militia, all under the command of Lieu-
tenant-colonel Woodford, of Virginia. They captured a redoubt at the Wateree Ford, in
Fairfield District, and, intercepting the escort from Ninety-Six, they secured forty-four wagon
loads of stores and clothing, with a number of prisoners. On the seventeenth, Sumter was
informed of the defeat of Gates, near Camden. Continuing up the Catawba (here called
Wateree), he managed to elude the pursuit ol' Colonel Turnbull, whom Cornwallis had sent
after him, and, on the eighteenth, encamped at the Fishing Creek, near the Catawba, a lit-
tle above the Great Falls. Here he determined to allow his wearied troops to repose.
But a more vigilant and active foe than Turnbull was upon his trail. Cornwallis, anxious
to capture Sumter, dispatched Tarleton to overtake and smite him. With one hundred
dragoons and sixty mounted light infantry, that officer pressed forward, without halting, in
pursuit of his prey. Crossing the Catawba at Rocky Ford, he got into the rear of Sumter,
and fell upon his camp while resting, the patriot leader having had no intimation of his ap-
proach. The Americans were routed, with great slaughter. More than fifty were killed,
and three hundred were made prisoners. All the stores, clothing, and prisoners, captured
by Sumter on the fifteenth, fell into Tarleton's hands. This blow laid South Carolina in
submission at the feet of the royal troops, none but Marion, the wily " Swamp Fox," and
a few followers, remaining in arms against the king. The subsequent organization of a
' Colonel Lucy was one of the most resolute and sturdy patriots of South Carolina. It is related that
when the Americans were pursuing Huck, Lacy sent a small party to secure his own father, who was a
Tory, and prevent Ins giving information to that marauder. Lacy was a man of great personal strength,
ami was a general favorite with the people. He was one of the most active participators in the action on
King's Mountain.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
455
Passage of the Catawba.
Appearance of the Road.
Old Slave at Hanging Rock
APPEARANCE OF THE ROAD.
force under Sumter, his exploits west of the Broad River, and also the important events
which followed the assumption, bv Greene, of the command of the Southern army, have
been detailed in former chapters.
I left the family of Mrs. Bark-
ley with real regret, on the morn-
ing after ray arrival, and, pursuing
a crooked, steep, and rough road
down to the brink of the river,
crossed the Catawba upon a ba-
teau, at Rocky Mount Ferry, just
below the Falls at the mouth of
Rocky Mount Creek. The scen-
ery here, and liir some miles on
iN\ my road toward Hanging Rock,
my next point of destination, was
highly picturesque. 1 was ap-
proaching the verge of the Low-
lands, the apparent shore of the
ancient ocean, along which are
strewn huge bowlders — chiefly
conglomerates — the mighty peb-
bles cast upon the beach, when, perhaps, the mammoth and the mastadon slaked their thirst
in the waters of the Catawba and the Eswawpuddenah. For several
miles the road passed among the erratic rocks and curiously-shaped con-
glomerates. When within three miles of Hanging Rock, I passed the
celebrated Anvil Rock, one of the remarkable curiosities of the South.
It stands alone, on the north side of the road, and is, indeed, a curiosity.
It appears to be a concretion of the soil around, being composed of pre-
cisely similar material ; or the soil may be disintegrated rocks of a sim-
ilar character. In its sides are cavities from which large pebbles have
apparently fallen, and also furrows as if made by rains. Its height above
the ground is about twelve feet ; its form suggested its name.
I reached the Lancaster and Camden high-way at noon, and, on inquiry, ascertained that
the celebrated Hanging Rock, near which Sumter and his companions fought a desperate
battle, was about a mile and a half eastward. Thither I went immediately, notwithstand-
ing the temptation of a good dinner, freely offered, was before me, for I desired to get as far
on toward Camden, that night, as possible. The roads were now generally sandy, and in
many places soft and difficult to travel, making progress slow. Along a by-road, across the
high rolling plain upon which (at Coles's Old Field) tradition avers the hottest of the bat-
tle was fought, I rode to the brow of a deep narrow valley, through which courses Hang-
ing Rock Creek, one of the head waters of Lynch's Creek, the western branch of the Great
Pedee. The mingled sound of falling waters and grinding mill-stones came up from the
deep furrow, while from a small cabin by the road side, upon the verge of the steep bank.
I heard a broken melody. Alighting, I entered the cabin, and there sat an aged negro
dining upon hoe-cake and bacon, and humming a refrain. He was the miller. His hair
was as white with the frost of years, as his coarse garb was with flour. To my question
respecting his family, he said, shaking his bowed head, " Ah, massa ! I lives all alone now ;
tree years ago (ley sole my wife, and she's gone to Mississippi. Hab to bake my own hoe-
cake now. But neber mind ; needn't work 'less I'm a mind too ; 'nough to eat, and pretty
soon I die ?" He told me that he was more than eighty years old, and remembered seeing
'• de red coats scamper when Massa Sumter and .Tacky MClure pitched into 'em." Point-
ing to the celebrated Hanging Rock upon the opposite side of the stream, " Dar," he said.
•■ a heap o' red coats sleep de night afore de battle, and dar I hid de night arter." From
Anvil Rock.
1 56
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Hanging Rock.
Disposition of Troops there.
Preliminary Skirmish.
Sumter's Attack
>
the venerable slave, whose memory appeared unclouded, I learned the location of several
Doints mentioned in the accounts of the engagement.
Leaving Charley to dine upon the verge of the stream, I proceeded to Hanging Rock, of
whose immensity I had heard frequent mention.
It is a huge conglomerate bowlder, twenty or thir-
ty feet in diameter, lying upon the verge of the
high east bank of the creek, nearly a hundred feet
above the stream. Around it are several smaller
bowlders of the same materials. It is shelving
toward the bank, its concavity being in the form
of the quarter of an orange paring, and capacious
enough to shelter fifty men from rain. Beneath
its canopy, let us turn to the record of history.
Near the Hanging Rock, on the western bank
of the creek, Lord Rawdon, the British commander
in that section, had established a post, which was
garrisoned by the infantry of Tarleton's legion, part
of Brown's corps of South Carolina and Georgia
Provincials, and Colonel Bryan's North Carolina
Loyalists ; the whole were under the command of
Major Carden, with the Prince of Wales's American regiment,
number about five hundred. The greater portion were Loyalists,
the remainder were regulars. In the formation of the camp, the reg-
ulars were on the right ; a part of the British legion and Hamilton's
regiment in the center ; and Bryan's corps and other Loyalists some
distance on the left. Hanging Rock Creek being in the rear. As we
have seen (page 660), Major Davie proceeded to an attack upon this
post, simultaneously with Sumter's assault on Rocky Mount. Davie, with
his cavalry, and some Mecklenburg militia, under Colonel Higgins, marched
toward Hanging Rock. As he approached, he was informed that three
companies of Bryan's Loyalists, returning from a foraging excursion, were
encamped at a farm-house. He fell upon them with vigor, in front and rear, and all but a
lew of them were either killed or wounded. The spoils of this victory were sixty horses
with their trappings, and one hundred muskets and rifles. This disaster made the garri-
son exceedingly vigilant.
We have observed that after the assault on Rocky Mount, Sumter crossed the Catawba,
6 and proceeded toward Hanging Rock.a He marched early in the morning cautiously,
"80. and approached the British camp in three divisions, with the intention of falling
upon the main body, stationed upon the plain at Coles's Old Field. The right was com-
posed of Davie's corps and some volunteers, under Major Bryan ; the center, of Colonel Ir-
win's Mecklenburg militia ; and the left, of South Carolina regulars, under Colonel Hill,
Through the error of his guides, Sumter came first upon Bryan's corps, on the verge of the
western bank of the creek, near the Great Rock, half a mile from the British camp. Ir-
win made the first attack. The Tories soon yielded and fled toward the main body, many
of them throwing away their arms without discharging them. These the Americans seized ;
and, pursuing this advantage, Sumter next fell upon Brown's corps, which, being on the alert,
poured a heavy fire upon him from a wood. They also received him with the bayonet. A
fierce conflict ensued, and for a while the issue was doubtful. The riflemen, with sure aim,
soon cut of! almost all of Brown's officers and many of his soldiers ; and at length his corps
yielded and dispersed in confusion. The arms and ammunition procured from the vanquished
were of great service, for when the action commenced, Sumter's men had not two rounds
each '
Hanging Rock.
Mrs. Ellct relates a circumstance which has some interest in this connection. Colonel Thomas, oi
OF THE REVOLUTION I 57
Sumter's 6nal Blow. Vut,,ry lost by Intemperance. Sumter's Retreat. The Loss. Captain M'Clare.
Now was the moment to strike for decisive victory ; it was lost by the criminal indulg-
ence of Sumter's men in plundering the portion of the British camp already secured, and
drinking freely of the liquor found there. A similar cause plucked the palm of victory from
the hands of Greene at Eutaw Springs. Sumter's ranks became disordered ; ami while
endeavoring to bring order out of confusion, the enemy rallied. Of his six hundred men,
only about two hundred, with Davie's cavalry, could be brought to bear upon the remain-
ing portion of the British, who were yet in some confusion, but defended by two cannons.
Sumter was not to be foiled. With a shout, he and his handful of brave men rushed for-
ward to the attack. The enemy had formed a hollow square, with the field-pieces in front,
and in this position received the charge. The Americans attacked them on three sides, and
the contest was severe lor a while. At length, just as the British line was yielding, a re-
enforcement, under Captains Stewart and .A I Donald, of Tarletou's legion, returning from an
excursion toward Rocky Mount, appeared, and their number being magnified, Sumter deem-
ed a retreat a prudent measure. This was done at meridian, but the enemy had been so
severely handled, that they did not attempt a pursuit. A small party appeared upon the
Camden road, but was soon dispersed by Davie. Could Sumter have brought all of his
forces into action in this last attack, the rout of the British would have been complete.
" He heat them back ! benealh the flame
Of valor quailing, or the shock !
He carved, at last, a hero's name,
Upon the glorious Hanging Rock!"
With his few prisoners and booty, Sumter retreated toward the Waxhaw, bearing away
many of his wounded. The engagement lasted about four hours, and was one of the best-
fought battles, between militia and British regulars, during the war. Sumter's loss was
twelve killed and forty-one wounded. Among the former were the brave Captain M'Clure,1
of South Carolina, and Captain Read, of North Carolina ; Colonel Hill, Captain Craighead,
Major Winn, Lieutenants Crawford and Fletcher, and Ensign MClure, were wounded.
The British loss exceeded that of the Americans. Captain MCullock, commander of the
legion infantry, and two officers and twenty privates of the same corps, were killed, and
forty were wounded.5 Brown's regiment also suffered much. Bryan's Tories did not stop
to fight,
" but ran away,
And lived to fight another day."
About nine miles north of the present Lancaster Court House, anil between twenty and
Spartanburg District, was intrusted by Governor Rulledge with a quantity of arms and ammunition. A
party, under Colonel Moore (who was defeated at Ramsour's -Mill), attacked the house of ihe colonel, dur-
ing his absence, for the purpose of seizing the powder. His heroic wife, Jane Thomas, with a son-in-
law her daughter, and a lad, formed the garrison in the house. Mi's. Thomas and her daughter loaded
guns as fast as the son-in-law could fire ; and the Tories, believing that the house was filled with men, de-
camped, and the ammunition was saved. This powder constituted a part of Sumter's supply at Rocky
Mount ami Hanging Rock.
1 John M'Clure was one of the master spirits of South Carolina. He was a nephew of the venerable
Judge Gaston, and partook of that patriot's purity and zeal in the cause of Republicanism. Of him Gen-
eral Davit- said. " Of the many brave men with whom it was my fortune to become acquainted in. the army,
he was one of the bravest; and when he loll, we looked upon his loss as incalculable." He fell at the first
fire of Bryan's Loyalists, pierced by two bullets, and at the same time, four of his cousins, mhis i,f .lodge
Gaston, lav bleeding near him. When his friends eame to his aid, he urged them to leave him and pursue
the enemv. After the battle, he was taken, with other wounded soldiers, to Waxhaw church, where his
mother went to nurse him. From thence he was taken to Charlotte, and on the eighteenth, the very day
when his commander was surprised at Fishing Creek (see page 454), he expired in Liberty Hall, where
the celebrated Mecklenburg resolutions were drawn up. M'Clure was a native of Chester District, and his
men were known as the Chester Rocky Creek Irish. The first wound which he received in the eng igi •
ment was in the thigh. He stanched it with wadding, when another bullet passed through him at the
breast. Two of the Gastons fell dead across each other ; a third was mortally wounded ; and a fourth
had a check shot away.
Doctor Richard E. Wylie, of Lancaster, wrote a ballad of twenty stanzas commemorative of this event.
2 Gordon. Ramsay, Moultrie, Lee.
458 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The British in Sonth Carolina. Retreat of Americans. Massacre of Buford's Regiment near the Waxhaw
twenty-three miles above Hanging Rock, upon the Waxhaw Creek,' the regiment of Col-
onel Abraham Buford was massacred by Tarleton on the twenty-ninth of May, 1780.
Sir Henry Clinton took possession of Charleston on the twelfth, and immediately commenced
measures for securing the homage of the whole state. He sent out three large detachments
of his army. The first and largest, under Cornwallis, was ordered toward the frontiers of
North Carolina ; the second, under Lieutenant-colonel Cruger, was directed to pass the Sa-
luda, to Ninety-Six ; and the third, under Lieutenant-colonel Brown, was ordered up the
Savannah, to Augusta. Soon after he had passed the Santee, Cornwallis was informed
that parties of Americans who had come into South Carolina, and had hurried toward
Charleston to assist Lincoln, were as hastily retreating. Among these was Colonel Buford.
His force consisted of nearly four hundred Continental infantry, a small detachment of
Washington's cavalry, and two field-pieces. He had evacuated Camden, and, in fancied
security, was retreating leisurely toward Charlotte, in North Carolina. Cornwallis resolved
to strike Buford, if possible, and, for that purpose, he dispatched Tarleton, with seven hund-
red men, consisting of his cavalry and mounted infantry. That officer marched one hund-
red and five miles in fifty-four hours, and came up with Buford upon the Waxhaw. Im-
patient of delay, he had left his mounted infantry behind, and with only his cavalry, he al-
most surrounded Buford before that officer was aware of danger. Tarleton demanded an
immediate surrender upon the terms granted to the Americans at Charleston. Those terms
were humiliating, and Buford refused compliance.2 While the flags for conference were
passing and repassing, Tarleton, contrary to military rules, was making preparations for an
assault, and the instant he received Buford's reply, his cavalry made a furious charge upon
the American ranks. Having received no orders to defend themselves, and supposing the
negotiations were yet pending, the Continentals were utterly dismayed by this charge. All
was confusion, and while some fired upon their assailants, others threw down their arms
and begged for quarter. None was given ; and men without arms were hewn in pieces
by Tarleton's cavalry. One hundred and thirteen were slain ; one hundred and fifty were
so maimed as to be unable to travel ; and fifty-three were made prisoners, to grace the tri-
umphal entry of the conqueror into Camden. Only five of the British were killed, and fif-
teen wounded. The whole of Buford's artillery, ammunition, and baggage, fell into the
hands of the enemy. For this savage feat, Cornwallis eulogized Tarleton, and commended
him to the ministry as worthy of special favor. It was nothing less than a cold-blooded
massacre ; and Tarleton s quarter became proverbial as a synonym to cruelty.3 The lib-
eral press, and all right-minded men in England, cried shame !
After the battle, a large number of the wounded were taken to the log meeting-house of
the Waxhaw Presbyterian congregation, where they were tenderly nursed by a few who
had the boldness to remain. With the defeat of Buford, every semblance of a Continental
army in South Carolina was effaced. This terrible blow spread consternation over that
region, and women and children were seen flying from their homes to seek refuge from Brit-
ish cruelty in more distant settlements. Among the fugitives was the widowed mother of
1 This name is derived from the Waxhaw Indians, a tribe now extinct, who inhabited this region
2 Buford's answer, as given by Tarleton in his Memoirs, was yjj
brief and positive, as follows : /// ^~7\ S
"Waxhaws, May 29th. 1780. /5t/^!» /"y^T a^ ^r/
" Sir, — I reject your proposal, ami shall defend myself to the z^/ft/si, K^r%^/&£si^ff'^^~~'
last extremity. -^"^^^^ V
" Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton, commander of British Legion." ■£ '"
3 Justin; demands an audience for Tarleton. In his account of the affair, he alleles that a demand for
a surrender was made before his main body had overtaken Buford, and that after that officer's defiant lette:
was received, both parlies prepared for action. He excuses the refusal to grant quarter by the plea that
some nl' the Continentals continued to fire. As Marshall suggests, the fact that Buford's field-pieces were
not discharged and so few of the British were wounded, is evidence enough that the attack was unexpect-
ed. Tarleton was taunted with his cruelty on this occasion, on his return to England. Stedman. the Brit-
ish historian of the war says, " On this occasion, the virtue of humanity was totally forgot." — See Mar-
shall, i., 338; Gordon, iii., 53 ; Lee, 78 ; Stedman, if, 193.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
1 5 9
K.unily of President Juckson.
Journey toward Camden.
Flat Rock.
Rugeley's Mill
Andrew Jackson (the seventh President of the United States), who, with her two sons, Rob-
ert and Andrew, took refuge in the Sugar Creek congregation, at the house of the widow
of the Reverend J. M. Wilson, near Charlotte. This was the first practical lesson of hatred
to tyranny which young Jackson learned, and it doubtless had an abiding influence upon
his future life.1
Returning to the Lancaster road at two o'clock, I rode on toward Camden, about thirty-
live miles distant, passing on the way the celebrated Flat Rock, a mass of concrete, like
that of Anvil Rock, five hundred yards across. It lies even with the surface of the ground,
and presents numerous pits or cisterns, supposed to have been hollowed out by the Indians
for the purpose of holding water. The road passed over this mass with a gentle descent
Near its southern side, the place was pointed out to me where a severe skirmish occurred in
August, 1788, between some militia and Tories, but the result was not very sanguinary.
At sunset I arrived at the house of Mrs. Fletcher, within nine miles of Rugeley's Mill,
where 1 was well entertained for the night.1 I departed at sunrise the following morning.
Being now fairly within the sandy region upon the slopes between the upper and the lower
country, the traveling was very heavy. At the first house after leaving Mrs. Fletcher's, I saw-
Mr Paine, the brother of Mrs. Lee, an intelligent old man of eighty-four years. During
half an hour's conversation with him, I obtained some valuable information respecting the va-
rious historical localities between there and Camden. The first of these is Clermont, some-
times called Rugeley's, about thirteen miles north of Camden, where I arrived at an early
hour in the forenoon. This is the place where General
Gates concentrated his army for an attack upon the Brit-
ish at Camden. The place is also memorable on account
of a military event which occurred near Rugeley's Mill,
on the fourth of December, 1780. This mill was about
one hundred yards east of the road where it crosses Ruge-
ley's Creek No traces of the mill remain ; but an em-
bankment, several rods in extent, partly demolished, and
overgrown with pines and shrubbery interlaced with the
vines of the muscadine, mark the place of the dam, a
part of which, where the creek passes through, is seen
in the engraving. Let us consider the event which im-
mortalizes this spot.
When Cornwallis retreated from Charlotte (see page
View at the Site of Kl-geley's Mill.
1 I am informed by ihe Honorable David L.Swain, that the birth-place of General Jackson is in Meck-
lenbum county, North Carolina, jnst above the state line. It is about half a mile west of the Waxhaw
Creek,*upon th tate of W. J. Cureton, Esq., twenty-eight miles south of Charlotte. A month or two after
his birth, In- mother removed to the southward of the state line, to a plantation about twelve miles north of
ei Court House. That plantation is also the property of Mr. Cureton. The house in which she
resided when Tarleton penetrated the settlement is now demolished. So the honor of possessing the birth-
place of that illustrious man belongs to North, anil not to South Carolina, as has been supposed.
The massacre ol Buford's regiment fired the patriotism of young Andrew Jaekson ; and at the age of
thirteen he entered the army, with his brother Robert, under Sumter. They were both made prisoners;
hut even while in the power of the British, the indomitable courage of the alter man appeared in the boy.
When ordered to clean the muddy boots "I 'a British officer, he proudly refused, and for his temerity re-
ceived a sword-cut. After their release, Indrew ami his brother returned to the Waxhaw settlement with
their mother. That patriotic mother and two sons perished during the war. Her son Hugh was slain in
battle, and Robert died of a wound which he received from a British officer while he was jin-oner, be-
cause, like Andrew, he refused to do menial service. The heroic mother, while on her way home from
Charleston, whither she went to carry some necessaries to her friends and relations on hoard a prison-ship,
was seized with prison-fever, and died. Her unknown crave is somewhere between what was then called
the Quarter House and Charleston. Andrew was left the sole survivor of the family. — See Foote's Sketch-
es of North Carolina, p. 199.
3 There I saw Mrs. Lee, the step-mother of Mrs. Fletcher, who was then ninety-two years of age. She
lived near Camden during the war, hut was so afflicted with palsy when I saw her, that she could talk only
with great difficulty, and°I could not procure from her any tradition of interest. Mrs. Lee had buried five
husbands.
ICO
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Tories at Rugeley's.
Stratagem of Colonel Washington in capturing the Tories. Gum Swamp.
Sander's Cretk
» 1780.
View at Rugelev's.1
Ii Dec. 4.
•120), Gates advanced to that place, and General Smallwood was directed to encamp lower
down the Catawba, on the road to Camden. Morgan, with his light corps, composed partly
of Lieutenant-colonel Washington's cavalry, was ordered to push further ill advance, for the
purpose of foraging, and to watch the movements of Cornwallis. Smallwood having received
information that a body of Tories, under Colonel Rugeley, were on the alert to intercept his
wagons, ordered Morgan and Washington to march against them. They retreated, and
tool; post at Rugeley 's house, on the Camden road,
which he had stockaded, together with his log-
barn. Washington, with his cavalry, pursued, and
at about ten o'clock on the fourth of Decem-
ber,11 appeared at Rugeley's Mill, on the
south side of the creek. The Loyalists were
strongly posted in the log-barn, in front of which
was a ditch and abatis. Having no artillery,
Washington could make but little impression upon
the garrison, so he resorted to stratagem. Fashion-
ing a pine-log so as to resemble a cannon, he placed it in such a position near the bridge as,
apparently, to command both the house and barn of Colonel Rugeley. He then made a
formal demand for a surrender, menacing the garrison with the instant demolition of their
fortress. Alarmed at the apparition of a cannon, Rugeley sent out a flag, and. with his
whole force of one hundred and twelve men, immediately surrendered. Poor Rugeley never
appeared in arms afterward. Cornwallis, in a letter to Tarleton.b said, " Rugeley
will not be made a brigadier."2
Soon after leaving Piugeley's, I came to a shallow stream which flows out of Gum Swamp,
and known in the Revolution as Graney's Quarter Creek. It was thickly studded with
gum shrubs and canes, the latter appearing as
green and fresh as in summer. It was now
about noon, and while ] made the accompanying
sketch, Charley dined upon corn, which the gen-
erous driver of a team " hauling cotton," gave
me from his store. Between this stream and
Sander's Creek, within seven miles of Camden.
is the place of Gates's defeat. c The
1 c Aug. Jo.
hottest of the engagement occurred 17so.
upon the hill, just before descending to Sander'^
Creek from the north, now, as then, covered with
an open forest of pine-trees. When I passed
through it, the undergrowth had just been
burned, and the blackened trunks of the venerable pines, standing like the columns of a vast
temple, gave the whole scene a dreary, yet grand appearance. Many of the old trees yet
bear marks of the battle, the scars of the bullets being made very distinct by large protu-
berances. I was informed that many musket-balls have been cut out of the trees ; and I saw
quite a number of trunks which had been recently hewn with axes for the purpose. Some
pines had been thus cut by searchers for bullets which must have been in the seed when
the battle occurred. Within half a mile of Sander's Creek, on the north side, are some old
fields, dotted with shrub pines, where the hottest of the battle was fought. A large concav-
ity near the road, filled with hawthorns, was pointed out to me as the spot where many of
the dead were buried.
Sander's Creek is a considerable stream, about two hundred feet wide, and quite shallow
at the ford. Though flowing through a swamp like Graney's Quarter, its waters were very
1 This view is from the south side of the bridge. The counterfeit cannon was placed in the road where
the first wagon is seen. The house and barn of Rugeley were in the cleared field seen bevund the wagons.
* Tarleton's Memoirs, &c ., 20o. ' 'Phis view is from the south side of the stream.
View at Gum Swamp. 3
OF THE REVOLUTION
40 I
Lincoln Calumniated.
De Kalb sent to the South.
Hie March.
Sketch of his Public i
limpid. Numerous teams drawing heavy loads of cotton, on their way to Camden, were
nassmir at the time, and the sones
and loud laughter of the happy
teamsters enlivened the dreary
aspect of nature.'
Let us consider the important
events which occurred here.
Misfortune is too often mis-
taken for a fault, and censorious-
ness seldom makes candid dis-
tinctions. When General Lin-
coln was finally ohliged to sur-
render Charleston and his army
.May 12 to S,r Ht'"''-V C1'»t0"-a
W80. calumny, with its husy tongue, decried his fair fame, and whispered douhts respect-
mg his skill and courage. That blow, struck by a skillful hand, almost demolished the
Southern ariuv. and for a moment the patriots were dismayed. But the elasticity oi hope
land and Delaware troops
were sent thither, under the
Baron De Kalb,' a German
View at Sander's Cbeek.=
was found in the national
councils, and preparations
were soon made to concen-
trate the various detach-
ments of the regular army
then in the South, and the
volunteers whom Sumter
and others were collecting,
to turn back toward the
sea-board the flood of inva-
sion. A month before the
fall of Charleston, when it
was perceived that the chief
theater of the campaign of
1780 was to be in the /f7 y/\
Southern States, Mary- / /Vi^-V J
b April 14,
1780.
UJL#~^
officer, who had distinguish-
ed himself in the French
service. He left Morris-
town0 with four-
teen hundred ef-
fective men ; reached the
head of Elk in May ; left
Petersburg early in June,
passed through Hillsbor-
ough, and halted on Deep
Pviver, in North Carolina.
jfs- .. on the sixth of July.
ylS-c/iXstlsLv In the mean while
1 All the way from Yorkville I passed caravans of wagons with cotton, on their way to Camden or Co-
lumbia. The teams are driven by negroes, sometimes accompanied by an overseer. They carry corn and
fodder (corn-stalks) with them, and camp out at night, in the woods, where they build fires, cook their ha-
ke their hoe-cake, and sleep under the canvas covering of their wagons. It is a season of great
delight to those who are privileged to "haul cotton" to market.
'This view is from the north side of the Creek. Like the other stream, it is filled with canes, shrubs,
and many blasted pines.
3 The'Baron De Kalb. knight of the royal military order of merit, was a native of Alsace (a German
province ceded to France), and was educated in the art of war in the French army. He was connected
with the quarter-master general's department, and his experience in the duties of that station rendered his
services very valuable to the American army. Toward the close of the Seven Years' War. he was dis-
patched to the British rulonies in America, as a secret agent of the French government. II'' traveled in
disguise; yet on one occasion, he was so strongly suspected, thai he was arrested a- a suspicion- pc-on
Nothin" being found to confirm the suspicion, he »a> released, and - afterward returned to Europe.
De Kafo came- to America again, in the spring of 1777, with La Fayette and other foreign officers, and
was "iie of the party who accompanied the marquis in his overland journey, from South Carolina i" Phil-
adelphia, Holding the otfice of brigadier in the French service, and coming highly recommended, Con-
gress commissioned him a major seneral on the fifteenth of September, 1777. He immediately joined the
main army under Washington, and was active in the events which preceded the encampment of the troops
at Valley Forge. He was afterward in command at Elizabethtown and Ambov, in New Jersey j ami while
at Morr'istown in the sprinn of 1780, was placed at the head of the Maryland division. With these, and
the Continental troops of Delaware, he marched southward in April, to re-enforce General Lincoln, hut was
loo late to afford him aid at Charleston. Gates succeeded Lincoln in the command of the Soulhern army,
and reached De Kalb's camp, on the Deep River, on the twenty-eighth of July. 1780. In the battle near
162
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
' Gates in chief Command.
De Kalb's Monument and Inscription.
Tardiness of Justice.
Charleston had been captured, General Lincoln was a prisoner on parole, and De Kalb be-
came the commander-in-chief at the South. Although Congress reposed confidence in the
skill of De Kalb, it was thought proper to send an officer better known to the people for
past services, and on the thirteenth of June,a General Gates was appointed to the
command.' He was then at his estate in Virginia, a few miles from Shepherdstown,
and the glory of Saratoga was not
yet dimmed. He immediately de-
parted" for the camp of De
\r ,, , . • , , ■ b June 26.
Kalb, taking with him, as
secretary, his friend William Clajon,
and reached his destination on the
twenty-fifth of July. The prospect
before him was far from flattering.
An army without strength ; a military chest without money ; but little public spirit in the
Camden, which soon followed, De Kalb, while trying to rally the scattered Americans, fell, pierced with
eleven wounds. He died at Camden three days afterward, and
was buried there. An ornamental tree was placed at the head
of his grave,* and that was the only token of its place until a
few years since, when the citizens of Camden erected over it the
elegant marble monument depicted in the engraving. The
corner stone was laid by La Fayette in 1825. It is upon the
green, in front of the Presbyterian church, on De Kalb Street.
The large base, forming two steps, is of granite; the whole
monument is about fifteen feet in height. Upon the four sides
of the monument are the following inscriptions:
South side, fronting the street. — " Here lie the remains of
Baron De Kalb, a German by birth, but in principle a citizen
of the world." North side. — "In gratitude for his zeal and
services, the citizens of Camden have erected this monument."
. East side. — " His love of Liberty induced him to leave the Old
r World to aid the citizens of the New in their struggle tor In-
dependence. His distinguished talents and many virtues
weighed with Congress to appoint him major general, in their
Revolutionary army." West side. — " He was second in com-
mand in the battle fought near Camden, on the sixteenth of
August, 1780. between the British and Americans; and there nobly fell, covered with wounds, while gal-
lantly performing deeds of valor in rallying the friends and opposing the enemies of his adopted country."
The death of De Kalb was a great public loss. Congress, on the fourteenth of October, 1780, ordered
a monument to be erected to his memory in the city of Annapolis, in Maryland,} with an appropriate in-
scription, but. like kindred resolves, the order was never obeyed.
1 This appointment was made without consulting the commander-in-chief. He intended to recommend
General Greene.
De Kalb's Monument.
' Alluding to this fact, an anonymous poet wrote:
" But where, O Where's the hallowed sod
Beneath whose verd the hero's ashes sleep ?
Is this the cold, neglected, molderini; clod ?
Or that the grave at which 1 ought to weep ?
Yet. soldier, thy illustrious name is known,
Thy lame supported, and thy worth confess'd ,
That peerless virtue which in danger shone,
Is shining still, where thou art laid in rest
And though no monumental 6cript is seen.
Thy worth to publish, and thy deeds proclaim,
Each son of Freedom, passing near this green,
Shall hail De Kalb. and venerate his name."
Why rises not some massy pillar high,
To grace a name that fought for Freedom's prize?
Or why. at least, some rudely-etch'd stone oigh,
To show the spot where matchless valor lies?
t In the inscription ordered by Congress (Journal, vi., 147) to be placed upon De Kalb's monument, it is said that he waa " In
the furty eighth year of his age." General Henry Lee. who knew him well, says in his Memoirs, page 425, "Although nearer
lei enty Than sixty years of age, such had been the temperance of his life, that he not only enjoyed to the last day the finest
nt his countenance still retained the bloom of youth ; which circumstance very probably led to the error committed
by those who drew up the inscription on the monument to be erected by Congress." Lee speaks of him as "possessing a stout
lerate mental powers ;" "sober, drinking water only ; abstemious to excess, and exceedingly industrious." The pay
of De Kalb was considerably in arrears at the time of his death. Within a few years, some of his immediate descendants have
petitioned the America ugress tor the payment of these arrearages, principal and interest. Reports upon tie- subject were
ut the matter was not definitely settled until January, is;,;,, when both Houses ofCongress agreed in give the surviv-
ing heirs the sum of $66,000. Among the petitioners are live of De Kalb's great grandchildren, who, by the loss of both par-
ents, are cast upon the support and protection of an aunt, a grand-daughter of the baron. They were residing in 1S54 about
thirty miles from Taris.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
1G3
Situation of Gates's Army.
Plan of Operations.
Sketch of Gates's fublir Life.
Commissary Department ; a climate unfavorable to health ; the spirits of the Republicans
pressed down : Loyalists swarming in every direction, and a victorious enemy pressing to
spread his lesions over the territory he had come to defend, were obstacles in the way oi
success. Yet he did not despond, and, retaining De Kalb in command of his division, pre-
pared to march into South Carolina. His whole force consisted of the Maryland and Del-
aware troops, a legionary corps of sixty horse and
as many foot soldiers, under Colonel Armand, and
three companies of artillery. There was else-
where a considerable force of North Carolina mi-
litia in the field, under General Caswell ; and on
the morning of the twenty-seventh, a
uj, ,_ . ^jates marchej at tjje h^d 0f his lit-
tle army to effect a junction with those troops.
He passed the Deep River at the Buffalo Ford,
and in the afternoon encamped upon Spinks's
farm, on the road to Camden. There the plan
of immediate operations was decided upon. De
Kalb and Colonel Otho H. Williams (the deputy
adjutant general) thought it expedient to march
to Charlotte, establish a hospital and magazine
at Salisbury, leave the women and all the heavy
baggage there, and from thence proceed toward
Camden, without impediment, through a well-
cultivated and friendly country, by the way of the
Wavhaw. These opinions had no weight with
General Horatio Gates.1
1 Horatio Gates was a native of England, and was educated to the military profession. He was an offi-
cer under Braddock when that general was defeated, but does not seem to have acquired particular dis-
tinction. When the Continental army was organized in 1775, he was appointed adjutant general, with the
rank of brigadier. He was then residing in Virginia. He accompanied Washington to Cambridge, in July,
1775 ; and in June, 1776, the chief command of the Northern army was conferred upon him, and he was
promoted to major general. In the autumn of that year, he joined the main army in the Jerseys, with a
detachment of his command, but his career was not marked by any brilliant action. In the summer of
1777. he was unjustly placed in command of the Northern army, in place of General Schuyler, who had
succeeded him in the spring of that year; ami the victory over Burgoyne, at Saratoga, by the army tinder
his command, gave him great eclat. The glory of that achievement was not due to him. but to the previous
operations of Schuyler, and the bravery and skill of Arnold and Morgan. In the winter of 177s. he was
involve-, 1 in attempts to wrest the supreme command from Washington. His position as President of the
Board of War enabled him to throw obstacles in the way of the chief, nor were they withheld. From that
peri, i,l until appointed to the command of the Southern army, his military operations were of little account,
and were chiefly in Rhode Island. When Congress gave him the command of the Southern forces, General
i li tries Lee said to Gates, "Take care that you do not exchange Northern laurels for Southern willows."
This caution was prophetic. The disastrous battle near Camden scattered bis troops, and. apparently panic-
stricken himself, he fled toward Charlotte. He was superseded in bis command by General Greene in the
autumn of that year, and his conduct was scrutinized by a committee ofCongress. Upon their report he
wis acquitted of blame. He was reinstated in his military command in the main army in ITS'J. but active
service was no longer required. At the close of the war, he retired to bis estate in Virginia, and in.lTUO took
up his permanent abode upon Manhattan Island, almost three miles from the then city of New York. His
mansion which was an elegant country residence, near Rose Hill, was standing as late as 1845, near the
corner of Twentv-third Street and Second Avenue. In 1800, he was elected a member of the Legislature
of New York, where he served but one term. He died at his residence, on the tenth of April. 1M0(>. at the
age of seventy-eight years.
General Gates was an accomplished gentleman in his manners, but did not possess a brilliant or highly-
cultivated intellect. He possessed many excellent social qualities, but was entirely deficient in the quali-
fications necessarv for a great military commander. His vanity misled his judgment, and often perverted
the finer feelings ol bis nature. He was always a generous friend, and not an implacable enemy. Hn-
manitv marked his treatment of prisoners, and benevolence was a ruling principle of his heart. A few
years before his death, he manumitted all bis slaves, but so great was the attachment of many, that they
preferred to remain in his family. He died without surviving issue, his only son having been taken from
him bv death, at the moment when he was informed that General Greene had superseded him. On that
C6 I
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Sufferings of the Army. Alarm of the British. Cornwallis at CamdVn. Approach of Gatn.
Gates, whose vanity overruled his judgment, and on the twenty-eighth, having been joined
that morning by Lieutenant-colonel Porterfield with about one hundred Virginians, he
marched directly for Camden.
The country through which the Americans passed was sparsely populated, and in many
places exhibited nothing but swamps and pine barrens. The heat was intense. Sickness
and want of provisions soon began the work of death. Lean cattle found in the woods,
green corn, and peaches, constituted the principal portion of their food. Dysentery ensued,
and at oue time the total destruction of the army seemed inevitable. Yet Gates pressed
slowly forward, and on the day when Sumter achieved his partial victory at Hanging Rock,
he reached the banks of Little Lynch's Creek, a few miles distant, where he was joined by
General Caswell.1
Let us glance a moment at the movements of the British troops We have noted how
the grand army was divided and spread over South Carolina (see page 4f3 8) soon after the
fall of Charleston, the northern portion of which was placed under the command of Corn-
wallis. This disposition of the forces of the enemy had hardly taken place, when intelli-
gence of the approach of De Kalb was received ; also of the gathering of Virginians under
Porterfield ; of North Carolinians, under Rutherford, in the west; and of a large body
of North Carolina militia, under Caswell, in the east. Then came the intelligence that
Gates, the conqueror of Burgoyne, was on his way, with a large force, to recover all that
Lincoln had lost, and more, if possible. Rumor magnified their numbers. The Loyalists
became alarmed ; the patriots took courage ; and, as we have seen. Marion and Sumter had
raised their standards. The British officers were perplexed ; and Lord Rawdon, who was
second in command to Comwallis, and had his post at Camden, called in some of his more
distant outposts. Major M'Arthur, who was at Cheraw to encourage the Loyalists, was
ordered to fall back toward Camden ; and the most distant outposts were upon Lynch's
Creek, at Hanging Rock, and at Rocky Mount. These, as we have seen (page 456), were
attacked by Sumter, Davie, and other active officers, with their men.
Comwallis, perceiving the gathering storm on the borders of South Carolina, hastened
from Charleston to join P^awdon at Camden. He arrived there on the thirteenth of Au-
gust, and learned, with much concern, the successes of Sumter, and the disaffection of the
people, especially in the county between the Black River and the Pedee. Nearly eight
hundred of his troops were sick at Camden, and his effective force amounted to only a little
more than two thousand men, fifteen hundred of whom were regulars The remainder were
militia and North Carolina refugees. Comwallis would gladly have retreated to Charles-
ton, but the consideration that he must leave his sick behind, abandon or destroy his mag-
azines, and relinquish all the territory they had gained, except Charleston, prevented that
step. He therefore resolved to move forward and attack Gates before the Virginia troops,
known to be approaching, could join him.
On the day when Comwallis reached Camden, Gates advanced to Clermont, and en-
camped near llugeley's Mill. Those who had opposed Sumter at Hanging Rock had fled
to Camden on the approach of Gates, and Lord Rawdon had also called in the garrison
which he had stationed at Rugelev's. The day after his arrival there." Gates
a August 14, . .
1780. vvas joined by General Stevens, with seven hundred militia ; and, at about noon,
a message from Sumter announced the approach of stores and clothing on the west side of
tin' Wateree, for the enemy at Camden. The capture of these stores, and the dispersion
of the escort, we have considered on pane 45 I.
Notwithstanding Gates had weakened his army by sending a strong re-enforcement tc
Sumter, he prepared to inarch upon Camden, to divert attention from Sumter's enterprise
occasion. Washington wrote him a most touching letter, consoling him for his domestic affliction, and sym-
pathizing with him on account of the troubles of his public life. His patriotism is undoubted, and the faults
of his military career may be charged i<> errors of judgment.
1 Rifhanl l> bl.s Spaiuht. afterward ( 1 790) governor of North Carolina, was General Caswell's aid on
this occasion.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
465
Gates's Night march toward Camden.
Cornwftllie'a Mnrch to meet Gates.
General Gist
and to fiirht, if necessary. On llie evening of the fifteen th. he sent his sick, extra stores,
and heavy baggage, under guard, to the Waxhaw, and at ten o'clock at night commenced
his march. Colonel
Artnand's legion com-
posed the van, Hanked
upon the right by Por-
terfield's infantry, in In-
dian file, two hundred
yards from the road ;
and upon the left by
Armstrong's infantry, in
the same order. Next
followed the first and
second Maryland bri-
gades, under Brigadiers
Smallwood and Gist,
and the Delaware
troops, all commanded
by De Kalb : then the
North Carolina division, un-
der Caswell ; the Virginia di-
vision, under Stevens ; with a
rear-guard of volunteer caval-
gage. Confident in his
strength by such a dis-
position of bis troops
he ordered Colonel Ar.
maud to withstand the
attack of the enemy's
cavalry, whatever its
number. The most
profound silence war
commanded, and in
stant death was threat
ened to the soldier who
should fire a gun until
ordered."
Cornwallis, notwith-
standing his inferior
force, marched to attack
Gates at Rugeley's, being in-
formed that his position was
a weak one. At the same
hour when Gates marched to-
ward Camden, Cornwallis
ry upon the flanks of the bag-
struck his tents at that place, and proceeded cautiously toward E-ugeley's. His troops con-
sisted of the 23d and 33d regiments, under Lieutenant-colonel Webster (who was afterward
mortally wounded at Guilford) ; Tarleton's legion ; Irish Volunteers ; a part of Lieutenant-
colonel Hamilton's North Carolina regiment ; and Bryan's corps of Loyalists, under Lord
Rawdon, with two six and two three pounders commanded by Lieutenant M'Leod ; and
the 71st regiment. Camden was left in the care of Major M'Arthur, with the sick and
convalescents. Silently both armies marched in the gloom of night. The air was sultry ;
no moon was in the heavens, but the stars looked down in serene radiance upon the earth
Not a footfall was heard in the deep sand, and neither party was aware that the other had
struck his tents, until the advanced guards of each met at about two o'clock in ,Auplitl6i
the morning," upon the gentle slope about half a mile north of Sander's Creek. 17eo-
1 Mordecai Gist was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1743. His ancestors, early emigrants to Mary-
land, were English. Ha was educated for commercial pursuits, and was engaged in the vocation of a mer-
chant when the storm of the Revolution began to lower. The young men of Baltimore associated under
Ihe title of the " Baltimore Independent Company." and elected Gist captain. This was the first company
raised in Maryland for the defense of popular liberty. Gist was appointed major of a battalion of Mary-
land regulars in 1776 and was with them in the battle near Brooklyn, at the close of the summer ol that
year. He was promoted to colonel in 1777, and was in the battle at Germantown in October of that
year In January, 1779, Congress appointed him a brigadier in the Continental army, and he was honored
with the command of the 2d Maryland brigade. He fought bravely, and suffered defeat in the battle near
Camden, in 1780. Gist was present at the surrender of Cornwallis, and afterward joined the Southern
army, under Greene. When that commander remodeled the army, in 1782, while lying near Charleston,
he gave General Gist the command of the " light corps." It was a part of bis command, under Colonel
Laurens, that dealt one of the last blows upon the enemy, in an engagement upon the banks of the Comba-
hee. At the close of the war, he retired to a plantation which be bought near Charleston, where he resided
until his death, which occurred in Charleston, in 1792. General Gist had but two children, sons; one he
named Independent, and the other Statu
3 When Deputy-adjutant-general Williams received these orders from Gates, with the estimates of the
forces, he perceived that the"commander was much deceived in his idea of the number of the troops. In-
stead of there being almost seyen thousand men, he showed, by bis returns, that there were only three thou-
sand six hundred and sixty-three, exclusive of those detached in aid of Sumter. Gates did not alter his
plan on account of this discovery.
II. G G
400
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Meeting of the Armies.
Skirmish.
Council of War.
Preparations for B.ittle.
The Attack.
Both parties were surprised, and each fired almost at the same moment. Some of Ar-
mand's troops were killed at the first fire, and so sudden and unexpected -was the attack
that the remainder fell back in disorder upon the first Maryland brigade. That column
was broken by the shock, and the whole line was filled with consternation. Porterfield,
with his usual gallantry, rushed forward and attacked the left of the enemy's van, while
Armstrong, with equal gallantry and decision, attacked them on the right, and they were
brought to a pause. Porterfield was severely wounded, carried to the rear of the army, and
died a few days afterward. Both armies halted, and some prisoners having been taken by
both parties, the position of the respective forces became known to each other. The situa-
tion of the British was far more advantageous than that of the Americans. They had
crossed Sander's Creek, and they were completely guarded in the rear by an impenetrable
swamp. The Americans were upon rising ground in an open wood, and were obliged to
be watchful of their Hanks.
When the first excitement of the encounter had subsided, Gates called a council of offi-
cers. A retreat was practicable, and would doubtless have been prudent. No one seemed
willing to propose it ; and when, to Gates's remark, " Gentlemen, you know our situation,
what are your opinions?" General Stevens replied, "It is now too late to retreat ;" the si-
lence that ensued was interpreted as favorable to an attack, and the commander-in-chief
remarked, " Then we must fight ; gentlemen, please take your posts."
The British army formed in line for battle, the right under the command of Webster,
and the left under Rawdon, and
anxiously awaited the dawn. The
Americans, also, soon recovered from
the panic produced by the attack, and
formed in battle order. The second
Maryland brigade, and the Delaware
troops, under General Gist, took the
right ; the North Carolina militia,
under Caswell, the center ; and the
Virginians, under Stevens, the left.
The first Maryland brigade, under
Smallwood, was formed in reserve.
De Kalb, charged with the line of
h; battle, took post on the right. The
artillery of both armies was planted
I directly in front of the center. All
,;| these preparations were made in
darkness, and the belligerents were
ignorant of each others' movements.
In the plan here given, copied from
Stedman, the black parallelograms
denote the British troops, and the
open ones the Americans.
The first beam of morning was
the signal for attack. While the
British were maneuvering to gain a
better position, the American artil-
lery opened its volleys upon them.
At the same moment, Colonel Will-
iams, with a band of volunteers,
pressed lorward upon the enemy's right, followed by Stevens, with his Virginians, who were
•urged to rely upon the bayonets with which they had been furnished the day before. Web-
ster immediately brought the British right to bear upon Williams and Stevens, with such
OF I IIE REVOLUTION.
I 6 1
B»ttle ui ShdiI.t'b Creek.
General Wvil.uin Srrmllwuod.
force, as to break the Virginia column and scatter it to the winds. They delivered only a
single fire, and then, panic-stricken, threw away their arms, and fled in great confusion.
The North Carolina militia (except Dixon's regiment, which was next to the Continentals)
followed the shameful example, and the exertions of Stevens, Caswell, and even of Gates
himself, to stop or rally the fugitives, were unavailing. Only the Continental troops, with
Dixon's regiment, were now left to oppose the enemy. Upon the Maryland and Delaware
troops fell the weight of battle, and for a while they nobly sustained it. On the right, De
Kalb and Gist maintained their ground, though
sorely pressed by Ilawdon and his regulars.
Lieutenant-colonel Howard (the subsequent
•■ hero of the Cowpens"), with Williams's regi-
ment, charged the enemy with great vigor, and
disconcerted them. Inch by inch the Mary-
landers gained ground, and, had the militia stood
linn, and kept Webster employed, the British
must have been routed and driven in confusion
across Sander's Creek. That skillful officer had
detached Tarleton in pursuit of the fugitives, and
when Smallwood1 came forward with his reserve
to fill the place of the scattered militia, Web-
ster brought his regiments to bear upon him.
Finally, the battle raged along the whole line,
and victory was uncertain. Firm as a rock
the phalanx of De Kalb and Gist remained.
At length, perceiving an advantage, De Kalb
ordered a bayonet charge. The slaughter
was great ; the enemy recoiled, and titty
men became the prisoners of the Americans.
Smallwood, in the mean time, sustained him-
self gallantly ; but at length Webster gained
his flank, and his brigade receded. It soon regained its position ; was again driven back,
and speedily it rallied to the combat. Cornwallis perceived the point of strength to be
with De Kalb and Gist, and, concentrating his whole force, he made a terrible charge there.
It was the decisive stroke which smote down the American strength and won the victory.
Another charge was made ; the brave Marylanders gave way, and, with the Delaware regi-
ment, broken and maimed, fled to the swamps. They were hotly pursued, and many were
killed in the flight. The militia fell in great numbers under the sabers of Tarleton's cav-
alry, and for more than two miles the open wood was strewn with the dead and dying.
Arms, artillery, horses, and baggage were scattered in every direction. More than a third
of the Continental troops were killed ; and of the wounded, one hundred and seventy men
were made prisoners. The Delaware regiment was nearly annihilated, and Colonel Vaughn
and Major Patten being taken prisoners, the remnant, less than two companies, were placed
under the command of the brave Kirkwood, the senior captain, who had been with Wash-
ington at Trenton ami Princeton. De Kalb, while trying to keep his troops firm when the
1 William Smallwood was a native of Maryland, and was among the patriots of that colony who earliest
expressed their attachment to Republican principles. He was appointed a brigadier by the Continental
Congress, in October, 1776. and major general in September, 1780. He was in the battle ncir Brooklyn,
in August 1776, where his command suffered severely. It was chiefly composed of young men from Ma-
ryland, many of them members of the most respectable families of that slate. He was in the Brandywine
and Germaiitown battles in 1777. He accompanied Gates to the South, and shared in the mortifications
of defeat near Camden. It was a month after that event that Congress promoted him to major general.
He was elected a dele-rate in Congress, for Maryland, in 1785, and the same year was chosen to succeed
William Paca as governor of the state. He was succeeded in office by John Eager Howard, in 1788
General Small *ood died in February, 1792-
.168 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Bentvi of the Baron de Kalb. Flight of the Americans. British Victorious. The Armed Nemrnlily.
last charge was made, fell, pierced with eleven wounds. His lieutenant, Du Bnysson,
threw his arms around him, gave his name and rank, and while saving him from instant
death, was terribly wounded himself by British bayonets. In the mean while Gates had
fled, "borne off the field by a current of dismayed militia," who "constituted so great a
part of bis army, that when he saw them break and flee, he lost all hope of victory.'"
Willi Caswell, he hastened to Clermont, hoping to check and rally the militia at their old
encampment, near Rugeley's Mill. This hope was vain, for the further the dismayed troops
fled, the more they became dispersed, and the generals giving up all as lost, proceeded, with
a few attendants, to Charlotte, where they arrived in the evening of the same day, though
about eighty miles distant. On his way, Gates heard of the success of Sumter at the Wa-
teree Ford, but that triumph came too late to afford him aid, and, as we have seen (page
• Ail- 18 4 51), two days afterward, a Sumter and his band were surprised and dispersed at
1780. Fishing Creek. General Rutherford surrendered to a party of the British legion.
The other generals escaped, but were separated from their respective commands. The rout
was complete, and only Major Andrus, of the third Maryland regiment, succeeded in rally-
ing any part of the fugitives. Most of the Virginia militia retired to Hillsborough by the
road they came to camp, and there General Stevens gathered many of them together.
Their time of service soon expiring, they were discharged."
The victory of Cornwallis was complete, and for a moment the hopes of the patriots, par-
ticularly at the South, were crushed ; their only chance of success seemed to be the inter-
vention of European nations.' Within the space of three months, two armies had been al-
most annihilated by capture and dispersion, and the most active partisan corps scattered to
the winds.' Cornwallis considered the subjugation of South Carolina accomplished, and,
7 ■ ■ ■ s
' Gordon, iii., 104.
8 Ramsay, ii., 145-152. Gordon, iii., 98-107. Marshall, i.. 344-348. Lee. 92-100.
3 It was during the summer of 1780, that Rochambeau and his army arrived at Newport; an auspicious
event for the Americans. A movement in Europe, known in history as the Armed Neutrality, at about
the same time threatened to cripple the power of England, and promised indirect aid to the Americans.
The Empress Catharine, of Russia, with the duplicity which has ever marked the diplomacy of that gov-
ernment, professed great friendship toward England, and abhorrence of the rebt/lion in America. She
even entered into negotiations for sending Russian troops to America to assist the British. All this while
she was building a navy, and the English were made to believe it was to aid them. As soon as she felt
strong enough to set England at defiance, her tone and policy were changed, and on the twenty-sixth of
February, 1780, she issued a manifesto, in which she declared the international doctrine (with a qualifica-
tion) so eloquently promulged and .advocated by Kossuth in America, in 1851-2, namely, that neutral states
have a right to carry on their commerce unth belligerent powers unmolested, and even to convey from one port
to another of a belligerent power, all goods whatsoever, except what could be deemed contraband in consequence
of previous treaties* Hitherto ports were blockaded, not always by squadrons of ships, but by a simple
proclamation. Catharine declared that no port should be considered blockaded, unless there was a suffi-
cient force present to maintain a blockade, and this was the qualification of the doctrine concerning the
rights of neutral nations; a qualification which contains the essential maxim of despotism, "Might makes
right." This doctrine was contrary to the maritime policy of England, and inimical to her interests. In
the course of the summer, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden 'became parties to the policy declared by the
Czarina, and entered into a league with her; and in November the Slates General of Holland acceded to
the measure. Spain and France acquiesced in the new maritime code, and at one time a general Conti-
nental war against England appeared inevitable. But the personal caprices of Catharine, and her known
faithlessness, made the other powers hesitate, and the next year the alliance resulted in inaction.
4 The exact loss sustained by the Americans in the engagement on the sixteenth, and Sumter's surprise
on the eighteenth, was never ascertained. The estimated loss was as follows: exclusive of De Kalb and
General Rutherford, four lieutenant colonels, three majors, fourteen captains, four captain lieutenants, six-
teen lieutenants, three ensigns, four staff, seventy-eijjht subalterns, and six hundred and four rank and file.
They also lost eipht field-pieces, and other artillery, more than two hundred baggage wagons, and th8
greater part of their baggage. That of Gates and De Kalb, with all their papers, was saved. The loss
of the British was severe. Gates estimated that more than five hundred of the enemy were killed and
wounded; Sledman (ii., 210) says the British loss was three hundred less than the Americans. A great
many of the fugitive militia were murdered in their flight. Armed parties of Tories, alarmed at the pres-
# See Florida Riancn's Representation, as cited by Arch-deacon Coxe in his Memoirs of the Kings of Spain, of the Tkront of
bourbon.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
■16 'J
Confidence of the Britten.
Reudczvuud at Hillsborough.
Governor Nash.
Colonel buncombe.
confident of future success, moved toward the North State to establish royal rule there.
His inarch to, and retreat from Charlotte ; the defeat of his detachments at King's Mount-
ain and the Cowpeus ; the pursuit of Greene ; the battle at Guilford ; the retreat of the
British to Wilmington ; their march into Virginia ; and the final capture of Cornwallis's
army at Yorktown, have been considered in preceding chapters.
General Gates was much censured on account of the defeat of the Americans on Sander's
Creek, because he provided for no place of rendezvous in the event of being obliged to re-
treat ; for not having his baggage and stores at a proper distance from the scene of action ,
and because of an improper arrangement of his army for attack, placing his unskilled militia
on the right, opposite the British veterans of Webster. Armand spoke harshly of Gates
and even intimated that he was a coward or a traitor. Gates's great fault appears to have
been a too sanguine belief that he could easily crush the inferior force of his enemy. His
vanity was always the source of his greatest trouble. In this instance he was too confident
of success, and made no provision for the contingencies of adversity ; and hence his utter
weakness when the victorious blow was struck by the British, and he was obliged to flee.
On the seventeenth and eighteenth,3 Smallwood and Gist arrived at Charlotte, ..,.„,..
o > a AUgUBt,
with several other officers, and there they found more than one hundred regu- "~"
lar infantry, Armand's cavalry, Major Davie's partisan corps from the Waxhaw settle-
ment, and a few militia. Gates began to hope that another army might be speedily reor-
ganized, when intelligence of the disaster of Sumter at Fishing Creek reached him. He
retreated to Hillsborough, where the Provincial Congress was in session, with Governor Ab-
ner Nash' at its head. That officer exerted all the power and influence of his station to
ence of the Americans, were marching to join Gates. When they heard of his defeat, they inhumanly pur-
sued the flying Americans, and butchered a large number in the swamps and pine barrens.
' Abner Nash was a member of the Provincial Council of North Carolina, and an active politician.
When the war of the Revolution broke out, he and his brother Fran-
cis* were found in the ranks of the patriots ; Abner in the council,
Francis in the field. Their father emigrated from Wales, and settled
in Prince Edward county, Virginia, where Abner was born. At an
early age he went to North Carolina, where he was educated for the
the North Carolina Legislature under its Republican Constitution; and in 1779. succeeded Caswell, the
first governor, in the office of chief magistrate of the state. He represented a constituency in the Assem-
bly, from 1782 to 1785, and was a member of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1786. He resided
for many years at Newbern, where he died, greatly respected for his public and private virtues. His mem-
ory is perpetuated in the state by a county called by his name. Governor Nash's first wife was the voung
widow of the venerable Governor Dobbs.
He was the first speaker of
• I have noticed the death of General Francis Nash at Gerraantown, on page 114. Since writing that account, 1 have been in-
formed that his wound consisted of a laceration of the flceh and the fracture of the bone of bid thich by
a cannon-ball, which killed his horse, and also bin aid, Major Witherspoon, son of Dr. Witherspoon, of
Princeton College. His remains lie in the Mennonist Burying-groumi, at Kulpsville, twenty six miles
from Philadelphia. Through the patriotic endeavors of John F. Watson. Esq., the annalist, tho citizens
of Germantown and Norristown have erected a neat marble monument to the memory ol General Nash,
upon whk-h is the following inscription : " Vota via mea Jt'S 1'atrle. In memory of General Nash
of North Carolina, mortally wounded at the battle of Gerraantown. here interred, October 17, 1777, in
presence of the army here encamped. J. F. W."
Among the gallant officers who accompanied General Nash to the North, and fought at Brandywin,-
and Germantown, was Colonel Edward Buncombe. He was wounded and made a prisoner at Gcrman-
towa, and died Boon afterward at Philadelphia. Ilia character for generous hospitality may be inferred
from the following distich, which he affixed over the door of his mansion, in Washington county, North
Carolina:
" Welcome, all,
To Buncombe H;i!l "
In 1791. his name was given to a county in North Carolina. From 1817 to 1S23, the district which in-
cludes Buncombe was represented in Congress by one, not an orator. On one occasion, be attempted to address the House
in favor of a bill providing pensions for militiamen ; but a de-
termination not to hear him was manifested. He appealed to
the late Mr. Lowndes to interpose in his Itehalf, intimating th it
he would be satisfied with the allowance of five minutes for a
speech that might be published in the newspapers, and assuring
him that his remarks were not intended for the House, but for
Buncombe He was gratified, and spoke under the five minutes' rule. To the astonlsnment of the good people of Bunrombe
the speech of their representative (a curious specimen of lo^c ond oratory) appeared in the WaMt,gl,,u Cay Qazcltt, ,.
Nash's MoNTTBXENT.
^n^^T^^cP
I 70
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Partial Orgnniuition of nn Army.
Hobkirk's Hill.
View at the Spring.
Gates's Order.
Pnn.la
aid the discomfited general. The Legislature provided for procuring arms, ammunition,
and stores ; ordered militia drafts, and took other vigorous measures for the defense of the
state. Salisbury, toward which it was believed Cornwallis would march, was made the
place of rendezvous. The fragments of the army broken at Sander's Creek were collected
together at Hillsborough early in September, and on the sixteenth of that month, Colonel
Buford, having recruited his corps so cruelly handled by Tarleton, reached head-quarters,
from Virginia. There he was joined by sixty Virginia militia, and about fifty of Porter-
field's light infantry. All of these, with the Maryland and Delaware regiments, were formed
»Dec.3, mto a brigade, under Smallwood. The intervening events, from this time until
neo. Greene succeeded Gates in the command of the Southern army," have already been
considered. '
An hour's ride from Sander's Creek, over a very sandy and gently rolling country,
brought me to the summit of Hobkirk's
Hill, a high ridge overlooking the plains of
Camden. Upon the table-land of its sum-
mit is a beautiful village, composed of many
fine houses, the residences of wealthy in-
habitants of that region, who have chosen
this spot for its salubrity in summer. It
was just at sunset when I first looked from
this eminence upon the town below and the
broad plain around it. Although it was
midwinter, the profusion of evergreens gave
the landscape the appearance of early au-
tumn. Here was fought one of the mem-
orable battles of our War for Independ-
ence; and yonder, stretching away toward
the high hills of Santee, is the plain once
red with British legions, and glittering with
British bayonets. Before descending to
Camden, a mile distant, let us open the old
View at the Sp&ing
Hobkirk's Hill2
' The irritation which Gates exhibited when he was succeeded by General Schuyler in the command of
the Northern army, in 1777, was not visible when Greene reached Charlotte, and gave him the first noti-
fication of his having been superseded. On the contrary, he received Greene with the utmost courtesy, and
expressed his warmest thanks for the tender manner in which that officer announced the action of Congress
find the commander-in-chief. On the morning after Greene's arrival, Gates issued the following order:
"Headquarters, Charlotte, 3d December, 1780.
The Honorable Major-general Greene, who arrived yesterday
^Yk
<2SX-s
Parole, Springfield ; countersign, Greene
afternoon in Charlotte, being appointed by
his excellency, General Washington, with
the approbation of the Honorable Congress,
tn the command of the Southern army, all
orders will, for I be future, issue from him,
and all reports are to be made to him.
General Gates returns his sincere thanks yj yrf /~\
i" ibc Southern army for their persever- u£^f&s&s£ls/^~-sC/
ance, fortitude, and patient endurance of
all the hardships and sufferings they have
undergone while under his command. He
anxiously hopes their misfortunes willcease
therewith, and that victory and the glori-
ous advantages attending it may be the fu-
ture portion of the Southern army."
I he site of this spring, the source of one of the tributaries of Pine Tree Creek, is denoted in the map, on
nearly a broadside of that paper. •• Speaking for Buncombi
Form of Parole ant> CuITNtersign*
' (not Bunkum) is a term often applied since to men who waste
clause.
r„.,ui in the hnnd writing of \Wh
gton. The original is in the posFesnion of J. Wingate Thornton. Esq., of Ronton. It is the practice in camps for the command
the time of legislative bodies in making speeches forth'- sole purposp of receiving popular applau
*This parole (Alexandria) and countersign (Bedford, Colohester), upon a small slip of paper, is
(tintnn Tk» „-! ~\ „..l J_ I_ »1 - *. . .... _. _ _
OF THE RE \ (> I.ITION. 17 1
Greene's Movements toward South Carolina. Ilia Encampment near CnmJen. Lee's Legion and Wolvea.
chronicle, and peruse an interest inpr page. Tt is a balmy evening ;a birds are chirp- ,Jnn )7
itig their vespers among tlie dark-green foliage of the wild olives in the gardens, and 1849.
buds are almost bursting into blossoms upon every tree. Here, upon a bench by the bub-
bling sprint:, where General Greene was at breakfast when surprised by Lord Rawdon, we
will read and ponder in the evening twilight.
We left General Greene and his broken army on their march from Comwallis's camp, on
the Deep River, b toward Camden. (See page -107.) Greene had determined to b ApriI 6
strike a blow for the recovery of South Carolina. To secure the provisions which i781-
grow upon the borders of the Santee and Congaree Rivers, and to keep a communication
with the Indians on the frontier, the British bad established military posts at several points,
the most important of which was Fort Watson, upon Wright's BlulF, in the present Sum-
ter District. These, with the more remote post of Ninety-Six, Greene resolved to attack
almost simultaneously with his movement against Lord Rawdon, then at Camden. He
dispatched Lieutenant-colonel Lee with his legion, to join
Marion, then encamped in the swamps on Black River, in
Williamsburg District.' These brave partisans met on the
fourteenth,0 and immediately prepared to march
pn " against Fort Watson. Brigadiers Sumter and
Pickens were informed of the intended movement, and refused
to co-operate. Greene desired Sumter to join him at Cam-
den, while Pickens was directed to assemble the western mi-
litia and invest Ninety-Six, or, at least, to prevent a re-en-
forcement marching from that post to the relief of Rawdon
With only about fifteen hundred men (after detaching Lee's
force), Greene descended the Southern slope of Hobkirk's
Hill,'1 and encamped at Log Town, within half a
i April 19. ., r , , i * /-i j
mile ot tne enemv s works, at Camden. i.okd Kawdon.:
Lord Rawdon, who had been left in command of the ».*... .a*.*?™.
page 676. It is at the head of a ravine, scooped out of the northeastern slope of Hohkirk's Hill. The
noble trees which shadow it are tulips, poplars, and pines. The house seen on the top of the hill, toward
the left, is the residence of William E. Johnson, Esq., president of the Camden Bank. A few yards below
the spring a dike has been cast up, across the ravine, by which a fine duck pond is formed, and ados beauty
to the scene, in summer.
' Lee. in his Memoirs (pace 215), relates an amusing circumstance which occurred while he was on bis
wav to join Marion anions: the swamps on Black River, in Williamsburg District. Lee's detachment had
reached Drowning Creek, a branch of the Pedee, and were encamped for the night. Toward morning, the
sfneer of the day was informed that noises, like the stealthy movements of a body of men, were heard in
front of the pickets, toward the creek. Presently a sentinel fired, the bugles sounded for the horse patrol. ■
to come in. and soon the whole detachment were on the alert for the approaching enemy. Soon another
sentinel fired in a different direction, and intelligence came that an invisible enemy were in the swamp.
The troops were formed in accordance with the latest information of the whereabouts of the secret foe.
With great anxiety thev awaited the approach of dawn, not doubting that its first gleam would be the sig-
nal for a General assault by the enemy. Suddenly the line of sentinels in their rear, upon the great road
thev bad traversed, fired in quick succession, and the fact that the enemy had gained their rear in force
could not be doubted. Lee went cautiously along his line; informed his troops that there was no alterna-
tive but to fisht ; reminded them of their Inch reputation, and enjoined them to be firm throughout the ap-
proaching contest. He conjured the cavalry to be cautious, and not allow any partial success to tempt
them to pursue, for no doubt the enemy would ambuscade. At break of day, the whole column advanced
eautiouslv to the great road, infantry in front, baggage in the center, and cavalry in the rear. No enemy
appeared, and the van officer cautiously examined the road to find the trail of the foe. He soon discovered
the tracks of a large pack of wolves! These animals had attempted ti> | 'a-- along their accustomed path.
but findinn- it obstructed, had turned from point to point when met by the fire of the sentinels. The cir-
cumstance occasioned great merriment among the troops. Each considered himself a dupe. The poor
pickets, patrolcs, and officer of the day were made the butt of severest ridicule.
3 Francis Rawdon. son of the Earl of Moira. was born in 1754. and entered the army in 1771. He was
er-in-chief to issue a parole and countersign every morning. It is given in writing to his subordinates, and by them commu-
nicated to those who wish to leave the camp and return during the day and evening, &c. The object is to guard against the
admission of spies into the camp.
■17^ PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Lord Rftwdon at Cnrnden. Greenu'a Camp on Hobkirk's Hill. Rawdon's Prrparations to Attack Grceno.
Southern division of the royal army when Cornwallis marched into North Carolina, was
now at Camden. He was apprised of Greene's approach, and notwithstanding his force
was inferior (about nine hundred men), he was too strongly intrenched to fear an attack.
Greene perceived that his little army was unequal to the task of carrying the place by
storm, or even of completely investing it.1 Hoping to be joined by a re-enforcement of mi-
litia, he withdrew to Hobkirk's Hill, and encamped. On the twenty-first, he received the
startling information that Colonel Watson, with between four and five hundred men, was
marching up the Santee to join Rawdon. To prevent this junction, it was necessary to in-
tercept Watson some distance from Camden. To this task Greene immediately applied
himself. He crossed Sand Hill Creek, and encamped on the east of Camden, a
* April 22.
upon the Charleston road. It being impossible to transport the artillery across
the marshes on the borders of that creek, Lieutenant-colonel Carrington was directed to re-
turn with it toward Lynch's Creek, where it would be safe from the patrolling parties of the
enemy. Finally, convinced that the intelligence of the approach of Watson was false,5
Greene hastened back to Hobkirk's Hill, and ordered Carrington to join him, with the ar-
tillery, immediately.1' The hill was then completely covered with a forest, and the
ij April 24 .
Americans were so strongly posted, with the swamp on Pine Tree Creek in their
rear, that they felt no fear of an attack from the enemy. Yet the ever-cautious Greene
had the army encamped in battle order, ready to repel a sortie of Rawdon, should he have
the temerity to attempt one. During the day, he had received information of the capture
of Fort Watson by Marion and Lee, and just at evening the prisoners were brought into
camp, among whom were several American soldiers, previously captured, and who, as they
said, had enlisted in the British service as the best means of escaping to their friends.
During the night of the twenty-fourth, a drummer, named Jones, one of the Americans
taken at Fort Watson, deserted, and made his way to the British camp. He informed
Rawdon of the detachment of the artillery from the main army, the lack of provisions in the
American camp, and the fact that Sumter had not arrived. Rawdon resolved to strike a
blow at this favorable moment, for his own provisions were almost exhausted ; and before
daylight his garrison was in marching order. The country between Hobkirk's Hill and
Camden was so thickly wooded that the movements of the enemy were not discerned until
his van-guard approached the American pickets. The patriots were unsuspicious of danger.
Greene and his officers were leisurely taking breakfast under the shade of the trees at the
spring, pictured on page 47 0 (for it was a clear, warm morning) ; some of the soldiers were
washing their clothes, and the horses of Washington's cavalry were unsaddled. Rawdon
did not march directly for the American camp, on the Waxhaw road, but took a circuitous
route, toward the Pine Tree Creek. At about ten o'clock, the American advanced guard
discerned the approach of the enemy. Their pickets were commanded by Captain Benson,
of Maryland, and Captain Morgan, of Virginia, supported by Captain Kirkwood,5 with the re-
distinguished for his bravery during his first campaign in America, and in 1778 was appointed adjutant
general of the British forces. He was at the storming of Forts Clinton and Montgomery in 1777, and
was with Sir Henry Clinton at the battle of Monmouth. He was promoted to brigadier, and was succeeded
in his office of adjutant general by Major Andro. Rawdon afterward received the commission of a major
general. In 1812, he was appointed Governor General of British India, which office he held until 1S22.
During his administration, the Nepaulese, Pindarees, and other native powers, were subjugated, and the
British authority made supreme in India. During his absence in the East, he was created Marquis ol
Hastings. He died in 1825.
1 Camden, the capital "I Kershaw District, stands upon a gentle elevation, covered on the southwest by
the Wateree at a mile distant, and on the east by Pine Tree Creek, a considerable stream. The country
around it was heavily wooded at the time in question, and the town itself (formerly called Pine Tree, but
then named in honor of Lord Camden) was but a small village "fa few houses.
1 Colonel Wats. m had roallv commenced bis march up the Santee, but was obliged to turn bank because
Marion and Lee, after capturing Fort Watson, had got in front of him. and effectually guarded all the passes
and ferries.
a That portion of Hobkirk's Hill, on its southeastern slope, where iho fir^t of the battle commenced, is
now called Kirkwood, It is covered with fine residences and beautiful gardens, and is valued as a health-
ful summer resort by the people of Camden.
OF THE REVOLUTION
I 73
Disposition of tbo Two Armies.
ik's Hill.
Yielding of Mnrylnnd Troops.
mains of the Delaware regiment. These, at a distance of about a quarter of a mile from
the camp, gallantly received and returned the fire of the British van, and kept them at bay
while Greene formed his army in more complete battle order.
Fortunately for Greene, Carrington, with the artillery, had joined him early in the morn
ing, and brought to camp a competent supply of
provisions. The line was soon formed, and so
confident was Greene of success, that he unhesi-
tatingly ordered Lieutenant-colonel Washington,
with his cavalry, to turn the right flank of the
British, and to charge in their rear. The Amer-
ican line was composed of the Virginia brigade
on the right, under Brigadier Huger, with Lieu-
tenant-colonels Campbell and Hawes ; the Mary-
land brigade, led by Colonel Williams, seconded
by Colonel Gunby, and Lieutenant-colonels Ford
and Howard, occupied the left ; and in the center
was Colonel Harrison, with the artillery. The
reserve consisted of Washington's cavalry, and a
corps of two hundred and fifty North Carolina
militia, under Colonel Reade. (See the map.)
The skirmish of the van-guards was severe for
some time, when Ravvdon, with his whole force,
pressed forward, and drove Kirkwood and his
Delawares back upon the main line. The King's
American regiment was on his right ; the New
York Volunteers in the centre ; and the 63d regi-
ment composed the left. His right was supported by Robertson's corps, and his left by the
Irish Volunteers. (See map.) The British presented a narrow front, which was an advant-
age to Greene. As they moved slowly up the slope, Campbell and Ford were ordered to
turn the Hanks of the British, while the first Maryland regiment, under Gunby, was ordered
to make an attack in front. Rawdon perceived this movement, and, ordering the Irish corps
into line, strengthened his position by extending his front. The battle opened from right
to left with ureal vigor. The two Virginia regiments, led by Greene in person, aided by
Huger, Campbell, and Hawes, maintained their ground firmly, and even gained upon the
enernv. At the same time, Washington, with his cavalry, was sweeping every thing before
him upon the right flank of the British. The artillery was playing upon the center with
great execution, and Gunby's veteran regiment rushed forward in a deadly charge with
bayonets. Notwithstanding their inferiority of numbers and disadvantage of position, the
British maintained their ground most gallantly until Gunby's charge, when they faltered.
Hawes was then descending the hill to charge the New York Volunteers, and the falchion
that should strike the decisive blow of victory for the Americans was uplifted. At that
moment, some of Gunby's veterans gave way: their commander was killed. Colonel Will-
iams, who was near the center, endeavored to rally them, and Gunby and other officers used
every exertion to close their line. In this attempt, Colonel Ford was mortally wounded
and carried to the rear. Gunby, finding it impossible to bring them into order, directed
them to rally by retiring partially in the rear. This order was fatal. Perceiving this ret-
rograde movement, the British advanced with a shout, when a general retreat of the Amer-
Note. Explanation of the Plan. — This plan of the battle on Hobkirk's Hill is copied from Stedman
o a, are the American militia, on the Waxhaw road, leading from Camden to Salisbury ; b b, the Virginia
line'- c r, the Maryland line; d, the reserve, with General Greene; t, British light infantry, approaching
the American camp from Pine Tree Creek ; /, volunteers from Ireland ; g, South Carolina Loyalists ; A, 63d
regiment ; t, New York Loyalists ; /, King's American regiment ; k, convalescents j I, with swords crossed,
the place where the first attack was made ; m m, British dragoons. The spring was known as Martin's.
171 PICTORIAL FIELD -BO OR
Ctrrene'a R.-trent. Washington*! Charge upon the fureuers. Marion and Lee againM Watson
icans took place Greene, with his usual skill and energy, conducted the retreat in such
order that few men were lost after this first action. Washington had been eminently suc-
cessful ; and at the moment when the retreat began, he had two hundred prisoners. He
hastily paroled the officers, and then, wheeling, made a secure retreat, with the loss of three
men, and took with him fifty of his prisoners. The action continued at intervals until
about four o'clock in the afternoon, when the Americans had retreated four or five miles,
closely pursued by parties of the enemy. Washington, with cavalry and infantry, then
turned upon the pursuers, and charging the mounted New York Volunteers with great in-
trepidity, killed nine and dispersed the rest. This terminated the battle. The British re-
turned to their works at Camden, and Greene, with his little army, encamped for the night
on the north side of Sander's Creek. The dead, alone, occupied the battle-field. So well
was the retreat conducted, that most of the American wounded (including six commissioned
officers), and all of their artillery and baggage, with Washington's fifty prisoners, were car-
ried ofl". The loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and missing, according to Greene's
return to the Board of War, was two hundred and sixty-six ; that of the enemy, according
to Rawdon's statement, two hundred and fifty-eight. The killed were not very numerous.
Greene estimates his number at eighteen, among whom were Ford and Beatty.'of the Mary-
land line.8 Rawdon's loss in killed was thirty-eight, including one officer.
This defeat was very unexpected to General Greene, and for a moment disconcerted him,
for, with the exception of the success of Marion and Lee, in capturing Fort Watson, he did
not know how the Southern partisans were proceeding.3 The Maryland troops, so gallant
and firm on all former occasions, had now failed ; his provisions were short ; Sumter, the
speedy partisan, had not joined him ; and supplies came in tardily and meager. Yet Greene
was not the man to be crushed by adversity. On the contrary, he seemed to rise with re-
. .. „s newed strength, after every fall. Accordingly, on the morning succeeding the bat-
n8l- tle,a he retired as far as Rugeley's, and after detaching a small force with a six
pounder under Captain Finley, to Nelson's Ferry, to join Marion and Lee, and prevent Wat-
son from re-enforcing Rawdon, he crossed the Wateree, and took a strong position, where he
could not only cut off supplies for the garrison at Camden from that quarter, but prevent
the approach of Watson in that direction. In the mean while, Marion and Lee were closely
watching Colonel Watson. That officer had now approached near to the confluence of the
Congaree and Wateree, in Orangeburg District ; where he would cross it was difficult to tell ;
and the vigilant partisans, fearing he might elude them if they took post on the north side
of the Congaree, crossed over, and endeavored to overtake him. But Watson, who was
lH 5 equally vigilant and active, crossed the Congaree, b near its junction with the Wa-
1781. teree, and on the seventh of May passed the latter stream and joined Rawdon at
Camden.
Greene was early apprised of this junction, and, persuaded that Rawdon would resume
offensive operations at once, withdrew from the vicinity of Camden Ferry to the high ground
' See note on next page.
: Marshall (ii., 6) -ays that the fall of Captain Beatty, of Gunby's regiment, was the cause of its defec-
tion. His company and the one adjoining it were thrown into confusion, and dropped out of the line, and
then the fatal disorder ensued.
• Marshall, ii., 1-8. Ramsay, ii., 230-31. Gordon, iii., 189-91. Lee, 220-24. Stedman, ii., 356-58.
3 The. momentary despundeney of Greene is expressed in the following extract from a letter which he
wrote to the Chevalier Luzerne, three days after the battle : " Tins distressed country, I am sure, can not
struggle much longer without more effectual support. They may struggle a little while longer, but ihey
must fall ; and I fear their fall will lay a train to sap the independence of the rest of America
V\\' fight, get beaten, rise and fight again. The whole country is one continued scene of blood and slaugh-
ter.'' To La Fayette he wrote, on the first of May : " You may depend upon it, that nothing can equal
the sufferings of our little army but their merit." To others he wrote in a similar strain, imploring prompt
and decisive action for supplying his handful of troops with sustenance for the summer campaign, and with
re-enforcements. It must be remembered, that at this time the French army, under Roohamheau, was lying
idle in New England : and through Luzerne (the French minister) and La Fayette, Greene hoped to hasten
their advent in the field of active operations. To Governor Read, of Pennsylvania, he wrote, on the fourth
"I May : " If our good friends, the French, can not lend a helping hand to save these sinking states, they
must and will fall."
OF THE REVOLUTION. [ 1 5
British Evacuation of Camden. Destruction of Property. Fnll of Brirish Posts. Sale of Traveling E«t*b]i»hm.-nt.
beyond Sawney Crock, on the border of Fairfield District. He was not mistaken. On the
eighth," Rawdon crossed the Wateree, at the ferry below Camden,' and proceeded
toward Greene's encampment. The two armies were now equal in numbers; about
twelve hundred each. On the approach of the British. Greene retired to Colonel's Creek ;
at the same time. Rawdon became alarmed at the intelligence of the increase of the Amer-
ican army and of I J Irene's strong position, and returned to Camden. Believing it impossi-
ble to drive Greene from his neighborhood, and anxious for the safety of his menaced posts
between him and Charleston, Rawdon resolved to evacuate Camden, and with it all the
country north of the Congaree. He sent orders to Lieutenant-colonel Cruger to abandon
Ninety-Six, and join Lieutenant-colonel Brown at Augusta, and also directed Major Max-
well to leave Fort Granby (near the present city of Columbia), and fall back upon Orange-
burg, on the bank of the North Edisto. He then burned the jail, mills, and several private
houses at Camden ; destroyed all the stores which he could not carry with him, and on
the tenth left that place for Nelson's Ferry, hoping to cross there in time to drive off Mari-
on and Lee, then besieging Fort Motte. He took with him almost five hundred negroes;
and the most violent Loyalists, fearing the vengeance of the patriots, followed him in great
numbers1 Within six days afterward, Orangeburg,11 Fort Motte,0 the post at b M„y u.
Nelson's Ferry/ and Fort Granby, c fell into the hands of the Americans. Greene, ] Jj||* |J
in the mean while, had marched toward Ninety-Six, where he arrived on the twen- ' M"y '5-
ty-second of May. The military events at these several p aces will be noticed presently, in
the order in which I visited them.
It was almost dark when I rode into Camden and alighted at Boyd's Hotel. Here was
the end of my tedious but interesting journey of almost fourteen hundred miles with my own
conveyance ; for, learning that I could reach other chief points of interest at the South
easier and speedier by public conveyance, I resolved to sell my traveling establishment. Ac-
cordingly, after passing the forenoon of the next dayf in visiting the battle-ground , Jm ,„
on Hobkirk's Hill, sketching the scenery at the Spring, and the monument erected 1M9-
to the memory of Ue Kalb, on the green in front of the Presbyterian church in Camden,'
I went into the market as a trafficker. A stranger both to the people and to the business,
I was not successful. I confess there was a wide difference between my " asking" anil my
•■ taking" price. My wagon was again broken, and, anxious to get home, I did not " dicker '
long when I got an offer, and Charley and I parted, 1 presume, with mutual regrets. He
was a docile, faithful animal, and I had become much attached to him. A roll of Camden
bank-notes soothed my feelings, and I left the place of separation at dawn the next morn-
ing in the cars for Fort Motte and Columbia, quite light-hearted.
1 There is now a fine bridge across the Wateree at this place, which cost twenty thousand dollars.
8 Many of these, who had occupied their farms near Camden, were reduced to the most abject poverty.
Outside of the lines at Charleston, men, women, and children were crowded into a collection of miserable
huts, which received the name of Rawdontown. — Simms's History of South Carolina. 223.
3 I was informed, after I left Camden, that the house in winch Cornwallis was quartered, while there,
was vet standing, and very little altered since the Revolution. It was ono of the few saved when Rawdon
left the place. I was not aware of this fact while I was in Camden.
\0TE. — Since the publication of the first edition of this work, I have obtained some information concern-
ing the brave Captain Beatty, and here make brief mention of the chief events in his public career. Captain
William Beatty was Lorn in Frederick county, Maryland, on the 19th of June, 1758. His father, Colonel
William Beatty, commanded a regiment in General Mercer's Flying Camp during a part of the sum rand
autumn of 177(1 He had with him bis two sons, William and Henry. The latter was distinguished as a
commander at the repulse of the lirilish at Craney Island, near Norfolk, in 1813. William was made an
ensicn in 1776, at the age of 18 years, and was in active service, under the immediate command of Wash-
ington, until Greene took command of the Southern army in the autumn of 17*0. when he went South, and
was under that general until his death. He had risen to the rank of captain, and greatly distinguished him-
self in leading bis men to a successful bayonet charge at the battle of Guilford Court House. He was lead-
ing a battalion of Gunby's command to a bayonet charge in the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, when a musket-ball
entered his forehead, and he fell dead. To save him from the l!rili>h bayonets, then close at band, the of-
ficers, not knowing that he was killed, rushed forward to pick him up. This produced a ball, and some
confusion. The British perceived it. pushed forward, broke the line oflhe battalion, and caused a general
retreat. To the fall of the brave Beatty must be attributed the loss of victory to the Americans.
176
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
. Departure from Camden.
Tli.- Hi.li Hill, of Sonlee.
Passage of the Wateree Swamp.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Marion. Friends! fellow-soldiers] we again have heard
The threats of our proud enemies; they come,
Boasting to sweep us, Mice the chaff, away.
Shall we yield ? shall we lie down like dogs beneath
The keeper's lash ? Then shall we well deserve
The ruin, the disgrace that must ensue.
Ne'er dream submission will appease our foes ;
We shall be conquered rebels, and they'll fear
The spirit of liberty may rouse again ;
And therefore will they bind us with strong chains,
New cords, green withes, like those which Samson bound ,
And we, alas ! shall have been shorn and weak,
On Folly's lap, if we yield up our freedom.
Mrs. S. J. Hale's Tragedy, "Obmond Grovesnor."
Act IV.
T was a brilliant, frosty morning when I left Camden to visit the scenes of
some of the exploits of Marion and his partisan compatriots. Soon after cross-
ing the Big Swift and Rafting Creeks, we reached the high hills of Santee,
whereon General Greene encamped before and after the battle at the Eutaw
Springs. They extend southward, in Sumter District, from the Kershaw line,
twenty-two miles, parallel with the Wateree. They are immense sand hills.
varying in width on the summit from one to five miles, and are remarkable for
the salubrity of the atmosphere and for medicinal springs. Just at sunrise,
while swiftly skirting the base of these hills, with the Wateree Swamp between
us and the river on the west, we saw the sharp pencilings of the few scattered houses of
Statesburg against the glowing eastern sky. There was the residence of General Sumter
after the war, and in his honor the surrounding district was named.' After skirting the
Wateree Swamp some distance, the road passes through a high sand bluff, and then crosses
the great morass to the river, a distance of
four miles. Beyond that stream, it joins the
rail-way from Columbia. Through the swamp,
the iron rails are laid upon a strong wooden
frame-work, high enough to overtop a cane-brake.
The passage is made at a slow rate to avoid ac-
cidents. The scenery was really grand, for be-
low were the green canes waving like billows in
the wind, while upon either side of the avenue
cut for the road, towered mighty cypresses and
gum-trees, almost every branch draped with long
moss. Clustered around their stately trunks
were the holly, water-oak, laurel, and gall-bush,
with their varied tints of green ; and among
these, flitting in silence, were seen the gray mock-
1 I was informed that tho house of General Sumter and several others, with a large tract of land, was
owned by a mulatto named Ellison, who, with his wife and children, were once slaves. He was a mechanic,
and with the proceeds of his labor he purchased the freedom of himself and family. He is now (1850)
about sixty years of age, and owns a large number of slaves. His sons and daughters are educated, and
the former occupy the position of overseers on his plantation. Mr. Ellison is regarded as one of the mosl
honorable business men in that region.
1 This little sketch is from the pencil of J. Addison Richards, one of our most accomplished landscape
Scene in a Southern Swamp."
OF THE REVOLUTION
47 7
Fort Motte
Remnins of the Revolution.
Position of the Amerii ns there.
Marion.
nl and the brilliant scarlet tanniger. Here, I was told opossums and wild cats abound,
and upon the large dry tracts of the swamp wild deers are often
We arrive. I at the junction station at a little past eight o'clock, and, crossing a narrow
part of the Congaree Swamp and River, reached Fort Motte Station, on the southern side
of that stream, before nine, a distance of forty-four miles from Camden.
The plantation of Mrs. Rebecca .Motte, whose house, occupied and stockaded by the Brit-
ish, was called Fort Motte, lies chiefly upon a high roll-
ing plain, near the Buck's Head Neck, on the Con-
garee, a little above the junction of that river with in.
Wateree,' thirty-three miles below Columbia, the capital
of the state. This plain slopes in every direction, and
is a commanding point of view, overlooking the vast
swamps on the borders of the Congaree. It is now
owned by William H. Love, Esq., with whom 1 passed
several hours very agreeably. His house (seen in the
engraving) is built nearly upon the site of Mrs. Motte a
mansion, desolated by Gre a1 her own suggestion, while
occupied by the British, The well used by that patriotic lady is still there, close by the
oak-tree seen on the right ; and from it to the house there is a slight hollow, which indicates
the place of a covered way, dug for the protection of the soldiers when procuring water.
The other large tree seen in the picture is a blasted sweet-gum, and in the extreme distance
is seen the Congaree Swamp. This house was built by Mrs. Motte immediately after the
close of the war. The Americans, whose exploits we shall
consider presently, were stationed upon an eminence about
a quarter of a mile northeast of the house, toward the Con-
jbr. garee, in the direction of MCord's Ferry. A little east-
ward of the house there was an oval mound, when I was
there in 1649, about twelve feet in height, and dotted with
the stumps of trees recently cut down. This is the ves-
tige of a battery, upon which the assailants planted a field-
\Ye shall better understand these localities after consulting
View at 1'ohi Mottk.
iATTRHV.
piece to dislodge the British,
the oracle of history.
Amon" the bold, energetic, and faithful patriots of the South, none holds a firmer place in
the affections of the American people than General Francis Marion.1 His adventures were
painters. The cypress " knees." as they are called, are here truthfully shown. They extend from the
roots of the trees, si metimes as much as two feet above the earth or the water, hut never exhibit branches
or leaves. They appear like smooth-pointed stumps.
i The Cong ""'.1 by the junction of the Broad and Saluda Rivers at Columbia. Its junction
with the Wateree (the Catawba of North Carolina), at the lower end of Richland District, forms the Santee,
which name is borne by the whole volume of united waters from that point to the ocean, liu.-k's Head
Neck is formed by a sweep of the Congaree, of nearly eight mile a hi n it approaches itself within a quar-
ter of a mile. The swamp land .■! this neck has been reclaimed in many places, and now hears good cot-
ton. At the rundle of this bow ol the nvcr i- tin- ancient M'Cord's Ferry, \.-t in use.
' Francis Marion was l.orn at Wioyaw, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 17,'i'J. He was s0 small
at his birth, that, according to Weems, "he was i than a New England lobster, an. I might easily
enough have been put into a qnarl |'"t " Marion received a ?ery limited share of education, and until his
twenty-seventh year (1759), he followed agricultural pursuits. He then became a soldier, by joining an
expedition against the Cherokees and oih.-r hostile tribes (s, .,. pag. 440) on the Western frontier of the
Carolinas. When the Revolution broke out, he was found on the side ol liberty, an. I was made captain in
the second South Carolina regiment. He fought bravely in the battle at Fort Sullii an, on Sullivan's Island.
He was afterward encaged in the contest at Savannah, and from that period until the defeat of Gates, neai
Camden, in the summer of 17*0. he was an active soldier. Soon after that affair, he organized a brigade,
having passed through the several L'rades to that of brigadier of the militia of hi- state. While Sumter
was striking heavy blows, here and there, in the northwestern part of North Carolina. Marion was perform-
ing like service in the northeastern part, along the Pedee and its tributaries. In 17*1. be was engaged
with Lee and others in reducing several British posts. After the Battle at Eutaw. Marion did not long
remain in the field, but took his seat as senator in the Legislature. He was soon again called to the field,
■178
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Song uf Marion's Men.
full of the spirit of romance, and his whole military life was an epic poem. The followers
of Robin Hood were never more devoted to their chief than were the men of Marion's brigade
to their beloved leader. Bryant has sketched a graphic picture of that noble band, in his
SONG OF MARIONS MEN.
Our kind is few, but true and tried,
Our leader frank and bold ;
The British soldier trembles
When Marion's name is toid.
Our fortress is the good green wood,
Our tent the cypress-tree ;
We know the forest round us.
As seamen know the sea.
We know its walls of thorny vines,
Its glades of reedy grass;
Its safe and silent islands
Within the dark morass.
Woe to the English soldiery,
That linle dread us near!
On them shall light at midnight,
A strange and sudden fear;
When, waking to their tents on (lie,
They grasp their arms in vain.
And they who stand to face us
Are beat to earth again ;
And they who fly in terror deem
A mighty host behind.
And bear the tramp of thousands
Upon the hollow wind.
Then sweet the hour that brings release
From danger and from toil ;
We talk the battle over,
And share the battle's spoil.
The woodland rings with laugh and shout,
As if a hunt were up,
And woodland flowers are gatherd
To crown the soldier's cup.
With merry songs we mock the wind
That in the pine-top grieves,
And slumber long and sweetly
On beds of oaken leaves.
Well knows the fair and friendly u n
The band that Marion leads — .
The glitter of their rifles,
The scampering of their steeds.
'tis life to guide the fiery barb
Across the moonlight plain ;
lis life to feel the night wind
That lifts his tossing mane.
A moment in the British camp —
A moment — and away
Back to the pathless forest.
Before the peep of day.
Grave men there are by broad Santee ;
Grave men with hoary hairs,
Their hearts are all with Marios,
For Marion are their prayers.
And lovely ladies greet our band
With kindliest welcoming,
With smiles like those of summer,
And tears like those of spring.
For them we wear these trusty anus,
And lay them down no more,
Till we have driven the Briton
Forever from our shore.
and did nut relinquish his sword until the close of the war. When peace came, Marion retired to his plan-
tation, a little below Eutaw, where he died on the twenty-ninth of February, 1795. in the sixty-third year
of his a<*e. His last words were, "Thank God, since I came to man's estate I have never intentionally
done wrong to any man.*'
Marion's remains are in the church-yard at Belle Isle, in the parish uf St. John's, Berkeley. Over ihem
is a marble slab, upon which is the following inscription : " Sacred to the memory of Brigadier-general
Francis Marion, who departed this life on the twenty-ninth of February, 17(15, in the sixty-third year of
his age, deeply regretted by all of his fellow-citizens. History will record bis worth, and rising gcucra-
lions embalm ins memory, as one uf the must distinguished patriots and heroes of the American Revolution ,
whi.h elevated bis native country to Honor and Independence, and secured to her the blessings of liberty
and peace This tribute of veneration and gratitude is erected in commemoration of the noble and disin-
iu teu virtues of the citizen, and the gallant exploits of the soldier, who lived without fear and died with
out reproach."
OF THE RE VULUTION.
i ; 9
Ifnrion Id Gales*! Ctttnp.
K. • a i Uotte
Iler Iluufu furlifiuJ anJ garrisoned.
When Gates was pressing Forward toward Camden, Marion, with about twenty men and
boys, was annoying the Tones in ihe neighborhood of the Pedee. With his ragged com-
mand, worse than Falstaff ever saw, lie appeared at the camp ol I rati B and excited the rid-
icule of the well-clad Continentals.' Gates, too, would doubtless have thought lightly of
him, if Governor Rutledge, who was in the American camp, and knew the partisan's worth,
had not recommended him to the notice ol' that general. Gates listened to his modestly
expressed opinions respecting the campaign, but was too conceited to regard them seriously,
or to oiler to Marion a place in his army. While he was in Gates's camp, the Whigs ol
Williamsburg District, who had arisen in arms, sent lor him to be their commander. Gov-
ernor Rutledge gave him the commission of a brigadier on the spot, and he hastened to or-
ganize that brigade, which we shall hereafter meet frequently among the swamps, the broad
Savannahs, and by the water-courses of the South.''
Fort Motte, where the brave Marion exhibited his skill and courage, was the principal
depot of the convoys be-
tween Charleston and
Camden, and also lor
those destined for (I rail-
by and Ninety - Six.
The British had taken
possession of the fine
large mansion of .Mrs.
Rebecca Motte.5 a wid-
ow of fortune, which oc-
cupied a commanding
position. They sur-
rounded it with a deep
trench (a part of which
is yet visible), and along
the interior margin ol it
erected a high parapet.
Mrs Motte and her family
known to be inimical to t
British, were driven to her
IV, J/t , /} ,. MPhers
farm-house, upon a hill
north of the mansion,
and their place was
supplied by a garrison
of one hundred and fif-
ty men, tinder Captain
M'Pherson, a brave
British officer. After
Colonel Watson eluded
the pursuit of Marion
and Lee, and crossed
the Congaree (see page
1 7 <j), those indefatiga-
ble partisans moved
upon Fort Motte. A
few hours before their
arrival at that place,
son was re-enforced
small detachment of
ragoons sent from Charles-
ton with dispatches for Lord Rawdon. They were on the point of leaving, when Marion
and Lee appeared upon the height at the farm-house where Mrs Motte was residing.
Alter cautiously reconnoitenng, Lee took position at the farm-house, and his nun, with
the field-piece sent to them by Greene, occupied the eastern declivity ol the high plain on
which Fort Motte stood. This gentle declivity is a little southwest of the rail-way station,
in full view of passengers upon the road. Marion immediately cast up a mound (see page
1 Colonel Otho H. Williams, in his Narrative of the Campaigns of 1780, thus speaks of Marion and his
men, at that time : "Colonel Marion, a gentleman of South Carolina, had been with the army a few days,
attended by a very few followers, distinguished by small leather caps and the wretchedness of their attiro ;
their numbers did not exceed twenty men and boys, some white, some black, and all mounted, but mosj ol
them miserably equipped ; their appearance was, in fact, so burlesque, that it was with much difficulty the
diversion of the regular soldiery was restrained by the officers; and the general himsell was glad ol an op-
portunity of detaching Colonel Marion, at his own instance, toward the interior of South Carolina, with or-
ders to watch the motions of the enemy, and furnish intelligence.
* So certain was Gates of defeating Cornwallis, thai when Marion departed, he instructed him to destroy
all the boats, flats, and scows, which might he used by the British in their flight.
3 Rebecca Brewton was the daughler of an English gentleman. She married Jacob Motte, a planter, in
1758, and was the mother of six children. General Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, married in suc-
cession her two eldest daughters; the third married Colonel William Alston, of Charleston. Her other
three children did not live to reach maturity. Mrs. Motte died in 1815, at her plantalion on the Santee.
The portrait here given is copied, by permission of the author, from Mrs. Ellet's Women of Ihe Revolution.
The original is in the possession of Mrs. Motle's descendants.
180 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
American Battery. Siege of Fort Motte. Lee's Expedient. Fatiiotism of Mrs. Motte.
4 7 7), upon which he planted the six-pounder, in a position to rake the northern face of the
parapet of the fort, against which Lee prepared to approach. M'Pherson had no artille-
ry, and his safety depended upon timely extraneous aid, either from Camden or Ninety-
Six.
Between the height on which Lee was posted and Fort Motte is a narrow vale, which
allowed the assailants to approach within four hundred yards of the fort. From that vale
they began to advance by a. parallel, which, by the assistance of some negroes from neigh-
boring plantations, was sufficiently advanced by the tenth" to warrant the Amer-
icans in demanding a surrender. A flag was accordingly dispatched, with a
formal summons, but M'Pherson gallantly refused compliance. That evening, intelligence
of Rawdon's retreat from Camden toward Nelson's Ferry was communicated to the Ameri-
cans, and in the course of the night a courier from Greene confirmed the report. Delay
would be dangerous, fur Rawdon, with his superior force, could easily repulse them. Early
on the morning of the eleventh, the light of his beacon-fires were seen on the high hills of
Santee, and that night their gleamings upon the highest ground of the country, opposite
Fort Motte, gave great joy to the beleagured garrison. To batter down the enemy's works
with the field-piece, or to approach by a trench, was too slow for the exigency of the case.
The fertile mind of Lee, full of expedients, suggested a quicker plan for dislodging the gar-
rison. The mansion of Mrs. Motte, m the center of the enemy's works, was covered with
shingles, now very dry, for no rain had fallen for several days, and the rays of the sun were
powerful. To communicate fire to this mansion was Lee's expedient. That officer had
enjoyed the hospitality of Mrs. Motte during the siege, and her only marriageable daughter
was then the wife of his friend, Major Thomas Pinckney. These circumstances made it a
painful duty for him to propose the destruction of her property. Her cheerful acquiescence,
and even patriotic desire to be able to serve her country by such a sacrifice, gave him joy ;
and, communicating his plan to Marion, they hastened to execute it. It was proposed to
hurl ignited combustibles upon the roof of the house, by arrows. These were prepared, when
Mrs. Motte, observing their inferiority, brought out a fine bow and a bundle of arrows which
had been brought from the East Indies, and presented them to Lee. On the morning of the
twelfth, a Lee sent Dr. Irvine, of his cavalry, with a flag, to state truly the rela-
• May, 1781. . . . c , . , , . ir.ii. , f ^
tive position ot the belligerents ; that Kawdon had not yet crossed the Santee,
and that immediate surrender would save many lives. M'Pherson still refused compliance ;
and at meridian, when the ditch was advanced within bow-shot of the fort, several arrows
from the hand of Nathan Savage, a private in Marion's brigade, winged their way, with
lighted torches, toward the house. Two struck the dry shingles, and instantly a bright flame
crept, along the roof. Soldiers were ordered up to knock off the shingles and put out the
fire, when one or two shots from Marion's battery, raking the loft, drove them below.
M'Pherson hung out a white flag, the firing ceased, the flames were extinguished, and at
one o'clock the garrison surrendered themselves prisoners of war. By invitation of Mrs.
Motte, both the victorious and the captive officers partook of a sumptuous dinner from her
table, while she presided with all the coolness and easy politeness for which she was remark-
able when surrounded by friends in the enjoyment of peace.'
1 Lee's Memoirs, 229-32. Simm's Life of Marion, page 236, 239. In this siege Marion lost two of his
brave men. Sergeant M'Donald and Lieutenant Crnger. The British did not lose a man killed, and the
prisoners were all paroled. Colonel Horry, in his narrative, mentions some pleasing incidents which oc-
curred at the table of Mrs. Motte on this occasion. Among the prisoners was Captain Ferguson, an offi-
cer of considerable reputation. Finding himself near Horry, Ferguson said, '" You are Colonel Horrv, I
presume, sir." Horry replied in the affirmative, when Ferguson continued, " Well, I was with Colonel
Watson when he fourrht your General Marion on Sampit. I think I saw you there with a party of horse,
and also at Nelson's Ferry, when Marion surprised our parly at the house. But,'' he continued, "I was
hid in high grass, and escaped. You were fortunate in your escape at Sampit, lor Watson and Small had
twelve hundred men." "If so," replied Horry, " I certainly was fortunate, for I did not suppose thev had
more than half that number." " I consider myself," added the captain. " equally fortunate in escaping at
Nelson's Old Field." "Truly you were," answered Horry drily, "for Marion had but thirty militia on
that occasion." The officers present could not suppress laughter. When Greene inquired of Horrv how
OF THE RE VOLUTION. |~i
Rawdon's Retreat. Belleville. A Slave " Pass." Trial of a Slave. Columbia
The prisoners were treated with great humanity, notwithstanding some of them were
Tories of a most obnoxious stamp. As soon as paroled, they were sent ofl'lo Lord Rawdon,
then crossing the Santee at Nelson's Ferry, near Eutaw Springs. The (all of Fort'Motte
greatly alarmed that officer, and two days afterward," he blew up the fortifications at
Nelson's Ferry, and hastened toward Charleston. During the day of the capitulation, * "y
Greene arrived with a small troop of cavalry, being anxious to know the result of the siege,
lor he was aware Rawdon was hastening to the relief of the garrison.' Finding every thing
secure, he returned to his camp, then on the north side of the Congaree, after ordering Ma-
rion to proceed against Georgetown, toward the head of Wmyaw Bay, near the coast, and
directing Lee with his legion, and Captain Fin ley with his six pounder, to attack Fort
Grauby, thirty-two miles above Fort Motte, near the present city of Columbia. Thither
we will presently proceed.
About a mile eastward of Fort Motte is the residence of Charles Thomson, Esq., known
as Belleville. It was taken possession of, stockaded, and garrisoned by the Loyalists for a
while. The fine old mansion, which I am told exhibits many bullet-marks made by some
Whigs, who attacked a party of Tories stationed in the house, was owned by William
Thomson, who, next to Moultrie, was most conspicuous in the battle on Sullivan's Island,
at the entrance to Charleston harbor, in 1776. I intended to visit Belleville, but it was
so late when I had finished dinner with Mr. Love, that I was obliged to mount one of his
horses and hasten to the station to take passage for Columbia. While waiting lor the cars,
the overseer of a plantation near requested rne to write a pass for a sick lemale slave, whom
he was about to send to her master at Columbia for medical aid. Regardless of the pen-
alty," I wrote upon a card from my port-lblio, " Pass Dido to Columbia, January 19, 1849
J. Smoke.'' Two hours afterward I was there also, but did not again see the namesake oi
the Queen of Carthage.
Columbia, the capital of South Carolina, is a fine town, handsomely located upon a high
plain three or four miles in extent, a little below the junction of the Broad and Saluda
Rivers, where they form the Congaree. It was laid out in 1787, when the region around
it was very sparsely populated. The Legislature first met there in 1790. There was a
settlement on each side of the river, about two miles below, called Grauby, which was a
point of departure for the wilderness of the Cherokee country. The climate is mild and
salubrious ; and Columbia promises to be, from its geographical and political situation, a
large inland city. It is the favored seat of learning in the state, the South Carolina Col-
lect' and Theological Seminary of South Carolina and Georgia being located there.
The morning after my arrival in Columbia was very inclement. A old drizzle, which
iced every thing out of doors, made me deter my visit to Fort Grauby until noon, when,
seeing no prospect of abatement, I procured a conveyance, and crossing the great bridge over
he came to affront Captain Ferguson; he answered, " He affronted himself by telling his own story." Hor-
ry's MS. Narrative, quoted by Simms, Life of Marion, p. 239.
1 Some writers attribute Greene's presence at Fort Motte on this occasion to other motives than here
represented. An unsatisfactory correspondence had recently taken place between Greene and Marion the
former having blamed the latter for not furnishing cavalry horses when in his power to do so. Marion,
conscious of having been eminently faithful, felt deeply wronged, and tendered the resignation of. his com-
mission to Greene. The latter soon perceived the injustice of his suspicions, and took this, the first oppor-
tunity, for a personal interview to heal the wound.
2 A slave found in the streets of a town alter dark, without a. pass, is liable to be locked in prison until
morning, and this was written to prevent such an occurrence. The laws of South Carolina inflict the pen-
alty of tine and imprisonment upon a person found guilty of writing a pass for a slave without authority,
1 was informed of a curious eirc stance connected with this fact, which occurred near Fort Motte a few
days previous to my visit there. Two slaves, carpenters, had escaped from their home, aral were found
near Camden with well-written passes or permits to find work, signed by the name of their master. Who
wrote the forged passes, was a question which puzzled the neighborhood. A mulatto on the plantation
was Mispected, and, on being accused, confessed that he wrote them, having been secretly taught to write
by an overseer. A jury was called to try him for the offense, but as the law did not contemplate the ability
of a slave to write, and as the term person did not apply to a negro, no punishment could be legally award-
ed. The jury simplv recommended his master to flog him.
II. H ii
laa
PICTORIAL FIELD- BO OK
Fort Granby and its Garrison.
Mr. Friday and Colonel Maxwell.
Capture of Fort Granny.
the Congaree, rode to the house of James Caeey, Esq., the " Fort Granby'' of the Revolu-
tion, two miles below. It is a strong frame building,
two stories in height, and stands upon an eminence
near the Charleston road, within three fourths of ,i
mile of Friday's Ferry, upon the Congaree. It over-
looks ancient Granby and the country around. Sev-
eral houses of the old village are there, but the soli-
tude of desolation prevails, for not a family remains.
Mr. Cacey was a hopeless invalid, yet he was able to
give me many interesting reminiscences connected with
that locality,' and I passed an hour very pleasantly
with him and his family.
The dwelling of Mr. Cacey was originally built by some gentlemen of Fine Tree (Cam-
den) as a store-house lor cotton and other products of the country, whence they were sent
upon flat-boats down the river to the sea-board. When the chain of military posts from
Camden to Charleston was established, this building, eligibly located, was fortified, and called
Fort Granby. A ditch was digged around it ; a strong parapet was raised ; bastions were
formed ; batteries were arranged ; and an abatis was constructed. The garrison consisted
of three hundred and fifty men, chiefly Loyalists, with a few mounted Hessians, under the
command of Major Maxwell (a refugee from the eastern shore of Maryland), of the Prince
of Wales's regiment. He was neither brave nor experienced, and the want of these qual-
ities of the commandant being known to Lee, he felt no hesitation in attacking him in his
strong position. Detaching a small troop of cavalry, under Captain Armstrong, to watch
the movements of Rawdon, Lee pushed forward with his usual celerity, to the investment
of Fort Granby. Sumter, instead of joining Greene before Camden, had made a demon-
stration against Fort Granby, a few days before, but finding it too strong for his small arms,
had retired, and marched to attack the British post at Orangeburg, fifty miles below. Lee
arrived in the vicinity of the fort on the evening of the fourteenth of May, a the day
on which Sumter took possession of Orangeburg ; and in the edge of a wood, within
six hundred yards of the fort, he began the erection of a battery. A dense fog the next
morning enabled him to complete it, and mount the six pounder brought by Captain Finley
from Fort Motte, before they were discovered by the garrison. When the fog rolled away,
Captain Finley discharged his cannon, and, at the same moment, the legion infantry ad-
vanced, took an advantageous position, and opened a fire upon the enemy's pickets. This
sudden annunciation of the presence of an enemy, and his imposing display, alarmed Max-
well excessively, and he received Captain Eggleston, who was sent with a flag to demand a
surrender, with great respect. After a brief consultation with his officers, the major agreed
to surrender the fort, on condition that private property of every sort, without an investiga-
tion of title, should be left in the hands of ils possessors;2 that the garrison should be per-
1 Mr. Friday, the father-in-law of Mr. Caeey, and his brother, were the only Whigs of that name in the
state, and often suffered insults from their Tory kinsman. Mr. Friday owned mills at Granby, and also
a ferry called by his name ; and when the British fortified that post, the garrison supplied thomselves with
Hour from hi* establishment. He gave the British the credit of dealing honorably, paying him liberally for
every thing they took from him — Hour, poultry, cattle, &e. On one occasion, when called to the fort to
receive his pay, Major Maxwell, the commandant of the garrison, said to him, " Mr. Friday, 1 hope you are
as clever a fellow as those of your name who are with us.'' ''No!'' shouted his Tory uncle, who was
standing near, "he's a damned rebel, and I'll split him down !" at the same time rushing forward to ex-
ecute his brutal purpose. Colonel .Maxwell protected the patriot, but dared not rebuke the savage, for fear
of offending his Tory comrades. After the battle at Eulaw, Colonel Maxwell, and two or three other offi-
cers, passing through Granby, stopped one night at Mr. Friday's. Early in the morning, Maxwell said to
Mr. Friday, " You Dutchmen are celebrated lor line gardens ; let us go and look at yours." When a little
distance from the other officers, the colonel remarked. " Mr. Friday, you are a friend to your country. Re-
main so. Wc have not conquered it yet, and never will, and your name will yet be honored, while those
■ if your countrymen who are with us will he despised." I gladly record the patriotism of Mr. Friday, in
fulfillment of this prediction.
1 I.ee «avs. iii hi* Memoirs (pajxo 234). lhat Maxwell, "zealous to fill hi* purse, rather than to r/nthei
1781.
OF THE REVOLUTION I-:
Terins of Surrender. Greene's Army at Fort Granl'}'. The Locality. Ninori
milled to retire to Charleston as prisoners of war, until exchanged ; that the militia should
lie held in the same manner as the regulars ; and that an escort, charged with the protection
of persons and property, should attend the prisoners to Rawdon's camp. Lieutenant-col-
onel Lee's practice was always to restore plundered properly, when captured, to the right-
ful owners ; yet, knowing the danger of delay, with Ilawdon so near, he acquiesced, on the
condition that all the horses fit for public service should be left, To this the mounted Hes
-nu- objected, and the negotiations were suspended. During this suspense, Captain Arm-
strong arrived with the intelligence that Rawdon had crossed the Santee, and was moving
upon Fort Motte. Lee waved the exception ; the capitulation was signed, and before noon
Captain Rudolph raised the American flag on one of the bastions, and the captive garrison
marched, with its escort, for Rawdon's camp.1 Among the spoils of victory were two pieces
of cannon, and a considerable quantity of ammunition, salt, and liquor. It was a glorious,
because almost a bloodless victory, lor no life was lost.
On the surrender of the fort. Lee dispatched a messenger to Greene, who with great ex-
pedition had pressed forward, and was within a few miles of Friday's Ferry. He crossed
that ferry, and on the evening of the fifteenth11 encamped upon Ancram's plan-
tation, near the river, where the victors and the mam army had a joyous meet-
ing. During the night a courier from Fort Motte announced the fact that Rawdon had re-
treated, after a day's march, toward that post, destroyed the worlis at Nelson's Ferry, and
was pushing on toward Charleston. Early in the morning another courier came with the
cheerin" intelligence of Sumter's success at Orangebnrg,b and the seventeenth of
I, Mhv 11
May was a day of rejoicing by the little American army at Fort Gran by,
Resting one day. General Greene moved toward Ninety-Six, which place he reached on
the twenty-second ol May. In the mean while, he strengthened Lee's legion by the addi-
tion of some North Carolina levies under Major Eaton, and then directed him to hasten
toward Augusta, on the Savannah River, to join Pickens, who, with a body of militia, was
in the vicinity of that post. We will follow them presently.
The house of Mr. Cacey yet bears many " honorable scars" made by the bullets of Lee's
infantry ; and in the gable toward the river, between the chimney and a window (indica-
ted by a black spot in the engraving), is an orifice, formed by the passage of a six-pound
ball from Finley's field-piece. In one of the rooms are numerous marks made by an ax
when cutting up meat for the use of the garrison ; and an old log barn near, which stood
within the intrenchments, has also many bullet scars.
I returned to Columbia at lour o'clock, where 1 remained until Monday morning
While at Columbia, 1 met a gentleman from Abbeville District, in the vicinity of old
Fort Ninety-Six. lie informed me that the traveling was wretched, and quite dangerous
in that direction, and that nothing of Revolutionary interest worth visiting yet remained
at that military post, now the pleasant village of Cambridge, seventy-nine miles westward
of Columbia. He also informed me that a gentleman of Cambridge, who was familiar
with every historical event in his neighborhood, would cheerfully communicate all I could
possibly learn by a personal visit. Willing to avoid a long and tedious journey unless it
was necessary, I wrote to that gentleman, and by his kind and prompt compliance 1 am
furnished with all necessary details respecting the locality, together with the plan of the
fortification, printed on page C91. We will here consider the events which render Ninety-
Six historically famous.
Old Ninety-Six was so called because it was within ninety-six miles of the frontier fort.
Prince George, which was upon the Keowee River, in the present Pickens District. lis
locality is in the eastern part of Abbeville District, near the borders of Edgefield, and within
six miles of the Saluda River. No portion of the state sutlered more during the war than
military laurels, had, during his command, pursued his favorite object with considerable success, and held
with him in the fort his gathered spoil.'' This fact accounts for the major's desire to have all private
property confirmed to its possessors "without investigation "I title."
' The garrison had nnly sixtv regulars (the He-sians) ; the remainder were Tory militia.
4S4 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Ninety Six Fortified. to Garrison and Works. Capiure of Fort Galphin. The " Galphin Claim."
the district around Ninety-Six. Like the neutral ground in West Chester, New York, Whig
nor Tory could dwell there in peace, for armed bands of each were continually disturbing
the inhabitants, and in close proximity were the hostile Cherokees, ready, when they dared,
to scourge the settlers.
The little village of Ninety-Six was stockaded to defend it from the incursions of the In-
dians ; and when, after the fiill of Charleston, the British established several posts in the in-
terior, its location and salubrity indicated it as an important point for a fortification. It
was in a position to maintain a communication with the Indians, keep in check the Whig
settlements west of it, and cover those of the Loyalists in other directions ; and it afforded
an excellent recruiting-station for the concentration of Tory material in that quarter.
Ninety-Six was garrisoned by about five hundred and fifty Loyalists, three hundred and
fifty of whom were from New York and New Jersey,1 and the remainder were South Car-
olina Tories, under Colonel King, the whole commanded by Lieutenant-colonel John Cruger,
a native of the city of New York. Cruger was an energetic officer, and possessed the en-
tire confidence of his superiors in the royal army. He did not receive instructions from
Rawdou when that officer abandoned Camden, for Sumter cut offall communications ; there-
fore, he had not prepared to evacuate Ninety-Six and join Colonel Browne at Augusta, as
Rawdou desired him to do. When he learned that Greene was approaching Camden, he
began to strengthen his works ; and when informed that Lee, with his legion, had got between
him and the post at Augusta, and that Greene was approaching to besiege him, his garri-
son labored night and day still further to strengthen the defenses. Already he had built a
stockade fort on the borders of the village, in addition to a star redoubt. This was strength-
ened ; a parapet was raised ; a ditch was dug around it, and a covered way, communicating
with the palisaded village, was prepared. Block-houses, formed of notched logs, were erected
on the northeastern side of the village, near where a star redoubt was constructed. Before
Greene reached there, Cruger's energy and skill had so directed the efforts of the garrison,
under the superintendence of Lieutenant Haldane, one of Cornwallis's aids, that the place
presented an apparently insurmountable strength against the attacks of Greenes little army
of a thousand men.
In the mean while, Marion and Sumter were directed to keep watch between the Santee
and Edisto Rivers, and hold Rawdon in check, if he should attempt to march to the relief
of either Ninety-Six or Augusta, now menaced by the Americans ; while Lee, who left Fort
Granby, with his legion, in the evening after its capture, was scouring the country between
those two posts, and proceeding to form a junction with Pickens. Informed that quite a
large quantity of powder, balls, small arms, liquor, salt, blankets, and other articles, intend-
ed for the Indians, and much wanted by the Americans, were deposited at Fort Galphin
(sometimes called Fort Dreadnought), a small stockade at Silver Bluff, upon the Carolina
side of the Savannah, twelve miles below Augusta,3 he hastened thither to capture them.
On the morning of the twenty-first of May,8 he reached the vicinity, and Captain
Rudulph, witl. some of the legion infantry, gallantly rushed upon the fort, while a
' According to M*Kenzie, in his Strictures on Tarleton's History, there were one hundred and fifty men
of Delancey's battalion (Loyalists of New York), and two hundred Jersey volunteers. Lieutenant-colonel
Cruger was Colonel Delancey's son-in-law. Colonel Cruger died in London in 1807, aged sixty-nine.
His widow died at Chelsea, England, in 1822, at the age of seventy-eight years.
■ The house of George Galphin, deputy superintendent of Indian affairs, inclosed within stockades, was
used for barracks, and as a store-house for various Indian supplies. The land is now owned by Ex-governor
Hammond, of South Carolina.
Previous to 1773, Galphin, by his dealings with the Creek Indians, had made them indebted to him in
the sum of 849,000. To secure the payment of this and other debts, the Creeks conveyed to the British
rnment, in 1773. a large tract of land lying within the present limits of Georgia. At the close of the
Revolution, this land belonged to that state, and to the loeal Legislature Galphin applied for the payment
of his claim. It was refused. In 1847, Milledge Galphin, surviving heir and executor of the Indian agent,
petitioned Congress for a payment of the claim, principal and interest ; and in 1850, the general government
allowed what the local government had pronounced illegal. The 1: Galphin claim" took a large sum from
our National Treasury, for interest had been accumulating for about seventy years.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
I- i
Greene before Ninety Sis.
Siege commenced by Kosciuszko.
A Sally.
Plan of the Siege
small body of militia attacked the garrison from another quarter. With the loss of only
one man, the fort, with all its contents, was captured by the Americans. After resting a
few hours, Lee ordered Major Eggleston, who was a Continental officer, to cross the Sa-
vannah, join bodies of militia in that neighborhood, proceed to Augusta with a flag, inform
Colonel Browne of the approach of Greene, and demand an instant surrender of Forts Corn-
uallis and Grierson, at that place. The events which followed will be detailed in another
chapter.
Greene arrived before Ninety-Six on the twenty-second of May, a with less than one
thousand regulars' and a few undisciplined militia. He found quite a strong fort,
well situated. On the left of the village, in a
valley, was a spring and rivulet, which fur-
nished water to the garrison. On the western
side of this rivulet, upon an eminence, was a
stockade fort, and upon the other side, near the
village, was a fortified jail. These were to de-
fend the water of the rivulet, lor none could be
had within the town. Eastward of the village
stood the principal work, a star redoubt, con-
sisting of sixteen angles, salient and re-entering,
with a ditch and abatis, and furnished with
three pieces of cannon. Every thing was judi-
ciously arranged for defense, and Lieutenant-
colonel Cruger defied Greene when he ap-
peared.
Colonel Kosciuszko was with Greene, and
under his direction the besiegers began ap-
proaches by parallels. They broke ground
near the star redoubt on the evening of the
twenty-second. Perceiving this, Cruger placed his three cannons upon a platform, in that
direction, before noon the next day, and manned the parapet with infantry. Under cover
of these, a sally partv, under Lieutenant Roney, rushed out upon the besiegers, drove the
guards back toward the lines, bayoneted all who fell in the way, destroyed the American
works as far as they had progressed, and carried oil' all of the intrenching tools. Lieuten-
ant Roney was mortally wounded, and that was all the loss the enemy sustained. All this
was accomplished with great gallantry, before a detachment sent by Greene to re-enforce
Kosciuszko, arrived upon the ground. Kosciuszko now commenced another approach to the
star redoubt. He broke ground on the night of the twenty-third, under cover of a ravine,
and day by dav slowly approached the fortress. In the mean while, Pickens and Lee be-
sieged and captured Forts Coruwallis and Grierson at Augusta, and hastened to the assist-
ance of Greene. Lee arrived on the eighth of June," and Pickens soon afterward
L, J70I
joined him. These active partisans were directed to attack the enemy's works ou
Flan of the Siege of Ninety-Six.*
1 Colonel Williams, deputy adjutant general, in his returns stated them thus : Fit for duty, rank and file,
Maryland brigade, 427 ; Virginia ditto, 431 ; North Carolina battalion, 66 ; Delaware ditto [under Captain
Kirk wood], 60; in all. 984. The number of the militia is not mentioned.
- This plan is from a sketch sent to me by James M. M'Cracken, Est]., of Cambridge, South Carolina.
a indicates the spring, with a rivulet running from it ; b, a stockade fort ; c, the old jail, which was also for-
tified ; d. the court-house; e, star redoubt; f, first mine, traces of which are yet visible; g g g g, the be-
sieging encampments; hkh, stockades inclosing the village; t, the covered way from the stockade fort to
the lines around the village.
.Mr. M'Cracken observes, ': The trees and shrubbery on the battle-ground are considered by the inhabit-
ants too sacred to be molested. The land is now (1849) owned by John C. M'Gehee, of Madison county,
Florida. The present village of Cambridge is within a few hundred yards of the battle-ground, and the
road leading through it, north and south, is the great thoroughfare from Hamburg (opposite Augusta) to
Greenville. I have three small cannons in my possession, one six and two four pounders, taken from tho
enemy at the siege of Ninety-Six."
1 ti 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Jtawdon informed of the Siege. His march toward Ninety-Six. Attempt to destroy tbe Stockade. BLale and Cunningham.
the west. They immediately commenced regular approaches to the stockade to cut off 1 he
enemy's supply of water; and at a proper distance from it erected a Lattery to cover fur-
ther approaches, and planted a six pounder upon it, under the direction of Lieutenant Finn.
Crilger saw the inevitahle destruction of the garrison when these parallels, made slowly,
day by day, should be completed. He had found means to inform Lord Raw-don of his crit-
ical situation, and hourly he expected aid from him. To pain time for this succor to arrive,
In- made nightly sallies, and bloody encounters frequently occurred, while almost daily the
American foraging parties were attacked by bands of Tories.1 Yet slowly and surely the
Americans approached ; and when the second parallel was completed, Greene sent Colonel
Williams to demand a surrender, with promises of kind treatment. Cruger promptly replied
that lie should defend the fort till the last extremity, and regarded neither the threats nor
the promises of the American general. A battery, constructed in the second parallel, now
opened upon the redoubt, and under its cover Kosciuszko pressed forward his approach with
vigor. On the eleventh,1 Greene received a dispatch from Sumter, announcing
the startling intelligence that on the third, a fleet arrived from Ireland with re-
enforcements for Rawdon, consisting of three regiments, a detachment from the Guards, and
a considerable body of volunteers, under the command of Lieutenant-colonel Gould. Raw-
don had been anxiously awaiting at Monk's Corner, near Charleston, this propitious event.
He had heard of the fall of Fort Comwallis at Augusta and the investment of Ninety-Six,
but with his small force, and Marion and Sumter before him, he dared not march to the
aid of Cruger. On the arrival of these troops, he repaired to Charleston, and on the sev-
enth1' marched to the relief of Ninety-Six, with seventeen hundred foot and one hund-
red and fifty horse. A few other troops from his camp at Monk's Comer joined him,
and with more than two thousand men he proceeded toward Orangeburg. Greene dis-
patched Pickens to the aid of Sumter, and ordered Marion from the lower country to join
them in retarding the advance of the royal army. They could do little to oppose him, and
Greene began to despair of reducing the garrison to submission before Rawdou's arrival.
The besiegers now deplored the fact that earlier attention had not been bestowed upon
attempts on the western side to deprive the garrison of water, and thus force a capitulation.
To this object the chief efforts were now directed, and the most effectual step to accomplish
it was to destroy the stockade. The method of approaches was too slow, and it was re-
solved to endeavor to burn it. A dark storm was gathering, and toward evening, covered ■
by its impending blackness, a sergeant and nine privates, with combustibles, cautiously ap-
proached, and four of them gained the ditch. While in the act of applying the fire, they
were discovered. A volley of musketry was immediately opened upon them, and the ser-
geant and five of his party were killed ; the other four escaped. The attempt was unsuc-
cessful.
On the evening of the nineteenth, a countryman was seen riding along the American
lines south of the town, talking familiarly with officers and soldiers. It was a circumstance
too common to excite special notice. At length, reaching the great road leading directly
into the town, he put spurs 1o his horse, and, amid a storm of bullets, rode safely to the gate,
holding a letter in his raised hand. He was received with the greatest joy, for he was the
1 Among Ihe most active of these parties was the " Bloody Scout," under the notorious Bill Cunningham.
They hovered around the American camp like vultures, and picked off the patriots in detail. The most
active opponent of this scoundrel was William Beale, of Ninety-Six. He formed a scouting party of Whigs,
and soon thev became a terror to the Tories. On one occasion, Cunningham and his party plundered the
house of Beale's mother, during his absence. On his return, Beale went in pursuit, and approaching Cun-
ningham, that marauder wheeled and fled. The race continued for almost three miles, when Cunningham
turned, and with a pistol, shot Beale's horse dead. Beale retreated backward, daring the Tory to follow.
The latter, fearing a Whig ambush, rode off. On another occasion, Cunningham and his party surrounded
a house where Beale and a Whig were stopping. They heard the approach of the Tories, when, rushing
to their horses and rattling their swords, Beale gave command as if to a troop. It was dark, and Cunning-
ham, who had thirteen men with him, fled in great haste. Cunningham was so mortified, when he learned
that they had been frightened away by a couple of Whigs, that he swore vengeance against Beale. — Lcthi
of James M. M'Cracken, Esq, to the Author.
OF THE REVOLUTION , .. ;
Cruger advised of Rawdon's approach. Assault on the ?tar K. doubt Capture of the rHorki.de. A bold Prisoner.
hearer of a dispatch from Lord Rawdori, announcing his approach with a large force. The
beleaguered garrison, almost on the point of surrendering (for this was the first intelligence
Cruger had received from Rawdon since his evacuation of Camden), were animated with
fresh hope, while the besiegers, aware of the approach of succor for the besieger/, were nerved
to greater exertions. They completed their parallels, and commenced the erection of a
Mayliam Tower,' from which to fire into the star redoubt. To guard against this advant-
age of height, Major Greene, the commander of the redoubt, piled bags of sand upon the
parapets. On the morning of the seventeenth, a general tire wa- opened upon the works,
and so effectual wa* it upon the stockade and its vicinity, that the garrison was deprived
of water from the rivulet. Had this advantage been maintained, ami Rawdon been delayed
thirty hours longer. Cruger must have surrendered.
Rawdon managed to elude the vigilance of Sumter, after passing Orangeburg, and now
approached Ninety-Six. Greene perceived that he must either storm the works at once,
fight Piawdon. or retire. lie determined upon the former ; and at noon on the
eighteenth, a the Mayham Tower being completed, and two trenches and a mine
nearly let into the enemy's ditch, the center battery opened upon the star, as a signal for a
general attack. Lieutenant-colonel Campbell, of the first Virginia regiment, with a de-
tachment from the Maryland and Virginia brigades, led the attack on the left : Lieutenant-
colonel Lee, with Kirk wood's Delawares, advanced on the right ; Lieutenants Duval, of
Maryland, and Selden, of Virginia, commanded the forlorn hope of Campbell ; and Captain
Rodulph that of Lee. R,iflemen were stationed in the tower, fascines were constructed to
fill the ditch, and long poles, with iron hooks, were prepared to pull down the sand-bags
from the parapets. Campbell and Lee rushed to the assault simultaneously. Cruger re-
ceived the attack with firmness, and, from apertures between the sand-baps, Colonel Greene's
riflemen did great execution. Duval and Selden boldly entered the ditch, and commenced
pulling down the sand-bags. The parapet bristled with pikes and bayonets, yet they could
not reach the assailants. Rapidly the bags were disappearing in the ditch below, and
Campbell was pressing to ascend the parapet and fight hand to hand with the garrison,
when Captain French, of Delancey's corps, and Captain Campbell, of New Jersey, issued
from a sally-port of the star redoubt with a few men, and taking opposite directions in the
ditch, fiercely assailed Duval and Selden, at the same time, with bayonets. Terrible was
the conflict which followed. The brave patriots were assailed both in front and overhead,
yet they maintained their ground for some minutes. At length both leaders of the forlorn
hope were wounded, and the whole party retreated to the trenches.
While this bloody scene was transpiring at the star redoubt, one more successful effort
for the besiegers occurred at the stockade. lludulph made his way into the fort, and the
enemy, with some prisoners,-' hastily retreated to the main works. This advantage Lee in-
tended to (ollow up, by entering the town, assailing the fortified jail, and then to assist in
reducing the star redoubt : but General Greene, perceiving the slaughter in the ditch, and
desirous of saving his troops, ordered Lee to do nothing more than to hold the stockade he
had gained. Greene then sent a flag to Cruger, proposing a cessation of hostilities for the
purpose of burying the dead. Cruger refused, claiming that seivice for the victor, whoever
he might be. Believing the reduction of the post to be doubtful before the arrival of Raw-
don, and unwilling to encounter that general's superior force, Greene withdrew the detach-
ment from the stockade, and prepared for a general retreat. Thus ended the siege of
' For description of the Mayham Tower, and the origin of its name, see an account of the attack upon
Fort Watson, page 501.
• Mr. M'Craeken relates, that among the prisoners in one of the redoubts was one named Benjamin Ed-
dins. Lieutenant-colonel Cruger frequently visited him. and often importuned bim to eschew Republican-
ism and join the British army. Eddins at length became tired of these importunities, and one day said to
Cruder, '■ Sir. I am a prisoner in your power : yon may cut out my heart (baring his bosom), or you may
dm;; my limbs and body asunder with ropes and horses; all this will I endure rather than desert my coun-
try s flag." Charmed by his boldness and patriotism. Colonel Cruger replied, "Sir, you are too" true u
rebel to remain here ; you are liberated from this moment."
4 88 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Raising of the Siege of Ninety-Six. Arrival of Rawdon. His pursuit of Greene. Movements of the two Armies.
Ninety-Six, which continued twenty-seven days. During this siege, the Americans lost
about one hundred and titty men in killed, wounded, and missing. Captain Armstrong, of
the Maryland line, a most valuable officer, was shot through the head, during the assault
on the eighteenth, and fell dead. He was the only American officer who was killed. Cap-
tain Benson, also of the Maryland .line, was severely wounded in the neck and shoulder.
The exact loss of the besieged was not reported.
»june 20, On the evening of the nineteenth, Greene raised the siege, crossed the Saluda,1
lm and rapidly retreated toward the Ennoree.' He had communicated to Sumter no-
tice o| the events of the eighteenth, advised hiin of the route of his retreat, and ordered the
corps in his front, with the cavalry of Washington, to join him as speedily as possible.
On the morning of the twenty-first, Rawdon and his army reached Ninety-Six, and were
welcomed with every expression of joy. Cruger was greatly and justly applauded for his
gallant defense. On the same evening, when their mutual congratulations had ceased, and
his army, after forced marches for fourteen days, were rested, Rawdon started in pursuit of
Greene. He was eager to strike and utterly destroy or disperse his little army ; regain the
various posts he had lost ; scatter the partisan forces of Marion and Sumter ; revive the
hopes and energies of the Loyalists, and thus strengthen the power of Cornwallis, who at
this time was devastating Lower Virginia. Rawdon crossed the Saluda in quest of Greene
(who had now got beyond the Tyger, in Union District), and gained the banks of the En-
noree, where he acquired information which convinced him that further pursuit would be
useless, and with his wearied troops he returned to Ninety-Six.
When Greene heard of the retrograde movement of Rawdon, he halted, and ordered
Lieutenant-colonel Lee to follow the enemy with his corps, for the purpose of obtaining intel-
ligence. Greene had intended to retreat to Charlotte, but now his future movements de-
pended upon those, of his adversary. Lee soon ascertained that Rawdon had determined to
abandon Ninety-Six, and to join a force under Colonel Stewart, whom he had ordered to
advance from Charleston to Friday's Ferry at Granby ; while Colonel Cruger, with his gar-
rison and those Loyalists, wilh their property, who might choose to follow, were to march
directly to Orangeburg. While Rawdon was thus preparing to abandon the upper coun-
try, Sumter intercepted a letter to that officer from Colonel Balfour at Charleston, inform-
ing him that he had recalled Stewart after he had commenced his march for Friday's Ferry.
This letter was sent to Greene, who immediately directed his hospital and heavy baggage,
then at Winnsborough, to be forwarded to Camden, while he prepared to pursue Rawdon
with all his force He sent Lee to gain the front of the British army before it should
reach Friday's Ferry, and dispatched messages to Marion and Sumter, ordering them to
take a similar position.3 Lee accomplished his purpose, and in a skirmish with a part ol
1 The wives of Lieutenant-colonel Cruger and Major Greene were at a farm-house in the neighborhood
of Ninety. Six when the American army arrived. General Greene soon quieted their fears, and as they
preferred to remain where they were, to joining their husbands in the beleaguered town, he placed a guard
there to protect them. This kindness Mrs. Cruger reciprocated on the day when the Americans left, by
informing some light troops who had been out scouting, and were passing by the farm-house toward the
post, of the termination of the siege and the direction taken by General Greene in his retreat. Without
this timely information, they would have been captured.
- It is related that the message to Sumter from Greene was conveyed by Emily Geiger, the daughter of
a German planter in Fairfield District. He prepared a Idler to Sumter, but none of his men appeared will-
ing to attempt ihc hazardous service, for the Tories were on the alert, as Rawdon was approaching the
Congaree. Greene was delighted by the boldness of a young girl, not more than eighteen years of age,
who came forward and volunteered to carry the letter to Sumter. With his usual caution, he communi-
cated the contents of the letter to Emily, fearing she might lose it on the way. The maiden mounted a
tleet horse, and erussin<r the Wateree at the Camden Ferry, pressed on toward Sumter's camp. Passing
through a dry swamp on the si ml day of her jourm-v, she was mieivepted bv some Tory scouts. Com-
ing from the direction of Greene's army, she was an object of suspicion, and was laken to a house on the
edge of the swamp, and confined in a room. Willi proper delicacy, they .sent for a woman to search her
person. No sooner was she left alono, than she ate up Greene's letter piece by piece. After awhile, the
matron arrived, made a careful search, but discovered nothing. Wilh many apologies, Emily was allowed
'o pursue her journey. She reached Sumter's camp, communicated Greene's message, and soon Rawdon
OF THE REVOLUTION
•189
Courage aud Arrest of Emily Geiger.
Rawdon foiled.
Camp at Orangeburg,
Greene on the Snntee Hills
(lis corps, under Captain Eggleston, a foraging party of fifty or sixty dragoons, with some
wagons, wore captured and sent to Greene's camp, then on the banks of the Saluda, near itc
Axjt&aT of fc.MiL y Geiger.
junction with the Broad River at Columbia. Rawdon, not meeting with Stuart, and
ignorant of the cause of his delay, was baffled, and turning southward, pushed on toward
Orangeburg, unwilling now to encounter the Americans, for he had only a thousand men
with him. In the mean while, Stuart had again marched from Charleston ; and Marion
and Lieutenant-colonel Washington being engaged in retarding his progress, did not join
Lee until the morning of the tenth of July, when that officer and his corps were upon
Beaver Creek, in the present Lexington District.
Rawdon halted at Orangeburg, with the intention of establishing a post there, and await-
ing the arrival of Cruger and his Loyalists. Greene, advancing rapidly, approached that
place with a force now augmented to almost two thousand men, before the British general
had time properly to arrange his camp and cast up defenses. Rawdon's force, though in-
ferior to Greene's, was so strongly posted and furnished with artillery, that the latter was
unwilling to hazard an assault, particularly as Cruger was hourly expected at Orangeburg.
As the heal of the season was oppressive, provisions scarce, and sickness increasing among
his troops, he crossed the Congaree, and encamped upon the high hills of Santee, where salu-
brious air and excellent water soon restored the vigor of his army. Sumter, Marion, and Lee
were ordered to make rapid marches toward Chariest beat up the British quarters at Dor-
chester and .Monk's Comer, cut off convoys between Rawdon and the capital, and then join
the mam army upon ihe Santee Hills. Here we will leave the belligerents for a moment.
I left Columbia at seven o'clock on Monday morning, a and was at Orangeburg, , Jnn &
fifty-one miles distant, at half past nine. The weather was delightful. A dreamy m9-
haziness was in the atmosphere, and the air was as mild as early June. Leaving my bag-
gage at the rail-way station, I strolled over that village and vicinity, for an hour, with a gen-
tleman from Columbia, who was familiar with its historical localities. The village (which
was flvino- before the Americans toward Orangeburg. Emily Geiger afterward married Mr. Thurwits, a
rich planter on the Congaree. The picture "| lier capture, here given, I copied from the origina1 painting
Dy Flagg, in possession of Stacy G. Potts, Esq., of Trenton, New Jersey.
190
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Oranyt'bui -:
i i!,i i tourt-house.
Orangeburg taken liy Saint- I Sumter and !•• Uitwdun'd Departnro
The Old Court-house.
half a mile westward, near the Edisto-
was settled as early as 1735) is beautifully situated upon a gently-rolling plain, near the
banks of the Edisto (which is here skirted with swamps), and contains about four hundred
inhabitants. There are several elegant dwellings standing upon each side of the. broad
street extending from the rail-way to the heart of the village, all shaded by lofty trees. It
is about eighty miles west of Charleston, and being the seat of justice, is the largest town in
Orange District. It has a handsome court-house and jail, and is regularly laid out. The
old jail, which the British fortified while they occupied the place, was
built of brick, in 1770, and stood upon the crown of the gentle hill, a few
yards northwest of the old courthouse (represented in the picture),
which is yet standing. The court-house is a
frame building, and was used for a blacksmith's
shop when I was there. The two trees seen on
the left are venerable Prideof-Indias, choice
shade-trees of the South. This edifice exhibited
several bullet-marks, the effect of Sumter's assault
in 1781. After sketching this — the only remain-
ing relic of the Revolution at Orangeburg, except
some vestiges of the works cast up by Rawdon,
-I hired a horse and gig to visit Eutaw Springs,
about forty miles distant, near the south bank of the San lee. It was with great difficulty
that I could ascertain their probahle distance from Orangeburg ; and the person from whom
I procured a conveyance supposed it to be twenty-five or thirty miles. His price was de-
termined by the distance, and he was agreeably surprised, on my return, to learn that I had
traveled eighty miles. Before departing on this journey, let us consider for a moment the
Revolutionary events which distinguish Orangeburg.
Orangeburg was one of the chain of military posts established by the British after the
fall of Charleston.3 The jail was fortified and garrisoned by about seventy
militia and a dozen regulars. Sumter, when marching to join Greene at Cam-
den, according to orders, conceived a plan for capturing Fort Granby, and therefore did not
re-enforce his general. He began the siege successfully, when, learning the fact that Raw-
don had ordered the evacuation of Orangeburg, he left Colonel Taylor, with a strong party,
to maintain the siege of Fort Granby, while he should strike the garrison at the former place,
before it should retire. By a rapid march he reached Orangeburg on the morning of the
eleventh of May,0 and, after one or two volleys, the garrison surrendered themselves
b 1780
unconditional prisoners of war. Paroling his prisoners, Sumter hastened toward Fort
Granby ; but. before his arrival, Lee had invested and reduced it, allowing, as we have seen
(page 4 8 3), the most favorable terms. Sumter was incensed at the conduct of Lee, for lie
felt that he had not only snatched from hirn the laurels he had almost won, hut that he
had hastened the capitulation, and allowed favorable terms, in order to accomplish the sur-
render before Sumter could arrive. No doubt the garrison would have surrendered uncon-
ditionally, if besieged a day or two longer. Sumter sent an indignant letter of complaint to
Greene, inclosing his commission. Greene, knowing his worth, returned it to him with
many expressions of regard, and Sumter, sacrificing private resentment for the good of the
cause, remained in the army.
On the day after Rawdon's arrival at Orangeburg, he was joined by Lieutenant-colonel
Stewart, with the third regiment from Ireland, called the Buffs, whom Rawdon had ordered
from Charleston. The retirement of Greene to the high hills of Santee, and the rendez-
vous there of the several corps of Marion, Sumter, and Lee, indicating a present cessation
of hostilities, Lord Rawdon proceeded to Charleston, and embarked for Europe, lor the pur-
pose of recruiting his health.' The command of all the troops in the field now devolved
* May, 178
1 While Rawdon was in Charleston preparing to sail for Europe, the execution of Colonel Hayne oc-
enrred. This foul stain upon the character of Rawdon and Colonel Balfour, the commandant at Charles
ton, we shall consider hereafter.
OF THE RE VOLUTION I'M
Movements of the two Armies toward Eutaw. Journey thither. Four-hole Swamp. General Sumner
upon Colonel Stuart. That officer soon k-ft Orangeburg, and, moving forward, encamped
upon the Congaree, near its junction with the Wateree. The two armies wire only six-
teen miles apart by air line, but two rivers rolled between, and they could not meet without
making a circuit of seventy miles. Stuart's foraging parties soon spread over the country.
Marion was detached toward the Combahee Ferry, and Washington went across the Wa-
teree to disperse them. Many brisk skirmishes ensued. In the mean time, Greene was
re-enforced by a brigade of Continental troops from North Carolina, under General Sumner.'
Intent upon the recovery. of South Carolina, lie determined, with his augmented strength, to
attack the enemy. He left the Santee Hills on the twenty-second of August,0 with
about twenty-six hundred men (only sixteen hundred of whom were lit lor active
service), crossed the Wateree at the Camden Ferry, and made rapid inarches to Friday's
Ferry, on the Congaree. There he was joined by General Pickens, with the militia ol
Ninety-Six, and a body of South Carolina state troops recently organized, under Colonel
Henderson. On hearing of Greene's approach, Stuart decamped from Orangeburg, and
pitched his tents at Eutaw Springs, forty miles below, vigorously pursued by the Americans.
Thither let us proceed, where we shall meet the two armies in terrible conflict.
I left Orangeburg for Eutaw Springs at eleven o'clock.1' The day was so warm bjan 26,
that the shade of the pine forests was very refreshing. My horse was Heel, the
gig light, the road level and generally fine, and at sunset 1 arrived at the house ol Ml
Avinger (Vances's Ferry post-office), thirty miles distant. About fourteen miles from Or-
angeburg I crossed the Four-hole Swam]),'- upon a narrow causeway of logs and three
budges. The distance is about a mile, and a gloomier place can not well be imagined
On either side was a dense undergrowth of shrubs, closely interlaced with vines ; and above,
draped with moss, towered lofty cypresses and gums. At two o'clock I passed one ol those
primitive school-houses, built of logs (lor portrait, see next page), which the traveler meets
occasionally in the South. It stood in the edge of a wood, and in front was a fine Pride-
of- India- Tree, under which the teacher sat listening to the efforts of half a dozen children
in the science of orthography. The country is very sparsely populated, and many ol the
children, living four or five miles away from the school-house, are conveyed on horseback by
l he negro servants. I stopped a moment in conversation with the pedagogue, who was a
Vermonter, One of those New England people described ,; Halleck as
"Wandering through the Southern countries, teaching
The ABC from Webster's Spelling-book ;
Galium and godly, making love anil preaching."
He appeared satisfied with his success in each vocation, and hinted that the daughter ot a
Creek (Camden) when the Americans were defeated. 1
T J^l yy was BCt've'y engaged when Greene took command of i
'i/-£///l/f& Isti/? 77 ^L£'}^^ army, ami conti ;d in North Carolina until he marched
''^ re-enforce Greene upon the High Hills ol' Santee. Wh
1 Although the name of General Jelhro Sumner does not appear very conspicuous in the general hisiones
of the War for Independence, his services in the Southern campaigns were well appreciated by his peers
and compatriois in the field. He was a native of Virginia, and as early as 1760 his merits caused him to
be appointed a paymaster in the provincial army of that state, and commander el Fort Cumberland. In
1776. he lived in North Carolina, was appointed colonel ofa regiment of Continental troops, and joined the
army at the North, under Washington. He went South with General Gates, and was in the battle at Sander s
Creek (Camden) when the Americans were defeated. He
' the
I led to
re-enforce Greene upon the High Hills oi santee. When
Greene heard of the abduction of Governor Burke, alter the battle at Eutaw, in which Sumner was en-
gaged, be sent that officer into North Carolina lo awe the Tories and encourage the Whigs. Alter the
war, General Sumner married a wealthy widow at Newbern. He died in Warren ci ty, North Carolina,
and was buried near old Shocco I ipe and Bute old Court House. The following inscription is npon his
'.omb-stone : ''To the memory of Gejseual Jethro Sumnek, one of the heroes of '76." — See Wheeler's
Histoyy of North Carolina, page 425.
'J This swamp derives its name from the fact that the deep and sluggish stream, a branch of the South
Edisto, which it skirts, disappears from the surface four times within tins morass. Plunging into one pit,
the water boils up from the next; disappearing again in the third, it reappears in the fourth, and then
courses its way to the Edisto. These pits are about half a mile apart, and are filled with remarkably line
fish which may be taken with a hook and line at the depth of thirty feet.
492
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
A Yankee Schoolmaster.
Road to Eutaw.
Locality and Appearance of the Springs.
A Southern School house.
neighboring planter had promised him her heart and hand. When obtained, he intended
to cultivate cotton
and maize, instead
of the dull intel-
lects of other peo-
ple's children.
I passed the night
at Mr. Avinger's,
and very early in
the morning depart-
ed for Eutaw, ten
miles distant. I
was now upon the
Congaree road, and
found the traveling
somewhat heavier
than upon ways less used. About three miles from Avinger's, I passed Burdell's planta-
tion, where the American army encamped the night before the battle of Eutaw. It was
another glorious morning, and at sunrise I was greeted with the whistle of the quail, the
drum of the partridge, the sweet notes of the robin and blue-bird, and the querulous cadences
of the cat-bird, all summer tenants of our Northern forests. They appeared each to carol
a brief matin hymn at sunrise, and were silent the remainder of the day. I saw several
mocking-birds, but they flitted about in silence, taking lessons, I suppose, from their North-
ern friends, to be sung during their absence.
"Winged mimic of the woods! thou motley fool!
Who shall thy gay buffoonery describe V
Thine ever ready notes of ridicule
Pursue thy fellows still with jest and gibe :
Wit, sophist, songster, Yorick of thy tribe,
Thou sportive satirist of Nature's school !"
Richard Hemiy Wilde.
Occasionally a wild turkey would start from a branch, or a filthy buzzard alight by the
wayside, until, as I came suddenly upon a water-course, a wild fawn that stood lapping from
the clear stream wheeled and bounded away among the evergreens of the wood.
At about eight o'clock, I arrived at the elegant mansion of William Sinkler, Esq , upon
whose plantation are the celebrated Eutaw Springs. It stands in the midst of noble shade-
trees, half a mile from the high-way, and is approached by a lane fringed with every vari-
ety of evergreen tree and shrub which beautify Southern scenery in winter. I was courte-
ously received by the proprietor ; and when the object of my visit was made known, he or-
dered his horse and accompanied me to the springs and the field of battle, which are about
half a mile eastward of his mansion. The springs present a curious spectacle, being really
but the first and second apparition of the same subterranean stream. They are a few rods
north of the forks of the Canal and the Monk's Corner roads, at the head of a shallow
ravine. The first spring is at the foot of a hill, twenty or thirty feet in height. The wa-
ter bubbles up, cold, limpid, and sparkling, in large volumes, from two or three orifices, into
a basin of rock-marl, and, flowing fifty or sixty yards, descends, rushing and foaming, into a
cavern beneath a high ridge of marl' covered with alluvium and forest-trees. After trav-
ersing its subterraneous way some thirty rods, it reappears upon the other side, where it is a
broader stream, and flows gently over a smooth rocky bed toward the Santee, its course
marked by tall cypresses, draped with moss. The whole length of the Eutaw Creek, in all
its windings, is only about two miles. Where it first bubbles from the earth there is suffi-
1 This marl appears to he a concretion of oyster-shells, and is said to be an excellent fertilizer when
crushed to powder. In this vicinity, many bones of monsters, like the mastodon, have been found.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
493
Remains of the " Citadel" at L'utaw. Greene joined by Marion. American Encampment before the Battle. Captain Coffin
~ ■ "~"
Eutaw Spring.1
cient volume to turn a large mill-wheel, but
the fountain is so near the level of the Sail-
tee at Nelson s Ferry, where the Eutaw en-
ters, that no fall can be obtained ; on the
contrary, when the Santee is filled to the
brim, the waters (low back to the springs.
Just at the forks of the road, on the side
toward the springs, was a clump of trees
and shrubbery, which marked the spot where
stood a strong brick house, famous as the
citadel of the British camp, and a retreat
for some of the warriors in the conflict at
Eutaw. Nothing of it now remains but
the foundation, and a lew broken bricks scat-
tered among some plum-trees. Let us sit
down here, in the shadow of a cypress, by
the bubbling spring, and consider the event
when human blood tinged the clear waters
of the Eutaw, where patriots fought and
died for a holy principle.
'* Thev saw their injured country's woe,
The flaming town, the wasted field;
Then marched to meet the insulting foe
I In v took Ihe spear, but left the shield !
Led by thy conquering standards, Greene.
The Britons they compelled to fly :
None distant viewed the fatal plain.
None grieved in such a cause to die ;
But, like the Parthians, famed of old.
Who, living, still their arrows threw;
These routed Britons, full as bold,
Retreated, and retreating, slew. — Philip Freneau.
At Orangeburg, General Greene was informed that Stuart had been re-enforced by a
corps of cavalry, under Brevet-major John Collin3 (whose real rank was captain), which
Rawdon had lormed on his arrival at Charleston. He immediately issued an order" ,<,„,,.
tor Marion (who was then, with his command, scouring the country toward the Edis- 1781-
to, in rescuing Colonel Harden from the toils of Major Fraser) to join him, and then pressed
forward toward Eutaw. Marion, by a forced night march, reached Laurens's plantation/ a
few miles from Eutaw, in advance of the American army, on the fifth. In the mean while.
Greene s army slowly approached the British camp, preceded by Lee's legion and Hender-
son's .South Carolina corps. The main army reached Burdell's plantation, on the Congarec
road, within seven miles of Eutaw, on the afternoon of the seventh," and there it
encamped for the night.
t> Sept., 1761.
1 This is a view of the reappearance of the stream (or lower spring) from the marl ridge thirty feet in
height. These springs are in Charleston District, near the Orangehurs line, about sixty miles northwest
of Charleston. It is probable that a subterranean stream here first finds its wav to the surface of the earth.
* John Coffin was a native of Boston, and brother of Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the Royal Navy. He
accompanied the British army in the action on Breed's Hill. He soon obtained a commission] rose to the
rank if captain in the Orange Rangers, and finally, effecting an exchange into the New York Volunteers.
went with that corps to Georgia in 1778. In the campaigns of 1779 and 1780, his conduct won the ad-
miration of his superiors. His behavior in the battle of Eutaw attracted the attention of Greene and his
officers. He retired to New Brunswick at the close of the contest. In the war of 1812, he commanded
a regiment. He filled several civil offices in the province until 1828. when he retired from public life. He
had been a roembei of the Assembly, chief magistrate of King's county, and a member of the council. He
died at his seat in King's county in 1838, at the ase of eighty-seven years. He held the rank of lieuten-
ant general at the time of bis death. — Sabine's Lives of the Loyalists.
3 This plantation belonged to Henry Laurens, who was one of the presidents of the Continental Congress.
1 9 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Deserters.
Stuart's fancied Security.
Arrangement of the Americans for Battle.
Colonel William Polk.
While the Americans were reposing, two men of Sumner's North Carolina conscripts de-
serted to the British lines, and gave Colonel Stuart the first intimation of the close proximity
ol the Republican army. Stuart regarded them as spies, and would not listen to their in-
formation, for his scouts, who were out upon the Congaree road the day before, brought him no
intelligence of the approach of Greene. His feelings of security were not disturbed by the
deserters, and he sent out his foraging parties in the morning, a as usual, to collect
vegetables. Prudence, however, dictated caution, and he detached Captain Collin,
with his cavalry, as a corps of observation, and, if necessary, to call in the foraging parties.
At dawn on the morning of the eighth, the Americans moved from BurdeU's in two
columns, each composed of the troops intended to form the respective lines of battle. Greene's
whole force, according to Lee,1 amounted to twenty-three hundred men, of whom the Con-
tinentals, horse, foot, and artillery, numbered about sixteen hundred. The front or first line
was composed of four small battalions of militia — two of North, and two of South Carolini-
ans. One of the South Carolinians was under the immediate command of Brigadier Mari-
on, who commanded the whole front line. The two North Car-
olina battalions, under the command of Colonel Malmedy, were
posted in the center ; and the other South Carolina battalion, un-
der the command of General Pickens, was placed on the left. The second line consisted
of three small brigades of Continental troops, one each from North Carolina, Virginia, and
Maryland. The North Carolinians were formed into three battalions, under the command
tiyOH^OOU^t
of Lieutenant -colonel
Ashe, and Majors Ann-
strong and Blount ; the
whole commanded by
General Sumner, and
posted on the right.
The Virginians consist-
ed of two battalions,
commanded by Major
Snead and Captain Ed-
monds, and the whole
by Lieutenant -colonel
Campbell, and were
posted in the center.
The Marylanders also
consisted of two bat-
talions, commanded by
Lieutenant-colonel Howard at
Major Hardrnan, the whole bri-
gade by Colonel Otho H. Will- ,
iams, the deputy adjutant gen-
legion and the State troops formed the advance.
eral, and were posted on
the left. Lieutenant-
colonel Lee, with his le-
gion, covered the right
flank ; and Lieutenant-
colonel Henderson, with
the State troops, com-
manded by Lieutenant-
colonels Polk,' Wade
Hampton, and Middle-
ton, the left. Lieuten-
ant-colonel Washing-
ton, with his horse, and
the Delaware troops, un-
der Captain Kirkwood,
formed a reserve corps.
Two three pounders, un-
ler Captain-lieutenant Gaines,
fQ) advanced with the front line,
and two sixes, under Captain
Brown, with the second. The
1 Memoirs. 331. See, also, Greene's Dispatch to the President of Congress, September 11, 1781.
2 William Polk, son ol' Colonel Thomas Polk, of Mecklenburg, North Carolina, was born in that county
in 1759. He was present at the celebrated Mecklenburg convention, in May, 1775. He joined ihe army
early in 1777, and went to the North with General Nash, who was killed at Germantown. He was in the
battles en ih<- Brandywine and at Germantown. and was wounded at the latter place. He went South
with General Gates, and was with him in the battle at Sander's Creek, near Camden. He was with Greene
at Guilford and F.utaw. In the latter battle he received a wound, the effects of which he felt until his
death. At. the close of the war, he returned to Charlotte, his native place, and in 1787 represented his
county in the North Carolina Legislature. He subsequently removed to Raleigh, where he resided until
Ins death. In 1812. President Madison offered him the commission of a brigadier, but, being opposed to
I he war. he declined ihe honor. He died cm the fourteenth of January, 1835, in the seventy-sixth year of his
,iL'e. Colonel Polk was the last surviving field officer of the North Carolina line. Bishop Leontdas Polk,
■it the Protestant Episcopal Church of Louisiana, and General Thomas G. Polk, of Mississippi, are his sons
OF Til E REVOLUTION I 95
Arrangement oi'the Brtosh Forces. Th.- Ciudel. Skirmishes. Commencemonl of the Tattle at Eutaw
The British army, under Stuart, at Eutaw. was drawn up in a line extending from the
Eutaw Creek, north of the Congaree or Charleston road, near Mr Sinkler's mansion, across
that highway and the road leading to Roche's plantation, an eighth of a mile southward
The Irish Bull's (third regiment) formed the right ; Lieutenant-colonel Ginger's Loyalists the
center ; and the 63d and G 1th veteran regiments the left. Near the creek was a flank bat-
talion of grenadiers and infantry, under Major Majoribanks. These were partially covered
and concealed by a thicket on the bank of the stream. To the cavalry of Coffin, and a
detachment of infantry held in reserve in the rear, were assigned the support of the left.
The artillery was distributed along the front of the line. About fifty yards in the rear of
the British line, at the forks of the present Canal and Monk's Corner roads, was a cleared
field. There was their camp, and so certain was Stuart of victory, that he left his tents all
standing. Close by the road was a two-story brick house (mentioned on page 4 9 3), with
servant's huts around it. This was palisaded, and so likewise was the garden, extending
to the Eutaw Creek.' This house was intended as a citadel if their line should be forced
back. Such was the situation of the two armies at sunrise on the morning of the eighth
of September, 1781.
At about eight o'clock, when the Americans were within four miles of Eutaw, Lee fell
in with Captain Coffin, who was acting as an escort for a foraging party of about four
hundred men. Ignorant of the proximity of the main armv of Greene, Coffin attacked
Armstrong, who led Lee's advance. Armstrong fell back to the van, and Lee and Hen-
derson received the assault with spirit. A severe skirmish ensued, when Lee's cavalry, un-
der Major Eggleston, gained Collin's flank, and attacked him in the rear. The firing drew
out the foraging party into the road, when the whole fled precipitately, pursued by Lee's dra-
goons. Many of Collin's infantry were killed, and the captain and forty men were made pris-
oners. Some of the cavalry were also slain, and many of the foraging party were captured.
This little success inspirited the Americans, and they pushed forward with vigor. Within
a mile of the British camp they encountered another detachment of the enemy, whom Stu-
art had sent out to aid Coffin and the foragers. It was a surprise for both While the
British fell back a little. Greene quickly prepared for battle, and, pressing forward, the action
commenced with spirit in the road and fields, very near the present entrance gate to the seat
of Mr. Sinkler. The enemy's cannon swept the road with a destructive fire until Colonel
Williams brought up the artillery of Gaines, in full gallop, and returned their fire with se-
vere effect. The British detachments soon yielded and fell hack to their lines, dividing
right and left, and taking position on the flanks. The Americans, with their line extended
on either side of the road, continued to advance, and at a little past nine opened a sharp
fire with musketry and artillery upon the British line. The latter received the attack with
great gallantry, and a bloody conflict ensued. The artillery of both parties played inces-
santly, and a continual fire ran from flank to flank, along the whole line of the militia, while
it continued to advance. Stuart was now fully convinced that Greene and his whole army-
were upon him. and every portion of his line was brought into action. In the mean while,
Lee's legion infantry were warmly engaged with the veteran 63d of the enemy, when the
64th advanced with a part of the center and fell furiously upon Malmedy and his corps.
They soon yielded to the pressure, and the enemy's left pushed forward. Now the corps,
under Henderson, sustained not only the fire of the British right, but also of the flank bat-
talion, under Majoribanks. At this moment one of the British field pieces was disabled,
and both of Gaines's three pounders were dismounted. Yet the militia, even when unsup-
ported by artillery, fought with all the skill and bravery of veterans. They faced the storm
of grape-shot and bullets until they had fired seventeen rounds, when the 64lh and center,
who had borne down Malmedy, pressed so powerfully upon inferior numbers, that the militia
gave way. while Lee and Henderson continued fighting manfully upon the wings of the
retiring patriots.
Stuart's dispatch to Lord Cornwall!*, September 9ih, 1781 : Sledman, ii 378 . I , 333.
496 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Williams's Bayonet Charge. Death of Campbell and Duval. Defeat and Capture of Washington. Retreat of the British
Greene now ordered up the second line, under General Sumner, to fill the space occupied
by the militia. At the same time, the British reserved infantry were brought into action,
and these fresh troops fought each other desperately. Colonel Henderson received a wound
that disabled him, and temporary confusion ensued. Order was soon restored by Hampton,
Polk, and Middleton ; but Sumner's brigade, which was composed chiefly of recruits from the
militia, gave way before the fire of superior numbers, and retreated in much confusion. The
Brilish pursued so eagerly that their ranks became disordered. The vigilant eye of Greene
perceived this, and he instantly issued the order, " Let Williams advance and sweep the
field with bayonets." Like a full-winged storm, pregnant with destruction, the Virginians
and Marylanders advanced, the former led by Colonel Campbell, the latter by Colonel Will-
iams. When within forty yards of the British, these Continentals delivered their fire, and
the whole second line of the Americans rushed forward, with trailed arms and loud shouts,
to a bayonet charge. The confusion of the British was increased by this blow ; and as the
smoke rolled away and exposed their broken lines, Captain Rudulph, of Lee's legion, wheeled
upon its flank, and swept down
'^M A/ / ^S - many with an enfilading fire. In
t jy j y^ the mean while, a corps of Ma-
'"^^OrCc rylanders, under Howard, were
^°^ closely contending with the Buffs;
so close that some of the combatants were mutually transfixed with bayonets. The Ma-
rylanders, under Williams, with the Virginians, now pressed upon the British right and center
so furiously that the line gave way, and they retreated in confusion. Loud arose a shout of
victory from the Americans ; but there was, at the same time, occasion for a voice of wail.
In the shock which scattered the British line, Colonel Campbell fell, mortally wounded. In-
Ibrtned of the rout of the enemy, he exclaimed, with a faltering voice, like Wolfe at Quebec.
" I die contented !" and expired.
When the second line advanced, Majoribanks was ordered to the conflict, and terribly
annoyed the American flank. Colonel Washington, with the reserve, and Colonel Wade
Hampton, with his corps, were directed to dislodge him. The thicket behind which Majori-
banks was covered was impervious to cavalry. Washington perceived a small space be-
tween him and Eutaw Creek, and determined, by a quick movement, to gain his rear at that
point. Without waiting for Hampton, he divided his cavalry into sections, and, ordering
them to wheel to the left, attempted this bold enterprise It was a fatal step to many of
his brave horsemen, for they were brought within range of the enemy's fire. A terrible
volley from behind the thicket rolled many horses and their riders in the dust. They laid
strewn upon the ground in every direction. Lieutenant Stuart, of Maryland, who commanded
the first section, was badly wounded, and many of his corps were killed or maimed. Lieu-
tenants Simmons and King were also wounded. Washington's horse was shot dead under
him, and as he fell himself, he was cruelly bayoneted. A moment more, and he would have
been sacrificed. A British officer kindly interposed, saved his life, and made him prisoner.
Of his whole cavalry corps, one half were killed or wounded, with all the officers except two.
Hampton, in the mean time, covered and collected the scattered cavalry ; and Kirk wood,
with his Delawares, fell upon Majoribanks. The whole British line were now retreating,
and Majoribanks fell back to cover the movement. They abandoned their camp, destroyed
their stores, and many fled precipitately along the Charleston road ; while some rushed for
immediate safety into the brick house near the great springs. Majoribanks halted behind
the palisades of the garden, with his right upon Eutaw Creek ; and Captain Coffin, with
his cavalry, took post in the road below, to cover the British left. During the retreat, the
Americans captured more than three hundred prisoners and two pieces of cannon. Upon
one of these field pieces, Lieutenant Duval, who fought so bravely in the/r;ssc of the star re-
doubt at Ninety-Six (see page 4 8 7), leaped, and, taking off his hat, gave three hearty cheers.
A bullet from a retreating soldier brought him to the ground, and he expired within hall
an hour afterward
t) K THE RE VOLUTION 191
Folly of the Amiricnns. Bravery of Lee's Legion. Contest nt (he " Citadel." B rent of Greene
Although a large portion of the British had retreated, yet the victory was far from com-
plete. Majori banks was at the garden ; a large number of Cruger's New York Volunteers,
under Major Sheridan, were in the brick house ; and Stuart was rallying the fugitives in con-
siderable force a little below, on the Charleston road. The American soldiers, considering
the conflict over, could not be made to think otherwise by their officers ; and instead of dis-
lodging Majorihanks, and pursuing the enemy far away from his camp, thej stopped to plun-
der the stores, drink the liquors, and eat the provisions found in the tents. Many became
intoxicated ; and others, by over-indulgence in eating, and drinking cold water (for the day
was very warm), were disabled Irretrievable confusion followed ; and before order could
be restored, the British were forming to regain their lost advantage. A heavy fire was
poured from the house upon the Americans in the British camp, and at the same time Ma-
jorihanks moved from his covert upon the right, and Coflin upon the left of the disordered
Americans.
Fortunately, Lee and his legion had not been tempted to indulge in the sensualities ol
the camp ; and so closely had they followed upon those who fled to the house, that the fu-
gitives prevented the entrance of the Americans only by shutting the doors upon them. By
so doing, several of their own number were shut out, among whom were two or three offi-
cers. Those of the legion who had followed to the door seized each a prisoner, and inter-
posing him as a shield, retreated back beyond the fire from the windows.' The two six
launders belonging to the second line were now brought to bear upon the house, but, being
ill range ol a swivel in the second story, and ol' the muskets, a large portion of the artillery-
men were soon killed or wounded, and they were obliged to withdraw the cannons. At the
same time, Collin was advancing on the left. He had fallen upon Captain Eggleston, and
drove him back, and was about to attack those who yet lingered among the British tents,
when Colonel Hampton, who had been ordered up to the support of Eggleston, charged upon
him so vigorously that he was compelled to retreat. The legion cavalry pursued with so
much eagerness that they were in front of Majoribanks, and received a murderous volley
from his ranks before they were aware of danger. A great number fell, and the remainder
were thrown into confusion. Majoribanks perceived this, sallied out, seized the two field-
pieces, and ran them under the windows of the house. One of these was soon rescued by
Lieutenant Gaines, and remained with the Americans, a trophy of victory.
At every point success now seemed to be turning against the Americans. Colonel
Howard, who had just commenced an attack upon Majoribanks with Oldham's company,
was wounded near the Great Spring, and his troops fell back. At the same time, the
broken ranks of Stuart had been united, and were marching up the Charleston road to re-
new the battle. Despairing of success in the present crippled condition of his army, his
battalions all broken, his artillery gone, his cavalry shattered, and many of his best officers
wounded,3 Greene deemed it prudent to retreat. Leaving Colonel Hampton near the Brit-
ish camp with a strong picket, he withdrew, with the remainder of the army, to BurdeU's
plantation, seven miles in the rear. The British were contented to repossess themselves of
their camp, and did not attempt a pursuit. Both parties claimed the honor of victory ; it
belonged to neither, but the advantage was with the Americans. The conflict lasted four
hours, and was one of the most severely contested battles of the Revolution. Congress and
1 Major Garden relates an amusing aneedote in connection with this affair. Among the prisoners cap-'
lured outside the house was Captain Barre, a brother <A' the celebrated Colonel Barre, ol the British Parlia-
ment. He was taken bv Captain Manning, who led the legion infantry. In the terror of the moment.
Barre began solemnly to'i ite his titles : " 1 am Sir Henry Barre,'' he said, "deputy adjutant general of
the British armv. captain "I the 52d regiment, secretary of the commandant at Charleston — ' " Are you,
indeed?" interrupted Manning; -von are my prisoner now, and the very man 1 was looking lor; come
along with me." He then placed his tided pris r between himself and the fire of the enemy, and re-
treated .
lonel Otho H.Williams and Lieutcnant-eolonel Lee were the only officers, of six Continental com-
manders of regiments, who were not wounded. Washington. Howard, and Henderson were wounded, and
Campbell was killed.
11. 1 I
198
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Honors awarded to Greene and his Officers.
The Loss.
Retreat of Stuart
Attacked by Marion and Lee.
the whole country gave warm expressions of their appreciation of the valor of the patriots.1
The skill, bravery, caution, and acuteness of Greene was highly applauded ; and Congress
ordered a gold medal, emblematical of the battle, to be struck in honor of the event, ant!
Gold Medal awarded to Greene3
presented to him, together with a British standard.* The loss of both parties, considering
the number engaged, was very heavy. The Americans had one hundred and thirty rank
and file killed, three hundred and eighty -five wounded, and forty missing ; in all, five hund-
red and fifty-five. There were twenty-two officers killed, and thirty-nine wounded. The
loss of the British, according to their own statement, was six hundred and ninety-three men,
of whom eighty-five were killed on the field. Including seventy-two wounded, whom they
left in their camp when they abandoned it the day after the battle, Greene took five hund-
red prisoners.
On the day succeeding the battle, Lieutenant-colonel Stuart, confident that he could not
maintain his position, decamped for Charleston, after destroying a great quantity of his stores
So precipitate was his retreat, that he left seventy-two of his wounded to be taken care of
by the Americans. He also left behind him one thousand stand of arms. He was pursued
for some distance, when intelligence being received that Major M'Arthur was advancing
with re-enforcements for Stuart, the Americans returned to their camp. It was fortunate
«Sept 10 ^or M'Arthur that he met Stuart1 as soon as he did, for Marion and Lee had been
1781. dispatched to fall upon any detachment coming up from Charleston, and were then
only a few miles off". Even with this re-enforcement Stuart did not feel strong enough to
meet Greene in battle, and he continued his retreat to Monk's Corner, twenty-five miles
from Charleston, leaving the Americans the acknowledged victors at Eutaw.
When Greene was apprised of the positive retreat of Stuart, he followed and pursued
1 On the twenty-ninth of October, Congress adopted a series of resolutions, expressive of its high appre-
ciation of the services of Greene and his officers and soldiers. In these resolutions, 1 he various corps en-
gaged in the battle were named ; also Captains Pierce and Pendleton, Major Hyrne, and Captain Shubrick,
his aids-de-camps. Marion was also thanked for the part he had taken in this battle, and also for his gal-
lant conduct on the thirtieth of August, in attacking the British at Parker's Ferry. Congress ordered the
Board of War to present a sword to Captain Pierce, who bore Greene's dispatches to that body. — Sec Jour*
uals of Congress, vii., 166. On the same day, Congress adopted the complimentary resolutions in honor of
the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
' This is a representation of each side of the medal, the full size of the original. On one side is a pro-
tile of Greene, with the words, Nathanikli Greene egregio duci Comitia Americana ; " The Ameri-
can Congress to Nathaniel Greene, the distinguished leader." Upon the other side is a figure of Victors.
lighting upon the Earth, and stepping upon a broken shield. Under her feet are broken weapons, colors,
and a shield. The legend is, Salus regionum Australium ; " The Safety of the Southern Department.''
Exergue — Hostibus ad Eutaw debellatis viii Sept. mdcclxxxi j " The Foe conquered at Eutaw, 8th
'•I September, 1781." 3 Journals of Congress, vii., 167.
OF THE REVOLUTION L99
lktirem.'ut of the Americans to the Santee Hills. Mutiny. Relic from the Battle-field. Nelson's Ferry.
him almost to Monk's Corner. Perceiving the strength of the enemy there, he returned to
Entaw, and having a vast number of his troops sick, he proceeded from thenee, by easy
marches, to his favorite retreat upon the high hills of Santee.*' There he re- .se,>tie.
mained until the eighteenth of November, when the health of his army being re- l781-
cruited, he marched into the low country, where he might obtain an abundance of food. In
ihe mean while, the army of Cornwallis had been captured at Yorktown ;" St. ( |q
Clair had driven the British from Wilmington ; and the whole upper country of the
Carolinas and Georgia were in possession of the patriots. Nothing now remained but to
drive in the British outposts and hem them within the narrow precincts of their lines at
Charleston and Savannah. With this view, Greene, at the head of his cavalry, and about
two hundred infantry, proceeded toward Dorchester, a British post in the neighborhood of
Charleston, while the main army, under Colonel Williams, crossed the Santee, and inarched
to the fertile plains upon the Four-hole Creek, a tributary of the Edisto. Here we will
leave the two armies for the present, to meet many of the troops again upon other fields of
conflict.
As there were no works of consequence thrown up at Eutaw, not a vestige of the camp
or of the battle remained when I visited the spot in 1849, except the few scattered bricks
of the "citadel" already referred to. On returning to his house, Mr. Sinkler showed me a
gold watch which one of his negroes found ten years before, while making holes with a stick
in planting cotton seed, in the field where Washington was defeated. The negro hit a hard
substance, and as there are no stones in the field, he had the curiosity to search for the ob-
struction, when he drew forth the watch. The hands were almost destroyed by rust ; other-
wise the watch is well preserved.
Guided by one of Mr. Sinkler's servants, I crossed the
Eutaw Creek, near his house, and rode down to Nelson's
Ferry, at the mouth of the stream, about a mile and a
half distant. At its entrance into the Santee, the bateau
of the ferryman was moored, and almost filled its narrow
channel Beneath the moss-draped trees upon the bank ,
of the river, some negro women were washing clothes, ami ^r-
when they found themselves portrayed in my drawing, in <jR{ -^£-| ^ i >«W<
all the dishabille of a washing-day, they wanted to ar-
range their dresses and caps, and be sketched in better
plight. Time was too precious to allow compliance, for Vmw at Nelsons **»**■
I wished to get as far toward Orangeburg that evening as possible. Promising to improve
their toilet when I got home, I closed my port-folio, and, taking the reins, hastened toward
Vance's Ferry
Nelson's Ferry, the spot here portrayed, was an important locality during the Revolution.
It was the principal crossing-place of the Santee for travelers or troops passing between
Camden and Charleston, and as such, commanded the attention of the British after they
captured the latter city. A redoubt was cast up there upon the north side of the Santee,
and garrisoned by a small detachment ; and to that point, as we have seen, Lord Rawdon
retreated from Camden.
We have noticed, on page 4 7 9, that Marion, while in the camp of Gates, was called to
1 A mutinous spirit was soon manifested in the camp upon the hills, chiefly among the Marylanders
They wished to go home, complained of want of pay and cluttiinu. and in petitions to Greene sei forth their
various grievances. Finally, some stole away Iron, the camp with their arms, when stringent measures
were deemed necessarv to prevent open disorder. Things were brought to a crisis by a South Carolina
soldier, named Timothy Griffin. He had heard whispers of disaffection, and one day, while drunk, went up
to a "roup °f soldiers who were talking to an officer, and said, " Stand to it boys — damn my blood if I'd
o-ive an inch I" He supposed they were altercating with the officer, which was not the fact. Griffin w:i^
instantly knocked down bv Captain M'Pherson, of the Maryland line, and then sent to the provost. The
next dav he was tried for mutinous conduct, found guilty, and at five o'clock in the evening was shot in the
presence of the whole army. This terrible example suppressed all mutinous proceedings. — Gordon, in., 246
•30 0
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Success of Mtu-ion fit Nelson's Ferry.
Site of Fort Watson.
Movements of Colonel Watson.
the command of the patriots of Williamsburg District, and went to duty in the lower
country. Ignorant of the operations of the Americans under Gates, that brave partisan was
striking successful blows against the enemy here and there, while his commander-in-chief
was becoming ensnared in the net of disaster which gathered around him near Camden
« Au 17 ^n tne ^ay aftel' Gates's defeat," Marion had placed Colonel Peter Horry in com-
1780. mand of four companies of cavalry, which he had just formed and sent to operate
against the British in the vicinity of Georgetown, while he, with a small band of followers,
marched rapidly toward the Upper Santee. On his way, he was informed of the defeat of
Gates, but withheld the sad intelligence from his men, fearing its effects upon their spirits.
That night his scouts advised him of the approach to Nelson's Ferry of a strong British
guard, with a large body of prisoners from Gates's army. Though much inferior in
numbers, he resolved to attack them. Just before daylight, he detached Colonel Hugh
Horry, with sixteen resolute men, to occupy the road at the Horse Creek Pass, in a broad
swamp, while with the remainder he should fall upon the enemy's rear. The maneuver
An" 'X> was successfully performed at dawn," and on that day the brave partisan wrote the
1780. following dispatch to Colonel Peter Horry : " On the 20th instant, I attacked a
guard of the 63d and Prince of Wales's regitnent, with a number of Tories, at the Great Sa-
vannah, near Nelson's Ferry ; killed and took twenty-two regulars and two Tories prisoners,
and retook one hundred and fifty Continentals of the Maryland line ;' one wagon and a
drum ; one captain and a subaltern were also captured. Our loss is one killed ; and Cap-
tain Benson is slightly wounded on the head."
It was past meridian when I reached Vance's Ferry, about ten miles above Eutaw, and
one from Mr. Avinger's, where I lodged the night before. I crossed the Santee into Sum-
ter District in a bateau ; and driving about five miles up the river, reached Scott's Lake,
an expansion of the Santee, a few miles below the junction of the Congaree and Wateree
Upon the north side of the lake, upon the land of Mr. Rufus Felder, at Wright's Bluff' Post-
office, is an ancient tumulus, almost fifty feet in height, and now covered with trees. Upon
the top of this mound the British erected a stockade ; and in honor of Colonel Watson, un-
der whose direction it was built, it was called Fort Watson. Its elevated position, and its
close proximity to the water, made it a strong post, yet
not sufficiently impregnable to resist the successful as-
sault of Marion and Lee in April, 1781. Let us con-
sider that event.
We have noticed the junction of the forces of Marion
and Lee, in the swamps of the Black River, in Williams-
burg District.0 Lee immediately laid the plans c ADril 14
of General Greene before Marion ; and a scheme 1781-
of operations was decided upon within a few hours. Col
onel W'atson, with about five hundred infantry, was near
the site of the present town of Marion, on Cat-fish Creek, in Marion District. He had re-
ceived orders to re-enforce Lord Rawdon at Camden. For some time he had been greatly
annoyed by Marion, who would appear on his flank or rear, strike a severe blow, and then
as suddenly disappear among the interminable swamps of the low country. Marion was
preparing to smite Watson once more, when he was informed of the approach of Lee. He
sent a guide to conduct that partisan over the Pedee, in boats which he kept concealed :
and on the day after their forces were united, they started toward Fort Wat-
son,'12 leaving Captain Gavin Witherspoon on the trail of Watson, then fleeing
1 '" It will scarcely be believed," says Simras (Life of Marion, page 126), "that, of this hundred and fifty
Continentals, but three men consented to join the ranks of the liberator. It may be that they were some-
what loth to be led, even though it were to victory, by the man whose ludicrous equipments and followers
but a few weeks before, had only provoked their amusement." The reason they gave was, that Ihey eon
sidered the cause of the country to be hopeless, and that they were risking life without an adequate object
1 Marion was vcrv anxious to pursue Watson, who, to facilitate his march toward Camden, had sunk ln>
two field-pieces in Cat-fish Creek, burned his baggage, and was making forced marches toward George-
^ite of Fokt Watson.
April 15.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 50 1
Fort Watson attacked by Marion and Lee. Mayham Tower. Sketch of Colonel Mayhem.
toward Georgetown. They sat down before Fort Watson on the evening of the same
day.
Fort Watson was garrisoned by eighty regulars and forty Loyalists, under the command
of Lieutenant M Kay, a brave and active young officer of the British army. Marion im-
mediately sent a flag demanding the unconditional surrender of the fort and the garrison.
M Kay promptly refused, for he doubtless hourly expected the approach of Watson with his
large force, who, he knew, was on his march thither from Georgetown, Perceiving the
garrison to be well supplied with water from Scott's Lake, that resource was cut off by
the besiegers ; but M'Kay and his men opened another communication with the lake three
days afterward. They sunk a well within the stockade to a depth below the level of the
lake, and dug a trench at the base of the mound from the well to the water, and secured
it by an abatis. This circumstance perplexed the assailants, for they had no cannons,
and the stockade was too high to be seriously affected by small arms. To the fertile gen-
ius of Lieutenant-colonel Maham.' of Marion's brigade, this disadvantage was overcome.
Vear the fort was a small wood. The trees were cut down, carried upon the shoulders of
the men within rifle shot of the fort, and piled up so as to form a quadrangular tower of
sufficient height to overlook the stockades. Upon the top of this, a parapet was made of
smaller trees, for the defense of those upon the top of the tower. All of this work was ac-
complished during the darkness of the night, which was intensified by a cloudy sky ; and at
dawn the garrison were awakened by a deadly shower of balls from a company of sure
marksmen upon the top of the tower. At the same moment, a party of volunteers of Ma-
rion's militia, under Ensign Johnson, and another from the Continentals, of Lee's legion,
ascended the mound and attacked the abatis with vigor. Resistance was vain ; and the
fort thus assailed was untenable. M Kay had anxiously awaited the approach of Watson,
but that officer, unwilling to allow any thing to impede his progress toward Camden, left
this post to its fate. The garrison, no longer able to hold the fort, surrendered by capitula-
town. Ii was evident, from the circuitous direction of his march, that Watson feared Marion excessively ;
for, instead of making a direct line westward toward Camden, across the Great Pedec, he crossed the Little
Pedee eastward ; marched southward through the present Horry District ; crossed the Waccamaw at
Greene's Ferrv, and Winyaw Bay where it was three miles wide; traversed iis western border to George-
town, and from tbence crossed the country toward the Santee, following that stream up as far as the junc-
tion of the Congarec and Wateree. Greene's instructions to operate against the British posts below Cam-
den prevented a pursuit.
1 Hezekiah Maham was born on the twenty-sixth of June, 1739. We have no record of his early life
He was a member of the first Provincial Congress of South Carolina; and in the spring of 1776 was elect-
ed a captain in Colonel Isaac Htiger's regiment. He was with that officer at the siege of Savannah, and
at the battle of Stono. As lieutenant colonel of an independent corps of cavalry, he performed many daring
exploits in the low country of the Carolina*. At the close of the campaign of 1781, he was obliged to
leave active service on account ol sickness. While at home, he was made a prisoner and paroled, by which
he was not allowed to enter the army again during the war. He died in 1789, at the age of fifty years.
His descendant. J. J. Ward, F.sc| . living near Georgetown, erected a handsome monument to his memory
in 1845. upon which are the following inscriptions
Front side. — " Within this Cemetery, and in the bosom of the homestead which he cultivated and em-
bellished while on earth, lie the mortal remains of Colonel Hezekiah Maham. He was born in the
parish of St. Stephen's, and died All. 1789, aet. fifty years ; leaving a name unsullied in social and domestic
life, and eminent for devotion to the liberties of his country, and for achievements in arms, in the. Revolu-
tion which established her independence."
Right side. — "Impelled by the spirit of freedom which animated his countrymen, he devoted himself
to its support, and promoted the cause of American Independence, by bis service in the state committees,
instituted by recommendation of the General Congress, in the Jaoksonborough Assembly, and in various
other civil capacities."
Left side. — "Successively a captain in the first rifle regiment, a commander of horse in Marion's bri-
gade, and lieutenant colonel of an independent corps of cavalry, raided hv authority of General Greene, he
bore an efficient and conspicuous part in the capture of the British |»sts. and in the series of skillful maneu-
vers and gallant actions, which resulted in the final extinction of the British dominion in South Carolina,
and secured to her and to the confederacy the blessings of Peace, Liberty, and Independence."
On the back. — '"His relative, Joshua John Ward, of Waccamaw, unwilling that the last abode of an
honest man, a faithful patriot, and a brave and successful soldier, should be forgotten and unknown, has
erected this memorial. AD. 1845."
502
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Morion's Residence.
The Wife of Marion.
Return to Orangeburg
Sketch of Marion's House
i April 23,
tion.a and Marion with his prisoners and booty, pushed forward and encamped
1781. upon the high hills of Santee, to await further orders from Greene, while Lee
turned his attention to the movements of Watson. The loss of the Americans was only
two killed, and three Continentals and three militia-men wounded. The subsequent move-
ments of Marion and Lee, in efforts to prevent Watson's junction with Rawdon, have been
noticed in the preceding chapter.
I tarried at the site of Fort Watson only long enough to make the sketch on page 5 0 0,
when I hastened back to Vance's Ferry, and pushed on toward Orangeburg. Late in the
evening I reached the house of Mr. M'Ance, within fifteen miles of Orangeburg, where I
was hospitably entertained. There I met an elderly lady who had been very intimate with
the wife of Marion for several years previous to her death. She informed me that Mrs.
Marion (whose maiden name was Videau, one of the Huguenot families) was much younger
than the general. She was a large woman, weighing, a year or two before her death, two
hundred and thirty pounds. My informant had often
visited her at her residence, built by the general at
Pond Bluff" on the Santee (near the Nelson's Ferry
road to Charleston), about three miles below Eutaw
Springs. Miss Videau brought wealth to her hus-
band, and their dwelling was always the abode of
liberal hospitality.
I left M'Ance's before daylight on the following
morning, traversed the narrow causeway across the
Four-hole Swamp by the feeble light of the stars, and arrived at Orangeburg in time to
inter the cars for Augusta, on the Savannah River, eighty-five miles distant.
ESIDENCK.1
1 This mansion was demolished a few years before my visit to Eutaw and vicinity (1849), and this draw-
ing was made from a minute description given me by a gentleman with whom I rode in the mail-coach
from Augusta to the Ninety-mile station, on the great central rail-way, in Georgia. His brother had re-
sided there for many years and he was perfectly familiar with its appearance. At the station I made this
sketch, and mv informant pronounced it an excellent representation of the residence of General Marion.
Trom Orangeburg to Aunuta.
OF THE K f VOLITION
A Turkish Traveler.
Amnutn
Hamburg
o03
Liberty Hill
CHAPTER XIX.
tiny as we.
HE rail-way journey from Orangeburg to Augusta was extremely monoto-
nous in scenery and incident. At Branchville, on the banks of the Edisto,
where the rail-way from Charleston connects, the immobility into which
the passengers were subsiding was disturbed by the advent among us of a
" lurban'd Turk," in full Oriental costume. Ills swarthy complexion, keen
eye. flowing black beard, broad turban, tunic, anil trowsers, made him the
" observed of all observers," and kept the passengers awake lor an hour, for
■ Yankee curiosity" was too busy to allow drowsiness. '.' Whence I came,
and whither I go, ye know not," were as plain as a written phylactery
upon his imperturbable features, and I presume the crowd who gathered
around him in the street at Augusta knew as little of his history and dea-
lt is pleasant sometimes to see curiosity foiled, even though
4t It came from heaven — it reigned in Kden's shades —
It roves on earth, and every walk invades :
Childhood and age alike ils influence own ;
It haunts the beggar's nook, the monarch's throne ;
Hangs o'er the eradle, leans above the bier,
Gazed on old Babel's tower — and lingers here." — Charles Sprague.
The scenery by the way-side alternated between oozy swamps embellished with cypresses,
cultivated fields, and extensive forests of oak and pine, garnished occasionally by a tall broad-
leaved magnolia. The country was perfectly level through Barnwell District, until we
passed Aiken into Edgefield, and turned toward Silver Bluff, on the Savannah River,' when
we encountered the sand hills of that region. These continued until we reached the term-
ination of the road at Hamburg, on the northern bank of the Savannah, opposite Augusta.'
There we were packed into huge omnibuses, and conveyed to the city across Schultzs
bridge.' It was sunset — a glorious sunset, like those at the north in Septem- . janua_ 24t
ber — when we reined up at the United States. A stroll about the city by moon- '"l!'
light that evening, with a Northern friend residing there, was really delightful ; for the air
was balmy and dry, and the moon and stars had nothing of the crisp, piercing, and glitter-
ing aspect which they assume in a clear January night In New England.
Early on the following morning we rode over to Hamburg, and ascended to the summit
of Liberty Hill, a lofty sand bluff, three fourths of a mile from the river. Flowers were
blooming in the gardens on its brow ; and over its broad acres green grass and innumer-
able cacti were spread. The view from this eminence was charming. At our feet lay the
little village of Hamburg, and across the shining Savannah was spread out in panoramic
beauty the city of Augusta — the queen of the inland towns of the South. Like- a sea in
repose, the level country extended in all directions; and city, river, forest, and plain were
bathed in the golden haziness which characterizes our Indian summer at the North. From
that point the eye could survey the whole historic arena around Augusta, where Royalists
and Republicans battled, failed, and triumphed during our war for independence. While
the spirit is charmed with associations awakened by the gleanings of sensuous vision, let us
for a moment open the tome of history, and give inquiring thought free wing.
1 For an account of the capture of Fort Galphin or Dreadnought, at Silver Bluff, see page 484.
J This village was projected by a German named Schullz, who called it Hamburg, in honor of the "free
city'' of that name in his native land. He also built the noble bridge across the Savannah at that place,
delineated on page 509.
504 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Local History of Augusta. Growth of Democratic Principles. Republican Legislature and Governor
Augusta lias a history anterior to the Revolution. Her local historians have preserved
but little of it which is of general interest, and its records do not bear date back to that
period. It was founded in 1735, under the auspices of Oglethorpe ; and in 1736, a small
garrison was stationed there, in a stockade fort, as a protection for the settlers against any
enemy that might appear. Warehouses were built, and quite an extensive trade was
opened with the friendly Indians upon the Savannah and its tributaries. Fort Augusta
became a general resort for the Indian traders ; and there, and at Fort Moore, on the bluff
near Sand-bar Ferry, all the Indian treaties were held, down to the year 1750. In 1751,
several Quaker families settled there and at a place called Quaker Springs. When French
emissaries, about 1754, stirred up the Indian tribes against the English, the fort was strength-
ened, its magazine was well supplied, and the men were " mustered and drilled for service."
Nothing of importance occurred to disturb the quiet of the people, and the settlement flour-
ished. Living in almost unrestrained freedom, far away from the sea-board and its varieties,
the agitations wrought throughout the colonies by the Stamp Act and kindred measures,
scarcely elicited a thought from the quiet people of this region ; but when, month after
month, intelligence arrived that chains were forging to fetter their free spirits, they were
aroused, and all through the region between the Alatamaha and Savannah Rivers, and es-
pecially in the vicinity of Augusta, the Tree of Liberty budded and blossomed, green, vigor-
ous, and beautiful as the native magnolia. Although Georgia was not represented in the
first Continental Congress, yet her children were not less alive to the teachings of the spirit
of liberty ; and the American Associatimi was early approved, and its operations efficiently
established. The lines between Whigs and Tories were distinctly drawn, and the require-
ments of the association were promptly enforced.1
When the British attacked Savannah, in March, 1776, the Legislature, a majority of
which was inimical to the royal government, adjourned to Augusta, where the people were
generally friendly. On the fall of Savannah, in I 779, the Legislature was dispersed. John
Wereat, then president of the executive council, issued a proclamation, ordering an election
of legislators, who were to assemble at Augusta. That town now became the center of
Republican power in Georgia, and thither the most active friends of the patriot cause at
Savannah fled. George Walton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence,
was chosen governor under the Constitution (adopted in 1777),' notwithstanding Sir James
Wright had nowa re-established royal rule in the province. William Glascock was
a 1779. ° J l
chosen speaker, and the Legislature transacted business without reference to the ex-
istence of any other power in the state.3
For the encouragement and support of the Loyalists in the interior, and to awe the Re-
publicans in that quarter after the fall of Savannah, Colonel Campbell, who commanded at
1 At about mid-summer in 1775, Thomas Brown and William Thompson having openly reviled the cause
of the Whigs, and at a dinner-party gave toasts in which the friends of that cause were ridiculed, the Par-
ish Committee of Safety ordered their arrest. Thompson escaped into South Carolina, but Brown, who at-
tempted to flee with him, was captured and brought back. He was tried, and sentenced to be tarred and
feathered, and publicly exposed in a cart, to be drawn three miles, or until he was willing to confess his
error, and take his oath that he would espouse the cause of the Republicans. He chose the latter course ;
but he was not a very warm Republican long. His course illustrated the fact that
" He who's convinced agninst his will,
Remains to be convinced still;"
for he joined the British army, was made lieutenant colonel, and afterward, while commandant o{ Augusta,
fiercely retaliated upon the Whigs.
8 John Adam Trueitlen was chosen the first governor under the new Constitution. He was succeeded
in 1778, by John Houstoun ; and after the fall of Savannah, Sir James Wright, the last of the royal govern-
ors, re-established British rule in the state.
3 A curious legislative act occurred during this session. A resolution was passed censuring Governor
Walton for having transmitted a letter to the President of Congress, " containing unjust and illiberal repre-
sentations respecting General M'Intosh." The attorney general was ordered to prosecute the governor.
On the day preceding the passage of these resolutions, the same Legislature had elected Governor Walton
chief justice of Georgia. He was thereby made president of the only tribunal competent to try him ! To
have condemned himself would have been an exercise of " Rinnan virtue'' hardly to be expected.
OF THE REVOLUTION 505
W
Turk-s under Colonel Boyd. Augusta in poMcMion of the British. Partisan Skiiroisbea. General Elbert
the siege of that city, was ordered by General Prevost to advance with about two thousand
regulars and Loyalists," upon Augusta.' Already he had sent emissaries among
c J * * _ a Jan., 177y.
the South Carolina Tories to encourage them tu make a general insurrection ;
and he assured them that, if they would cross the Savannah and join him at Augusta, the
Republicans might be easily crushed, and the whole South freed from their pestilential in-
fluence. Thus encouraged, about eight hundred Loyalists oi North and South Carolina
assembled westward of the Broad River, under Colonel Boyd, and inarched along the fron-
tier of South Carolina, toward the Savannah. Like a plundering banditti, they appropri-
ated every species of property to their own use, abused the inhabitants, and wantonly butch-
ered several who opposed their rapacious demands. While these depredators were organ-
izing, and Campbell was proceeding toward Augusta, General Elbert3 crossed
the Savannah, joined Colonels Twiggs and Few, and skirmished with the Brit-
ish van-guard at Brier Creek and other places, to impede their progress. They
effected but little, and on the twenty-ninth of January I' Campbell took possession of b ^
Augusta, and placed the garrison under Lieutenant-colonel Brown, the Loyalist just
mentioned, who. with Lieutenant-colonel 1Y1-Girth, had preceded him thither. Campbell
then proceeded to establish military posts in other parts of Western Georgia. The Whigs
who could leave with their families crossed the Savannah into Carolina. The oath of al-
legiance was every where administered ; the habitations of those who had fled into Carolina
were consumed ; and Georgia seemed, for the moment, permanently prostrate at the feet of
the invaders. The quiet that ensued was only the calm before a gathering storm. Col-
onel John Dooly collected a body of active militia on the Carolina shore, thirty miles above
Augusta, while Colonel MGirth, with three hundreil Loyalists, was watching him on the
other side. Dooly crossed over into Georgia, and these partisans had several skirmishes.
Finally, Major Hamilton, an active officer under Al Girth, drove Dooly across the Savan-
nah, a short distance below the mouth of Broad River, and encamped at Waters's planta-
tion, about three miles below the present town of Petersburg, in Elbert county. Dooly took
post opposite to Hamilton, where he was joined by Colonel Pickens. Their united forces
amounted to about three hundred and fifty men.
Colonel Pickens, who was the senior officer, assumed the command of the whole, and with
Dooly crossed the river at Cowen's Ferry, to attack Hamilton. c That officer bad Feh,10l
broken up his encampment and marched to Carr's Fort, not far distant, to examine 17Til-
its condition and administer the oath of allegiance to the surrounding inhabitants. The
Americans besieged the fort, and were confident of capturing it, having cut off the supply of
water for the garrison, when, at ten o'clock at night, a message came to Colonel Pickens,
from his brother informing him of the march of Boyd and Ins banditti through the district
of Ninety-Six. Unwilling to distress the families who had taken shelter within the fort,
Pickens declined a proposition to bum it, and raising the siege, he hastened to confront Boyd,
the more important Ibe. He crossed the Sava tli near Foil Charlotte, when Boyd, hear-
ing of his approach, hastened toward the Cherokee Ford. At that ford was a redoubt, gar-
risoned by eight men, with two swivels. They successfully disputed the passage of Boyd,
1 General Prevost had come from St. Augustine, captured the fort at Sunbury on the ways and, with
Campbell's troops, had a force of about three thousand regulars and one thousand militia.
- Samuel Elbert was born in South Carolina in 1740. He became an orphan at an early age, went to
Savannah, and there subsequently en<;a;;ed in commercial pnrsuits. He joined the Continental army in
Georgia early in 1776, as lieutenant colonel, having been a few months previously a member of the Savan-
nah Committee of Safety. He was promoted to colonel in the autumn of 1776. and in May. 1777. com-
manded an expedition aL'ainst the British in East Florida. In the following year he was actively engaged
in the neighborhood of Savannah, and behaved bravely when it was attacked by Campbell at
December" He was promoted to brigadier, and was with Colonel Ashe at Brier Creek, where he was made
prisoner. Alter Ins exchange, he went to the North, joined the army under Washington, and was at the
capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown. At the close of the war, he was i nissioned a major general. Ho
was elected governor of the state in 1785. General Elbert died at Savannah, on the second of November,
1788 at the°age of forty-five years. His remains were buried in the family cemetery on the mount, at
Kae's Hall, five miles above Savannah. Elbert county, in Georgia, was named in honor of the general.
506 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
■ Dispersion of Boyd's Tories. Alarm of Campbell. Ashe ordered to Brier Creek. General Williamson
and lie marched five miles up the river, crossed on rafts, and pushed on toward Augusta.
He was pursued by a detachment of Americans, under Captain Anderson, who attacked him
in a cane-brake. A severe skirmish ensued. Boyd lost one hundred men in killed, wound-
ed, and missing ; the Americans lost sixteen killed, and the same number taken prisoners.
Boyd hastened forward, and on the morning of the thirteenth11 crossed the Broad
River, near the fork, in Oglethorpe county, closely pursued by Pickens, with about
three hundred militia. The latter marched in battle order. Colonel Dooly' commanded
the right wing ; Lieutenant-colonel Clark the left ; and Colonel Pickens the center. Boyd,
ignorant of the proximity of his pursuers, halted on the north side of Kettle Creek, turned
his horses out to forage upon the reeds of a neighboring swamp, and proceeded to slaughter
cattle for his army. In this condition he was attacked11 by the Americans. The
Tory pickets fired, and fled to the camp. The utmost confusion prevailed, and
Boyd and his followers began to retreat in great disorder, while skirmishing with the assail-
ants. The contest lasted almost two hours. About seventy of the Tories were killed, and
seventy-five were made prisoners The Americans lost nine killed ami twenty-three mortally
wounded. Colonel Boyd was severely wounded, and expired that night. His whole force
was scattered to the winds The seventy prisoners were taken to South Carolina, tried for
high treason, and condemned to death. Five of the most active ones were hanged, the re-
mainder were pardoned.3 This was one of the severest blows which Toryism in the South
had yet received.
Encouraged by this success, General Lincoln, then in command of the Southern army,
determined to drive the British from their posts in the interior, back to Savannah. He
formed encampments at Black Swamp, and nearly opposite Augusta, while small detach-
ments of militia took post at various points on the Savannah, above Augusta. Lincoln or-
dered General John Ashe, then in the neighborhood of Purysburg, to march up the easterly
side of the Savannah with about fifteen hundred North Carolina militia, and the remains
of the Georgia Continentals, to re-enforce General Williamson opposite Augusta. Ashe
„,., arrived at Williamson's camp on the evening before the defeat of Boyd.c This
l779- imposing display opposite Augusta, and intelligence of the close pursuit of Boyd,
alarmed Campbell, and he speedily decamped that same night with all his force, and hast-
ened toward the sea-coast. He left behind him a considerable quantity of provisions, am-
munition, and some arms. At Hudson's Ferry, fifty miles below Augusta, Lieutenant-col-
onel Prevost had constructed a fortified camp and mounted some light artillery There
Campbell hailed, with the determination to attempt to regain the advantage he had just
lost, but finally continued his retreat to Savannah.
General Lincoln, who was-then encamped at Purysburg, in Beaufort District, about twen-
ty-five miles above Savannah, with three thousand men, sent orders to Colonel Ashed
to cross the Savannah, and proceed as far as Brier Creek in pursuit of Campbell.
At this time, General Rutherford, of North Carolina, was encamped at Black Swamp, on
the Carolina side of the Savannah, a few miles above the mouth of Ebenezer Creek, with
seven hundred men ; and General Williamson,3 with twelve hundred men, was opposite
1 Colonel John Dooly entered the Continental army in Georgia, as captain, in 1776, and, rising to the
rank of colonel, was very active in the neighborhood of the Savannah, until 1780, when a party of Tories,
sent out from Augusta by Colonel Brown, entered his house, in Wilkes county, at midnight, and barbarously
murdered him in the presence of his wile and children. — M'Call, ii., 306.
* Sec M Call's Hittory of Georgia, i., 190-203.
3 We have already noticed the services of this gentleman while colonel of militia in the District of Nine-
lv-Six. ngumst the Indians. (See page 111.) Andrew Williamson was born in Scotland, and when young
was taken bv his parents to Ninety-Six, in South Carolina. He was a very active lad, and it is believed
that he attended Montgomery i" his expedition against the Indians in 1760. He was with Colonel Grant
in a similar expedition in 1761. He early espoused the Whig cause, and. as we have seen, was active in
opposition to the Cunninghams and other Tories. He was promoted to brigadier, and in that capacity was
employed in opposing the inroads of Prevost from Florida into Georgia. Alter the fall of Savannah, he
was engaged in watching the movements of the enemy upon the Savannah River. He took possession of
Augusta when Campbell retreated from it, and was for some time engaged against the Tories in that vi
OF THE REVOLUTION J07
The Americans at Brier Creek. Preparations for Bottle. The Attack. H. -treat of the Curolinians.
Augusta. General Ashe crossed the river on the twenty-fifth, and proceeded toward
Brier Creek, ;i considerable stream, which flows into the Savannah in Severn county, about
forty-five miles below Augusta. He reached Brier Creek on Saturday morning, the twen
tv-seventh.a and discovered that the bridge across the stream (which is tliere skirt-
J \ * Feb 1779
ed with a deep swamp three miles wide) was completely destroyed by the enetny.
Genera] Rutherford, with part of his brigade, was al Mathew's Bluli', five miles above, on
tin' cjiposite side of the Savannah ; and Colonel Marbury, of the Georgia horse, lay a few
miles up Brier Creek. Ashe's force consisted of General Bryan's brigade. Lieutenant-colonel
Lyttle's light infantrv, and some Georgia Continentals ; in all about twelve hundred men.
His artillery consisted of one four pound brass field-piece, and two iron two pound swivels,
mounted as field-pieces. Bryant and Elbert were instructed to form the camp, while Ashe
crossed the river to confer with General Lincoln. A guard was dispatched to conduct the
baggage across to Mathew's BlutF, in case it was found necessary to retreat ; and other
guards were stationed at the fords of the creek above, while fatigue-parties were detailed to
construct bridges, and to make a road to the river for the passage of Rutherford's troops with
two brass field-pieces.
Ashe returned on the evening of the third,1' and was chagrined at not finding the b Mnrcb
bridge which Campbell had destroyed, repaired. Early the following morning work- "™-
men were employed in that duty, but it was too late, and the Americans were quite unpre-
pared for offensive or defensive operations. While in this exposed situation, intelligence
came from General Williamson, then on his march from Augusta, that the enemy, under
the general command of Prevost, was within eight miles of the American camp above, ap-
proaching in full force. Already Marbury, with his dragoons, had encountered the British
van, but his express to Ashe had been intercepted. Reconnoitering parties had approached
the American pickets, yet they produced neither apprehension nor vigilance. That indif-
ference proved fatal. Prevost. with about eighteen hundred men, had crossed Brier Creek,
fifteen miles above Ashe's camp, made a wide circuit, and, unperceived, had gained his rear.
To retreat was now impossible. The drums immediately beat to arms; the troops were
formed for action, and cartridges were distributed among them.' They then advanced
about a quarter of a mile; General Elbert and his command, with Colonel Perkins's regi
ment, forming the advance. The British formed their line when within one hundred and
fifty yards of the Americans, and at the moment of their advance, Elbert and Perkins
opened a severe fire upon them. The Georgians, alter delivering two or three rounds, un-
fortunately inclined to the left, by which the fire of the advancing Newborn regiment was
impeded. At the same moment, the Edenton regiment, moving to the right, left a vacancy
In the line. This the enemy perceived, and pushed forward on a rim, with a loud shout.
The Halifax regiment on the left, panic-stricken, broke and fled, without firing a gun. The
Wilmington regiment, except a small part under Lieutenant-colonel Young, advanced and
delivered two or three volleys, wheeled, and retreated. The Newbern and Edenton regi-
ments followed their example, and in a lew minutes the whole of the North Carolina troops
were flying to the coverts of the swamps. The Georgia Continentals maintained their
einity, in co-operation with General Elbert. He was afterward engaged in the battle at Stono Ferry, below
Charleston, and was al the siege of Savannah when D'EstaiiiL' aided the Americans. Alter that, his conduct
awakened suspicions thai he was becoming unfriendly to the American cause. When Lincoln was be
in Charleston, he withheld efficient aid; and when that city surrendered, he accepted a Hi it i^h protection.
Williamson was called the "Arnold of the South," in miniature. Ii i- generally conceded that be was a double
traitor: for while he was with the British in Charleston, he communicated valuable information to General
Greene. The lime and place of his death is not certainly known. He lived in obscurit) and poverty after
the war. — See Johnson's Traditions ami Reminisceneesof the Revolution, 144 : Charleston, 1851.
1 M'Call and others censure General Ashe for nol having the soldiers served with cartridges much sooner.
Ashe in his letter to Governor Caswell on the seventeenth of March, says, that "prudence forbade a dis-
tribution of cartridges until they were wanted ; for. lacking cartouch-boxes, the men had already lest a great
many." He says that when they marched to meet the enemy, some carried their cartridges " under their
arms ; others in the bosoms of their shirts; and some tied up in the corner of their hunting-shirts." — MS
Letter of General Ashe to Governor Casirell.
308 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
DcfeQt of the Americans. The Loss. Ashe Censured. Acquitted by Court martial. His Public Lite
ground gallantly for some time ; but they, too, were finally repulsed, and General Elbert
and a large number of his men were made prisoners. General Ashe tried in vain to reach
the front of the fugitives and rally them. They had scattered in all directions; took .shel-
ter in the swamps ; and, on reaching the Savannah, escaped across it, some by swimming,
and others upon rafts. In this retreat many were drowned, and others were lost in the
swamps General Ashe reached Mathew's Bluff in safety, and afterward collected the
> March 16 remnants of his little army at Zubley's Ferry, a two miles above Purysburg. The
1779. ]oss of the Americans in this action was estimated at one hundred and fifty killed
and drowned ; twenty-seven officers, and one hundred and sixty-two non-commissioned offi-
cers and privates, were taken prisoners ; and seven pieces of artillery, a quantity of ammuni-
tion, provisions, and baggage, with five hundred stand of arms, were either lost or fell into
the hands of Prevost. The British lost only one commissioned officer, and fifteen privates
killed and wounded.'
General Asheg was much censured by contemporary opinion and early historians ; and
modern compilers have repeated those censures, because he allowed himself to be surprised.
Viewing the whole affair from this remote point, and in the light of calm judgment, he ap-
pears no more censurable than most other men who were losers instead of winners. Had
he succeeded in becoming a victor, his alleged remissness would never have been mentioned ;
the unfortunate are always blamed. Conscious of having exercised both courage and vig-
>lance, General Ashe appealed from the voice of public opinion to a court-martial, of which
-March 9 General Moultrie3 was president." The court acquitted him of every charge of
17TO- cowardice and deficiency of military skill, but gave their opinion that he did not
take all necessary precautious to secure his camp and watcli the movements of the enemy.
It was an unfortunate affair, for it deprived Lincoln of about one third of his available force,
and opened a free communication between the British. Indians, and Tories, in Florida, West-
ern Georgia, and the Carolinas.
■ May l" ^e nave observed that after the fall of Charleston,11 and the dispersion of Lin-
1760. coin's army, royal power in South Carolina and Georgia was fully established.
The Republican governor of Georgia and part of his council fled into North Carolina, and
narrowly escaped being captured on the way. Lieutenant-colonel Thomas Brown, "whom
Campbell placed in command of Augusta early in 1779, now proceeded to that place and
1 MS. Letter of General Jshe to Governor Caswell; Ramsay, ii., 16 ; Gordon, ii., 415 ; M'Call, ii., 206.
* John Ashe was born in England in 1721. He came to America with his father in 1727, who settled
on the Cape Fear River, in North Carolina. He served his district in the Colonial Legislature for several
years, and was speaker of the Assembly from 1762 to 1765. He warmly opposed the Stamp Act in 1765,
and, with others, announced to Governor Tryon his determination lo resist its operations. Assisted by Gen-
eral Hugh Waddell, Ashe, then colonel of the militia of New Hanover, headed an armed force, and com-
pelled the stamp-master to resign. He accompanied Tryon against the Regulators in 1771 ; but when
royal rule became odious, and he saw the liberties of his country in peril, he was one of the most zealous
-—^ advocates, in the North Carolina Assembly, of Republican princi-
(/ */ /x / P^es' As a member of the Legislature, and of the Committee of
*^^0^~f'~2/2^} ^l/yi -/,y^£^ Correspondence and of Safety at Wilmington, he was exceedingly
active and vigilant. He was one of the first projectors of a Pro-
lincial Congress, and became the most active opponent of Governor Martin, for he was exceedingly popular
.is a man. With live hundred men, he destroyed Fort Johnston in 1775, and was denounced as a rebel
against the crown. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress, convened that year. When he re-
turned home, he raised and equipped a regiment at his own expense; and throughout the whole region
iround Wilmington, his eloquent words and energetic acts inspired tbe people with burning patriotism. In
177ii. the Provincial Congress appointed him a brigadier of Wilmington District. He was actively en-
gaged in military an. I civil duties in his district, until the close of 1778, when he joined Lincoln in South
Carolina, with regi its from Halifax, Wilmington, Newborn, and Edenton. After his surprise and de-
feat at liner Creek, he returned home. Wilmington became a British post in 1781. and Colonel Ashe and
his family suffered much at their hands. He was made a prisoner, and Buffered a long confinement, during
which time he contracted the small-pox. He was released on parole while sick, and dad of thai disease
in October, 1781, at the age of sixty years, while accompanying his family to a place of quiet, in Duplin
county.
" '1 he other members of the court were General Rutherford, Colonels Armstrong, Pinckncy, and Locke,
and Edmond Hyrne, deputy adjutant general.-— See Moultrie's Memoirs, i., 338.
()K THE REVOLUTION
O U t)
Cruelty of Brown.
Fortfi Cornwallis and Grierson.
March toward Augusta, of Clark an
garrisoned the fort with a strong force. Brown, as we have seen (page 5 0 1), was an early
victim of Whig indignation at Augusta, his native place, and he used his power, while in
command there, with a fierceness commensurate with his wrath. He sent out detachment!
to burn the dwellings of patriots in his vicinity, and dispatched emissaries among the In
tlians to incite them to murder the inhabitants on the frontier.' His command at Augusta
consisted of two hundred and fifty men, of several corps, principally of Florida rangers ; two
hundred and fifty Creek and fifty Cherokee Indians ; in all. five hundred and fifty. The
delenses consisted of a strong fort, situated on the northwest side of the town, upon a hank
about one hundred yards
from the river. This was
the main work, and wae
called Fort Cornwallis.
A little less than half a
mile westward of Fort
Cornwallis, was a swampj
ravine extending up from
the river, with a stream
running through it. On
the western margin of this
lagoon, between the pres-
ent Upper Market and the
liver, was a smaller work
Visw fbom the Site of Fohi Couwiiu^ called Fort Grierson, so
named in honor of the militia colonel who commanded its garrison.
About the first of September," Colonel Elijah Clark, a brave partisan of Wilkes
county, Georgia, and Lieutenant-colonel M'Call, made efforts to raise a sufficient force
to capture the fort at Augusta, and drive the British from the interior of the state to the
sea-coast. These were the brave partisans who fought at the Cowpens a few months later.
Clark recruited in his own county, and M-Call went to the district of Ninety-Six and ap-
plied to Colonel Pickens for aid. He wanted five hundred men, but procured only eighty
With these he marched to Soap Creek, forty miles northwest of Augusta, where he was
joined by Clark, with three hundred and fifty men. With this inadequate force they march
ed toward Augusta. So secret and rapid were their movements, that they reached the out-
posts before the garrison was apprised of their approach. ° The right was com- bSeDt H
tnanded by M Call, the left by Major Samuel Taylor, and the center by Clark. 178°-
The divisions approached the town separately. Near Hawk's Creek, on the west, Tayloi
fell in with an Indian camp, and a skirmish ensued. The Indians retreated toward the
town, and Taylor pressed forward to get possession of a strong trading station called the
1 Brown's authority was a letter which Cornwallis had sent to the commanders of all the British out-
posts, ordering that all those who had "taken part in the revolt should be punished with the utmost rigor;
and also that those who would not torn out should l»- imprisoned, and their whole property taken from them
or destroyed." Every militia-man who had borne arms in the king's service, and afterward joined the
Whiffs, was to be " immediately hanged." This letter was a foul stain upon the character of Cornwallis
It was a "lash ol scorpions' in tin- hands of cruel men like Brown. "Officers, soldiers, and citizens,"
says .M'Call (ii., 319), were brought up to the place of execution, without being informed why they had
been taken out of prison. The next morning alter this sanguinary order reached Augusta, Ave victims
were taken from the jail by order of Colonel Brown, who all expired on the gibbet.
3 Fort Cornwallis occupied the ground in the rear of the Episcopal church, now a grave-yard. This
yiew is from within the inclosure, looking northeast, and includes a portion ol Sehidtz.'s brid«e. the Savan-
nah River, and Hamburg upon the opposite hank. In the foreground is seen portions of the church-yard
wall, and upon the brink of the river below are negroes employed in plaeing bales of cotton upon the wharves
for transportation to the sea-coast. The wharves are two stories in height, one to be used at low water,
the other when the river is "up.'' There were remains of the ditch and embankments of the fort within
the grave-yard when I was there : and the trench leading to the water-gate, where the " Pride-of-India"
tree is seen, was very visible.
510 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Pkirmish fit the White House. Brown wounded. Defeat of the Americans. Fate of Prison! re.
White House, a mile and a half west of the town. The Indians reached it first, and were
joined by a company of King's Rangers, under Captain Johnson. Ignorant of the approach
of other parties, Brown and Grierson went to the aid of Johnson and the Indians. While
absent, the few men left in garrison were surprised by Clark and M-Call, and Forts Corn-
wallis and Grierson fell into their hands. A guard was left to take charge of the prisoners
and effects in the fort, and Clark, with the remainder, hastened to the assistance of Taylor.
Brown and Grierson, perceiving their peril, took shelter in the White House. The Amer-
icans tried in vain to dislodge them. A desultory fire was kept up from eleven o'clock in
the morning until dark, when hostilities ceased. During the night the besieged cast up a
slight breast-work around the house, made loop-holes in the building for musketry, and thus
materially strengthened their position. Early in the morning, a Clark ordered
two field-pieces to be brought from Grierson's redoubt, to be placed in a position
to cannonade the White House. They were of little service, for Captain Martin, of South
Carolina, the only artillerist among the besiegers, was killed soon after the pieces were
brought to bear upon the building.
No impression was made upon the enemy during the fifteenth. On that morning, before
daylight, the Americans drove a body of Indians from the river bank, and thus cut off' the
supply of water for those in the house. Colonel Brown and others had been severely
wounded, and now suffered great agony from thirst. On the night of the fifteenth, fifty
Cherokee Indians, well armed, crossed the river to re-enforce Brown, but were soon repulsed.
Little was done on the sixteenth, and on the seventeenth Clark summoned Brown to sur-
render. He promptly refused ; for, having sent a messenger to Colonel Cruger at Ninety-Six,
on the morning when the Americans appeared before Augusta, Brown confidently expected
relief from that quarter. Nor was he disappointed. On the night of the seventeenth,
Clark's scouts informed him of the approach of Colonel Cruger with five hundred British
regulars and Loyalists, and on the morning of the eighteenth this force appeared upon the
opposite side of the river. Clark's little army was greatly diminished by the loss of men
who had been killed and wounded, and the desertion of many with plunder found in the
forts. At ten o'clock he raised the siege, and departed toward the mountains. The Amer-
ican loss on this occasion was about sixty killed and wounded ; that of the British is not
known. Twenty of the Indians were killed. Captain Ashby and twenty-eight others
were made prisoners. Upon these Brown and his Indian allies glutted their thirst for re-
venge. Captain Ashby and twelve of the wounded were hanged upon the stair-way of the
White House, so that the commandant might have the satisfaction of seeing their suffer-
ings. Others were given up to the Indians to torture, scalp, and slay. Terrible were the
demoniac acts at Augusta on that beautiful autumnal day, when the white and the red sav-
age contended for the meed of cruelty !
The British remained in possession of Augusta until the spring and summer of 1781.
when their repose was disturbed. After the battle at Guilford Court House, and when the
determination of Greene to inarch into South Carolina was made known, Clark and M'Call
proceeded to co-operate with him by annoying the British posts in Georgia. M'Call soon
afterward died of the small-pox, and Clark suffered from the same disease. After his re-
covery, he, with several other partisans, was actively engaged at various points between
Savannah and Augusta, and had frequent skirmishes with the British and Tory scouts. In
an engagement near Coosawhatchie, in Beaufort District, South Carolina, where Colonel
Brown then commanded, the Americans were defeated ; and several who were taken prison-
ers were hanged, and their bodies given to the Indians to scalp and otherwise mutilate.'
1 Among the prisoners t;iken on this occasion was a young man named M'Koy, the son of a widow, who,
with her family, had fled from Darien, in Georgia, into South Carolina. She went to Brown and implored
the life of her son, who was only seventeen years of age. The miscreant's heart was unmoved, and the
lad was in .t only hanged, bul his body was delivered to the Indians to mutilate by scalping and otherwise.
All this occurred in the presence of the mother. Afterward, when Brown, as a prisoner, passed where
Mrs. M K.iv resided, she called to his remembrance his cruelty, and said, " As you are now a prisoner to
the leaders of my country, for the present 1 lay aside all thoughts of revenge ■ hut if you resume your
OF THE REVOLUTION
•5 1 1
Siege of Au^u^ta.
Colonel Pickens
• 1781.
This was Brown's common practice, and made his name as hateful at the South as that of
" Bloody Bill Cunningham."
On the sixteenth of April, a the Georgia militia, under Colonels Williams, Baker,
and Hammond, Major James Jackson (afterward governor of the statu), and oilier
officers, assembled near Augusta, and placed the garrison in a state of siege. Williams,
who had the general command during Clark's sickness, encamped within twelve hundred
yards of Forts Comwallis and Grierson, and fortified his camp. Colonel Brown, who was
again in command at Augusta, deceived respecting the numbers of the Americans, dared
not attack them ; and
in this position the re-
spective lorces remain-
ed until the middle of
May, when Clark came
with one hundred new
recruits and resumed
the command. About
that time. Major Dill
approached Augusta
with a party of I. ;. al-
ists to force the Ameri-
cans to raise the siege.
A detachment of Caro-
lina mountaineers and
Georgians, under Shel-
by and Carr, sent by
Clark, met them at \Valk-
er's bridge, on Brier Creek,
killed and wounded sever-
s4&?S^.
\^O^L^
al. and dispersed the
rest. Other little suc-
cesses made the Ameri-
cans at Augusta feel so
Strong that Clark de-
termined to attempt an
assault. An old iron
five pounder, which he
had picked up, was
mounted within four
hundred yards of Fort
Grierson, and other dis-
positions for an attack
were made. Powder
was scarce, and he sent
a message to Colonel
Pickens,' who was ma-
neuvering between Augus-
ta and Fort Ninety-Six,
asking for a supply, and
also a re-enforcement of men.
Pickens could not immediately comply, for the Indians having recommenced hostilities on
the frontiers of Georgia and Carolina, he had sent part of his force in that direction. Per-
ceivino- the importance of seizing Augusta, Pickens informed Greene of the situation of af-
fairs there. That general, then advancing upon Ninety-Six. immediately ordered Lieutenant-
colonel Lee, with his legion, to join Pickens and Clark in besieging Augusta. The rapid
march of Lee, the capture of Fort Galphin and its stores, and his arrival at Augusta, have
been noticed on page 485. b May 21,
The capture of Fort Galphin" was an important prelude to the siege of Au-
17*1.
sword. I will so five hundred miles 10 demand satisfaction at the point of it for the murder of my son. — See
M'CalPs Georgia, ii., 365 : Garden's Anecdotes.
1 Andrew Pickens was born in Paxton township, Pennsylvania, on the nineteenth of September, 1739.
His parents were from Ireland. In 1752, he removed, with his father, to the Waxhaw settlement, in South
Carolina. He served as a volunteer in Grant's expedition against th<* Cherokees, in which lie took his first
lessons in the art of war. He became a warm Republican when the Revolution broke out, and, as we
have seen in preceding panes of this work, he was one of the most active of the military partisans of the
South. From the close of the war until 179-4, he was a member of the South Carolina Legislature, when
he was elected to a seat in Con^re-s. He was commissioned major general of the South Carolina militia
in 1795. and was often a commissioner to treat with the Indians. President Washington offered him t,
brigade of light troops under General Wayne, to serve against the Indians in the northwest, but be declined
the honor. He died at his seat in Pendleton District, South Carolina — the scene of his earliest battles — on
the seventeenth of August, 1817. at the age of seventy-eight years. His remains lie by the side of his
wife (who died two years before), in the grave-yard of the "Old Stone Meeting-house" in Pendleton. In
1765 he married Rebecca Calhoun, aunt of the late John C. Calhoun, one of the most beautiful young
.adies of the South. Mrs. Ellel, in her Women oftlie Revolution (iii., 302). gives some interesting sketches
of this lady and her life during the Revolution. Her relatives and friends were very numerous, and her
marriage was attended bv a great number. " Rebecca Calhoun's wedding" was an epoch in the social
history of the district in which she resided and old people used it as a point to reckon from.
512 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Junction of Americnn Troops before Augusta. Plan of Attack. Maylinm Tower. The Garriscn subdued
uusta, for it deprived Colonel Brown of a considerable body of reserved troops and of val
liable stores, The latter were of great importance to Greene, then approaching Ninety-
Six. After the capture of this redoubt, Lee allowed his troops to repose a few hours, and
then ordered Major Eggleston, with Captains O'Neal and
Armstrong, to cross the Savannah with the cavalry, a lil-
/f^//^l '-*/<-^\ t'e below Augusta, and join Pickens and Clark. On the
• same evening, Lee, with the field-piece of Captain Finley,
crossed the river, and on the morning of the twenty-third
joined the besiegers.
Eggleston, on his arrival, summoned Brown to surrender, at the same time informing him
of the approach of a strong force from General Greene's army. Brown did not credit the
information, treated the flag with contempt, and declined giving a written answer. Lee
had now arrived, and an immediate assault on Fort Grierson was determined upon. The
first measure attempted was to cut off his retreat to Fort Cornwallis. Pickens and Clark
were to attack Fort Grierson on the northwest, with the militia ; Major Eaton's battalions
and some Georgia militia, under Major Jackson, were to pass down the river and attack it
on the northeast ; while Lee, with his infantry, took a position south of the fort, so as to sup-
port Eaton, or check Brown if he should make a sortie in favor of Grierson. In the skirt
of the woods south of Lee, Egcleston, with the cavalry, was stationed. When Brown dis-
covered the peril of Grierson, he made a sortie with two field-pieces, but was soon checked
by Lee. Grierson, at the same time, endeavored to evacuate his redoubt, and attempt to
throw his command into Fort Cornwallis. Passing down the ravine on the margin of the
lagoon, some of the garrison effected their purpose ; but thirty of them were slain, and forty
five were wounded and taken prisoners. Grierson was captured, but was instantly killed
by a Georgia rifleman, who, on account of cruelties inflicted upon his family by his victim,
could not be restrained from dealing a blow of vengeace.1 In this assault Major Eaton
was slain.
The Americans now turned their attention to Fort Cornwallis. They were without ar-
tillery, except the old iron piece in possession of Clark, and Finley's grasshopper ; and their
rifles had but little eflect upon the fort. Lee suggested the erection of a Mayham tower,
which was used so efficiently at Fort Watson and Ninety-Six. This was done, under cover
of an old frame house which stood directly in front of the present Episcopal church. This
procedure made Brown uneasy, and on the night of the twenty-eighth he sent out a detach-
ment to drive the Americans from their labor. After a severe skirmish, the enemy were
driven into the fort at the point of the bayonet. On the succeeding night, a similar attempt
was made, with the same result. The tower was completed on the first of June, and for
its destruction Brown used every effort in his power. Sallies were made under cover of
night, and some severe conflicts ensued. He tried stratagem,2 and failed in that.
On the thirty-first of May, Brown was summoned to surrender. He refused, and that
night a six pounder, brought from Fort Grierson, was placed in battery on the tower.
Toward noon, riflemen stationed upon it opened a galling fire upon the garrison, which was
continued throughout the day. The guns were soon unmanned by the rifle balls, and the
six pounder dismounted them. The rrarrison dug vaults within the fort to save themselves
from the murderous fire of the assailants, and thus the siege went on until the morning of
the fourth.11 when a general assault was agreed upon. While the Americans
were forming for attack. Brown, perceiving the maintenance of his post to be im-
1 This rifleman was Captain Samuel Alexander, whose aged father had been a prisoner in Fort Corn-
wall*- for so time, and was cruelly treated by both Brown and Grierson. The son was the deliverer of
his father soon after he dispatched Grierson.
2 Brown opened a communication with a house in front of the tower, and placed ft quantity of powder
in it. He then sent a Scotchman, under the cloak of a deserter, who advised the Americans to burn that
old house, as it stood in their way. Had they done so, the explosion of the powder might have destroyed
the tower. I.e.- n peeled the man. and had him confined. Brown finally applied a slow match and blew
up the house, but the tower was unharmed.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 513
Surrender of the Forts at Augusta. Liberty Hill. Departure lor Savannah. A Night Journey.
possible, sent out a flag and offered to make a conditional surrender to Pickens and Lee.
The day was spent in negotiations, and early the next morning the fort was surrendered to
Captain Rudulph, who was appointed to take possession. The garrison marched out and
laid down their arms, and Brown and his fellow-prisoners were paroled to Savannah under
a sufficient guard, who marched down the river on the Carolina side.' Picking and Lee
soon hastened to the aid of Greene, then investing Ninety-Six. In this siege of Augusta,
the Americans had sixteen killed and thirty-five wounded ; seven of them mortally. The
loss of the British was fifty-two killed : and three hundred and thirty-four, including the
wounded, were made prisoners of war.2 The British never had possession of Augusta after
this event.
Let us close the chronicle for a while.
It was toward noon when wre descended Liberty Hill, looked in upon the slave-market
at Hamburg (the first and last I ever saw), and crossed Shultz's bridge to Augusta. After
dinner I visited the site of Fort Cornwallis, and made the sketch on page 50 9; also the
site of Fort Grierson, of which no vestiges remain. The rivulet is still there, and the
marshy lagoon on the brink of the river ; but the " gulley" mentioned in the local histories
was filled, and houses and gardens covered the site of the redoubt and its ravelins. At the
office of the mayor, I saw (and was permitted to copy) a sketch of the proposed irlonument
to be erected in the middle of the broad and beautifully shaded Greene Street, directly in
front of the City Hall, in honor of the Georgia Signers of the Declaration of Independence.
It is to be a granite obelisk, forty-five feet in height, composed of square blocks of stone.
The base of the obelisk will be six feet eight inches square at the bottom, and gradually
tapered to the top. It will rest upon a base twelve feet eight inches square, elevated two
feet above the ground. The corner-stone is already laid, and it is to be hoped that an-
other will soon be added to the few monuments already erected to the memory of Revolu-
tionary patriots.
I left Augusta on the evening of the twenty-fiftha with real regret, for the
beauty of the city, ornamented with water-oaks, wild olives, holly, palmettoes, mag-
nolias, and other evergreens ; the gardens blooming ; the orange-trees budding in the bland
!iir, and the courtesy of the citizens whom I met, wooed me to a longer tarry. But " home,
sweet home," beckoned me away, and at eight o'clock I entered a mail-coach, with a single
fellow-passenger, for a ride of fifty-two miles to the " Ninety-mile Station," on the Great
Central Railway. I had a pleasant companion while he kept awake, and we whiled away
the tedious night hours by agreeable conversation until we reached Waynesborough,3 where
we exchanged horses and the mails. After leaving the village, I endeavored to sleep. My
companion complained that he never could slumber in a coach ; and I presume his loud
snoring always keeps him awake, for in ten minutes after leaving the post-office his nasal
pipes were chanting bass to the alto of the coach-wheels.
We breakfasted at sunrise at a log-house in the forest, and arrived at the rail-way, on
the upper border of Severn county, near the banks of the Great Ogeeche, at eleven o'clock,
where we dined, and at one departed lor Savannah. Swamps, plantations, and forests, with
scarcely a hill, or even an undulation, compose the monotonous scenery. While enjoying the
pleasing anticipation of an early arrival in Savannah, our locomotive became disabled by
the breaking of a piston-rod. We were yet forty miles from our goal, in the midst of a vast
swamp, ten miles from any habitation, near the road. The sun went down ; the twilight
laded away, and yet we were immovable. At intervals the engineer managed to start his
steed and travel a short distance, and then stop. Thus we crawled along, and at eleven
1 The brother of young M'Koy, who was hanged and scalped by Brown's orders, and who, thirsting for
revenge, had joined Clark before Augusta, endeavored to kill Brown, but was prevented by the guard. It
was during this march to Savannah, when at Silver Bluff, that Brown encountered .Mrs. M'Koy, as related
on page 510. : M'Call, ii., 370; Lee, 238; Ramsay, ii., 238.
3 Waynesborough is the capital of Burke county. It is upon a branch of Brier Creek, about thirty-five
miles above the place of» General Ashe's defeat.
II. K K
51 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Detention in a Swamp.
Picturesque Scenery.
Savannah.
Greene and Pulaski Monument.
o'clock at night we reached the thirty mile station, where we supped at the expense of the rail-
way company. At our baitings we started light-wood fires, whose blaze amid the tall trees
draped with moss, the green cane-brakes, and the dry oases, garnished with dwarf palmettoes,
produced the most picturesque effects. A hand-car was sent down to Savannah for another
engine, and at six o'clock in the morning we entered that city. I breakfasted at the Pu-
laski House, a large building fronting upon Johnson Square, amid whose noble trees stands
a monument erected by the citizens of Savannah to the memory of General Greene and the
Count Pulaski.1
Savannah is pleasant-
ly situated upon a sand-
blutT, some forty feet
above low- water-mark,
sloping toward swamps
and savannahs, at a low-
er altitude in the interi-
or. It is upon the south
side of the river, about
eighteen miles from the
ocean. The city is laid
out in rectangles, and has
ten public squares. The
streets are generally
broad and well shaded,
some of them with four
rows of Pricle-of- India
trees, which, in summer,
add greatly to the beauty
of the city and comfort
of the inhabitants. Be-
IJREENE AND fULASKI Mo.NUiaJtHT.
fore noting the localities
of interest in Savannah
and suburbs, let us open
the interesting pages of
its history, and note
their teachings respect-
ing Georgia in general,
and of the capital in par-
tiaular, whose founda-
tions were laid by Gen-
eral Oglethorpe.
We have already con-
sidered the events which
led to the settlement
of the Carolinas, within
whose charter limits
Georgia was originally
included, and we will
here refer only to the
single circumstance con-
nected with the earlier
efforts at settlement, which some believe to be well authenticated, namely, that Sir Walter
Raleigh, when on his way to the Orinoco, in South America, entered the Savannah R,iver
and upon the bluff where the city now stands stood and talked with the Indian king3
There are reasonable doubts of the truth of this statement.
As late as 1730, the territory lying between the Savannah and Alatamaha Rivers was
entirely uninhabited by white people. On the south the Spaniards held possession, and on
the west the French had Louisiana, while the region under consideration, partially filled
with powerful Indian tribes, was claimed by Great Britain. To prevent France and Spain
from occupying it (for the latter already began to claim territory even north of the Savan-
nah), and as a protection to the Carolina planters against the encroachments of their hostile
neighbors, various schemes of emigration thither were proposed, but without being effected.
Finally, in 1729, General James Oglethorpe, a valorous soldier and humane Christian, then
a member of Parliament, made a proposition in that body for the founding of a colony to
be composed of poor persons who were confined for debt and minor offenses in the prisons
1 In March, 1825, at a meeting of the citizens of Savannah, it was determined to take the occasion of the
expected visit of General La Fayette to that city to lay the corner-stones of two monuments, one to the
memory of Greene, in Johnson Square; the other in memory of Pulaski, in Chippewa Square. These
corner-stones were accordingly laid by La Fayette on the twenty-first of March, 1825. Some donations
were made; and in November, 1826, the State Legislature authorized a lottery, for the purpose of raisin;;
$35,000 to complete the monuments. The funds were accumulated very slowly, and it was finally re-
solved t" iTeet one monument, to be called the "Greene and Pulaski Monument." The structure here
delineated is of Georgia marble upon a granite base, and was completed in 1829. The lottery is still in
operation, and since this monument was completed has realized a little more than $12,000. — Bancroft's
Census and Statistics of Savannah, 1848. The second monument, a beautiful work of art, will soon be
erected in Chippewa Square. Launitz, the sculptor, of New York, is intrusted with its construction.
2 See M'Call's History of Georgia, note, i . :i4.
OF THE REVOLUTION ., 1 ."
u-lethorpe'a Colonial Plan. Charter for Ocor^ia. First Emigrants. Interview with the Indian King
of England.1 lie instituted an inquiry into their condition, which resulted in the convic
tion that their situation would be more tolerable in the position of a military colony, actin«
as a barrier between the Carolinians and their troublesome
neighbors, than in the moral contamination and physical
miseries of prison life. The class of persons whom he de-
signed to transplant to America were not wicked criminals,
but chiefly insolvent debtors. Oglethorpe also proposed to
make the new colony an asylum for the persecuted Protest-
ants of Germany and other Continental states, and in this
religious idea he included the pious thought of spiritual
benefit to the Indian tribes. The Earl of Shaftesbury (the
fourth bearing that title) and other influential men warm-
ly espoused the scheme, and a general enthusiasm upon the
subject soon pervaded the nation. A royal charter was
obtained in 1732 for twentv-one vears ;' large sums were
subscribed by individuals ; and in the course oi two years,
Parliament voted one hundred and eighty thousand dollars in support of the scheme.'
Oglethorpe volunteered to act as governor of the new colony, and to accompany the set-
tlers to their destination. Accordingly, in November, 1732, he embarked with one hundred
and twenty emigrants, and in fifty-seven days arrived oil' the bar of Charleston. lie was
warmly welcomed by the Carolinians, and on the thirteenth of January he sailed for Port
Royal. While the colonists were landing, Oglethorpe, with a few followers, proceeded
southward, ascended the Savannah River to the high blufl" and there selected a spot for a
city, the capital of the future state. With the Yamacraw Indians, half a mile from this
bluff, dwelt Tomo Chichi, the grand sachem of the Indian confederacy of that region.
Oglethorpe and the chief both desired friendly relations ; and when the former invited the
latter to his tent, Tomo Chichi came, bearing in his hand a small buffalo skin, appropriately
ornamented, and addressed Oglethorpe in eloquent and conciliatory terms.6 Friendly rela-
1 In 1728, Oglethorpe's attention was drawn to the condition of debtors in prison by visiting a gentleman
confined in the Fleet Jail, who was heavily ironed and harshly treated. He obtained a parliamentary com
mission to inquire into the state of debtor-prisoners throughout England, of which he was made chairman.
Thev reported in 1729, and efforts at reform were immediately made. The most popular proposition was
that of Oglethorpe, to use the prison materials for founding a new state in America.
3 This charter was unlike all that had preceded it. Instead of being given for purposes of private ad-
vantage, as a money speculation, it was so arranged that the administrators of the affairs of the new col-
uld derive no profit from it whatever; thev acted solely "in trust for the poor." It was purely a
benevolent scheme. Tbey were to manage the affairs of the colony for twenty-one years, after which it
was to revert to the crown. In honor of the king, who gave the scheme his hearty approval, the territory
included within the charter was called Georgia. The seal of the new province bore a representation of a
group of silk-worms at work, with the motto \ i aliit — " Not for themselves, but for others."
3 James Edward Oglethorpe was born in Surrey. England, on the twenty-first of December, 1698. He
entered the army at an early age, and served under Prince Eugene as his aid-de-camp. He was for many
vears a member of Parliament, and while in that position successfully advocated a scheme for colonizing
Georgia. He founded Savannah in 1733. In prosecution ..I his benevolent enterprise, he crossed the
ocean several times. He performed a good deal of military service in Georgia and Florida. He returned
to England in 1743. and was married in 1744. In 1745. he was promoted to the rank of brigadier in the
British army, and in 1747 to major general. He was employed, under the Duke of Cumberland, against
the Pretender, during 1745. When General Cage went to England in 1775. the supreme command of the
British army in North America was offered to Oglethorpe. His merciful conditions did not please minis-
ters, and General Howe received the appointment. He died at Grantham Hall, on the thirtieth of June.
1785, at the age of eighty-seven years, and was buried in Grantham Church, Essex, where his tomb bears
a poetic epitaph. 4 Graham, iii., 180-184.
6 "Here," said the chief, "is a little present ; I give you a Buffalo's skin, adorned on the inside with the
head and feathers of an Eagle, which I desire you to accept, because the Eagle is an emblem of speed, am'
the Buffalo of strength. The English arc swift as the bird, and strong as the beast, since, like the former,
they flew over vast seas to the uttermost parts of the earth ; and like the latter, they are so strong that
nothing can withstand them. The feathers of an Eagle are soft, and signify love ; the Buffalo's skin is
warm, and signifies protection ; therefore. I hope the F.nglish will love and protect our little families ''
516 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
F ounding of Savannah. Progress of the Colony. Mothodists. Defenses ngainst the Spaniards.
tions were established, and on the twelfth of Februarys the little band of settleri
.i 173° ...
came from Port Royal and landed at the site of the future city of Savannah.
For almost a year the governor lived under a tent stretched upon pine boughs, while the
streets of the town were laid out, and the people built their houses of timber, each twenty-
four by sixteen feet in size. In May following, a treaty with the Indian chiefs of the coun-
try was held ; and on the first of June, it was signed, by which the English obtained sov-
ereignty over the lands of the Creek nation, as far south as the St. John's, in Florida. Such
was the beginning of one of the original thirteen states of our confederacy.
Within eight years after the founding of Savannah, twenty-five hundred emigrants had
been sent out to Georgia, at an expense of four hundred thousand dollars.1 Among these
,vere one hundred and fifty Highlanders, well disciplined in military tactics, who were of
essential service to Oglethorpe. Very strict moral regulations were adopted ;2 lots of land,
twenty-five acres each, were granted to men for military services, and every care was exer-
cised to make the settlers comfortable. Yet discontent soon prevailed, for they saw the
Carolinians growing rich by traffic in negroes ; they also saw them prosper commercially
by trade with the West Indies. They complained of the Wesleyans as too rigid, and these
pious Methodists left the colony and returned home. Still, prosperity did not smile upon
the settlers, and a failure of the scheme was anticipated.
Oglethorpe, who went to England in 1731, returned in 1736, with three hundred em-
igrants. A storm was gathering upon the southern frontier of his domain. The Spaniards
at St. Augustine regarded the rising state with jealousy, and as a war between England
and Spain was anticipated, vigilance was necessary. Oglethorpe resolved to maintain the
claim of Great Britain south to the banks of the St. John's, and the Highlanders, settled
at Darien, volunteered to aid him. With a few fol
lowers, he hastened in a scout-boat to St. Simon's Isl-
and, where he laid the foundations of Frederica, and
upon the bluff near by he constructed a fort ot tabby,'
the ruins of which may still be seen there. He also
caused forts to be erected at Augusta, Darien, on
Cumberland Island, and near the mouth of the St.
Mary's and St. John's. Perceiving these hostile
ruins of Ogi-ethoepeTb^acks'at 'fkede«ca.« preparations, the Spanish authorities at St. Augus-
tine sent commissioners to confer with Oglethorpe.
They demanded the evacuation of the whole of Georgia, and even of the region north of the
Savannah to St. Helena Sound. This demand was accompanied by a menace of war in the
event of non-compliance. Thus matters stood for several months.
In the winter of 1736—7, Oglethorpe again went to England, where he received the com-
mission of brigadier general, with a command extending over South Carolina as well as
1 Among those who went to Georgia during this period were John and Charles Wesley, the founders of
the Methodist sect. Also in 1733, quite a large hotly of Moravians, on the invitation of the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel, left the Old Continent for the New, and pitched their tents near Savannah, after a
long voyage. They soon made their way up the Savannah to a beautiful stream, where they settled down
permanently, and called the creek and their settlement, Ebenezer, a name which they still bear.
Whitfield came in 1740, and established an orphan-house at Savannah. He sustained it for a while, by
contributions drawn from the people of the several provinces by his eloquence ; but when he was asleep in
the soil of New England, it failed. All Christians were admitted to equal citizenship, except Roman Cath-
olics ; they were not allowed a residence there.
1 The importation of rum was prohibited, and, to prevent a contraband trade in the article, commercial
intercourse with the West Indies was forbidden. The importation of negroes was also forbidden.
3 Tabby is a mixture of lime with oyster-shells and gravel, which, when dry, form a hard rocky mass.
' This is from a sketch made by W. W. Hazzard, Esq., in 1851. Mr. Hazzard writes : " These ruins
stand on the left bank or bluff of the south branch of the Alatamaha River, on the west side of St. Simon's
Island, where the steamers pass from Savannah to Florida." This fort was a scene of hostilities during
the war of the Revolution, and also that of 1812; and is one of the most interesting military relics of our
country. Mr. Hazzard states that, in his field in the rear of it, his men always turn up "bomb-shells and
hollow shot whenever they plow there." The whole remains are upon his plantation at West Point.
O F T H E It E V 0 L U T I 0 X. 517
Expedition against St Augustine. Return of Oglethorpe to EngUnd. Georgia a Royal province.
Georgia. There he remained a year and a half, when he returned to his colony with a
regiment of six hundred men to act against the Spaniards. England declared war against
Spain in the latter part of 1739, and Oglethorpe immediately planned an expedition against
St. Augustine. The St. Mary's was then considered (as it remains) the boundary between
Georgia and Florida. Over that line Oglethorpe marched in May, 17 10, with four hund-
red of his regiment, some Carolinians, and a large body of friendly Indians. He captured a
Spanish fort within twenty-five miles of St. Augustine. A small fortress, within two miles
of that place, was surrendered on his approach, but a summons to give up the town was an-
swered by defiant words. The invaders maintained a siege for some time, when the arrival
of re-enforcements for the garrison, and the prevalence of sickness in the camp,
, a July, ilVJ.
obliged them to withdraw and return to Savannah."
In 1742, the Spaniards invaded Georgia. A fleet of thirty-six sail, with more than three
thousand troops from Havana and St. Augustine, entered the harbor ot St. Si- b July i«i,
mons,b and a little above the town of the same name, erected a battery of twenty 174'-'
guns. Oglethorpe, with eight hundred men, exclusive of Indians, was then on the island
He withdrew to his fort at Frederica, and anxiously awaited re-enforcements from Carolina.
He skirmished successfully with attacking parties, and arranged for a night assault upon
the enemy's battery. A deserter (a French soldier) defeated his plan ; but the sagacity of
Oglethorpe used the miscreant's agency to his subsequent advantage, by bribing a Spanish
prisoner to carry a letter to the deserter, containing information that a British fleet was
about to attack St. Augustine. Of course the letter was handed to the Spanish commander,
who arrested the Frenchman as a spy. The intelligence contained in Oglethorpe's letter
alarmed the garrison, and the Spaniards determined to assail the English immediately, and
then return to St. Augustine as speedily as possible. On their march to the attack of
Frederica, they fell into an ambuscade. Great slaughter ensued, and they retreated precip-
itately. The place of conflict is called Bloody Marsh to this day. On their retreat, by
water, they attacked Fort William, at the southern extremity of Cumberland Island, but
were repulsed with loss. The expedition was disastrous to the Spaniards in every particular.
and the commander was tried by a court-martial at Havana, and dismissed from the service
in disgrace.
After ten years of service in and for the colony of Georgia, Oglethorpe returned to En-
gland, and his feet never again pressed the soil of America. His rule had been chiefly
military. A civil government was now established,": under the control of a president ^ ^
and council, who were instructed to administer it as the trustees should dictate. Pros-
Parity did not yet gladden the settlers, and the colony had a sickly existence. At length
the moral and commercial restrictions began to be evaded ; slaves were brought from Car-
olina, and hired first for a few years, and then for a hundred years, or during life. This
was equivalent to a purchase, and was so considered by the parties ; for a sum, equal to the
value of the slave, was paid in advance. Finally, slave ships came directly to Savannah
from Africa ; slave labor was generally introduced, and Georgia, like Carolina, became a
planting state. In 17-52, the trustees, wearied with the complaints of the colonists, resign-
ed the charter into the hands of the king, and from that period until the war of the Rev-
olution, Georgia was a royal province.' When the treaty of Paris in 17G3 guarantied,
as far as possible, general peace in America, the province, for the first time, began to flourish
and take an important place among the Anglo-American colonies ; and in the hostilities
against the Indians on the frontiers, its people performed their part well in furnishing pro-
visions and men for the armies.
The inhabitants of Georgia first began to feel the hand of British taxation, when, in
1767, Governor Wright communicated his instructions from the king to require implicit obe-
J John Reynolds was the first royal governor. He was appointed in 1754. ami was succeeded in 17.57
by Henry Ellis. Sir James Wright, who was the last royal governor of Georgia, succeeded Ellis in 1760
and held the office until 1776.
518 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Political Agitation. Committee of Correspondence. Movements of the Sons of Liberty. Their names
ilience to the Mutiny Act.1 They were compelled to acquiesce, but it was with reluctance
They had not realized the practical iniquity of the Stamp Act ; and when, in 1768, the As-
sembly at Savannah appointed Dr. Franklin an agent to attend to the interests of the col-
ony in Great Britain, they had no formal special complaint to make, nor difficulties with
government for him to adjust. They generally instructed him to use efforts to have the
acts of Parliament repealed, which were offensive to all the colonies. To a circular letter
••■1768 from the speaker of the Massachusetts Assembly," proposing a union of the colonies,
an answer of approval was returned. In 1770, b the Legislature spoke out boldly
against the oppressive acts of the mother country, by publishing a Declaration
of Pvights, similar in sentiment to that of the " Stamp Act Congress" at New York. Gov-
ernor Wright was displeased, and viewing the progress of revolutionary principles within
his province with concern, he went to England^ to confer with ministers. He re-
mained there about a year and a half. During his absence, James Habersham, pres-
ident of the council, exercised executive functions.
The Republicans of Georgia had become numerous in 1773, and committees of correspond-
ence were early formed, and acted efficiently. A meeting of the friends of liberty was called
in Savannah in the autumn of that year, but Sir James Wright, supported by a train of
civil officers, prevented the proposed public expression of opinion. The wealthy feared loss
of property by Revolutionary movements, while the timid trembled at the thought of resist-
ance to royal government. Selfishness and fear kept the people comparatively quiet for a
while. In the mean time, a powerful Tory party was organizing in South Carolina and in
Georgia, and emissaries were sent by the governors of these provinces among the Indians on
the frontiers, to prepare them to lift the hatchet and go out upon the war-path against the
white people, if rebellion should ensue. Such was the condition of Georgia when called
upon to appoint representatives in the Continental Congress, to be held at Philadelphia in
1774. Half encircled by fierce savages, and pressed down by the heel of strongly-support-
ed royal power in their midst, the Republicans needed stout hearts and unbending resolu-
tion. These they possessed ; and in the midst of difficulties they were bold, and adopted
measures of co-operation with the other colonies in resistance to tyranny.
On the fourteenth of July,d the Sons of Liberty were requested to assemble at the
" liberty pole at Tondee's tavern,2 in Savannah, on Wednesday, the twenty-seventh
instant, in order that public matters may be taken under consideration, and such other con-
stitutional measures pursued as may then appear most eligible."3 The call was signed by
Noble W. Jones (who in 1780 was a prisoner in Charleston), Archibald Bullock, John
Houstoun, and George Walton. A meeting was accordingly held at the watch-house in Sa-
, , ™ vannah,e where letters from Northern committees were read, and a committee to
c July 27, .
lr!t- draft resolutions was appointed.4 These proceedings were published, and the gov-
ernor, alarmed at the progress of rebellion around him, issued a countervailing proc-
lamation, i" He called upon the people to discountenance these seditious men and
measures, and menaced the disobedient with the penalties of stern British law.
On the tenth of August another meeting was held, when it was resolved to concur with
their sister colonies in acts of resistance to oppression. After strongly condemning the
Boston Port Bill, they appointed a committee to receive subscriptions for the suffering peo-
1 A proviso of this act, as we have elsewhere noticed, required the colonists to provide various neces-
>arics for soldiers that might be quartered among them.
2 The first liberty-pole was erected in Savannah, on the fifth of June, 1775, in front of Peter Tondee's
tavern. His house stood upon the spot now (1849) occupied by Smet's new stores. * M'Call, ii., 16.
4 John Glenn was chosen chairman of the meeting. The following-named gentlemen were appointed the
committee to prepare the resolutions : John Glenn, John Smith, Joseph Clay, John Houstoun, Noble W. Jones,
Lyman Hull, William Youn<r, Edward Telfair. Samuel Farley, George Walton, Joseph Habersham, Jonathan
Bryan, Jonathan Cochran, George M'Intosh, Sutton Banks, William Gibbons, Benjamin Andrew, John Winn,
John Stirk, Archibald Bullock, James Seriven, David Zubley, Henry Davis Bourguin. Elisha Butler, William
Baker, Parminus Way, John Baker, John Mann, John Benefield, John Staeey, and John Morel. These
were the leading Sons of Liberty at Savannah in 1774.
OF Til E RE Vol.r TION. ;, 1 g
Contributions for Boston. Tory Influence. Wuig Boldness. Spiking of Cannon. Tor and Feathers.
|ile of that city, and within a few hours after the adjournment of the meeting, live hundred
and seventy-five barrels of rice were contributed and shipped for Massachusetts. The gov-
ernor assembled his friends at the court-house a few days afterward, and their disapproba-
tion ol the conduct of the Republicans was expressed in strong terms. Agents were sent
throughout the province to obtain the signatures of the people to a printed denunciation of
the Whigs ; and. by means of menaces and promises, an apparent majority of the inhabit-
ants declared in lavor of royal rule.' So powerfully did the tide of opposition against the
Whigs How for a while, that they did not appoint delegates to the Continental Congress,
which convened in Philadelphia in September, and Georgia was not represented in that first
Federal Republican council,'-1 yet they heartily approved of the measure, and by words and
actions nobly responded to that lirst great resolution, adopted by the Contincnal Congress on
the eighth of October, 1 77-1, s which approved of the resistance of Massachusetts.
The Republicans continued to assemble during the winter of 177-1—5, and in May fol-
lowing they determined to anticipate an act on the part of Governor Wright similar to that
of Gage at Boston. Accordingly, on the night of the eleventh of May, a six of the
members of the Council of Safety,' and others, broke open the magazine,1' took out the
powder, sent a portion of it to Beaufort, South Carolina, and concealed the remainder in
their garrets and cellars. The governor offered a reward of one hundred and fifty pounds
sterling tor the apprehension of the offenders, but the secret was never revealed till the pa-
triots used the powder in defense of their liberties.
On the first of June, Governor Wright and the Loyalists of Savannah prepared to cele-
brate the king's birth-day. On the night of the second, some of the leading Whigs spiked
the cannon on the battery, and hurled them to the bottom of the bluff. Nineteen days
afterward, a meeting was called for the purpose of choosing a committee to enforce the re-
quirements of the American Association, put forth by the Congress of 1774. ' The first
victim to his temerity in opposing the operations of the committee was a man named Hop-
kins. He ridiculed the Whigs, and they, in turn, gave him a coat of tar and feathers, and
paraded him in a cart through the town for four or five hours. About this time, a letter
lrom Governor Wright to General Gage was intercepted by the vigilant Whigs of Charles-
1 The only newspaper in tlie province (the Georgia Gazette, established in 1762) was under the control of
Governor Wright, and through it he disseminated much sophistry, and sometimes falsehoods among the people.
2 The committees of St. John's parish convened on the ninth of February, 177o, and addressed a circular
letter to the committees of other colonics, asking their consent to the reception of a representative in Con-
gress from that particular parish. Encouraged by the answer they received, they met again on the twen-
ly-first of -March, and appointed Dr. Lyman Hall to represent them. When he went to Philadelphia, he
t»,k with him, from Siinhury, one hundred and sixiy barrels of rice, and two hundred and fifty dollars, as a
present to the people of Boston.
3 The whole record of the proceedings of Congress on that day is as follows :
" Saturday, October 8, 1774. — The Congress resumed the consideration of the letter from Boston, and,
upon motion,
Resolved. That this Oonirri'ss approve the opposition of the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay to the exe-
cution of the late Acts of Parliament ; and if the same shall be attempted to be carried into execution by
force, in such case, all America ought to support them in their opposition."
The proceedings of that one day should be written in brass and marble , for the resolution then adopted
was the first Federal gauntlet ol defiance cast at the feet of the British monarch. The eighth of October,
1774, should be placed by the side of the fourth of July, 177G, as one of the most sacred days in the calen-
dar of Freedom.
4 These were Noble Wimberly Jones, Joseph Habersham, Edward Telfair, William Gibbons, Joseph
Clay, and John Milledge.
6 The magazine was at the eastern extremity of the town. It was sunk about twelve feet under the
ground, inclosed with brick, and secured by a door in such a way that the governor did not consider a guard
necessary.
6 This committee consisted of sixteen leading men of Savannah, among whom was Samuel (afterward
General) Elbert. and George Walton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.
M'Call (ii., 45) say- that, after the meeting adjourned, "a number of gentlemen dined at Tondee's tavern,
where the Union flag was hoisted upon the libertv-polc. and two pieces of artillery were placed under it."
4'he Union flag, of thirteen red and white stripes, was not adopted until the lirst of January, 1776, when it
was first unfurled in the American camp, near Boston.
VJU
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
.Intercepted Letter.
Seizure of Powder.
Imprisonment of the Governor.
His Escape.
A Traitor
ton. It contained a request for Gage to send some British troops to suppress the rebellious
spirit of the Georgians.' The Republicans were exceedingly indignant ; and when, a day
or two afterward, it was known that Captain Maitland had arrived at Tybee Island, at the
mouth of the Savannah, with thirteen thousand pounds of
powder and other articles for the British and Indians, it was
determined to seize the vessel. The Georgia Assembly was
then in session." The leading Whigs approved of the enter-
prise, and on the night of the tenth of July, thirty volunteers,
under Commodore Bowen and Colonel Joseph Habersham,
embarked in two boats, took possession of the ship, discharged
the crew, and placed the powder in the magazine in Savan-
nah, excapt five thousand pounds, which they sent to the army
then investing Boston, under General Washington.3 The In-
dian hostilities, which occurred at this time on the western
Savannah and Vicinity
frontiers, we have considered in preceding chapters.
The spirit of resist-
ance waxed stronger and
stronger during the au-
tumn of 1775. In Jan-
uary, 1776, it assumed a
form of strength and de-
termination hitherto un-
known in Georgia. On
the eighteenth of that
month, Colonel Joseph Ha-
bersham,4 who was a mem-
ber of the Assembly, raised
a party of volunteers, took
Governor Wright a prison-
er, and paroled him to his
own house,6 before which a
sentinel was placed,
and forbid all inter-
course between him
and persons inimical to the
B,epublican cause. On the
night of the eleventh of
February, a during
a storm, the govern-
or escaped from a back
window of his house, with
John Muloyne, and went
down the river five miles
to Bonaventure, the resi-
dence of that gentleman.
There a boat and crew
were waiting for him, and
he was conveyed to Tybee
Sound, and took shelter on
board the armed ship Scar-
borough.
^.^^^ Royal rule had
' ^"sL^ now actually ceaseil
1 The Secret Committee at Charleston, who intercepted this letter, placed another in the cover, with
GoVernor Wright's name counterfeited, and sent it on to Gage. In that letter they said (as if Governor
Wright was penning it), " I have wrote for troops to awe the people, but now there is no occasion for send-
ing them, for the people are again come to some order." Gage was thus misled.
2 They met on the fourth of July. On the fifteenth, they elected Archibald Bullock, John Houstoun, John
Joachim Zuhley, Nohle Wimherly Jones, and Lyman Hall, to represent that province in the Continental
Congress. These were the first delegates elected by the representatives of the whole people, for Hall repre-
sented only the parish of St. John's. Fifty-three members signed their credentials. Zubley afterward be-
came a traitor. While the subject of independence was being debated in 1776, Samuel Chase, of Mary-
land, accused Zubley of communicating with Governor Wright. Zubley denied the charge, but while Chase-
was collecting proof, the recusant fled.
3 One of the men engaged in this adventure was Ebenezer Smith Piatt. He was afterward made a prison-
er, and being recognized "as one of this daring party, was sent to England, where he lay in jail many months,
under a charge of high treason. He was eventually considered a prisoner of war, and was exchanged.
4 Joseph Habersham was the son of a merchant of Savannah, who died at New Brunswick, in New Jer-
sey, in August, 1775. Joseph Habersham held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Continental army. In
1785, he was a member of Congress from Savannah ; and in 1795, Washington appointed him postmastci
general of the United States. He held that office until 1800. when he resigned. He was made president
of the Branch Bank of the United States, at Savannah, in 1802, which position he held until his death, in
November, 1815, at the age of sixty-five years. The name of his brother James, late President of the
Council, appears upon the first bill o'f credit issued by the Provincial Congress of Georgia in 1776.
6 Governor Wright's house was on the lot in Heatheote Ward, where the Telfair House now stands,
The Council lb. use was on the lot where George Schlev. Esq.. resided in 1849.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Congressional Delegate*. Savannah Menaced. British Repulsed. Party Lines. Lee's Expedition.
in Georgia, and the Assembly assumed governmental powers. They elected new delegates
to the Continental Congress ;a' passed a resolution to raise a battalion of Continental «m<>.
troops jb3 and issued bills of credit in the form of certificates, and ordered them to ^ Feb. i.
be received at par in payment of debts and for merchandise.
Governor Wright wrote a letter to the Assemblyc very conciliatory in its tone,
but receiving no answer, he resolved to allow the armed vessels at the mouth of
the river to force their way to the town, and procure such supplies as they needed. Eleven
merchant vessels, laden with rice, were then at Savannah ready to sail. These were seized
by the war ships, and Majors Maitland and Grant landed, with a considerable force, upon
Hutchinson's Island, opposite Savannah, preparatory to an attack upon the town.d nllir(.ht
The patriots were on the alert, and sent a flag to Maitland, warning him to de- i"1'-
sist. This flag was detained, and another was fired upon. Further parley was deemed
unnecessary, and the next day two merchant vessels, lying in the stream, were set on fire by
the patriots. Floating down to the one containing Maitland and Grant, with their men,
great consternation was produced. Some of the soldiers jumped overboard and swam ashore ;
some stuck in the mud. and many lost their fire-arms ; while the officers escaped in boats
to Hutchinson's Island. At this critical moment, four hundred Carolinians, under Colonel
Bull, arrived, and aided the Georgians in repulsing the assailants. Three of the merchant
vessels were burned, six were dismantled, and two escaped to sea.
The breach between the Whigs and Tories was now too wide to be closed, and the line
was very distinctly drawn by stringent measures on the part of the former.3 These tended
to winnow the chafTfrom the wheat, and many Tories, possessed of no property, left Georgia
and took refuge in East Florida, where Governor Tonyn was actively engaged in fitting out
privateers to prey upon the infant commerce of the Southern colonists, and to ravage their
coasts. The Tories there organized under the title of the Florida Rangers, and were led
by Thomas Brown, the Augusta Loyalist, who afterward commanded the garrison at that
place. A fort built by Governor Wright's brother, on the St. Mary's, was their place of
rendezvous, whence they went out and levied terrible contributions, in the way of plunder,
upon the people of Southern Georgia, who were thinly scattered over the country.
The war had now fairly commenced, and the flame of patriotism which burned so bright-
ly at the North was not less intense in Georgia. The Declaration of Independ- . All 1 1(1
ence was received in Savannah^ with great joy.* Pursuant to the recommenda- 17;6-
tion of the Continental Congress, the people turned their attention to the organization of civil
Government, upon the basis of independence, and in strengthening their military power. To
weaken the British and Tories in the South, an expedition against St. Augustine (then in
possession of the English) was planned, and General Charles Lee, then at Charleston, was
invited to take the command of troops that might be sent. Lee perceived the advantages
to be derived from such a measure, and acquiescing, he immediately ordered Brigadier Rob-
ert Howe to proceed to Savannah with troops. Howe had marched as far as Sun- fAuCT6t|
bury, at the mouth of the Midway River,1' when sickness, want of artillery and l'~G-
1 Archibald Bullock, John Houstoun, Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, and George Walton.
s Lachlin M'lntosh was appointed colonel; Samuel Elbert, lieutenant colonel ; and Joseph Habersham.
major.
3 When the British fir-t appeared in the attitude of assailants, the Committee of Safety appraised such
houses in Savannah as were owned by Republicans, with the determination of applying the torch if they
could not repulse the enemy. The houses "I I lie Tories were not noticed ; and therefore, in the event of
a general conflagration, their property would not be accounted for.
* Archibald Bullock, president of the council, convened that body, on the receipt of the Declaration (which
came by express in thirty-five days from Philadelphia), when they ordered it to be publicly read in front
of the council-chamber. There, under a military escort, the council proceeded to the liberty-pole, where
they were saluted by thirteen cannon-peals and small arms from the first Continental battalion, under Col-
onel M'lntosh. Proceeding to the battery, another salute of thirteen guns was fired. The people then par-
took of a dinner in a <rrove, where thirteen toasts were given. In the afternoon, there was a funeral pro-
cession, and the royal government was buried, with the customary ceremonies. In the evening, tho town
was brilliantlv illuminated. — M'Call, ii., 90.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Boldness of the Tories.
Organization of Civil Government
M'Intosh and Gwinnett.
A Duel.
other necessaries for the campaign, caused Lee to abandon the enterprise. The effect of
this movement was disastrous to the Whigs. The Tories gained confidence ; and on the
seventh day of Februa-
ry, 1777, they attacked
Fort M'Intosh.1 The
garrison was command-
ed by Captain Richard
Winn, of South Caroli-
na. After holding out
for two days, he was
obliged to surrender.
The officers and pri-
vates of the garrison
were all paroled except
two young officers, who
were taken to St. Au-
gustine and kept as hos-
tages.
During the autumn
of 1776, a conven-
tion was held in Sa-
vannah to form a
state Constitution,
with a bullet in the thigh. M'Intosh recovered
It was adopted ou the
5th of February follow-
ing,0 and Button
„6 . r c 1777.
(jrwmnett, one ot
the signers of the Dec-
laration of Independ-
ence, was chosen pres-
ident of the council, an
office equivalent in its
functions to that of gov-
ernor. In consequence
of military rivalry, a
serious difficulty arose
between Gwinnett and
Colonel M'Intosh,2 who
had just been elected
brigadier general of the
Georgia Continent-
al troops. A duel
ensued, when both
were wounded , each
M'Intosh was tried for
This quarrel produced
Gwinnett died
murder, at the instance of Gwinnett's friends, and was acquitted
a serious local agitation, which at one time menaced the Republican stability of Georgia
and the true friends of the cause were alarmed. To allay party feeling, General MIntosh
consented to accept of a station at the North ; and Washington appointed him command-
er-in-chief of the Western Department, with his head-quarters at Pittsburg, where we have
already met him. (See page 29 4.)
During the summer and autumn of 1777, Colonels Elbert, Scriven, Baker, and others, at-
tempted to dislodge the Tories from East Florida, and several skirmishes occurred. These
expeditions were fruitless of advantage to the patriots, and much suffering ensued. Freder-
ica was attacked by the enemy ; some Americans and negroes were captured, and consider-
able property was carried off. Often, during the autumn, predatory excursions were made
1 This was a small stockade, one hundred feet square, with a block-house in the center, and a bastion at
each corner. It. was situated upon the northeast side of Saltilla River, in the present Camden county.
2 Lachlin M'Intosh was born near Inverness, in Scotland, in 1727. He was the son of John M., who
was at the head of the Borlam branch of the clan M'Intosh. He came to Georgia with General Ogle-
thorpe in 1736, when Lachlin was nine years of a<re. His father being made a prisoner and sent Id St
Augustine, Lachlin was left to the care of his mother at the age of thirteen years. His opportunities for
education were small, yet his strong mind overcame many difficulties. Arrived at maturity, he went to
Charleston, where, on account of bis fine personal appearance and the services of his father, he commanded
attention. He and Henry Laurens became friends, and he entered that gentleman's counting-room as clerk,
lie left commercial pursuits, returned to his friends on the Alatamaha, married, and engaged in the profession
of a land surveyor. He made himself acquainted with military tactics, and when the War for Independence
broke out, he was found, when needed, on the side of the Republicans. He was first appointed colonel, and
in 1776 was commissioned a brigadier, lie was persecuted by his rival, Button Gwinnett, until be could
no longer forbear; and finally, pronouncing that gentleman a scoundrel, a duel ensued, and Gwinnett was
killed. M'Intosh afterward commanded in the Western Department, and led an expedition against the In-
dians. (See page 2'J4). Hereturned to Georgia in 1779. and was at the siege and fall of Savannah. He
was will) Lincoln at. Charleston, where he was made prisoner. After his release, he went with his family
hi Virginia, where he remained until the close of the war. When he returned to Georgia, lie found his
properly nearly all wasted ; and in retirement and comparative poverty, ho lived in Savannah until his
death, which occurred in 1806, at the age of seventy-nine. General M'Intosh, when young, was considered
the handsomest man in Georgia.
OF THE REVOI.llKi.V
!
Expedition to Florida.
Troops under General Howe.
His public Life.
Duel with Gudsden.
upon the southern frontiers of Georgia, the marauders frequently penetrating as far as the
Alatamaha and even beyond, and the settlements sutler
ed terribly.
During the winter and spring of 1778, the opponents
of the new government became formidable, and indica-
tions of an invasion of Georgia, from Florida and from
the Indian territory in the West, was perceived. Tories
gathered at Ninety-Six, and crossed the Savannah, while
those of Florida, joined by the Indians, continued to scat-
ter desolation along the southern frontier. Tiobert Howe,1
Df North Carolina, now promoted to the rank of major
general, was in the chief command of the Southern army,
and favored the yet cherished design to march into Flor-
ida and disperse the Loyalists. In fact, this measure
had become a chief desideratum, for the gathering storm
on the frontier of that state was pregnant with evil
omens for the whole South. The Loyalists were gain-
ing strength on the St. Mary's, St. John's, and at Pen-
sacola, and re-enforcements of British troops were ex-
pected at St. Augustine. a Howe moved his
pr ' ' head-quarters from Charleston to Savannah.
His regulars, who were in a condition to take the field, did not exceed live hundred and
fifty men. These were joined by the commands of Colonels C. C. Pinckney, Bull, and
Williamson. Governor Houstoun, of Geor-
gia, who was requested to furnish three hand-
'^/- 6^Z>%
red and fifty militia, cheerfully complied.
Thus prepared, Howe marched toward the
Alatamaha, when he was informed that a body of British regulars, under General Augus-
tine Prevost, a large force of Loyalists, under Colonel Brown, and numerous Indians, were
moving toward the St. Mary's for the purpose of invading Georgia. Already Colonel El-
bert had been victorious at Frederiea,2 and Howe felt certain of success, when, on the fc
twentieth of May,b he reached the Alatamaha, and learned how rumors of his expe-
> Robert II, me was a native of Brunswick, North Carolina. History hears no record of his private life
lie was in the Legislature in 1773. He appears to have been one ot" the earliest and most uncompro-
ofthe patriots of the Cape Fear region, for we find him honored with an exception, together with
Cornelias Harnett, when royal clemency was offered to the rebels by sir Henry Clinton in L776 He
pointed colonel of the first North Carolina regiment, ami with his command went early into the field
,.i Revolutionary strife In December, 177f>, he joined Woodford at Norfolk (see page 330), in oppi
to Lord Dunmore and his motlev armv. For bis gallantry during this campaign. Congress, on the twenty-
ninth of February, 1776, appointed him. with five- others, brigadier general in the Continental army, and
ordered him to Virginia. In the spring of 1776, British spite toward General Howe was exhibited by Sir
Clinton, who sent Cornwallis, with nine hundred men. to ravage his plantation near old Brunswick
village. He was placed in chief command of the Southern troops in 1778, and was unsuccessful in
pedHion against Florida, and in the defense of Savannah. His conduct was censured, hut without just cause.
Amon" others whose voice was raised against him, was Christopher Gadsden, of Charleston. Howe re-
qnired him to deny or retract. Gadsden would do neither, ami a duel ensued. They met at Cannonsburg,
and all the damage cither sustained was a scratch upon the ear of Gadsden by Howe's ball.*
3 Colonel Elbert, who was stationed at Fort Howe, on the Alatamaha, early in the spring of 1771-. went
with three hundred men to Darien, where he embarked on hoard three galleys ai mpanii d bj a detach-
ment of artillery on a tlaNboat, and proceeded to attack a hostile party at Oglethorpe's Fort, lie was suc-
cessful. A briaantine was captured, and the garrison, alarmed, fled from the fort to their boats, and es-
eaped. leaving Elbert complete victor. On board of the bi igantine were three hundred uniform suits, be-
longing to Colonel Pinekney's regiment, which had been captured while on their way, in the sloop Hatter,
from Charleston to Savannah.
* Major Andre, wrote a humorous account, in rhyme, of this affair, in eighteen stanzas. Bernard Elliott was the second of
Gadsden, and General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of Howe. The duel occurred on the thirteenth of August, 1778. After
this affair, Howe and Gadsden were warm friends.
524 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
March toward Florida. Divided Commands. Failure of the Expedition. Minor Expeditions.
dition had alarmed the Tories of East Florida. His enterprise was exceedingly popular,
and the sympathy of the whole Southern neople, who were favorable to Republicanism, was
with him. With scanty supplies, he pushed forward in the midst of many difficulties, to
Fort Tonyn, on the St. Mary's,* which the enemy abandoned and partly demol-
June, 1778. .^j on j^ approacij Here he ordered a general rendezvous of all the troops,
and of the galleys, under Commodore Bowen, preparatory to making an assault upon St.
Augustine.
On the day of his arrival at Fort Tonyn, Howe was informed that twelve hundred men
had marched from St. Augustine for the St. John's, and that two galleys, laden with twenty-
four pounders, had been sent to the mouth of that river, to co-operate with the land force
in opposing the Americans. He was also informed by a deserter that the whole force of
the enemy was about fifteen hundred men fit for duty. Sudden, united, and energetic ac-
tion was now necessary, but Howe experienced the contrary on the part of his compatriots.
The governor of Georgia was at the head of his own militia, and refused to be commanded
by Howe ; Colonel Williamson (the imputed traitor) took the same course with his volun-
teers ; and Commodore Bowen would not be governed by any land officer. The necessary
consequence was tardy, divided, and inefficient operations.
Sickness soon prostrated almost one half of the troops, for, unprovided with sufficient
tents, they slept exposed to the deadly malaria of the night air among the swamps ; and
Howe clearly perceived that in future movements failure must result, unless the forces could
be united under one commander. He called a council of war, and ascertained that Hous-
toun would not be governed by another, and that the army was rapidly melting away. A
retreat was unanimously agreed upon. Pinckney and the remains of his command returned
by water to Charleston, while Howe, with the remnants of his force, reduced by sickness and
death from eleven hundred to three hundred and fifty, returned to Savannah by land. Thus
ended an expedition upon which the South had placed great reliance. Howe was much
censured, but the blame should properly rest upon those who, by proud assumption of sepa-
rate commands, retarded his movements and weakened his power. No expedition was ever
successful with several commanders.
The British, emboldened by this second failure of the Americans to invade Florida, and
counting largely upon the depressing influence it would have upon the patriots, hastened
to invade Georgia in turn. Savannah was the chief point of attack. It was arranged
that a naval force, with land troops from the North, should enter the river and invest the
city ; while General Prevost, who commanded in East Florida, should march toward the
same point from St. Augustine, with his whole motley band of regulars, Tories, and Indians,
to awe the people in that direction, and by preliminary expeditions weaken the Ameri-
cans.1 Hitherto the British arms had been chiefly directed against the Northern and Mid-
dle States, but with little effect. The patriots had steadily maintained their ground, and
the area actually out of possession of the Americans was very small. Sir Henry Clinton
was master of New York city, but almost every where else the Americans held possession.
To the South he looked for easier and more extensive conquests ; and against Savannah,
the apparently weakest point, he directed his first operations. Lieutenant-colonel Campbell,
1 Soon after the return of Howe, some regulars and Loyalists had made a rapid incursion into Georgia,
and menaced the fort at Sunbury, at the mouth of the Midway River. The little garrison was commanded
by Lieutenant-colonel John M'Intosh (a brother of General M'Intosh). The enemy approached in two
divisions, one with artillery, in boats, under Lieutenant-colonel Fuser; the other by land, under Lieutenant-
colonel Mark Prevost, consisting of six hundred regulars. Fuser approached the fort and demanded its sur-
render. M'Intosh replied, " Come and lake it !" The promptness and brevity of the reply indicated se-
curity, and Fuser withdrew, although he could easily have captured the fort. In the mean while, General
Scrive'n. with others, were skirmishing with Colonel Prevost, who had been joined by a band of Tories, under
M'Girth, in one of which the hitter was mortally wounded. The invaders pressed forward until within
three miles of Ogeechee Ferry, where they were confronted by Colonel Elbert and two hundred Continent-
.: .it a breast-work thrown Up by a planter named Savage. Unable to proceed further, they retraced
their steps toward the Alatamaha, plundering and burning houses, and laying the whole country waste
Midway church was destroyed, rice barns were burned, and the people were made houseless.
OF THE REVO I.ITION.
Uritieh Expedition against Savannah. Preparations to receire them. Lauding of the British.
au efficient and reliable officer, sailed from Sandy Hook on the twenty-seventh of Novem-
ber,» with more than two thousand land troops,1 covered by a small squadron, under ^ jng
Commodore Parker. The fleet arrived at Tybee Island (see map, page 5 2 0), near
the mouth of the Savannah, on the twenty-third of December. Six days afterward, the
vessels and transports had crossed the bar, and the troops were landed at daybreak1",
without much opposition, three miles below the town, above Five-fathom Hole, oppo-
site Brewton's Hill.9
General Howe, whose army was now augmented to a little less than seven hundred men.
was at Sunbury when intelligence was received at Savannah of the approach of the British
fleet. Governor Iloustouu immediately sent an express to Howe with the information. At
the same time, another messenger arrived at Sunbury from the South, informing Howe that
General Prevost. with all his force, was on his way from St. Augustine to invade Georgia.
All was alarm and confusion when the latter intelligence reached Savannah. The govern-
or sent the public records to Purysburg for safety, from whence they were afterward carried
to Charleston. The small battery on the eastern extremity of the city was strengthened,
and the people aided the soldiers in casting up iritrenchments.'
Howe hastened to his camp at Savannah to prepare for the invasion. His little army was
encamped southeast of the town, near the eastern extremity of the present remains of the
French works. There he anxiously awaited promised re-enforcements from South Carolina,
under General Lincoln. The militia from the surrounding country came in very slowly,
day after clay ; and on the morning of the battle which ensued, his whole force was about
nine hundred men. Believing the British army to be really weaker than it appeared, he
resolved to defend the town ; and when, on the morning of the twenty-eighth, the fleet ap-
peared at Five-fathom Hole, where Fort Jackson now is, he prepared for battle. On that
morning, Colonel Elbert, perceiving the necessity of keeping the enemy from the advanta-
geous position of Brewton's Hill, offered to defend it with his regiment ; but Howe, believing
they would march immediately toward the town, rejected the proposition. He placed his
center at the head of the causeway ; his left, under Colonel Elbert, fronted the rice-fields,
and was flanked by the river ; and his right, commanded by Colonel Isaac Huger, covered
the morass in front, and was flanked by the wooded swamp and one hundred Georgia mili-
tia, under Colonel George Walton. Having made this disposition, he detached Captain J.
C. Smith, of South Carolina, to occupy and defend Brewton's Hill. His little force proved
inadequate ; and soon after landing, the British took possession of that eminence. Howe
now perceived the superiority of the British force, and at ten o'clock in the morning called
a council of war to consider the expediency of abandoning the town. It was then too late
to deliberate, for the enemy were forming for attack. It was resolved first to fight, and then
to retreat, if necessary-
After Campbell had formed his army on Brewton's Hill, he moved forward, and took a
position within eight hundred yards of the American front, where he maneuvered in a man-
1 These troops consisted of the Vlst regiment of foot, two battalions of Hessians, four of provincials, and
a detaehment of the royal artillery.
- From the landing-place (which was the nearest the ships could approach) a narrow causeway, with a
ditch on each side, led through a rice swamp six hundred yards, to firm ground. The 71st regiment of
royal Scots led the van across the causewav, and was attacked by some Americans. Captain Cameron and
two of his company were killed, and five were wounded. The Highlanders were made furious, and, rush-
in<* forward, drove the Americans into the woods.
M.re clearly to understand the nature of the attack, defense, and result, it is necessary to know the
position of the town at that time. It is situated upon a high bluff of forty feet altitude, and then, as now.
was approachable by land on three sides. From the high ground of Brewton's Hill and Thunderbolt on
the east, a road crossed a morass upon a causewav, having rice-fields on the north side to the river, and a
wooded'swamp, several miles in extent, on the south of it. It was approached from the south by the roads
from White Bluff, on Vernon River, and from the Ogeechee Ferry, which unite near the town ; and from
the westward by a road and causeway over the deep swamps of Mnsgrove's Creek, where, also, rice-fields
extend from the causeway to the river on the north. From the western direction, the Central Rail-way
enters Savannah. From the eastern to the western causeway was about three fourths of a mile.
5o6 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Battle.
Defeat of the Americans. Disastrous Retreat. The Loss
ner to excite the belief that he intended to attack the center and left. This was at three-
o'clock in the afternoon. This movement was only a diversion in favor of a body of infant-
ry and New York volunteers, commanded by Sir James Baird, who, under the guidance of
an old negro named Quamino Dolly, withdrew unperceived, and by a by-path through the
swamp at the South, were gaining the American rear. To this by-path Walton had called
Howe's attention in the morning, but knowing its obscurity, the general did not think it
worthy of regard. Sir James and his party reached the White Bluff' road unperceived.
and pressing forward, attacked Walton's Georgia brigade on flank and rear. Walton was
wounded and taken prisoner, and such was the fate of a large portion of his command. At
the same moment Campbell moved forward and attacked the Americans in front. The
patriot line was soon broken, and, perceiving the growing panic and confusion, Howe or-
dered a retreat over the causeway across Musgrove's Swamp, west of the town. To that
point Colonel Roberts, in obedience to early orders, if the contingency should occur, hastened
with the artillery, to cover the retreat. Already the enemy was there in force to dispute
the passage. By great exertions, the American center gained the causeway and escaped
without loss. The right flank also retreated across, but suffered from an oblique enfilading
fire ; while to Colonel Elbert, with the left, the passage was closed after a severe conflict
He and his troops attempted to escape by the rice-fields, but it being high water in the
creek, none but those who could swim succeeded, and these lost their guns and accoutre-
ments. Many were drowned, and the remainder were taken prisoners. While the British
were pursuing the Americans through the town toward Musgrove's Creek, many citizens,
some of whom had not been in the battle, were bayoneted in the streets ; but when the action
was over, life and property were spared. Campbell's humanity and generosity as a man
were equal to his skill and bravery as a soldier, and the active terrors of war in the city
ceased with the battle.1 Yet deep sadness brooded over Savannah that night, for many
bereaved ones wept in bitter anguish over relatives slain or mortally wounded.' Those
few who escaped across Musgrove's Swamp, retreated up the Savannah and joined Howe,
who, with the center, fled as far as Cherokee Hill, eight miles distant, and halted. The
whole fugitive force then pushed up the Savannah to Zubley's Ferry, where they crossed
into South Carolina. Howe saved three field-pieces in his flight.3
When Lieutenant-colonel Campbell had secured his prize by garrisoning the fort at Sa-
vannah, and by other measures for defense, he prepared to march against Sunbury, the only
post of any consequence now left to the Americans, near the Georgia sea-board. He issued
orders to the commanders of detachments in the lower part of the state to treat the people
leniently, and by proclamation he invited them to join the British standard. These meas-
ures had their desired effect, and timid hundreds, seeing the state under the heel of British
power, proclaimed their loyalty, and rallied beneath the banner of St. George.
While arranging for his departure southward, Campbell received intelligence that the
rrarrison at Sunbury had surrendered to General Prevost. That officer had left St. Augus-
1 Like credit can not be oiven to Commodore Parker. For want of other quarters the prisoners were
placed on board of ships, where disease made dreadful havoc daily during the succeeding summer. Par-
ker not only neglected the comforts of the prisoners, but was brutal in his manner. Among those con-
fined in these horrid prison ships, was the venerable Jonathan Bryan, aged and infirm. When his daughtei
pleaded with Hyde Parker for an alleviation of the sufferings of her parent, he treated her with vulgar rude-
ness and contempt. The bodies of those who died were deposited in the marsh mud, where they were
sometimes exposed and eaten by buzzards and crows. — See M'Call's History of Georgia, ii., 176.
•' About one hundred Americans were either killed in the action or drowned in the swamp, and thirty
eight officers and four hundred and fifteen privates were taken prisoners. The fort, which only command-
ed the water, and was of no service on this occasion, with forty-eight pieces of cannon, twenty-three mor-
tars and howitzers, eight hundred and seventeen small arms, ninety-four barrels of gunpowder, fifteen hund-
red and forty-five cannon shot, one hundred and four case ditto, two hundred shells, nine tons of lead, mil-
itary stores, shipping in the river, and a large quantity of provisions, fell into the hands ol the victors. 1 he
British lost only seven killed and nineteen wounded. The private soldiers who refused to enlist in the
British army were confined in prison ships : the Continental officers were paroled to Sunbury.
3 Ramsay, ii- 4 : Gordon, ii, 403 ; Marshall, i, 293 ; M' 'all. ii.. 168 : Stedman. ii.. 66.
OF THE It E VOLUTION.
527
Sunbury taken by the British.
Sketch of the Public Life of General Lincoln.
tine with about two thousand men (including Indians) and several pieces of artillery, on the
day when Campbell reached Tybee Island. (bio division took a land route, the other pro-
ceeded in armed boats. They reached the vicinity of Sunbury on the sixth of January, and
proceeded to attack the fort. The garrison consisted of about two hundred Continental
troops and militia, under Major Lane, who, when Prevost demanded an unconditional sur-
render on the morning of the ninth, promptly refused compliance. Prevost then placed his
cannon in battery and opened upon the fort. Lane soon perceived the folly of resistance
and after considerable parleying he surrendered. The spoils of victory were twenty-four
pieces of artillery, with ammunition and provi-
sions ; and the men of the garrison were made
prisoners of war. The Americans lost one cap-
tain and three privates killed, and seven wound-
ed. The British loss was one private killed and
three wounded. Two American galleys in the
river were taken by their crews to Assabaw Isl-
and, stranded, and burned. The crews escaped
in a sloop, but, while on their way to Charleston,
were captured and carried prisoners to Savannah
The fall of Sunbury was the death-blow to
Republican power in East Georgia, and the con-
quest of the whole state now appeared an easy
thing. The march of Campbell to Augusta, un-
der the direction of Prevost, who proceeded from
Sunbury to Savannah ; the establishment of mil-
itary posts in the interior ; Campbell's sudden
retreat from Augusta, and the subsequent battle
at Brier Creek, we have already considered.
Previous to these events, and soon after the fail-
ure of Howe's summer campaign against East
Florida, General Lincoln1 had been appointed
to the command in the Southern department,11 and Howe was ordered to the North, , g , .,,
where we find him in the summer of 1779, at Verplanck's Point."
i?7ft
1 Benjamin Lincoln was born on the third of February, 1733. He was trained to the business of a fa !i
and had few educational advantages. He continued in his vocation in his native town (Hingham, Mas-
etts) until past forty years of age, when he engaged in civil and military duties. He was a local
magistrate, representative in the Colonial Legislature, and held the appointment of colonel of militia, when.
in 177-1. he was appointed a major general "I militia. He was very active until the close of 177(1. in train-
inj the militia for the Continental service, and in February, 1777, he joined Washington, at Morristown
with a re-enforcement. On the nineteenth of that month. Congress appointed Lincoln, with Lord Stilling.
St. Clair, Mifflin, and Stephen, major general in the Continental army. He was active during the summei
and autumn of that year in opposition to Burgoyne, while, on his march toward Saratoga. He was severe-
ly wounded on the seventh ofOctober, at Saratoga, which kept him from active service until August, 1778
when he joined Washington. He was appointed to the chief command in the Southern department, in Sep-
tember, and arrived at Charleston in December. Bv judicious management he kept Prevost and his troops
below the Savannah most of the time, until October 'the following year, when, with D'Estaing, he laid siege
to Savannah. The effort was unsuccessful. In May following, he, with the largest portion ol the South-
ern army, was made prisoner at Charleston by the British, under Sir Henry Clinton. He was permitted
to return to Hingham "it parole. In November he was exchanged, and the following spring he joined
Washington on the Hudson. He was at the surrender of Corn wallis, and was deputed to receive that com-
mander's sword. He was elected Secretary of War a few days after this event, which office he held foi
three years, and then retired to his farm. In 178ti-7 he commanded the militia in the suppression, ol
Shays's insurrection. He was elected lieutenant governor of Massachusetts in 1787. He was appointed
collector of the port of Boston in 1789, which office he held for twenty years, when he was succeeded b\
General Dearborn. He died in Hingham, on the ninth of May, 1810, at the age of seventy-seven years
He lived with his wife fifty-live years. General Lincoln was temperate and religious. No profane word
was ever heard uttered by his lips. A sreat part of his life he was a deacon in the Church.
3 The signature of Howe on parje 523 is from a letter written by him under date of " Verplanck's Point,
lulv. 1779."
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Roj il Government re-established. Appearance of the French Fleet Alarm of the British. Savannah strengthened
Several minor expeditions were planned and executed both by Prevost and Lincoln, but
they had little effect. The latter arrived at Purysburg, upon the Savannah, on the third of
January, 1779, and established his head-quarters there. His force consisted of about twenty-
five hundred effective men, and it continually augmented by recruits from the militia. The
marches and counter marches of these generals in attempts to foil each other will be noticed
while considering the attack upon Charleston in May following, and its immediate anteced-
ent events.1
On the twentieth of July,* Sir James Wright returned from England and resumed
"1779' the government of Georgia. It had been under military rule since the fall of Sa-
vannah. Governor Wright did not long remain in quiet, for the strong arm of our French
ally held the falchion over the head of British power in the South. Early in September,
the Count D'Estaing, with twenty ships of the line and eleven frigates, having on board six
thousand soldiers, suddenly appeared off the Southern coasts. He had battled successfully
with Admiral Byron in the West Indies, and now he came to assist in driving the British
. „ . , out of the Southern States. So sudden was his appearance off Ty bee Island^ that
"79. four British vessels fell into his hands without a contest. A plan was soon arranged
between Lincoln and D'Estaing to besiege Savannah. The latter urged the necessity of
early departure from our coast as a reason for prompt action, and he entreated Lincoln to
press forward with his army as rapidly as possible.
From the moment when the French fleet appeared off Tybee, Prevost felt uneasy. He
recalled his detachments from the advanced posts, and directed Colonel Maitland, who, with
eight hundred men, was stationed at Beaufort, to be in readiness to leave that post. He
began in earnest to strengthen the fortifications of the city ; and Colonel Moncrief, the tal-
ented chief of the engineers, pressed into his service every hand not otherwise employed, in-
cluding three hundred negroes collected from the neighboring plantations. Thirteen re-
doubts and fifteen batteries, with lines of communication, were speedily completed, with
strong abatis in front. Upon these batteries seventy-six pieces of cannon were placed, of
six, nine, and eighteen pounds caliber. These were manned by seamen from the vessels of
wai :n the harbor. Several field-pieces were placed in reserve, to be used at any required
point at a moment's warning, and intrenchments were opened to cover the reserved troops
and artillery.
On the evening of the fourth of September the French fleet disappeared, and Prevost re-
joiced in the belief that Savannah was not its destination. Still, he continued his prepa-
rations for attack. The works on Tybee Island were strengthened, and the garrison there
was increased by one hundred infantry under Captain Moncrief. On the sixth the fleet re-
appeared with increased force ; and on the ninth it anchored off Tybee Island, and landed
some troops on the south side of it. Moncrief, perceiving resistance to be useless, spiked the
guns, embarked the troops, and fled to Savannah. The English shipping near Tybee sailed
up to Five Fathom Hole, and the whole British land force in Georgia was now concentrated
at Savannah. The next day all the cannons of the armed vessels, except a few which
were left to defend the channel, were brought on shore and placed in battery. Every thing
was now ready for an attack.
Lincoln marched from Charleston to Zubley's Ferry, where he concentrated his troops on
the twelfth of September. Count Pulaski, with his legion, and General M'Intosh, with his
1 On one occasion two American galleys went clown the Savannah and raptured and destroyed two ves-
sels belonging to the English. Prevost on another occasion, sent a party to surprise Beaufort, and capture
stores there; and on the fourth of June, Colonel Cruger (who afterward commanded at Ninety-Six), with
a party of Loyalists, while celebrating the king's birth-day at a plantation at Belfast, on the Midway, was
captured by Captain Spencer. Cruger was afterward exchanged for Colonel John M'Intosh. On the
south side of the Ogeechee, at a place called Hickory Hill, a party, under Colonel Twiggs, had a skirmish
with some British soldiers, who attacked them. The enemy lost seven killed, ten wounded, and the re
mainder were taken prisoners. The Americans had two wounded. Major Baker, with thirty men, at
tacked and defeated a party of British soldiers near Sunbury, on the twenty-eighth of June, the same day
a hen Twiggs had his engagement near the Ogeechee. These were Georgia Loyalists.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
520
American Army at Savannah.
Pulaiki.
D'Eataing's summon! to Surrender refused.
His Error
jommand, were dispatched toward Savannah, a little in advance of the main army, to
attack the British
outposts. Both par-
ties had several
skirmishes with the
enemy before they
reached the French
army, already land-
ed at Beaulieu, or
Beuley. This junc-
tion effected, M'ln-
tosh returned to
Miller's plantation,
three miles from
Savannah, where
Lincoln, with the
main army, arrived
on the sixteenth,
and made his head-
quarters.
While Lincoln
immediate
upon the
and his force were
approaching, the French effected
a landing at Beuley and Thun-
derbolt, without opposition. MTn-
tosh urged D'Estaing to make an .
ing additional ordnance. This truce Lincoln at once perceived was fatal to the success of
the besiegers, for he had ascertained that Maitland, with eight hundred men, was on his waj
attack
British
works. D'Estaing
would not listen,
but advanced with-
in three miles of Sa-
vannah," mSeptl6.
and de- i«9.
manded an uncon-
ditional surrender
to the King of
France. Prevost
refused to listen to
any summons which
did not contain def-
inite provisions, and
asked for a truce
until the next day
to consider the sub-
ject. This wai
granted by D'Es
taing, and, in the mean while
twelve hundred white men anil
negroes were employed in strength
ening the fortifications, and mount
1 Count Casimir Pulaski was a native of Lithuania, in Poland. He was educated for the law, but stir-
ring military events had their influence upon his mind, and he entered the army. With his father, the old
Count Pulaski, he was engaged in the rebellion against Stanislaus, king of Poland, in 1769. The old count
was taken prisoner, and put to death. In 1770, the young Count Casimir was elected commander-in-chief
of the insurgents, but was not able to collect a competent force to act efficiently, for a pestilence had swept
off 250,000° Poles the previous year. In 1771, himself and thirty-nine others entered Warsaw, disguised
as peasants, for the purpose of seizing the kin?. The object was to place him at the head of the army,
force him to act in that position, and call around him the Poles to beat back the Russian forces which Cath-
arine had sent against them. They succeeded in taking him from his carriage in the streets, and carrying
him out of the city ; but were obliged to leave him, not far from the walls, and escape. Pulaski's little
army was soon afterward defeated, and he entered the service of the Turks, who were fighting Russia.
His estates were confiscated, himself outlawed. He went to Paris, had an interview there with Dr. Frank-
lin, and came to America in 1777. He joined the army under Washington, and, as we have seen, was
placed in command of cavalry. His legion did good service at the North. Early in the spring of 1778
he was ordered to Little Fair Harbor, on the New Jersey coast. His force consisted of cavalry and in-
fantry, with a single field-piece from Proctor's artillery. While on his way from Trenton to Little Egg
Harbor, and when within eicht miles of the coast, he was surprised by a party of British, and a large por-
tion of his infantry was bayoneted. Julien, a deserter from his corps, had given-informa-
tion of his position; the surprise was complete. His loss was forty men, among them
Lieutenant-colonel Baron De Botzen. Pulaski was ordered to the South in February,
1779, and was in active service under Lincoln until the siege of Savannah, in October
of that year, where he was mortally wounded. His banner, as we have noticed on page
392, was preserved, and carried to Baltimore. He was taken to the United States bri<_'
Wasp, where he died, and was buried under a large tree on St. Helen's Island, about
fifty miles from Savannah, hy his first lieutenant and personal friend, Charles Litomiski.
Funeral honors were paid to his memory at Charleston, and, on the 29th of November.
Congress voted the erection of a monument to his memory. Like other monuments
ordeied by the Continental Congress, the stone for Pulaski's is yet in tho quarry. The
citizens of Savannah reared the one delineated on page 514, in commemoration of the services of Greene
and Pulaski.
II. Ll
■s&ec
Pulaski's Seal.
530
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Victory lost by Delay.
Plan or" the Siege of Savannah.
Arrival of Maitland.
from Beaufort, to re-enforce Prevost, and that his arrival within twenty-four hours was the
object hoped to be gained by a truce for that length of time. Such proved to be the fact ;
Maitland, under cover of a fog, eluded the vigilance of the French cruisers, and entered the
town on the afternoon of the seventeenth.' His arrival gave Prevost courage, and toward
evening he sent a note to D'Estaing bearing a positive refusal to capitulate. The golden
opportunity was now lost to the combined armies.3
1 Findinir the French in possession of the only channel at the mouth of the Savannah which was naviga-
ble, when he arrived at Dawfuskie, Maitland, conducted by a negro fisherman, passed through a creek with
his boats, at high water, and, concealed by a fog, eluded the French. D'Estaing, ignorant of the geography
of the country about Savannah, had no idea that there was any other way than by the regular channel for
boats to reach the town.
4 Lee, in his Memoirs, says, " Any four hours before the junction of Lieutenant-colonel Maitland was
sufficient to have taken Savannah."
Explanation of the Plan. — 1, Georgia volunteers, under Major Wright. 2, Picket of the 71st. 3, First
Dattalion of Delancey's corps, under Lieutenant-colonel Cruger. 4, Georgia militia. 5, Third battalion
Jersey volunteers, under Lieutenant-colonel Allen. 6, Georgia militia. 7, Picket of the line and armed
negroes. 8, General's quarters; convalescents of the line. 9, South Carolina Royalists. 10, Georgia
militia and detachment of the fourth battalion of the 60th, Lieutenant-governor Graham. 11, Fourth bat
talion 60th dismounted dragoons and South Carolina Royalists, Captain Taws. 12, North Carolina Loy
alists, Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton, Governor Sir James Wright. 13, 14, King's rangers, Lieutenant-co.
onel Brown. A, First battalion of the 71st, Major M'Arthur. B, Regiment of Trombach. C, Second
battalion Delancey's corps, Lieutenant-colonel Delaneey. D, New York volunteers, Major Sheridan. E,
Light infantry, Major Graham. F, Weisenbach's regiment. G, Second battalion 71st, Major M'Donald.
H, 60th Grenadiers, three companies and one of marines, Lieutenant-colonel Glazier. I, North Carolina
Loyalists, under Colonel Maitland. The working of the artillery during the siege was under the direction
of Captain Charlton.
This map is copied from one in Stedman's History, drawn under the direction of Colonel Moncrief.
Neither the French nor Americans made any drawings, and hence we are unable to give the positions of the
various parts of the combined armies, in detail.
The city extended, at the time of the siege, on the west to the present Jefferson Street, on the east to
Lincoln Street, on the South to South Broad Street, and contained six squares and twelve streets. Therf
were about four hundred and thirty houses in the city.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
•Jo I
Operations of the Siege.
PT.stning'a Proposition to Storm the Works.
Remains of the Trench Lines.
It was now perceived that the town must be taken by regular approaches, and not by
assault. To that end all energy was directed. The heavy ordnance and stores were
brought up from the landing-place of the French, and on the morning of the
twenty-third,11 the combined armies broke ground. The French frigates, at the
fame time, moved up to the sunken vessels within gunshot of the town, and compelled the
British ships to take shelter under the guns of the battery. Night and day the besiegers
applied the spade, and so vigorously was the work prosecuted, that in the course of twelve
days fifty-three pieces of battery cannon and fourteen mortars were mounted. Prevost, cau-
tious and skillful, did not waste his strength in opposing the progress of the besiegers by
sorties, but reserved all for the decisive moment. During the twelve days, only two sorties
tSept24. were made; one under Major Graham," and the other under Major M'Arthur.c
• Sept. 27. gevera] Were killed on each occasion, but the general operations were not affected.
On the morning of the fourth of October, the batteries being all completed and manned,
a terrible cannonade and bombardment was opened upon the British works and the town.
The French frigate Truite also opened a cannonade from the water. Houses were shat-
tered, some women and children were killed or maimed, and terror reigned supreme. Fam-
ilies took refuge in the cellars, and in many a frame the seeds of mortal disease were plant-
ed while in those damp abodes during the siege. There was no safety in the streets, for a
moment. Day and night an incessant cannonade was kept up from the fourth until the
ninth ; but, while many houses were injured, not much impression was made upon the Brit-
ish works. Slowly but surely the sappers and miners approached the batteries and re-
doubts. The beleaguered began to be alarmed, for their guns made very little impression
upon the works or camp of the combined armies, and the hope that Admiral Byron would
follow and attack D'Estaing's vessels, lying off Tybee, faded away.
Another promised victory was now before the besiegers, and almost within their grasp,
when D'Estaing became
-
Vikw of the Remains of the Fhf.nxh Works.'
impatient. He feared the
autumn storms, and the
British fleet which rumor
said was approaching. A
council was held, and when
his engineers informed him
that it would require ten
days more to reach the
British lines by trenches,
he informed Lincoln that
the siege must be raised
forthwith, or an attempt
be made to carry the place by storm. The latter alternative was chosen, and the work
began on the morning of the following day.e To facilitate it, the abatis were set
on fire that afternoon by the brave Major L'Enfant and five men, while exposed to
heavy volleys of musketry from the garrison, but the dampness of the air checked the flames
and prevented the green wood from burning.
Just before dawn on the morning of the ninth, about four thousand five hundred men
of the combined armies moved to the assault in the midst of a dense fog, and under cover
of a heavy fire from all the batteries." They advanced in three columns, the principal one
1 These remains are in the southeastern suburhs of the city, about half way between the Negro Cem-
etery and the residence of Major William Bowcn, seen toward the right of the picture. The banks have
an average height, from the bottom of the ditch, of about five feet, and are dotted with pines and chinca-
pins or dwarf chestnuts, the former draped with moss. The ground is an open common, and although it
was mid- winter when I was there, it was covered with green j;rass, bespangled with myriads of little
flowers of stellar form. This view is from the direction of the town looking southeast.
4 Three thousand five hundred were French, a little more than six hundred were American regidars
'chiefly North Carr.'inians), and about three hundred were militia from Charleston
*OcL9.
5 32 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
forming of the Spring Hill Redoubt D'Estaing Wounded. Death of Pulaski and Jasper
commanded by D'Estaing in person, assisted by General Lincoln ; another main column
by Count Dillon. The first was directed against the Spring Hill redoubt' (between 1 1
and 1 2 on the right side of the map) ; the second was to move silently along the edge of a
swamp, pass the redoubts and batteries, and assail the rear and weakest point of the British
lines, toward the river on the east ; the third column, under General Isaac Huger, was to
make a feigned attack in front, to attract attention from the other two. Fog and darkness
allowed D'Estaing and Lincoln to approach very near the Spring Hill redoubt before they
were discovered. Terrible was the conflict at this point just as the day dawned. The
French column led to the assault, and were confronted by a blaze of musketry from the re-
doubt and by a cross-fire from the adjoining batteries. Whole ranks were mowed down
like grass before the scythe. D'Estaing was wounded in the arm and thigh early in the
action, and was carried to his camp. The Americans pressed forward : Lieutenant-colonel
Laurens led the light troops on the left of the French, while General Mlntosh, with an-
other column, passed the abatis, and entered the ditch north of the Spring Hill redoubt.
Regardless of the destructive storm, the gallant troops leaped the ditch, and planted the
crescent1 and the lily upon the parapet. The gallant and accomplished Maitland command-
ed this right wing of the besieged, and was prepared for a vigorous assault.3 His practiced
eye at once perceived the peril of the garrison, if this lodgment should be sustained. He
united the grenadiers and marines nearest the point of attack, and ordered Lieutenant-col-
onel Glazier to lead them to a recovery of the lost ground. Within five minutes after re-
ceiving this order, Glazier, at the head of his men, rushed to the parapet, and made a furious
charge with the bayonet upon the worried ranks of the assailants. This blow by fresh and
vigorous men, could not be withstood. The standards of France and of our Carolina were
torn down, and the gallant men who had assisted in planting them there were pressed from
the parapet into the ditch, and driven through the abatis.
While the carnage was occurring at the Spring Hill redoubt, Huger and Pulaski were
endeavoring to force the enemy's works on different sides of the town ; Huger, with his party,
waded almost half a mile through rice-fields, and assailed the works on the east. They
were received with a sharp fire of cannon and musketry, and, after losing twenty-eight men,
retreated. Pulaski, at the same time, with about two hundred horsemen, endeavored to
force his way into the town a little eastward of the Spring Hill redoubt. At the head of
his troops he had passed the abatis, banner in hand, and was pressing forward, when a
small cannon shot struck him in the groin, and he fell to the ground. His first lieutenant
seized the banner, and for a few minutes kept the troops in action ; but the iron hail from
the seamen's batteries and the field artillery, traversing the columns of the assailants in all
directions, compelled the whole force of the combined armies to yield, and they retreated to
the camp. Back through the smoke, and over the bodies of the dead and dying, some of
Pulaski's soldiers returned, found the expiring hero, and bore him from the field. Already
the French had withdrawn, and the Continentals, under Lincoln, were retreating. At ten
o'clock, after about five hours' hard fighting, the combined armies displayed a white flag,
and asked a truce in order to bury the dead. Prevost granted four hours, and during that
1 The Spring Hill redoubt was at the entrance of the Augusta road into the town, on the western side.
The buddings of the rail-way station now cover its site.
2 The American standards were those of the second South Carolina regiment, embroidered and presented
to them by Mrs. Susanna Elliott, three days after the battle at Fort Moultrie, in 1776, and were planted by
Lieutenants Hume and Bush. The French standard was raised by one of D'Estaing's aids, who, with
Hume and Bush, soon fell, mortally wounded, leaving their colors fluttering in the breeze. Lieutenant Gray.
of the South Carolina regiment, seeing his associates fall, seized the standards and kept them erect, when
he, too, was prostrated by a bullet. Sergeant Jasper, whom we shall meet hereafter, sprang forward,
secured the colors, and had just fastened them upon the parapet, when a rifle ball pierced him, and he fell
into the ditch. He was carried to the camp, and soon afterward expired. Just before he died, he said to
Major Horry, "Tell Mrs. Elliott I lost my life supporting the colors she presented to our regiment."
3 A sergeant of the Charleston grenadiers deserted during the night of the eighth, and communicated
the general plan of attack, to Prevost. This gave the garrison a great advantage, for they strengthened
the points to be attacked.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 53$
The Siege raised. Withdrawal of the combined Armies. Effect of the Movement Colonel Jackson.
interval D'Estaing and Lincoln consulted in relation to further operations. The latter,
although his force was greatly diminished hy the action just closed, wished to continue the
siege ; but D'Estaing, whose loss had been heavy, resolved on immediate departure.' The
siege was raised, and on the evening of the eighteenth^ the combined armies with-
drew ; the Americans to Zubley's Ferry, and the French to Caustin's Bluff,
whence they repaired to their ships at Tybee.b Lincoln and his little army hast- b Oct. 20.
ened to Charleston, where we shall meet them again, besieged and made prisoners of war.
These events closed the campaigns in the South for that year.'
The result of the siege was a death-blow to the hopes of the South, and never since the
beginning of hostilities had such gloom gathered over the prospects of the future, or so much
real distress prevailed in Georgia.' Toward the sea-board every semblance of opposition to
royal power was crushed, and only in the interior did the spirit of armed resistance appear.
This increased during the following winter and spring, and at last disturbed the quiet of
the royal forces in Savannah. These events, sometimes trivial in themselves, but important
in the great chain of circumstances, are related in detail by M'Call, Stevens, White, and
other chroniclers of the state. The most important we have already considered ; let us
now glance at the closing events of the war in Georgia.
When General Greene raised the siege of Ninety-Six, Major James Jackson* was appoint-
ed to the command of the garrison at Augusta. Greene also ordered a legionary corps
(composed of part cavalry and part infantry) to be raised in Georgia, and appointed Major
Jackson its colonel. As soon as it was organized, Jackson went out with it upon active
service.
1 The whole force of the combined armies was four thousand nine hundred and fifty, of which two thou-
sand eight hundred and twenty-three were French. The whole British force in Savannah, including a feti
militia, "some Indians, and three hundred negroes, was two thousand eight hundred and fifty. The French
lost, in killed and wounded, six hundred and thirty-seven men, and the Americans four hundred and fifty-
seven. The whole loss of the British did not exceed one hundred and twenty. Lieutenant-colonel Mait-
land was attacked with a bilious disease during the siege, and died a few days afterward.
2 Ramsay, Gordon, Marshall, Moultrie, Stedman, M'Call, Lee.
3 Indescribable were the sufferings of the people of Savannah, particularly the families of the Whigs.
The females were exposed to daily insults from the brutal soldiery, and many, reduced from affluence to
poverty, unable to bear the indignities heaped upon them, traveled away on foot, some of them even with-
out shoes upon their feet, and took refuse in the Carolinas.
4 James Jackson was born in the county of Devon, England, on the twenty-first of September, 1757. In
1772, he came to America, and began the study of the law in Savannah. At the age of eighteen, he
shouldered a musket and prepared to resist British power. He was active in repulsing the British at Sa-
vannah in 1776. In 1778, he was appointed brigade major of the Georgia militia, and was wounded in
the skirmish when General Scriven was killed. He participated in the defense of Savannah at the close of
the year, and when it fell into me hands of Campbell, he was among those who fled into South Carolina,
where he joined General Moultrie's command. While on his way, so wretched was his appearance, that
some Whigs arrested, tried, and condemned him as a spy. He was about to be executed, when he was
recognized by a gentleman of reputation from Georgia. Major Jackson was in the siege of Savannah in
October, 1779. In August, 1780, he joined Colonel Elijah Clark's command, and was at the battle at
Blackstocks. In 1781, General Pickens made Jackson his brigade major, and bis fluent speech often in
fused new ardor into the corps of that partisan. He was at the siege of Augusta, and was left in command
of the garrison after the expulsion of the British. He subsequently commanded a legionary corps, with
which he did good service. He joined Wayne at Ebenezer, and was active with that officer until the evac-
uation of Savannah by the British. The Georgia Legislature gave him a house and lot in Savannah at the
close of the war. He married in 1785; was made brigadier in 178G ; and in 1788 was elected governor
of Georgia, but modestly declined the honor on account of his youth and inexperience, bein2 only about
thirty years of age. He was one of the first representatives in Congress under the Federal Constitution.
He was elected °a major general in 1792, and during the three succeeding years was a member of the
United States Senate. He was chiefly instrumental in framing the Georgia Constitution in 1798. From
that year till 1801, he was governor of the state, when he again took a seat in the Senate of the United
States. He held that office until his death, which occurred on the nineteenth of March, 1806. He was
buried about four miles from Washington City. Subsequently, his remains were deposited in the Con-
crressional burial-ground. The inscription upon the stone which covers them was written by John Ran
dolph, his personal friend and admirer. There never lived a truer patriot or more honest man than Gen-
eral James Jackson.
534
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Operations of Captain Howell.
Chastisement of the Indians.
Arrival of Wayne.
Skirmish near Savannah
During tho spring of 1781, Captain Howell, the Hyler of the Georgia Inlets, captured
6everal British vessels lying in
the bays and the mouths of
the rivers on the coast, and
finally compelled all that es-
caped to take refuge in the
Savannah. Military matters
in Georgia were very quiet
during that summer ; but in
the autumn, the volunteers
collected by Colonel Twiggs
and his associates became so
numerous, that he determined
to attempt the capture of Brit-
ish outposts, and confine them
within their lines at
Savannah, until the
arrival of General
Wayne, then march- -
ing from the North.
Twiggs marched toward the
sea-board, preceded by Jack-
son and his legion, who skir-
mished with patroles all the
way to Ebenezer. Jackson
attempted the surprise and
capture of the garrison at Sun-
bury, but was unsuccessful,
and returned, when he found
Twiggs ready to march west-
ward to quell the Indians and
Tories then assembling on the
frontier. Twiggs halted at Au-
gusta on learning that Pick-
ens had marched on
brave partisan chas-
tised the Indians se-
verely. Every village and settlement eastward of the mountains was laid in ashes, and
nothing but a heavy fall of snow prevented his crossing the great hills and spreading des-
olation over a wide extent of country.
General Wayne arrived early in February,1" and established his head-quarters at
Ebenezer. His force was inferior to that of the British in Savannah, then com-
manded by Brigadier-general Alured
Clarke,' and he was obliged to content
himself with petty warfare upon out-
posts and foraging parties, while watch-
ing an opportunity to attack Savannah at night. Fearing this, Clarke summoned his de-
tachments to the city, to man the extensive fortifications. They came with provisions plun-
dered from the inhabitants, and applying the torch on the way, left a broad track of des-
olation behind them.
General Clarke, perceiving the gathering strength of the Republicans, and that he was
likely to be shut up within the narrow limits of his lines, sent for the Creeks and Chero-
kees to come in a body to his relief. They were yet smarting under the chastisement of
Pickens, and hesitated. A party sent out to keep a way open to the city were attacked by
Major Jackson. Colonel Brown was sent to their aid. He was attacked and defeated by
Wayne, after a severe skirmish, but he retreated by by-paths in safety to Savannah.
On the night of the twenty-second of June, « three hundred Creek Indians, led by
Guristersigo, a powerful warrior, approached Wayne's encampment. He intended
to fall upon the American pickets, but ignorautly attacked the main body at three o'clock
in the morning. d The infantry seized their arms ; the artillery hastened to their
guns. Wayne was at a house a short distance from camp, when intelligence oame
that the whole British force from Savannah was upon him. He leaped into his saddle,
rode to the aroused camp, and shouting, "Death or Victory !" ordered a bayonet charge. At
that moment his horse was shot dead under him, and he saw his cannons seized by the sav-
ages. With sword in hand, at the head of Parker's infantry, he led to the recapture of his
field-pieces. A terrible struggle ensued. Tomahawk and rifle were powerless against bay-
onets, and Guristersigo and seventeen of his chief warriors and white guides were slain. The
Indians iled when they saw their leader fall, leaving behind them one hundred and seven-
i Jan. 23.
1 General Clarke was governor of Canada in 1807.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
535
Treaty with the Indians.
Cessation of Hostilities.
Evacuation of Savannah.
Peace.
teen pack-horses loaded with peltry. Wayne pursued the fugitives far into the forest, cap-
tured twelve of them, and at sunrise they were shot. The Americans lost only four killed
and eight wounded.
In September, ^ Pickens and Clarke again chastised the Indians, and completely '
subdued them. Tired of the conflict, and fearful of the scourge which Pickens still
held in his hand, they gladly made a treaty by which all the lands claimed by the Indians
south of the Savannah River and east of the Chattahoochie were surrendered to the State
of Georgia, as the price of peace. This established the boundary line between the State of
Georgia and the Indian domain.
Early in 1782, the British Parliament, perceiving the futility of attempts hitherto to sub-
due the Americans, now began to listen to the voice of reason and of humanity, and steps
were taken toward the establishment of peace, between the United States and Great Britain,
upon the basis of the independence of the former. On the fourth of March, b the
House of Commons passed a resolution in favor of peace, and active hostilities ceased.
Preparations were now made for the evacuation of Savannah, and on the eleventh of July
the British army evacuated it, after an occupation of three years and a half. Wayne, in
consideration of the services of Colonel James Jackson, appointed him to " receive the keys
of Savannah from a committee of British officers." He performed the service with dig-
nity, and on the same day the American army entered Savannah, when royal power ceased
in Georgia forever.1 A few days afterward, Colonel Posey, with the main body of the
Americans, marched to join Greene in South Carolina. Wayne soon followed with the re-
mainder ; hostilities ceased,5 and the beams of peace shed their mild radiance over the des-
olated state, and gave promise of that glorious day of prosperity and repose which speedily
followed.
Governor Martin called a special meeting of the Leg-
islature in Savannah,0 about three weeks aft-
. , c Aug., 1782
er the evacuation. They assembled in the
house of General MIntosh, which is yet (1852) stand-
ing on South Broad Street, between Drayton and Aber-
corn Streets. The session was short, but marked by de-
cision and energy. On the first Monday in January
following, the constitutional session commenced at the
same place. Every branch of the new government was
speedily organized, and the free and independent State
of Georgia began its career.*
Dwelling of Gexehal M'Lntosh.3
1 Between the twelfth and the twenty-fifth of July, seven thousand persons, according to British accounts,
left Savannah, consisting of twelve hundred British regulars and Loyalists, live hundred women and chil-
dren, three hundred Indians, and five thousand negroes. Governor Wright, and some of the civil and mil-
itary officers, went to Charleston ; General Clarke and part of the British r.-uulars to Now York ; Colonel
Brown's rangers and the Indians to St. Augustine ; and the remainder, under convoy of the Zebra frigate,
the Vulture sloop of war, and other armed vessels, to the West Indies. It is estimated that nearly seven
eighths of the slaves in Georgia were carried off now, and on previous occasions, by the British.
"» Colonel Jackson had a skirmish with some forces on Skidaway Island, below Savannah, on the twenty-
fifth of July, and this was the last fought battle for independence, in Georgia.
3 This house is the third eastward from Dravton Street, and is said to he the oldest brick house in Sa-
vannah. Broad Street, upon which it stands, is a noble avenue, shaded by four rows of Pride-of-India-
Trees.
4 Lvman Hall, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was chosen governor in January,
1784; George Walton, chief justice ; Samuel Stirk, attorney general; John Milton, secretary of state;
John Martin, treasurer; and Richard Call, surveyor general.
53 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Rovolunonary Remains.
Visit to Jasper's Spring.
Its historical Associations.
CHAPTER XX.
HERE are but few remains of Revolutionary localities about Savannah.
The city has spread out over all the British works ; and where their bat-
teries, redoubts, ramparts, and ditches were constructed, public squares are
laid out and adorned with trees, or houses and stores cover the earth. Not
so with the works constructed by the French engineers during the siege in
the autumn of 1779. Although the regular forms are effaced, yet the
Ss=a mounds and ditches may be traced many rods near the margin of the swamp
southeast of the city. These I visited early on the morning of my arrival
in Savannah, after an instructive interview with the Honorable J. C. Nicoll, to whom I am
indebted for a knowledge of the several historical localities in and near the city. Their
present appearance and description are delineated on page 531. After sketching General
M'Intosh's house, printed on the preceding page, I procured a saddle-horse and rode out to
" Jasper's Spring," a place famous as the scene of a bold exploit, which has been the theme
of history and song.1 It is near the Augusta road,
two and a half miles westward of the city. The
day was very warm. The gardens were garnished
with flowers ; the orange-trees were blooming ; blos-
soms covered the peach-trees, and insects were sport-
ing in the sunbeams.
Jasper's Spring is just within the edge of a forest
of oaks and gums, and is remarkable only on account
of its historical associations. It is in the midst of a
marshy spot partially covered with underwood, on
the northern side of the road, and its area is mark-
ed by the circumference of a sunken barrel. Being
the only fountain of pure water in the vicinity, it is
View at Jaspeb's Spuing. resorted- to daily by travelers upon the road. One
1 We have already met Sergeant William Jasper while securing the Carolina flags upon the parapet
of the Spring Hill redoubt at Savannah (see page 532), and there sealing his patriotism with his life's
blood. Jasper was one of the bravest of the brave. After his exploits at Fort Moultrie, which we shall
consider hereafter, his commander, General Moultrie, gave him a sort of roving commission, certain that he
would always be usefully employed. Jasper belonged to the second South Carolina regiment, and was
privileged to select from his corps such men as ho pleased to accompany him in his enterprises. Bravery
ind humanity were his chief characteristics, and while he was active in the cause of his country, he never
injured an enemy unnecessarily. While out upon one of his excursions, when the British had a camp at
Ebenezer, all the sympathies of his heart were aroused by the distress of a Mrs. Jones, whose husband, an
American by birth, was confined in irons for deserting the royal cause after taking a protection. She felt
certain that he would be hanged, for, with others, he was to be taken to Savannah lor that purpose the next
mornin<*. Jasper and his only companion (Sergeant Newton) resolved to rescue Jones and his fellow-pris-
oners. Concealing themselves in the thick bushes near the spring (at which they doubted not the guard
of eight men would halt), they awaited their approach. As expected, the guard halted to drink. Only
two of them remained with the prisoners, while the others, leaning their muskets against a tree, went to
the spring. Jasper and his companion then leaped from their concealment, seized two of the guns, shot
the two sentinels, and took possession of the remainder of the muskets. The guards, unarmed, were pow-
erless, and surrendered. The irons were knocked off the wrists of the prisoners, muskets were placed in
their hands, and the custodians of Jones and his fellow-pal riots were taken to the American camp at Purys-
burg the next morning, themselves prisoners of war. Jones was restored to his wife, child, and country,
and for that noble deed posterity blesses the name of Sergeant Jasper. That name is indelibly written on
the page of history, and the people of Savannah have perpetuated it by bestowing it ipon one of the beau-
tiful squares of their city.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
537
Departure from Savannah.
Night VoyBgc.
Arrival at Charleston.
Early Settlement
of them, a wagoner, came, knelt, and quaffed when I opened my port-folio, and, as he aroso
from the spring I sketched him, as seen in the preceding picture. He knew nothing of the
event which makes it famous.
- After lingering for half an hour in the cool shade at the spring, I returned to Savannah-
A slight haziness began to overspread the sky, which deepened toward evening, and de-
scended in gentle rain when I left the city at eight o'clock in a steam-packet for Charles-
ton. We passed the lights at Fort Pulaski at half past eight, and an hour later glided by
the beacons of Tybee and breasted the rising waves of the Atlantic. Like Yellow Plush, I
soon discovered the " use of basins," and at an early hour turned into my berth to prevent
a turning out of my supper. During the night we passed through Port Royal entrance,
touched at Beaufort, stuck in the mud in the channel between Ladies' and St. Helena Isl-
ands, and at daylight emerged again into the Atlantic through St. Helena's Sound. The
breeze was hourly stiffening, and every " landlubber" on board preferred the berth to break-
fast, until we approached Charleston bar, when the wind died away, the sun gleamed
through the breaking clouds, and upon the bosom of long, heaving swells, we were wafted
into Charleston harbor. We landed at one o'clock, dined at two, and at three I called
upon the R,everend Samuel Smythe, D.D., with a letter of introduction, with whom I pass-
ed the remainder of the afternoon in visiting places of interest upon the banks of the Cooper
River, above the city. To the kind courtesy of Dr. Smythe I am indebted for much of
the interest, pleasure, and profit of my visit at Charleston and vicinity.
Here, upon the spot where the first permanent English settlement in South Carolina was
accomplished, let us glance at the record of history.
In the Introduction to this work (page xxxii.), I have referred to the first attempt at
permanent settlement on South Carolina soil, and the result. As it was only an attempt
proved unsuccessful, and does not illustrate the growth of popular liberty, except so far as
the principles of the Huguenots (those first emigrants) had influence in the political opin-
ions of the people in after years, we will not stop to consider the details, but pass on to
the period of permanent settlements.
For a hundred years after the first attempt at colonization in South Carolina was made,
no settlements were undertaken, and no white man walked in her forests, except a few
Spaniards, who penetrated the wilderness from St. Augustine in search of a fancied region
of gold. At length the English, who had formed settlements on the Cape Fear and vicin-
ity, turned their attention to more southerly regions.
In January, 1G70, two ships, with materials for a permanent settlement, sailed from En-
gland, under the command of Sir William Sayle, who had previously visited and explored the
South Carolina coast. He entered Port Royal, planted
his colony upon Beaufort, and soon afterward died there.
The jurisdiction of Sir John Yeamans, of the Northern
colony, was then extended over this settlement, and in
1671 he was chosen their governor. The people were
easily induced, " for the convenience of pasturage and
tillage," to remove to the south bank of the Ashley
River, further north, and there they laid the foundation
of old Charlestown' (at present called Old Town, or the
Landing) ; and there was planted the first fruitful seed
of the commonwealth of South Carolina.11 The
colony, in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of
the proprietors, was called the Carteret County Colony} Nine years afterward, the set-
tlers abandoned this spot, and upon Oyster Point, nearer the sea, at the confluence of the
1 There were about fifty families who went from the Port Royal settlement to the Ashley River, and
about the same number from the Northern colony accompanied Governor Yeamans thither.
1 Governor Yeamans caused a number of African slaves to be brought from Barbadoes, and in the year
1672 the slave system in South Carolina was commenced.
538 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
. Founding of Charleston. Increase of Settlers. Their Character. Difficulties with the Indians
Ashley and Cooper Rivers' (so called in compliment to Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftes-
bury), a place more eligible for commercial pursuits, they founded the present city of Charles-
ton,11 and in the course of the year built thirty houses.3 The city retained its orisr-
inal name of Charles Town until after the Revolution, when it was called Charleston.
The general early history of South Carolina we have already considered in its connection
with the North State ; we have, therefore, only a few particular points to notice in its
progress prior to the separation in 1729.
The beauty of the climate and the freedom which then prevailed made South Carolina
a chosen refuge for the oppressed and the discontented of all lands. Several Dutch fam-
ilies of New York went to South Carolina when that city passed into the hands of the En-
glish, and settled on the southwest side of the Ashley, near the English colony, from whence
they spread over the state, and were joined by many from " fader-land." In 1679, Charles
the Second sent quite a number of French Protestant refugees (Huguenots) thither ; and
when, in 1685, the Edict of Nantes (see page 386, volume i.) was revoked, large numbers
of the Huguenots crossed the Atlantic, and sought refuge in South Carolina from the fires
of persecution about to be relighted in France. Ten years later,0 a colony of Con-
gregationalists, from Dorchester, in Massachusetts, ascended the Ashley almost to its
head, and founded the town of Dorchester, in the present parish of St. George, Dorchester.
This was a village of considerable note during the Revolution, but it is now deserted, and
little remains of the past but the primitive church and the graves around it.
Under various leaders, men of every creed and of various countries went to South Car-
olina ; " and the Santee, the Congaree, the Wateree, and the Edisto now listened to the
strange voices of several nations, who in the Old World had scarcely known each other,
except as foes. There, for a while, they mingled harmoniously with the natives. The
French Huguenot and the German Palatine smoked their pipes in amity with the Westo
and the Serattee ; and the tastes and habits of the Seine and the Rhine became familiar
to the wandering eyes of the fearless warriors along the Congaree. It was not long be-
fore a French violinist had opened a school for dancing among the Indians on the Santee
River."3
For some time the colonists were obliged to depend, in part, upon the bounty of the pro-
prietors for subsistence, and the calls of this dependence being generally answered, idle and
improvident habits were begotten, highly inimical to the prosperity of a new state. The
proprietors perceived the bad tendency of such indulgence, and in a letter to the colonists
declared that they would " no longer continue to feed and clothe them, without expectation
or demand of any return." This resolve, so unkind to the apprehension of the Carolinians,
was of great benefit to the colonists. Ultimately the people, compelled to work or starve — to
be provident or to be beggars — turned to their own resources, and their development began.
Independence of action begat independence of thought and feeling, and in this first broken
fallow, turned up to the vivifying influence ot the sun and shower of free civil, political and
religious life, the seed of Republican liberty, which subsequently bore such generous fruit in
the Carolinas, was planted and took firm root.
In addition to the diseases incident to the climate, and the privations always attendant
upon first settlement, the Carolinians were soon called upon to resist powerful foes — the In-
dian tribes upon whose hunting-grounds they were settling. These difficulties have been
noticed in a preceding chapter. The red men were hardly quieted before internal troubles
menaced the colony with a more terrible blow. Food had become scarce, discontents were
1 The Indian name for the Ashley was Ke-a-wah ; for the Cooper, E-ti-uan. The city has a fine shel-
tered harbor, with the sea six miles distant.
a The city of Charleston was laid out in 1680 by John Culpepper, who had been surveyor general of
the Northern colony of the Carolinas, but was then a fugitive, on account of his participation in an insur-
rectionary movement there. The streets were laid out nearly at right angles, and the town site was com-
pletely inclosed with a line of fortifications. A plan of these fortifications, and of the city at that time, is
published in Johnson's Traditions and Reminiscences of' the Revolution, page 3.
3 Simm's History of South Carolina, page 64.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 533
An Insurrection. Legi«lativc Assembly. French and English. Church Liturgy adopted.
heard on every side, and an insurrectionary movement occurred. The rebellion was prompt-
ly suppressed, and some supplies just then arriving from England with some new settlers,
the people were quieted and became loyal. This difficulty bad just passed by, when the
Spaniards menaced the English, and ships of war with laud troops appeared. Before their
arrival, vessels which had been sent to Virginia and Barbadoes for provisions and munitions
of war reached the harbor of Charleston. Governor Yeamans at once acted on the offens-
ive, and drove the Spaniards back to St. Augustine.
Yeamans left the colony in 1674, and was succeeded by Joseph West, a man of repub-
lican tendencies. He called the freemen of the colony together in convention at Charles-
ton to make laws for their government. This was the first legislative assembly convened
in South Carolina. It might have been an auspicious event, had not the jarring interests
of classes and creeds, there represented, produced discord and confusion. Cavaliers and Pu-
ritans, Churchmen and Dissenters, each strenuous for the prevalence of their respective
opinions, presented, in this first attempt at representative legislation, powerful arguments in
favor of absolutism. Anarchy prevailed, and in the midst of the dissensions in Charleston,
the Stono Indians swept along the frontiers of the settlements, and plundered a great quan-
tity of grain and numerous cattle. The inhabitants armed themselves, defeated the Stouos
in several skirmishes, took many of them prisoners, and sent them to the West Indies to be
sold as slaves. After other obstinate conflicts, the Stonos were subdued and almost ex-
terminated. They have never had a tribal existence since, and it is believed that they
have no living representative upon the earth.
A Legislative Assembly met in Charleston in 1682, and enacted laws for the civil and
military operations of the colony. The spirit of freedom had begun to work in the hearts
of the people, and when the collection of rents, the great cause of discontent in the Northern
colony, was pressed, they rebelled. The public records were seized, and the Assembly, as-
suming the functions of government, imprisoned the secretary of the province. The gov-
ernor (Colleton) declared martial law. The exasperated people clamored for his impeach-
ment. The Assembly complied, and ho was banished from the province. Turbulence and
misrule continued until the scheme of government of Locke and Shaftesbury was abandoned ;
a better day then dawned. John Archdale, the good Quaker, came, and his policy was like
oil poured upon troubled waters. Only one great difficulty remained — the troubles arising
from the antipathy of the English to the French. The general excellence of character pos-
sessed by the latter soon disarmed prejudices ; their political disabilities were removed ; they
were no longer excluded from participation in governmental affairs, and the last fountain
of disquietude was dried up. During the whole of Archdale's administration, and that of
Blake, his successor, peace and prosperity prevailed.
James Moore succeeded Blake in 1700. He sent an expedition against the Spaniards
at St. Augustine, in 1702, which proved unsuccessful. A subsequent expedition against the
Apalachian Indians, undertaken by Moore, has been considered in a previous chapter.
Nathaniel Johnson, a pliant servant of Lord Granville, one of the proprietors, succeeded
Moore in 1703, and, pursuant to a plan long cherished by that nobleman and his friends, he
proceeded to the establishment of the Church of England in Carolina. This was the first
budding of religious intolerance there. The Dissenters were excluded from the- Colonial
Legislature, and suffered other disabilities. They laid their grievances before the English
Parliament. There they received encouragement, and the law of disfranchisement was
soon repealed by the Colonial Assembly, but the Liturgy of the Church of England remained
the established form of religion in the province until the Revolution.
England was now at war with France and Spain. Her enemies coalesced, and joined
in an expedition against South Carolina in 1706. A squadron of five ships came from
Havana and appeared before Charleston. The governor called upon the people to repel
the invaders, and they cheerfully responded. The invading troops were compelled to fly to
their ships, and these, in turn, being attacked by some vessels which had been speedily
armed in the harbor, retreated in haste across the bar, and departed. This was the firsl
,340 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
A Revolution. Royal Government established. Separation of the Colonies. Extension of Settlements.
naval victory of the South Carolinians. Of eight hundred of the enemy, almost three
hundred were killed or taken prisoners.
In 1710 a speck of civil war appeared in Charleston, when two claimants to the office
of acting; governor, on the death of Tynte, the successor of Johnson, disputed for the honor.
A compromise was effected, by referring the case to the proprietors for a decision. They
wisely discarded both candidates, and appointed Charles Craven, brother of one of the pro-
prietors, governor of the province. Under his administration the colony prospered, settle-
ments extended, and the power of a dangerous Indian confederacy against the Carolinas was
effectually broken.1
Craven was succeeded by Robert Johnson, a son of the former governor,11 and dur-
ing his administration a revolution occurred in South Carolina which changed the
government from a proprietary to a royal one. The remote causes of this change may be
found in the desire of the people for a simple and inexpensive government responsible only
to the crown, and not to be subjected to the caprices, avarice, and inefficiency of a Board of
Control composed of private individuals, intent only upon personal gain. The immediate
and ostensible cause was the refusal of the proprietors to pay any portion of the debt in-
curred by the Indian war so promptly suppressed by Governor Craven ; and the severity with
which they enforced the collection of rents. The people looked to the crown for relief, aid,
and protection. A scheme for a revolution was secretly planned, and on the twenty-eighth
of November, 1719, Governor Johnson was deposed. The people proceeded to elect James
Moore governor. The militia, on whom Johnson looked for aid, were against him, and find-
ing himself entirely unsupported, he withdrew to his plantation. Moore was proclaimed
governor of the province in the king's name, and royal authority was established. During
the administration of Francis Nicholson, the successor of Moore, and that of Arthur Mid-
dleton, acting governor, little of political importance occurred in relation to the colony, ex-
sept the legal disputes in England concerning the rights of the proprietors. These were
finally settled in 1729, by a royal purchase of both colonies (see page 3 5G) from the pro-
prietors, and during that year North and South Carolina became separate royal provinces.
The colony was now very prosperous, and from the period of the separation until the
Revolution, nothing occurred to impede its general progress but the troubles with the In-
dians, detailed in preceding chapters, and difficulties with the Spaniards. Soon all alarm
on account of the latter subsided, for Oglethorpe had established a barrier on the Southern
border, by laying the foundation of the commonwealth of Georgia, and preparing means for
keeping the Spaniards south of the St. John's. When this barrier was made secure, the
treaties with the Indians were accomplished, the war with France ended, and universal peace
reigned in the Carolinas. Emigration flowed thither in a broad and rapid stream. Immi-
grants came from all parts of Europe. Up the Pedee, Santee, Edisto, and Savannah
Ptivers, settlements spread rapidly, and soon the ax and the plow were plying with mighty
energy upon the banks of the Wateree, the Broad, and the Saluda Rivers, and their trib-
utaries.3 At one time six hundred German settlers came in a body ; and from the Norlh
of Ireland such numbers of the Protestant inhabitants (Scotch-Irish chiefly) departed for
Carolina that the depopulation of whole districts was menaced. Immigrants came, too,
from the other colonies. Within a single year.b more than a thousand families with
their effects — their cattle, hogs, and horses — crossed the Alleghanies from the Eastern
settlements, and pitched their tents in the bosom of Carolina. Far removed from the po
1 See page 356.
5 Previous to this period, some important settlements were made. Between the years 1730 and 1740,
an Irish settlement was planted near the Santee, to which was given the name of Williamsburg township.
At the same time, some Swiss emigrants, under John Pury, settled upon the northeast side of the Savan-
nah, and founded the village of Purysburg. From 1748 to 1755, great numbers of Palatines (Germans)
were introduced, and settled Orangeburgh and other places upon the Congaree and Wateree. After the
battle of Culloden in 1745, many Scotch Highlanders came over. Some of them settled in South Carolina,
but a larger portion located at Cross Creek (Fayetteville), in North Carolina. The greatest influx of set-
tlement was after the treaty of Paris, in 1763.
OFTHEREVOLUTION. .-,11
Discontents. Disputes with the Governor. Effects of the Stamp Act. Boldness of the People.
litical power they had been taught to reverence, they soon became alienated. They felt
neither the favors nor the oppressions of government, and in the free wilderness their minds
and hearts became schooled in that sturdy independence which developed bold and ener-
getic action when the Revolution broke out.
While the people of New England were murmuring because of Writs of Assistance and
other grievances, the Carolinians were not indifferent listeners, especially those upon the sea-
board ; and before the Stamp Act lighted the flame of general indignation in America, lead-
ing men in South Carolina were freely discussing the rights and privileges of each colony,
and saw in day-dreams a mighty empire stretching along the Atlantic coast from the Pe-
nobscot to the St. John's. Already their representatives had quarreled with the governor
(William Boone), because he had presumed to touch, with official hands, one of their dearest
privileges (the elective franchise), and refused to hold intercourse with him. In these dis-
putes, Christopher Gadsden, Thomas Lynch, Henry Laurens, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
the Rutledges, and other stanch patriots in the stormy strife ten years later, were engaged
A spirit of resistance was then aroused, which brought South Carolina early into the arena
of conflict when the war began.
When intelligence of the Stamp Act came over the sea, the Assembly of South Carolina
did not wait to consult the opinions of those of other colonies, but immediately passed a se-
ries of condemnatory resolves. When, soon afterward, the proposition for a Colonial Con-
gress came from Massachusetts, a member of the Assembly ridiculed it,1 others thought the
scheme chimerical, yet a majority of them were in favor of it, and delegates were appointed
to represent South Carolina in the Congress which was held at New York* „ . 7
The iniquitous character of the Stamp Act was freely discussed by the Caroli- nss.
nians, and as the day approachedb when it was to go into operation, the peo- b November:,
pie became more and more determined to resist it. When the stamps arrived in Charles-
ton, no man was found willing to act as distributor, and Governor William Bull (who had
succeeded Boone) ordered them to be placed in Fort Johnson, a strong fortress on James's
Island, then garrisoned by a very small force. When the place of deposit became known,
one hundred and fifty armed men, who had secretly organized, went down to the fort at
midnight, in open boats, to destroy the stamps. They surprised and captured the garrison,
loaded the cannons, hoisted a flag, and at sunrise proclaimed open defiance of the power of
the governor. The captain of the armed ship which brought the stamps opened a parley
with the insurgents, and agreed to take away the obnoxious articles, and " not land them
elsewhere in America.''3 This was agreed to, and the men returned to the city. So uni-
versal was the opposition to the Act, that no attempt was made to arrest the men concerned
in this overt act of treason.
1 " If you agree to the proposition of composing a Congress from the different British colonies," said the
member, "what sort of a dish will you make. New England will throw in fish and onions; the Middle
States flax-seed and flour ; Maryland and Virginia will add tobacco ; North Carolina pitch, tar, and tur-
pentine; South Carolina rice and indigo; and Georgia will sprinkle the whole composition with saw-dust.
Such an absurd jumble will you make if you attempt to form a union among such discordant materials as
the thirteen British provinces." A shrewd country member replied, " I would not choose the gentleman
who made the objection for my cook, but, nevertheless, I would venture to assert that if the colonies pro-
ceed judiciously in the appointment of deputies to a Continental Congress, they would prepare a dish fit to
be presented to any crowned head in Europe." — Ramsay.
* In a letter from Charleston, published in Weyman's Kim York Gazette, it is stated that on the morn-
ing of the nineteenth of October a gallows was discovered in the middle of Broad Street, where Church
Street intersects (then the central part of the town), on which were suspended an effigy representing a
stamp distributor, and another to impersonate the devil. Near by was suspended a boot (Lord Bute), with
a head upon it, covered by a blue Scotch bonnet. To these effigies labels were affixed. Upon one was
the warning, " Whoever shall dare to pull down these effigies had better been born with a mill-stone about
his neck, and cast into the sea." At evening they were taken down, and paraded through the street by
about two thousand persons, until they came to the house of George Saxby, in Tradd Street, an appointed
stamp distributor, where they made a great noise, and injured his windows and other portions of his house,
to " the value of five pounds sterling." No other riotous feelings were manifested. Nine days afterward,
Saxby and Caleb Lloyd made oath at Fort Johnson that they would have nothing more to do with the
stamps.
542 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Liberty Tree. Charleston Sods of Liberty. Pitt's Statue. Christopher Gadsdeu
Under a wide-spreading live oak, a little north of the residence of Christopher Gadsden —
the Samuel Adams of South Carolina — the patriots used to assemble during the summer
and autumn of 1765, and also the following summer, when the Stamp Act was repealed.
There they discussed the political questions of the day. From this circumstance the green
oak was called, like the great elm in Boston, Liberty Tree? There Gadsden assembled
some of his political friends after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, and, while bon-
fires were blazing, cannons were pealing for joy, and the Legislature of South Carolina was
voting a statue in honor of Pitt,3 he warned them not to be deceived by this mere show of
justice.3 His keen perception comprehended the Declaratory Act in all its deformity, and
while others were loud in their praises of the king and Parliament, he ceased not to proclaim
the whole proceeding a deceptive and wicked scheme to lull the Americans into a dangerous
inactivity. And more; it is claimed, and generally believed in South Carolina, that under
Liberty Tree Christopher Gadsden first spoke of American Independence. How early is not
known, but supposed to be as early as 1764.4
The people of Charleston cheerfully signed non-importation agreements in 1769 and
1 This tree stood within the square now bounded by Charlotte, Washington, Boundary, and Alexander
Greets. This continued to be the favorite meeting-place until the Revolution was in full progress. Be-
neath that tree the Declaration of Independence was first read to the assembled people of Charleston. Its
history and associations were hateful to the officers of the crown, and when Sir Henry Clinton took pos-
session of the city in 1780, he ordered it to be cut down, and a fire lighted over the stump by piling its
branches around it. Many cane heads were made from the remains of the stump in after years. A part
of it was sawed into thin boards and made into a neat ballot-box, and presented to the " '76 Association."
This box was destroyed by fire, at the rooms of the association, during the great conflagration in 1838.
! This statue was of marble, and stood at the intersection of Broad and Meeting Streets. During the
siege of Charleston, in April, 1780, a British cannon-ball from James's Island passed up Meeting Street,
struck this statue, and broke ofFits left arm. Several years after the war, the statue, being considered an
obstruction, was rudely pulled down by some workmen employed for the purpose, when the head was broken
off, and it was otherwise mutilated. Good taste would have restored the arm, and kept the statue in its
place until this day.
3 The following arc the names of the Sons of Liberty of Charleston, who met with Gadsden, under Lib-
erty Tree, in 1766, and with linked hands pledged themselves to resist when the hour for resistance should
arrive. They are published by Johnson from the original record of George Flagg, one of the party : Gen-
eral Christopher Gadsden, William Johnson, Joseph Verree, John Fullerton, James Brown, Nathaniel Lib-
by, George Flagg, Thomas Coleman, John Hall, William Field, Robert Jones, John Lawton, Uzziah Rogers,
John Calvert, Henry Bookless, J. Barlow, Tunis Tebout, Peter Munclear, William Trusler, Robert Howard.
Alexander Alexander, Edward Weyman, Thomas Searl, William Laughton, Daniel Cannon, and Benjamin
Hawes. The last survivor, George Flagg, died in 1824.
4 Christopher Gadsden was born in Charleston in 1724. He was educated in England, where he be-
came accomplished in the learned languages. He
returned to America at the age of sixteen, and en-
tered the counting-house of a merchant in Phil-
adelphia, where he remained until he was twenty-
one vears of a^e. He then went to England, and on his return engaged in mercantile pursuits in Charles-
ton. He was successful, and was soon able to purchase all of the property known as Ansonborough, which
his father lost in play with Lord Anson. His house was upon the lot now (1848) owned by Mrs. Isaac
Ball and the kitchen is yet standing on the lot at the northeast corner of East Bay and Vernon Streets.
Mr. Gadsden was one of the earliest opponents of Great Britain in South Carolina, and, as the Revo-
lution advanced, was one of its firmest supporters. He was a delegate in the first Continental Congress
in 1774, and his name is attached to the American Association agreed to by that body. In 1775, he was
elected senior colonel and commandant of three South Carolina regiments, and was subsequently made a
brigadier. He was in the engagement at the siege of Charleston in 1776. He was one of the framers
of the Constitution of South Carolina, adopted in 1778. He resigned his commission in 1779, and when
Charleston was taken by Clinton, in 1780, he was lieutenant governor; as such, he signed the capitula-
tion. Three months afterward, he was taken, with others, and cast into the loathsome prison at St. Au-
gustine (an act in open violation of the terms of capitulation), because he would not submit to indignity at
the hands of Governor Tonyn. There he suffered for eleven months, until exchanged in June, 1781. when
he sailed to Philadelphia with other prisoners. He returned to Charleston, and was a member of the As-
sembly convened at Jacksonburg in the winter of 1782. He opposed the confiscation of the property of
the Loyalists, and thereby won their esteem. He was elected governor of the state in 1782, but declined
the honor, and went into the retirement of private life. He died on the twenty-eighth of August, 1805,
at the age of eighty-one years.
tj9-^h A^^-^
OF THE REVOLUTION. 54 3
Tea rept .listed. Sympathy for Bostonians. Provincial Convention and Congress. Seizure of Dispatches.
1770, and faithfully adhered thereto ; and when the Continental Congress of 1771 adopted
the American Association, its recommendations were very generally complied with in South
Carolina. When tea was sent to America, under the provisions of a new act of 1773 (see
page 495, volume i.), the South Carolinians were as firm in their opposition to the land-
ing of the cargoes for sale, as were the people of Boston. It was stored in the warehouses,
and there rotted, for not a pound was allowed to he sold.
The closing of the port of Boston, by act of Parliament, on the first of January, 1771,
aroused the indignation and sympathy of the South Carolinians, and substantial aid was
freely sent to the suffering inhabitants of that city. When the proposition for a General
Congress went forth, the affirmative voice of South Carolina was among the first heard in
response. In an assembly of the people, held in Charleston, on the sixth, seventh, and
eighth of July, 1774, it was declared that the Boston Tort Bill was "most cruel and op-
pressive," and plainly showed that " if the inhabitants of that town are intimidated into a
mean submission of said acts, that the like are designed for all the colonies ; when not even
the shadow of liberty to his person, or of security to his property, will be left to any of his
majesty's subjects residing on the American continent." The same convention approved
of the proposition for a General Congress, chose delegates to represent them in Federal
Council,' and closed their proceedings by the appointment of a committee of ninety-nine, " to
act as a general committee, to correspond with the committees of other colonies, and to do
all matters and things necessary to carry the resolutions of the convention into execution."
Henry Laurens was appointed chairman of this large committee, and it was agreed that
twenty-one should constitute a business quorum.3
In defiance of the remonstrances and menaces of Lieutenant-governor Bull, a Provincial
Congress of delegates, chosen by the people, met at Charleston on the eleventh of January,
1775. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was chosen president. That Assembly approved of
the proceedinsrs of the General Congress, and appointed a committee of inspection and ob-
servation to see that its recommendations were complied with.3 Now began those coercive
measures of the Whigs which were often wrong and oppressive, but frequently necessary and
salutary. The non-importation measures were rigorously enforced, and royal power was
boldly defied. The people of Charleston formed themselves into volunteer companies to
practice the use of fire-arms, and the boys, catching the spirit of the hour, banded together,
and with mimic weapons imitated the discipline of their seniors.
On the nineteenth of April, 1775, the day when the first blow was struck for liberty at
Lexington, the packet ship Swallow arrived at Charleston, bringing dispatches for the gov-
ernors of the Southern colonies. Among others was a dispatch for the acting governor of
South Carolina, William Bull. His disputes with the Committee of Safety and the Pro-
vincial Congress had risen to a high pitch of acrimony, and the public mind was greatly
excited. Yet all hoped for reconciliation, and few could believe that civil war would act-
ually ensue. The arrival of the Swallow extinguished these hopes, for a secret committee
who had been appointed to seize the next mail that should arrive from England, performed
their duty well.' On opening the dispatches to the governor, it was found that the British
1 Henry Middleton, John Rutledge, Christopher Gadsden, Thomas Lynch, and Edward Rutledge, were.
appointed delegates.
9 Ramsay's History of South Carolina, i., 18 ; Moultrie's Memoirs, i., 10. The place of meeting was
at a large tavern on the northeast corner of Broad and Church Streets, commonly called, at that day,
" The Corner."
3 The following <*entlemen composed the Charleston committee : Christopher Gadsden, Isaac Huger,
William Gibbes, William Parker, Aaron Locock, Roger Smith. Maurice Simons, John Poang, Thomas Le-
■rare Sen.. Edward Simons, Edward Blake, Samuel Prioleau, Jr., Hngh Swinton, John Champneys, Will-
Tarn Host, John Brcwton, Alexander Chisholme, Alexander Cbovio, William Livingston, and John Baddcley.
* This committee consisted of William Henry Drayton, John Neufville, and Thomas Corbett. Alter the
mail was carried to the post-office, and before it could be opened, this committee went thnher, and demand-
ed it from Stevens, the postmaster, in the name of the Provincial Congress. Stevens allowed them to take
it, under protest. It was then carried to the State House and opened. The packages for the governors
were retained and opened ; the private letters, with seals unbroken, were returned to the post-office.
544 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Intentions of the Ministry. Condition of the People. Seizure of Arma and Powder. Civil Government organized
ministry had resolved to coerce the colonies into submission. The royal governors were or-
dered to seize the arms and ammunition belonging to the several provinces, raise provin-
cial troops, if possible, and prepare to receive an army of British regulars to aid them. Gage
and Dunmore, we have seen, acted upon these instructions, but the patriots of Lexington,
Concord, and Williamsburg thwarted them ; and the Charleston Committee of Correspond-
ence, giving those of North Carolina and Georgia timely warning, enabled them to assume
an attitude of defense before it was too late. A messenger, with these dispatches, was sent
to the Continental Congress, and this was the first intelligence which that body had of the
real intentions of the British ministry.
A few days after the discovery of this scheme, intelligence of the battle at Lexington ar-
rived. Suspicion now yielded to demonstration ; there was no longer any uncertainty ; the
mother was arming against her children ; war was inevitable. While patriotism, gushing
in full fountain from the hearts of the people, made them proclaim boldly, We are ready !
sober reason saw the disparity in the strength of the' oppressor and the oppressed. England
was then among the first powers of the earth ; the colonies were weak in material defenses.
The savage tribes on their whole western frontier might be brought, like thirsty blood-hounds,
upon them ; they possessed not a single ship of war ; they had very little money ; at the
South, the slaves, by offers of freedom, might become enemies in their midst ; a large number
of wealthy, influential, and conscientious men were loyal to the king ; the governors, being
commanders-in-chief, had control of the provincial military forces, and, if their thoughts had
for a moment turned to the Continental powers of Europe for aid, they were pressed back
by the reflection that republican principles were at variance with the dominant sentiments
of the Old World. And yet they did not hesitate. Pleading the justice of their cause,
they leaned for support upon the strong arm of the God of Battles.
Having resolved on rebellion, the people of Charleston were not afraid to commit acts of
legal treason. They justly considered that " all statutes of allegiance were repealed on the
plains of Lexington, and the laws of self-preservation left to operate in full force."1 They
accordingly concerted a plan, like their brethren in Savannah (see page 520), to secure the
arms and ammunition in the city, and on the night of the twentieth of April they seized
upon all the munitions of war they could find. This was the first overt act of resistance,
and at that hour began the Revolution, in earnest, in South Carolina.
A second session of the Provincial Congress commenced on the first of June. An asso-
ciation, drawn up by Henry Laurens, was adopted ;* a permanent Committee of Safety was
appointed ; an issue of six hundred thousand dollars in paper money was ordered, and two
regiments of infantry, of five hundred men each, and a battalion of cavalry or rangers, was
directed to be raised. Some gentlemen were sent to the West Indies in a fast-sailing vessel
to procure powder, and were fortunate enough to return with about ten thousand pounds.
After arranging military affairs, the attention of the Assembly was next turned to the
organization of civil government. A Council of Safety was appointed to act during the re-
cess of the Provincial Congress, to whom all the powers of that body were delegated.3 They
had the entire control of the army ; were clothed with power to contract debts for the public
service, and to issue coin and bills of credit. With this organization, civil government, upon
a republican basis, was begun.
During the session of the Congress, Lord William Campbell,1 who had been appointed
1 Ramsay, i-, 30.
2 The core of this document consisted in the declaration of those who signed it, that they were " ready
to sacrifice life and fortune to secure the freedom and safety of South Carolina; holding all persons inim-
ical to the liberties of the colonies who shall refuse to subscribe to the association."
3 This council consisted of Henry Laurens, Charles Pinckney, Rawlins Lowndes, Thomas Ferguso'
Miles Brewton, Arthur Middleton, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Bee, John Huger, James Parsons, Wu.-
iam Henry Drayton, Benjamin Elliott, and William Williams
4 Lord Campbell was the third brother of the Duke of Argyle. He had married Sarah Izard, the sister
of Ralph Izard, who belonged to the richest family in the province. The residence of Lord Campbell was
on Meeting Street, now (1851) owned and occupied by Judge D. E. Huger. Soon finding his residence
OF THE REVOLUTION.
.") I 5
Seizure of Powder at St. Augustine.
Expulsion of Lord Campbell and the Garrison.
1 tenses.
governor, arrived at Charleston,11 and was very courteously received. He pro-
fessed great love for the people of the province, and assured them that he would
use his best endeavors to promote the welfare of the inhabitants. Taught by experience to
suspect the promises of royalty or its representatives, the people took measures to test his
sincerity. The hollowness of his professions was proved, and turning their backs upon him.
the patriots proceeded in their preparations lor armed
resistance. A vessel was fitted out by the Commit
tee of Safety to attempt the capture of an English
sloop laden with powder, then lying at St. AugUBtine.
The expedition was successful, ami fifteen thousand
pounds of powder were brought safely into Charles-
ton, though chased by cruisers sent out by Campbell.
Part of this powder, which was sent to the Continental
Congress for the use of the grand army, was used by
[) Arnold and his men in the siege of Quebec at the
close of 1775.
Earlv in September, b Colonel Moultrie' pro-
, , I ■ e , r a if b 1775-
ceeded to take possession of the fort on Sulli-
van's Island, in Charleston harbor. The small gar-
rison made no resistance, but fled to the British sloops
of war Tamar and Cherokee, then lying in Rebellion
Roads, in front of Fort Sullivan. Lord Campbell,
perceiving the storm of popular indignation against
him daily increasing, particularly when it became
known that he was endeavoring to incite the Indians
on the frontier to lift the hatchet for the king, and
was tampering with the Tories in the inte-
. c Sept. M
nor, also fled to these vessels for shelter, and thus "abdicated'' royal power.0
The Provincial Council now increased the defenses of the city, and organized a company
of artillery. They also took measures for fortifying the harbor. Lieu-
tenant-colonel Motte, accompanied by Captains Charles Cotesworth
Pinckney, Bernard Elliot, and Francis Marion, took possession of I'mt
Johnson, on James Island, and on the same evening, Captain Hey ward,
with thirty-five of the Charleston artillery, went down and mounted
three guns in the place of those spiked by the garrison when they fled.
Three days afterward, the first Republican flag displayed at the South
was floating over the main bastion of the fortress.2 South Carolina Klao
in Charleslon unsafe, he escaped to a British vessel in the harbor, leaving his family behind. Lady Camp-
bell was treated with great respect, but finally she too went on board the vessel, and was landed at Ja-
maica. The next year (1776), Campbell was on board the Bristol in the attack upon Charleston, and, while
righting on the quarter-deck, he was wounded. He died from the effects of his wounds, two years after-
ward .
1 William Moultrie was a native of South Carolina. He was born in 1730. We find him first in public
service as an officer, in the expedition against the Cherokees in 1760. He was also in subsequent expe-
ditions against that unhappy people. When the Revolution broke out, he was among the earliest in South
Carolina to take the field on the Republican side. His defense of the fort on Sullivan's Island in 1776.
2ave him creat eelat, and he was promoted to brigadier. He gained a battle over the British near Beau-
fort in 177'J, and in .May. 1780, was second in command when Charleston was besieged. He went to
Philadelphia while a prisoner of war. and did not return to South Carolina until 1782. He was several
times chosen governor of the state, and retired from public life only when the infirmities of age demanded
repose. He published his Memoirs of the Revolution, relating to the war in the South, in two volumes, in
1802. printed by David Longworth, of New York. Governor Moultrie died at Charleston on the twenty-
seventh of September, 1805, at the age of seventy-five years.
8 Moultrie, in his Memoirs, says, " As there was no national Bag at the time, I was desired by the Coun-
cil of Safetv to have one made, upon which, as the state troops were clothed in blue, and the fort was gar-
risoned by the first and second regiments, who wore a silver crescent on the front of their caps, I had a
II. M M
S I 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Fortifications around Charleston.
Fort Moultrie.
Organization of Civil Government.
John Rutlrrbe
b March, 1776.
tout Sullivan.
Colonel Moultrie soon afterward mounted some heavy cannons upon Iladdrell's Point, and
„ . ,,. all of tlie troops in and around Charleston were ordered11 to hold themselves in
a Sept. 16, r
1775. readiness, for it was expected that the Tamar and Cherokee would, pursuant to
Lord Campbell's menaces, open a fire upon the town or the forts. A magazine was built
at Dorchester, and ten thousand pounds of powder were sent thither. A small fort was
also erected upon the Cheraw Hills, on the Great Pedee, to give confidence to the Whigs
in that region where Campbell's emissaries had been. In December, Moultrie, with a con-
siderable force, took possession of Sullivan's Island and commenced the erection of i fascine
battery. This advantage, and a few long shots from Iladdrell's Point (where a battery had
been erected), caused the Tamar and Cherokee to leave the harbor. Lord Campbell, de-
spairing of maintaining his power, sailed to Jamaica. It was during these events upon the
sea-board in the course of the autumn of 17 7a that the organization of the Tories in Ninety-
Six and other portions of the upper country, already noticed, occurred.
Colonel Gadsden assumed command of all the troops in Charleston early in 1776, and
the Council of Safety commissioned him a brigadier.
1 , Colonel Moultrie was orderedb to build a
strong fort upon Sullivan's Island, large
enough to accommodate one thousand men, and to take
the command there.' This measure was considered
necessary, for certain intelligence had arrived that a
fleet and army were preparing to assail Charleston,
and a fort at the point designated would be a key to
the harbor, with the aid of Fort Johnson. The civil government was revised ; a temporary
Constitution was formed2 (the first in the colonies) ; and the Legislature was called the
General Assembly of South Carolina. It possessed all powers of supreme local govern-
ment. John Puitledge3 was chosen president, with the actual powers of governor ; and other
executive officers, with a privy and a legislative council, were elected by the new Assembly.'
large blue flag made, with a crescent in the dexter corner, to be in uniform with the troops. This was
the first American flag displayed in the South." — Vol. i., p. 90.
1 This fort was constructed of palmetto logs, in sections, and filled in with sand. The merlons were six-
teen feet thick, and sufficiently high to cover the men from the fire that might
be directed upon them from the tops of the British vessels. It was first called ** ^.
Fort Sullivan, being upon the island of that name, but was named Fort Mo»l-,^4M^Yl
trie, after its gallant defense by its commander, in June, 1776. When I vis-^™
ited its site (a portion of which is covered by the modern strong works of Fort
Moultrie) in 1849, some of the palmetto logs were visible, imbedded in the
sand. The annexed engraving shows the plan of the fort when attacked in
June, 1776, before it was completed. The drawing of the fort in the text is
from a large plan by an English engineer, who was attached to the British,
fleet.
" This Constitution was to remain in force until October of the same year.
3 John Rutledire was a native of Ireland, and came to America with bis father in 1735. He studied
law at the Temple in London, and returned to Charleston in 1761. He espoused the Republican cause
at an early period of the dispute, and was a member of the first Continental Congress in 1774. When
the temporary Constitution of South Carolina was adopted in the spring of 1776, he was appointed pres-
ident and commander-in-chief of the colony. When the new and permanent Constitution was establish-
ed two years later, he refused his assent, because he thought it too democratic. His prejudices yielded.
however, and in 1779 he was chosen governor under it, with the temporary power of a dictator. He took
the field at the head of the militia, and with great skill and energy managed the affairs of the state until
the fall of Charleston in May, 17X0. Alter the war, he wTas made judge of the Court of Chancery, and in
1789 a judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed chief justice of South Car-
olina in 1791, and in 1796 was elevated to the seat of chief justice of the United States. He died in July,
1800.
* Henry Laurens was elected vice-president; William Henry Drayton, chief justice ;* Alexander Moul-
£r™%
* In April, about a month after his appointment. Chief-justice Drayton delivered an able charge to the Grand Jury on the
rabject of independence. Its effects were powerful, salutary, and extensive. In South Carolina its nrguments convinced the
dubious, and its boldness, both of reason and expression, strengthened the feeble and upheld the wavering. It was published
in all of the Whig papers of the Northern colonics; was commented upon by the London press, and received the warmest ex-
pressions of approbation from the friends of the colonists every where.
OF Til E REVOLUTION.
r,\-,
Defenses of Charleston Harbor.
Arrival of Generals Armstrong and Lee.
Arrival ot tin- British.
After passing a few necessary laws, the Assembly adjourned,* the Council of Safety , ApriI u
and General Committee were dissolved, and a constitutional government began. i776
The president and privy council were vested
with executive power to administer the govern-
ment during the recess of the Legislature.
Under the efficient direction of President
Rutledge, Charleston and vicinity were well pre-
pared for defense in the spring of 1776. About
one hundred pieces of cannon were mounted at
various points around the harbor, and a strong
battery was erected at Georgetown. Brigadier-
general John Armstrong, of Pennsylvania, ar-
rived in April, and took the general command ;
and early in June, fa Major-general
Charles Lee reached Charleston. He
had been sent by General Washington, after /S
the expulsion of the British from Boston, to
watch the movements of General Sir Henry
Clinton, and to command the troops for the de-
fense of the Southern sea-board. Lee's known
experience, skill, and bravery gave the people
great confidence, and the alarm which had pre-
vailed since the appearance of a British squad-
ron off Dewees Island, live days before, soon
subsided. Lee was indefatigable in his preparations for the defense of Charleston, and was
generally satisfied with all the arrangements of the local authorities. The garrison at
Fort Sullivan worked day and night to complete it, and when the British fleet appeared,
about thirty heavy pieces of cannon were mounted upon it.'
The British fleet bearing a land force, and both designed to act against the Southern
colonies in the campaign of 1776, was commanded by Admiral Sir Peter Parker (portray-
ed on the next page). Its approach was providentially discovered in time3 to allow the
Carolinians to prepare for defense, and for Washington to dispatch Lee and Armstrong,
officers of experience, to aid them. Parker reached the Cape Fear early in May, where he
was joined by Sir Henry Clinton, from New York, who assumed the chief command of all
the land troops. On the fourth of June, the day when General Lee arrived, the fleet ap-
peared off Charleston bar, and several hundred land troops took possession of Long Island,
which lies eastward of Sullivan's Island, and is separated from it only by a narrow creek.
All was now activity among the patriots. The militia of the surrounding country
obeyed the summons of Governor Rutledge with great alacrity, and flocked to the town.
These, with the regular troops of South Carolina, and those of the Northern colonies who
had come with Armstrong and Lee, made an available force of between five and six thou-
sand men. Gadsden commanded the first regiment of South Carolina regulars at Fort
Johnson, on James's Island, three miles from Charleston ; Colonel Moultrie those at Fort
trie, attorney general; John Huger. secretary ; Hugh Rutledge, judge of the admiralty; and James Par-
9 His, William H. Drayton, John Edwards, Charles Pinckney, Thomas Ferguson, and Rawlins Lowndes,
members of the Privy Council.
1 General .Moultrie says that Lee ordered a bridge of boats to be constructed for a retreat. There were
not boats enough, and empty hogsheads, with planks across, were tried, but without success. Lee was
very anxious on this point, and felt that in case of attack, the garrison most be sacrificed. " For my part,"
says Moultrie, " I never was uneasy on not having a retreat, because I never imagined that the enemy
could force me to that necessity.''
- Early in April, Lord Dunmore sent a boat to Annapolis, with dispatches for Governor Eden, from
Lord Dartmouth. James Barron, then cruising in the Chesapeake, captured this boat and conveyed the
papers to Williamsburg. Germain's communication revealed the whole plan of operations. It was dated
December 23, 1775.
5 -1 8
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Klltl-'.l-.* < I I ;i.[.Ml:i MrilMlIV-
Clinton's Preparations for Attack.
Commencement of the Action.
Sullivan ; and Colonel Thomson, the advanced post on the east end of Sullivan's Island
Thomson's troops were chiefly riflemen. There was also a strong force at Haddrell's Point,
under the immediate command of General Lee. In the city, governor Rutledge, impelled
by the necessities of the hour, and under the be-
lief that an attempt would be made to pass the
forts and laud the troops in the city, pursued
the rigorous course of martial law. Valuable
stores on the wharves were torn down, and a
line of defenses was made in their places. The
streets near the water were barricaded, and, on
account of the scarceness of lead, many window-
sashes of that material were melted into bullets.
lie pressed into service seven hundred negroes
with tools, who belonged to Loyalists ; and
seized, for the moment, the money and papers
of the lukewarm. By these energetic measures
the city was made strong in moral and physical
material, and when the British fleet crossed the
bar, all were ready to receive them.
While these preparations were in progress
by the Republicans, Sir Henry Clinton was
busy in arranging for a combined attack with the
land and naval forces. He constructed two
batteries upon Long Island, to confront those
of Thomson upon Sullivan's Island, and to cover
the passage of his troops in boats and in fording from the former to the latter, for Fort
Sullivan, the main work in the harbor, was the devoted mark for the first blow. Its gar-
rison consisted of only three hundred and forty-four regulars and a few volunteer militia,
and its only aid was an armed sloop, with powder, which v/as anchored off Haddrell's Point,
now Point Pleasant.
At half past ten o'clock on the morning of the twenty-eighth of June, Sir Peter Parker,
on board his flagship, the Bristol, made the signal
for attack. His fleet immediately advanced, and,
with springs on their cables, anchored in front of
Fort Sullivan.1 The Active, Bristol, Experiment,
and Solebay led to the attack, and anchored near-
est the fort. At the moment of anchoring, the fort
poured a heavy fire upon them, and each vessel re-
turned the compliment by delivering a broadside
upon the little fortress, but with almost harmless
effect upon the spongy palmetto logs.2 It was a
little before eleven o'clock when the action began,
and terrible to the people of Charleston, who look-
ed upon the contest from balconies, roofs, and
steeples, was the roar of three hundred cannons.
To the little garrison the peril seemed great, yet they maintained their fire with precision
and coolness. Perceiving the unfinished state of the fort on the western side, toward
Sir Peter Parker.
From an English Print.
Sullivan's Island and the British Fleet at
the time of the attack.
1 The British vessels brought into action were the Bristol and Experiment, of fifty guns each ; the frig-
ates Active, Solebay, Action, Syren, and Sphynz, of twenty-eight guns each ; the Thunder-bomb, and Ran-
ger, sloop, each of twenty-eight guns; and the Friendship, an armed vessel of twenty-two guns.
' The palmetto is peculiar to the low sandy shores of the Southern States. It grows from twenty to
forty feet in height, without branches, terminating in a large tuft of very long leaves. The wood is very
porous, ami a bullet or cannon-ball, on entering it, makes no extended fracture. It becomes buried, with-
out injuring adjacent parts.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 549
Clinton Repulsed. Cannonade of Fort Sullivan. Fate of the British Fleet
Charleston, Farker ordered the Sphynx, Aetoeon, and Syren to take a position in the chan
nel on that side, bo as to enfilade the garrison. Had they succeeded, surrender or certain
destruction must have been the alternative for the Americans. The three vessels advanced
to execute the orders, when they all struck upon a shoal called the Middle Ground, and
while thus entangled a very destructive fire was poured upon them from the fort. The
Sphynx rr<)t oii' with the loss of her bowsprit, and the Syren without much injury, and with-
drew to another part of the harbor ; but the Acta-ou was too thoroughly grounded to be
moved. Simultaneously with the advance of the ships to the attack of Fort Sullivan, Clin-
ton's batteries upon Long Island, and some floating- batteries in the creek, opened upon those
of Thomson; and a portion of the British land forces embarked in boats under cover of their
artillery, to force their way to assail the fort on the west, where it was unfinished, or at
least to prevent Lee from sending re-enforcements or ammunition from Haddrell's Foint,
across the bridge of boats which had now been constructed. Clinton's whole regular force
on Long Island was about two thousand troops, and between five and six hundred seamen.
Colonel Thomson had only two cannons, but his riflemen were among the best marksmen
in the state. He allowed Clinton's flotilla to approach within musket shot, when he open-
ed a destructive fire upon them from his battery and small arms. Several attempts to ad-
vance were made, and every time the sure marksmen of Carolina swept many from the
boats, and Clinton was obliged to abandon his design. Lee, who had perceived the weak-
ness of the fort on its western side, and penetrated the design of Clinftm, observed this ret-
rograde movement with joy ; and when at about two o'clock, the garrison ceased firing, on
account of the exhaustion of ammunition, he sent a sufficient supply from Haddrell's Point
and a schooner, and the defensive cannonade was resumed.
The fire from the ships was almost incessant, and yet the patriots in the fort were firm.'
Their shots were dreadfully effective, and the ships were severely battered and maimed.
Anxiously the seamen and marines turned their eyes toward the East, expecting aid from
Clinton, but it did not appear. For ten long hours, while the iron storm from the fort was
beating their ships in pieces, and sweeping whole ranks from the decks, scarcely a ray of
hope appeared for the seamen ; and when the sun went down, its last gleams were upon
the scarlet coats and burnished arms of the British, yet upon Long Island, and kept at bay
by Thomson's batteries and sure-aimed riflemen. The contest continued without intermis-
sion until sunset, when it slackened, and at half past nine in the evening it entirely ceased.
At eleven o'clock the shattered vessels slipped their cables and withdrew to Five Fathom
Hole, about two miles northeastward of Fort Johnson, except the Actaeon, which remained
aground. Early the next morning the garrison fired a few shots at her, which were re-
turned. At the same time, Clinton made another effort to cross from Long Island to Sul-
livan's Island, but Thomson confronted him with such hot volleys, that he was obliged to
retreat behind his batteries. Perceiving further efforts to reduce the fort, especially in his
1 Burke, in his Annual Register, gave the following graphic account of the naval engagement ami the
fort: "While the continued thunder from the ships seemed sufficient to shake the firmness of the bravest
enemy, and daunt the courage of the most veteran soldier, the return made by the fort eonld not fail of
calling for the respect, as well as of highly incommoding the brave seamen of Britain. In the midst of
that dreadful war of artillery, they stuck with the greatest firmness and constancy to their guns, fired de-
liberately and slowly, and took a cool and effective aim. The ships suffered accordingly ; they were torn
to pieces, and tin- slaughter was dreadful. Never did British valor shine more conspicuous, and never did
our marines, in an engagement of the same nature with any foreign enemy, experience as rude an encounter.
The springs of the Bristol's cable being cut by the shot, she lay for some time exposed in such a manner
to the enemy's fire as to be most dreadfully raked. The brave Captain Morris, after receiving a number
of wounds, which would have sufficiently justified a gallant man in retiring from his station, still with a
noble obstinacy disdained to quit his duty, until his arm being at length shot off, he was carried away in a
condition which did not afford a possibility of recovery, ft is said that the quarter-deck of the Bristol was
at one time cleared of every person but the commodore, who stood alone, a spectacle of intrepidity and
firmness which have seldom been equaled, never exceeded. The others on that deck were either killed
or carried down to have their wounds dressed. Nor did Captain Scott, of the Experiment, miss his share
of the danger or glory, who, besides the loss of an arm, received so many other wounds, that his life was at
first despaired of."
550 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Uurning of the Acteeon. Effect of the Battle. The Losa. Bravery of Sergeant Jasper.
crippled condition, to be futile, Parker ordered the crew of the Actseon to set fire to and
abandon her. They did so, leaving the colors flying and guns loaded. When they had
left, the Americans boarded her, secured her colors as a trophy, carried oil" the ship's bell,
fired her guns at the Bristol, loaded three boats with stores, and set her on fire. Within
half an hour after they left her, she blew up.
This battle was one of the severest during the whole war, and while it redounded to the
military glory of the Americans, and greatly increased the patriot strength at the South, it
was regarded by the British as peculiarly disastrous, aside from the actual loss of life and
property in the action.1 This discomfiture occurred at a time when the British were de-
sirous of making the most favorable impression here and in Europe, for Lord Howe was
then on his way as a commissioner to settle all disputes, or as a commander to prosecute
the war. His course was to be determined by circumstances. This was the first time
that the Americans had encountered a regular British fleet. The fact that it had been
terribly shattered and driven to sea was very humiliating to the vanquished, and, at the
same time, encouraging to the victors, at a moment when a brilliant act like this was of
immense moment to the Republican cause.
On the morning after the battle, the British fleet left Charleston harbor, and proceeded
to Long Island to recruit. Almost every vessel was obliged to remain lor that purpose.
On the thirtieth, General Clinton, with Cornwallis and the troops, escorted by the Solebay
frigate, with Sir Peter Parker on board, sailed for New York with a heavy heart.
The joy of the Americans on account of this victory was unbounded, and the praises of
the actors were upon all lips. On the day when Clinton sailed, a the lady of Ber-
nard Elliot2 presented Colonel Moultrie's regiment with a pair of elegant colors.
1 The loss on board of the ships was frightful. Every man stationed on the quarter-decks of the vessels,
at the beginning of the action, was either killed or wounded. The commodore suffered a slight contusion.
Captain Morris soon afterward died of his wounds. Forty men were killed and seventy-one wounded, on
board the Bristol. The Experiment had twenty-three killed and seventy-six wounded. Her commander,
Captain Seott, lost an arm. Lord William Campbell, the last royal governor of the province, who served
as a volunteer, was badly wounded at the beginning of ttie action. The whole loss of the British, in killed
and wounded, was two hundred and twenty-live. The Bristol had not less than seventy balls put through
Iter. When the spring of her cable was cut, she swung round with her stern toward the fort, and instantly
every gun that could be brought to bear upon her hurled its iron balls upon her. At the beginning of
the action, Moultrie gave the word, " Mind the commodore and the fifty gun ships !" These were the
principal sufferers. Although the Thunder-bomb cast more than fifty shells into the fort, not one of them
did serious damage. There was a large moat, filled with water, in the center of the fort, which received
nearly all of the shells, and extinguished the fusees before the fire reached the powder. Others were buried
in the sand, and did no harm. Only ten of the garrison were killed and twenty-two wounded. Most of
these were injured by shots which passed through the embrasures. Moultrie says that, after the battle,
they picked up, in and around the fort, twelve hundred shot of different calibre that were fired at them, and
a great number of thirteen inch shells.
During the action, Sergeant William Jasper, whom we have already met at the Spring, near Savannah,
and witnessed his death while planting the Carolina flag upon the parapet of the British works, at the
siege of that town, performed a daring feat. At the commencement of the action, the flag-staff was cut
away by a ball from a British ship, and the Crescent flag of South Carolina, that waved opposite the Union
flag upon the western bastion, fell outside, upon the beach. Jasper leaped the parapet, walked the length
of the fort, picked up the flag, fastened it upon a sponge staff] and in the midst of the iron hail pouring upon
the fortress, and in sight of the whole fleet, he fixed the flag firmly upon the bastion. Three cheers greeted
him as he ascended to the parapet and leaped, unhurt, within the fort. On the day after the battle, Gov-
ernor Rutledge visited the fort, and rewarded Jasper for his valor by presenting him with his own hand-
some small sword which hung at his side, and thanked him in the name of his country. He offered him a
lieutenant's commission, but the young hero, who could neither read nor write, modestly refused it, saying,
" I am not fit to keep officer's company ; I am but a sergeant."
* Mrs. Elliot is represented as one of " the most busy among the Revolutionary women, and always active
among soldiers." She was a niece of Mrs. Rebecca Motte, the patriot widow of Orangeburg, mentioned
on page 477, and during the whole war was a useful co-worker with her republican husband.
The wife of Charles Elliot, brother of Bernard Elliot, was also a glorious Whig. Her wit and repartee
often scathed the proud feelings of the British officers, when tho royal army occupied Charleston. On
one occasion, Colonel Balfour was walking with her in her garden, when, pointing to a chamomile flower.
he asked its name. " The rebel flower," she replied. " And why is it called the rebel flower ?" asked
the officer. "Because," replied Mrs. Elliot, "it always flourishes most when trampled upon."
OF THE REVOLUTION.
.', .", 1
Presentation of Standards.
Patriotism not sectional.
Declaration of Independence.
Fort Sullivan.
r 177G.
These were the standards which were afterward planted on the walls of Savannah by
Bush, Hume, and Jasper.' They were afterward captured when Charleston fell, ami were
scon years after the war, among other British trophies, in the Tower of London.'' The
Legislature of South Carolina changed the name of the fort from Sullivan to Moultrie, in
honor of its brave defender ; and on the twentieth of July,8 the Continental Congress
passed a resolution of thanks to General Lee, Colonels .Moultrie and Thomson, and
the officers and men under their command.3
For three years after the repulse of the British from Charleston, South Carolina enjoyed
comparative quiet while the war was raging at the North. Yet her sons were not idle
listeners to the roar of cannons in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, but flocked
thither in hundreds, under brave leaders, to do battle for their common country. The pa-
triots of that war were not divided by sectional interests. There was no line of dernarka-
tion over which men hesitated to pass. A desire for the happiness of the New England
people was a twin sentiment with love for his own fireside, in the heart of the Carolinian
and Georgian ; and the bosom of the " Green Mountain Boy" heaved as strongly with
emotions of joy when a blow for freedom was successfully dealt among the rice lands of the
South, as when the shout of victory went up from the heights of Saratoga.
Upon the western frontiers of the South, the Indians, stirred up by Tory emissaries, gave
the people some trouble; but from the day when the Declaration of Independence was read
at Liberty Tree,4 until the opening of the campaign of 1779, the people of Charleston con-
tinued in quiet pursuit of lucrative commerce. Yet prosperity did not stifle aspirations for
freedom, nor the accumulation of riches cause hesitation when danger drew nigh and de-
manded sacrifices. The spirit of liberty burned with a light as steady and eternal as the
polar star, even amid the clouds and darkness of inteusest sufferings which ensued.
I visited Sullivan's Island on the day of my departure from Charleston, b and bjnnunrf«,
sauntered for an hour upon the beach where the old Palmetto Fort once stood. 18*9.
, Nothing of it now re-
mains but a few of the
logs imbedded in the
drifting sand. The
modern Fort Moultrie
is not a large, but a
well-constructed forti-
fication. The island
is sandy, and bears no
VtEW AT FOHT MoiLTH.E> s)mlb „,. j,.^ gponta.
neously except the Palmetto, and these are not seen in profusion. On the northwestern
1 See page 532.
2 Moultrie, i., 182. One of them was of fine blue silk, and the other of fine red silk, richly embroidered.
3 Journals, ii., 260.
* Johnson (page 189) relates that on that occasion (fifth of August, 1776) the people of Charleston,
young and old, of both sexes, assembled around Liberty Tree (see page 642) with all the military of the
city and vicinity, drums heating and Macs flying. The ceremonies were opened with prayer. The Dec-
laration was then lead hv Major Bernard Elliot (whose lady presented the fla<is, mentioned on p:oje •r».r>0)1
and were closed by an eloquent address by the Reverend William Percy, of the Protestant Episcopal Church
It was a hot day, and Mr. Perev's black servant held an umbrella over his head and fanned him during
the delivering of his address. Alluding to this, a British wag wrote :
" Good Mr. Parson, it is not quite civil
To be preaching rebellion, thus fanned by the devil."
5 This view is from the southwestern angle of Fort Sullivan, looking toward James's Island. That angle,
with cannons, a portion of the barracks, and the flag-staff, are seen on the riuht. The small building toward
the left marks the center of the old Palmetto Fort. In the distance is seen Fort Sumter, and in the ex-
treme distance, close by the angle of the fort, is seen the village upon the site of old Fort Johnson.
Charleston bar, at the entrance of the harbor, is about six miles from the city. The width of the inner
harbor, at its mouth, is about a mile wide. This is guarded by Forts Moultrie, Sumter, and Johnson, and
by Castle Pinckney, a handsome work in front of the city, within the inner harbor.
552
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The British Lazaretto
Formation of an Army under Lincoln.
Major Thomas Pinckney.
side of the island are the Temains of an old causeway or bridge, extending to the main,
nearly upon the site of a bridge of boats, which was used during the battle in 1776. It
was constructed after that conflict, at the cost of Christopher Gadsden, and was called
Gadsden's Bridge. The British, when they afterward possessed Charleston, used it to pass
over to their lazaretto, which they erected on Sullivan's Island. This lazaretto was upon
the site of the present Episcopal church in Moultrieville. A part of the old brick wall was
yet standing when I visited the spot in 1849.
We have already considered the demonstration made by the British at the South, in the
capture of Savannah at the close of 1778, and also the events in Georgia after the arrival
of General Lincoln as commander-in-chief of the Southern army. Lincoln reached Charles-
ai77g ton on the fourth of December,3 and proceeded immediately to re-enforce the scat-
bDec.29, tered army of Howe, after the fall of Savannah." On the first intimation of the
177S- designs of the British upon the South, North Carolina raised about two thousand
men, and placed them
under Generals Ashe
and Butherford. They
did not arrive in time
to aid Howe at Savan-
nah, but helped to aug-
ment the small force of
Lincoln. These had
entered the state ; and
to the concentration of
these troops, and the
raising of South Car-
olina militia, Lincoln
bent all his energies.
He chose Major Thom-
as Tiiickney ' as his chiei
aid, and on the twenty-
sixth of December, he ^^
marc'
ton
hundred levies of that
vicinity, and about nine ^ who were brought to
head-quarters, were destitute of tents, camp utensils, or lead, and had very little powder, and
no field-pieces. The South Carolina militia, under Richardson, were insubordinate, and rap-
idly melted away by desertion, or became useless by actual refusal to be controled by any but
dan ni tneir immediate commanders. Happily, their places were supplied by the arrival
1779.' of General Ashe with eleven hundred North Carolinians at the close of January. c
m
hundred and fifty levies
and militia of North
Carolina, for the Geor-
gia frontier. On the
way, they met the fly-
ing Americans from the
disastrous battle at the
capital of Georgia, and
on the third of January
Lincoln established his
head-quarters at Purys-
burg, on the north side
of the Savannah River.
He had been promised
seven thousand men ;
he had only about four-
teen hundred. He had
been promised sup-
plied from Charles- /sy* /^T) / plies, instead of which
with about three /^^T^i^Ly JI^JlCAC^Z-Z. fr'h* »ew levies' and
^^-the militia conscripts
1 Thomas Pinckney was born at Charleston on the twenty-third of October, 1750. His early years were
passed in England. At the close of his studies there, he returned to Charleston, and, with his brother,
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, was among the earliest and most efficient military patriots in the provincial
regiment raised there. Assured of his talents and worth, Lincoln appointed him his aid, and in that ca-
pacity he served at the siege of Savannah by the Americans and French in October. 1779. He distinguish-
ed himself in the battle at Stono Ferry. He was aid-de-camp to General Gates in the battle near Camden,
where he was wounded and made a prisoner. When sufficiently recovered, he was sent to Philadelphia.
In 1787, Major Pinckney succeeded General Moultrie as governor of South Carolina; and in 1792, was
appointed by Washington, Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James. In November, 1794, he
was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the Spanish court, and repaired to Madrid the following summer.
He effected a treaty by which the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured to the United States. He
returned to Charleston in 1796. At the beginning of the war of 1812, President Madison appointed him
to the command of the Southern division of the army, and it was under General Pinckney that General An-
drew Jackson distinguished himself. After the war, General Pinckney retired into private life. He died
on the 2d of November, 1828, aged seventy-eight years. He married the daughter of Rebecca Motte.
OF THE REVOLUTION. .",.-,:;
Battle on Port Royal [aland. Provost's March toward Charleston. Preparations to receive him.
While Lincoln was recruiting and organizing an army near Purysburg, General Frevost
joined Campbell at Savannah, with seven hundred regular troops from St. Augustine.
Hoping to follow up Campbell's success by striking Charleston, he serit forward Major
Gardiner with two hundred men, to take post on Port Royal Island, within about sixty
miles of the capital of South Carolina. General Moultrie, with about an equal number
of Charleston militia, and two field-pieces, attacked and defeated Gardiner on the morning
of the third of February.1 The British lost almost all of their officers, and several ^
privates were made prisoners. The loss of the Americans was trifling-. Gardiner,
with the remnant of his force, escaped in boats and fled to Savannah, while Moultrie, cross-
ing to the main, pressed forward and joined Lincoln at Purysburg.
Strengthened by a party of Creeks and Cherokees, for whom a communication with Sa-
vannah was opened by the defeat of General Ashe on Brier Creek (see page -5 0 7), and in-
formed that Lincoln, with bis main army, was far up the river, near Augusta, Frevost de-
termined to attempt the capture of Charleston. With about two thousand chosen troops,
and a considerable body of Loyalists and Indians, he crossed the Savannah at Pu-
rysburg," and pushed forward by the road nearest the coast, toward Charleston.
When Lincoln was informed of this movement of Prevost, he considered it a feint to
draw him from Georgia. With that view he crossed the Savannah, and for three days
marched down its southern side, directly toward the capital of that stale, hoping either to
bring Prevost back or to capture Savannah. In the mean while, he detached Colonel
Harris, with three hundred of his best light troops, to re-enforce Moultrie, who was retreat-
ing before Prevost, toward Charleston. Governor Rutledge, who had gone up to Orange-
burg to embody the militia, advanced at the same time with six hundred men of that dis-
trict, and when Lincoln recrossed the Savannah in pursuit of Prevost, the interesting spec-
tacle was presented of four armies pressing toward Charleston.'
When Prevost commenced his invading march, Charleston was quite unprepared for an
attack by land. The ferries of the Ashley were not fortified, and only some weak defenses
guarded the Neck. Intelligence of the invasion aroused all the energies of the civil and
military authorities in the city, and night and day the people labored in casting up intrench-
ments across the Neck from the Ashley to the Cooper, under the general direction of the
Chevalier De Cambray, an accomplished French engineer. The Assembly, then in session,
gave R,utledge power only a little less than was conferred upon him a few months after-
ward, when he was made dictator for the time, and the utmost energy was every where dis-
played. Lieutenant-governor Bee, with the council, aided the efforts to fortify the town by
necessary legal orders. All the houses >n the suburbs were burned, and within a few days
a complete line of fortifications with abatis was raised across the Neck, on which several
cannons were mounted. Colonel Marion, who commanded the garrison at Fort Moultrie,
was re-enforced, and the battery on Haddrell's Point was well manned. These arrange-
ments were effected before the arrival of Prevost, who halted, in hesitation, for three days
at Pocataligo, on account of conflicting intelligence. This delay was fatal to his success,
for it allowed the people of Charleston time to prepare for an attack.
Lincoln's distance from Charleston with the main army, the retreat of Moultrie, and
the terror inspired by the torch of the invader, who went on plundering and burning, caused
great numbers to remain on their plantations, and to take protection from Prevost. On the
evening of the ninth of May,c he encamped on the south side of the Ashley R.iver. .
On that and the following day, Moultrie, Rutledge, and Harris arrived with their
respective forces. That of Moultrie had dwindled from one thousand men to about six
hundred. He immediately took command of all the Continental troops, while Rutledge
claimed the control of the militia. This produced some confusion, but no serious misun-
derstanding.
On the morning of the eleventh of May, Prevost, with nine hundred regulars, crossed the
1 Rutledge. with the men of Orangeburg; Moultrie pursued by Prevost ; Prevost pursued by Lincoln;
and Colonel Harris with his corps of light troops.
554
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Prevost te:"jre Charleston.
Pulaski's Attack and Defeat. Proposition for Surrender refused. Expected Attack.
Ashley and appeared before the works on Charleston Neck. He left his main army and
heavy Damage on the south side of the river, and approaching within cannon shot of the
lines, summoned the garrison to surrender. During the forenoon, Count Pulaski, who was
stationed at Haddrell's Point with his legion, crossed the Cooper River and entered the
town, and at noon he led his infantry to attack the British advanced guard. lie was re-
pulsed with great loss. A large portion of his infantry were killed, wounded, or made pris-
oners. The commander himself escaped with difficulty to the American lines, under cover
of some discharges of cannon.
1.1
1
Fj
'Jdt
i
'■ :"i-vU TV ,-
Charleston in 1780.
From a drawing by Leitcli.
Prevost now advanced to within a mile of the American works, when his progress was
cheeked by a sharp cannonade. He renewed his demand for a surrender, and the remainder
of the day was spent in the passage of flags. Aware of the approach of Lincoln, the
Americans desired procrastination, and asked time to deliberate. Prevost refused it, and
the city was filled with consternation in expectation of an assault. The civil authorities,
trembling in view of the horrors of a cannonade, sent a proposition to Prevost to guarantee
the neutrality of South Carolina until the close of the war, and then allow it to follow the
fate of its neighbors, on condition that the royal army should withdraw. Prevost rejected
the proposition, and insisted that, as the garrison were in arms, they should surrender pris-
oners of war. To this Moultrie and the military objected, and every moment until past
midnight a cannonade was expected.1 Not an eye closed in slumber, and at three o'clock
1 During the evening, an unfortunate accident deprived the state of the life and services of a brave officer.
Having discovered a breach in the abatis, Governor Rutledge, without the knowledge of the garrison, sent
out Major Benjamin Huger* and a small party to repair it. The garrison had lighted tar barrels in front
of their lines to prevent a surprise, and by their light Hugcr and his men were discovered, and-believed to be
* Benjamin was one of the five patriot brothers, who were active in revolutionary scenes. He was the gentleman who first
received I-a Fayette on his arrival at Georgetown in 1777. His brother Isaac was a brigadier in tho army under Greene; John
wi,- rrr.t.iry <>t tip .-■ h. — t - b I'nrolina; Daniel was b membei of the Continental Congress; and Francis E was quarter-
master general of the Southern Department. Major Huger's son, Francis K„ married a daughter of General Thomas Pinck*
ney, and was that officer's adjutant general during the war of 1812.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Death of Hugi Withdrawal of the British Army. Battle at Siono Ferry. Retreat of the British.
in the morning, at the solicitation of the civil authorities, Moultrie sent a message to Pro-
vost, renewing the proposition of the previous day. It was rejected, and all anxiously
awaited the dawn, expecting :i terrible assault. The morning broke clear and serene, but
the eyes of the sentinels upon the batteries, and of anxious watchers upon the house tops,
could perceive no traces of a beleaguing army. For a moment it appeared as if all had been
disturbed by a terrible dream, but as the sun arose, the scarlet uniforms and burnished anus
of the invaders were seen south of the Ashley. The British host was crossing to Jami - -
Island. The mystery was soon solved. During the night, Prevost was informed that Lin-
coln, with four thousand men, was pressing on toward Charleston, and he feared that his
force, hardly sufficient to attack the town with hopes of success, would be annihilated if
placed between two fires.1 He prudently withdrew, and, perceiving his pathway of ap-
proach intercepted by Lincoln, he essayed to escape back to Savannah, by way of the isl-
ands along the coast.
Lincoln soon approached, and both armies encamped within tbirtv miles of Charleston,
the Americans upon the main, and the British upon John's Island.2 There they continued
for a month, Prevost fearing to move forward, and Lincoln not feeling quite strong enough
to pass over and attack him. Finally, an attempt to dislodge the British was made. They
had cast up works at Stono Ferry, and garrisoned them with eight hundred men, under Col'
onel Maitland, the brave officer who died at .Savannah a few months later. These were at-
tacked on the morning of the twentieth of June by about twelve hundred of Lincoln's troops.
The contest was severe, and for an hour and twenty minutes the battle was waged with
skill and valor. A re-enforcement for Maitland appeared, and the Americans perceived it
to be necessary to retreat. When they fell back, the whole garrison sallied out, but the
American light troops covered the retreat so successfully, that all of the wounded patriots
were brought ofi". The Americans lost in killed and wounded, one hundred and forty-six,
besides one hundred and fifty-five missing. Of the killed and wounded twenty-four were
officers. The British loss was somewhat less. Three days afterward, the British evac-
uated the post at Stono Ferry, and retreated from island to island, until they reached Beau-
fort, on Port Royal. After establishing a post on Ladies' Island, between Port Fioyal and
St. Helena, they returned in boats to Savannah and St. Augustine.3 The heat was now
becoming intense, and Lincoln's army dispersed, with the exception of about eight hundred
men, with whom he retired to Sheldon to prepare for the opening of another campaign in
October. Thus closed, ingloriously to the invaders, the second attempt of the British to
possess themselves of the capital of South Carolina.
a party of the enemy- Immediately a fire of cannons, muskets, and rifles ran along almost the whole line,
and poor Hnger and twelve of his men were slain. The folly of having two commanders was perceived,
and all military authority was immediately given to Moultrie. The cannonade alarmed the town, it being
regarded aa a prelude to something more dreadful.
1 According to m imperfect estimate, the number of American troops in the city was three thousand one
hundred and eighty; the British force numbered about three thousand three hundred and sixty.
a This island is separated from the main land by a narrow inlet, which is called Stono River. Over this,
at a narrow place, there was then (and is still) a ferry, where the British cast up defensive works.
3 On their retreat across the fertile islands, on the Carolina coast, the British committed the most crue!
depredations. The people hid their treasures, but the negroes, who had been promised freedom, repaired
in great numbers to the British camp, and informed the soldiers where their master's property was con-
cealed. It is believed that in this incursion three thousand negroes were carried out of Ihe state, many
of whom were shipped to the West Indies and sold. Hundreds died of camp fever upon Otter Island, and
for years afterward their bleaching bones strewed the ground thereon. The whole loss was more than
four thousand, valued at two hundred and eighty thousand dollars. Houses were stripped of plate, jewelry,
clothing, money, and every thing of value that could be carried away. Live-stock was wantonly slaughter-
ed, and in a few cases females were violated by the brutal soldiery.
.", ."> 6
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Charleston after the Invasion.
Condition of South Carolina.
Arrival of a British Armament.
CHAPTER XXI.
HE season of repose enjoyed by Charleston after the invasion of Prevost
was brief. When the hot summer months had passed away, both parties
commenced preparations for a vigorous autumn campaign — the British to
maintain their position and extend their conquests, if possible ; the Amer-
icans to drive the invaders from the Southern States, or, at least, to con-
fine them to the sea-ports of Savannah and St. Augustine. The fall of
Savannah was a disastrous event. It was the initial step in those strides
of power which the royal army made a few months later, when Charleston-
fell, when the patriot army of the South was crushed, and when the civil institutions of
South Carolina and Georgia, established by the Republicans, were prostrated at the feet of
the conquerors.
During the winter preceding the siege of Charleston, Lincoln's army had dwindled to a
handful, chiefly on account of the termination of the enlistments, and the hesitation of the
militia when called to service, because of the defeat at Savannah and the apparent hope-
lessness of further resistance. The prison-ships at Savannah were crowded with the can-
lives of the Georgia regiments, and the heel
of British power, planted firmly upon the
patriots of that state, made the Loyalists
bold and active. All along the Southern
frontier of South Carolina the voice of re-
bellion was subdued to a whisper, and a
fearful cloud of hostile savages, gathered by
the emissaries of the crown, frowned sullenly
and threatening upon her western borders ;
while within her bosom, bands of unprinci-
pled Tories, encouraged by others more re-
spectable but passive, were endeavoring, by
menaces and promises, to sap the foundation
of Republican strength. Such was the con
ditiou of South Carolina when a British
fleet, under Admiral Arbuthnot, bearing five
thousand laud troops, commanded by Sir
Henry Clinton,1 appeared off Edisto Inlet,
within thirty miles of Charleston, toward
c , .. the close of the winter of 1780. a
afret>. 11, Mr Henry Clinton
1780. They Came to SUOJllgate the Whole From an Engluli Print •
South, the chief feature in the programme of operations for that year.
The Assembly of South Carolina was in session when the enemy appeared. Governor
Rutledge was immediately clothed with the powers of supreme dictator, and with judgment
1 Henry Clinton, K. B., was a son of George Clinton, governor of New York in 1743, and grandson of
the Karl of Lincoln. He served in the British army on the Continent, during the Seven Years' War, ami
came to America with General Howe in the spring of 1775, bearing the commission of a major general.
He was distinguished at the battle of Bunker Hill; commanded in New York, ami operated against the
forts among the Hudson Highlands in 1777; and in 1778, succeeded Sir William Howe in the supreme
command. After he evacuated Philadelphia, he went to New York, where he continued his head-quarters
until he left the countrv, in 1782. He was appointed governor of Gibraltar in 1795, and died there on the
twenty-second of December, the same year. His signature is printed on page 144.
OF THE REVOLUTION
Tardiness of Ihe Militia.
Clinton -
Charleston Strengthened.
Spaniard* in Florida.
and vigor he exercised them for the defense of the capital. Yet he did not accomplish
much, for the militia were tardy in obeying his call to hasten to the city. If Clinton had
marched directly upon Charleston when he landed his troops upon John's Tsland, he might
have conquered it within a week after his debarkation.' More cautious than wise, he form-
ed a depot at Wappoo, on James's Island, and tarried more than a month in preparations for
a siege.
Genera] Lincoln was in Charleston with about fourteen hundred troops, a large portion
of them North Carolina levies, whose term of service was almost expired. The finances
of the state were in a wretched condition. The paper money was so rapidly diminishing,
that it required seven hundred dollars to purchase a pair of shoes ; and in every department,
civil and military, the patriots were exceedingly weak. Lincoln's first impulse was to evac-
uate the city, retire to the upper country, collect a sufficient army, and then return and
'hive the invaders from it. The tardy plans of Clinton changed Lincoln's views. Hoping
for re-enforcements, then daily expected, and also
aiil from the Spanish West Indies,' he resolved
to maintain a siege. His first care was to
strengthen the works upon Charleston Neck
cast up the previous year when Prevost men-
aced the town. Rutledge ordered three hund-
red negroes to be brought from the neighboring
plantations to work upon the fortifications, and
within a few days cannons and mortars were
mounted ; a trench, filled with water, stretched
across the Neck from the Ashley to the Cooper,
and two rows of abatis protected the whole.
Fort Moultrie, the redoubts at Haddrell's
Point and Hobcaw, the works at South Bay.
Hospital Point, and all along the city front, were
strengthened and manned.5 Charles Cotes-
worth Pinckney' was placed in command of the
garrison at Fort Moultrie. Captain Daniel
Horry was sent to Ashley Ferry to watch the
approach of the enemy, and General Moultrie
went southward to gather the militia, direct the
movements of the cavalry, and annoy the enemy on his approach.
1 On the voyage from New York, one vessel, carrying heavy ordnance for the siege, foundered and was
lost, and nearly all the horses belonging to the artillery and cavalry perished at sea. Immediately alter
landing, Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton was ordered to obtain a fresh supply of horses. This service he soon
performed, by seizing all that fell in his way on the plantations upon the islands and the main, some ol
which wen- paid U>r, and some were not. Tin- Whigs were not considered entitled to any pay. Having
mounted his I uleton joined a body of one thousand men, under General Patterson, whom Clinton
had ordered from Savannah to re-enforce him.
- Spain was now at war with Great Britain, and willingly became a party in our quarrel, with- the hope,
like France, of crippling English power. When the approach of the British fleet was made known, Lin-
coln dispatched a messenger to Havana to solicit material aid from the Spanish governor. Direct assist-
ance was refused, but the Spaniards indirectly aided the Americans. When Clinton was preparing to
march upon Charleston, Don Bernardo de Galvcz sailed from New Orleans to reduce Fort Charlotte, an
English post at Mobile. It surrendered to the Spaniards on the fourteenth of March. 1781, and on the
ninth of May, Pensaeola also bowed to Spanish domination. These successes placed the two Floridas in
possession of the Spaniard-, except the strong fortress of St. Augustine.
' The lines of intrenehments were on the ridge of land whereon St. Paul's Church, the Orphan House,
the "Citadel" (a part of the old works), and the Presbyterian church now stand.
4 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was born in Charleston mi the twenty-filth of February, 1716. At the
a"e of seven years, he was taken to England with his brother, Thomas, by their father (Chief-justice Pinck-
ney), where he was educated, and also studied law. In 1769 he returned to Charleston, after visiting tne
Continent. In England he took part against the Stamp Act with its opposers there, and, on reaching his
;59 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Whipple's Flotilla. Passage of the Ashley by the British. British Fleet in the Harbor. Adranco of Clint™.
The little flotilla of Commodore Whipple, then in the harbor, was ordered to oppose the
passage of the British fleet over the bar, but his vessels were small and thinly manned, and
little reliance was placed upon them. The inhabitants viewed the gathering dangers with
increasing alarm. Knowing the weakness of Lincoln's army, and desirous of saving it, as
their only hope for the future, the citizens advised an evacuation belbre it should be too
late. Lincoln, hourly expecting re-enforcements, was hopeful, and expressing a belief that
he miirht maintain a siege, or leave at a future time, if necessary, he resolved to remain,
at the same time taking measures for keeping open a communication with the country
toward the Santee.
On the twenty-eighth of March the royal army ctosscd the Stono, marched to the Ashley,
at Old Town (the site of ancient Charleston), and there crossed that stream toward evening.
They had strengthened Fort Johnson, cast up intrenchments along the Ashley to confront
those of the Americans upon the opposite shore, and galleys were in motion to enter the
harbor and anchor in the Ashley. The army moved slowly down the Neck, and on Sun-
day morning, the first of April, broke grou.id within eleven hundred yards of the American
works, then defended by about eighty cannons and mortars. They were annoyed all the
way by a party of light horsemen under Lieutenant-colonel John Laurens, and lost between
twenty and thirty men in the skirmishes.
Admiral Arbuthnot entered the harbor on the twentieth of March with his smaller vessels
and transports, and drove Whipple with his little fleet from Five Fathom Hole to the imme-
diate vicinity of the town. On the ninth of April he left his anchorage, and, though exposed
to an enfilading fire from Fort Moultrie,1 halted under the guns of Fort Johnson, within can-
non shot of the town. Pinckney hoped that Whipple would retard the British vessels, and al-
low him to batter them, as Moultrie did four years before ; but the commodore, with prudent
caution, retreated to the mouth of the Cooper River, and sunk most of his own and some mer-
chant vessels between the town and tShute's Folly (marked boom on the opposite map), and
thus formed an effectual bar to the passage of British vessels up the channel to rake the Amer-
ican works upon the Neck. Clinton advanced to Hamstead Hill on the fifth, a
and in the face of a sharp fire erected a battery and mounted twelve cannons
upon it. He now demanded an immediate surrender of the town and garrison. Brigadier
Woodford had just arrived with seven hundred Virginians, and reported others on their way.
The citizens urged Lincoln to maintain a siege, for rumors had come that large numbers
were pressing forward from the North to the relief of the city. Thus strengthened by
fresh troops2 and public opinion, Lincoln assured the besiegers that he should continue his
defense until the last extremity. Forty-eight hours elapsed, when Clinton opened his bat-
native country, he eagerly espoused the cause of the patriots. He commenced the practice of law in >770,
ami soon became eminent. When a regiment was formed in Charleston in 1775, of which Gadsden was
colonel, Pinckney was appointed a captain, anil was at Newbern for a while on recruiting service. He was
active in the defense of Charleston in 1776. In 1778, he accompanied General Howe in his expedition to
Florida. He assisted in the repulse of Prevost in 1779, and in the defense of Charleston in 1780. When
the city fell, he became a prisoner, and suffered much from sickness and cruel treatment. He was ex-
chanced in February, 1782, when the war was almost ended. He was soon afterward raised to the brevet
rank of brigadier. On the return of peace, he resumed the practice of his profession. He was a member
of the convention -which formed the Constitution of the United States. Washington offered him a seat in
his cabinet, which he declined, and in 179fi he accepted the appointment of minister to the French Repub-
lic. There he had a delicate duty to perform, and while in the midst of personal peril in the French cap-
ital, he uttered that noble sentiment. " Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute." In 1797, Mr. Pinck-
ney was appointed the second major general in the army under Washington, and for many years he was
an active politician. For about twenty-five years he lived in elegant retirement, in the enjoyment of books
and llic pleasures of domestic happiness. He died on the sixteenth of August, 1825, in the eightieth year
of hi-, age.
1 In this passage the British lost twenty-seven seamen killed, and a transport which ran aground and
was burned l>v its crew.
Wiaidford had marched five hundred miles within twenty-eight days. On the day of his arrival the
terms of enlistment of about seven hundred North Carolinians expired, and thev all went home at an hour
when they were most needed
0 F T HE REVO I, U T I ( ) N
5 g 9
Attack upon Charleston
Surprise of Iiugcr.
Arrival o( Cornwallis.
Proposed Surrender rejected.
-j^AJU-
OF THE S£/G£jOT
CHARLESTON
S.CAROL/MA
teries upon the town and fortifications, and a terrible cannonade from both parties Mas kept
up from that time until the twentieth.
When the British were about to open their batteries, Governor Rutledge, leaving the
civil power in
^k the hands of
his lieutenant
i l-adsden, went
into the coun-
try, between
tli ■•( 'ooperand
Santee Riv-
ers, to arouse
the militia and
I' ■ j' a commu-
nication open
with the town
in that direc-
tion. Lincoln
sent his caval-
ry (about three
hundred men),
with General
Isaac linger
in command,
to watch the
country in the
vicinity of the head waters of the Cooper River. Led through the woods by a negro,
Tarleton, with his legion cavalry, fell upon Huger at Biggin Bridge, near Monk's Corner,
at dawn on the fourteenth of April, and scattered his troops, who were unsuspicious of dan-
ger. Twenty-five Americans were killed ; the remainder fled to the swamps. Tarleton
secured almost three hundred horses, and then scouring the country between the Cooper
and Wando, returned in triumph to the British camp.
Four days after the surprise of Huger,a Cornwallis arrived at Charleston with .April is,
three thousand troops from New York. Thus strengthened, Clinton enlarged the 1780'
area of his operations. Detachments were sent into the country, and drove the Americans
back. Governor Rutledge was compelled to flee higher up the Santee; Haddrell's Point
was taken possession of and fortified ; supplies from the surrounding country were cut off]
and every avenue for escape seemed closed. Lincoln called a council of war,''
and an attempted retreat to the open country was proposed. The inhabitants
objected, because they feared the invading army was too exasperated by the obstinate de-
fense already made, to spare them in person and property. With rapine and pillage be-
fore them, they implored Lincoln to remain. Terms of capitulation, which allowed the
army to withdraw to the interior, and the property of the citizens to be undisturbed, were
agreed upon and proposed to Clinton. Clinton would not acquiesce, and the terrible work
of siege went on. The Americans made but one sortie, and that did not seriously damage
the British or impede their progress,1 and on the sixth of May3 the besiegers completed
1 At daybreak on the twentv-fourth of April, a party ander Lieutenant-colonel Henderson made a sortie,
surprised a British picket, and with the bayonet killed about twenty of them. Twelve were made pris-
oners. Captain Moultrie, a brother of the general, was killed, and two other Americans wm- wounded.
- This day was marked by disasters to the Americans. On that morning, Colonel Anthony Walton
While, "f New Jersey, with the collected remnant of Huger's cavalry, had crossed the Santee and captured
a small party of British. While waiting at Lannean's Ferry for boats to recross the river with his pris-
oners, a Tory informed Cornwallis of his situation. Tarleton was detached with a party of horse to sur-
prise White, and was successful. A general rout of the Americans ensued. About thirty of them were
,3G0 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Continuance of the Siege. Perila in the City
their third parallel, and in the face of a heavy fire raised redoubts nearer and nearer the
American lines.'
Now fully prepared to storm the town by sea and land, Clinton and Arbuthnot again
demanded a surrender. The situation of the Americans was deplorable. The garrison
consisted of less than three thousand men, a large portion of them raw militia ; provisions
of all kinds were becoming scarce, and the Loyalists in the city were fomenting disaffection
among the distressed inhabitants. The engineers asserted that the lines could not be de-
fended ten days longer, and that they might be carried by assault in ten minutes. Bombs
and carcasses were falling in every part of the city with destructive effect, killing women
and children, and setting houses on fire ; and the town militia, in utter despair, had thrown
down their arms. Further resistance seemed foolish and inhuman, for success was hardly
possible, and lives and property were hourly sacrificed. The citizens, appalled by the de-
structive agencies at work around them, worn out by want of sleep and anxiety, and cov-
eting any condition other than the one they were enduring, now expressed their willing-
ness to treat for a surrender. A flag was sent out, and Clinton's ultimatum was received.
He demanded the surrender of the garrison and the citizens as prisoners of war, with all the
forts and other works, and their appliances, together with the shipping that remained in the.
harbor. He would promise nothing except that the town property of those within the lines
should remain unmolested, and that all prisoners should be paroled. A truce until the next
»M«v9 daya was asked by the besieged, and was allowed, when Lincoln again refused
178°- compliance with Clinton's demands. At eight o'clock in the evening the firing com-
menced again. It was a fearful night in Charleston. The thunder of two hundred can-
nons shook the city like the power of an earthquake, and the moon, then near its full, with
the bright stars, was hidden by the lurid smoke. Shells were seen coursing in all direc-
tions, some bursting in mid air, others falling upon houses and in the streets, and in five dif-
ferent places the flames of burning buildings simultaneously shot up from the depths of the
city. " It appeared," says Moultrie, alluding to the bomb-shells, " as if the stars were tum-
bling down. The fire was incessant almost the whole night ; cannon-balls whizzing and
shells hissing continually among us ; ammunition chests and temporary magazines blowing
up ; great guns bursting, and wounded men groaning along the lines ; it was a dreadful
night !" The cannonade was continued all the next
day and part of the night, and many Americans were
killed by the passage of balls through the embrasures
of their batteries. Sand-bags were freely used for pro-
tection, but these were swept away, until at several
points the besieged were obliged to abandon their works
and withdraw. Arbuthnot now prepared to bombard
the town from the water, and the batteries at Fort
/Johnson and at Wappoo hurled round shot into the
^^fe^^^S^^t;- '" streets.3
At two o'clock on the morning of the elev-
n. k T ■ n A 1 .1. b May, 1780.
entn,b .Lieutenant-governor (j-adsden, the
council, and many leading citizens, requested Lincoln
to signify his agreement to Clinton's proposed terms of
Marriott Arbuthnot. surrender, if better could not be obtained. A signal
killed, wounded, or captured, and the prisoners were retaken. Lieutenant-colonel Washington, with Major
Jamieson and a few privates, escaped by swimming the Santee. Major Call and seven others fought their
way through the British cavalry, and escaped. At noon on the same day, the British (lag was seen waving
over Fort Moultrie, the little garrison, under Lieutenant-colonel Scott, having been obliged to surrender to
Captain Charles Hudson, of the British Navy.
1 Clinton's nearest battery in making this approach was on the lot in Mary Street, formerly used as the
lower rail-way depot, and long known, according to Johnson, as the Fresh-water Pond. This redoubt
was several times demolished by the American cannons, and rebuilt during the siege. — Johnson's Tradi-
tions, &e., 248. » One of these shots demolished an arm of Pitt's statue, as mentioned on page 542
OF TH E REVOLUTION. 56 i
Cessation of Hostilities. Capitulation and Surrender. Cruel Proclamation. The French Fleet
was given, the firing ceased, and before dawn all the guns were quiet. Articles of capit-
ulation were agreed to, and signed by the respective commanders, and by Christopher (i ads-
den in behalf of the citizens.' Between eleven and twelve o'clock on the twelfth of May,
the Continental troops marched out with the Turk's march, and laid down their arms, after
a gallant and desperate defense of about forty days. General Leslie immediately marched
in and took possession of the town.
Great skill and courage were brought to bear upon the patriots during the siege, and
never was a defense more obstinate and heroic, and yet it was not a bloody one. The logs
on both sides in killed and wounded was nearly equal ; that of the Americans, exclusive
of the inhabitants of the town not bearing arms, was ninety-two killed, and one hundred
and forty-eight wounded. The British lost seventy-six killed, and one hundred and eighty
nine wounded. The number of prisoners, including the inhabitants of the town, was be-
tween five and six thousand. About lour hundred cannons were a part of the spoils of vic-
tory. Thirty houses were destroyed during the siege.2
The fall of Charleston, and loss of Lincoln's army, paralyzed the Republican strength at
the South, and the British commanders confidently believed that the finishing-stroke of the
war had been given. Lincoln suffered the infliction of unsparing censure, because he al-
lowed himself to be thus shut up in a town ; but had he repulsed the enemy, or the siege
been raised, as at one time contemplated,1 the skill and wisdom of his course would have
exceeded all praise.
Sir Henry Clinton now proceeded to re-establish the civil power of Great Britain in South
Carolina. In proclamations, he made many promises of benefits to the obedient, and men-
aced the refractory with the miseries of confiscation of property and personal punishments.
Finally, he ofiered pardon1 to all who should submit and crave it, and promised , June ,
political franchises such as the people had never enjoyed. Lured by these prom- 17ci0
ises, the timid and lukewarm flocked to Charleston, took protection, and many entered the
military service of the king. Two hundred and ten influential citizens in Charleston agreed
to an address of congratulation on the restoration of order and the ancient bond of union
between the province and Great Britain. This movement, with the hasty retreat north-
ward of troops marching to the relief of Charleston, and the destruction of Buford's com-
mand (see page 458) on the Waxhaw, almost effaced every lineament of resistance in the
South. As we have seen, garrison's were posted in the interior, and the voice of rebellion
was hushed.
Clinton and Arbuthnot sailed for New York on the fifth of June, leaving Cornwallis in
chief command of the British troops at the South. Before his departure, Clinton issued a
proclamation, declaring all persons not in the military service, who were made prisoners at
Charleston, released from their paroles, provided they returned to their allegiance as subjects
of Great Britain. So far, well ; but not the sequel. All persons refusing to comply with
this requisition were declared to be enemies and rebels, mid were to be treated accordingly.
1 The terms of the capitulation were partly honorable and partly humiliating. The town, fortifications
ami shipping, artillery and stores, were to be given up ; the Continental troops and sailors were to be con-
ducted to some place' to be agreed upon, there to remain prisoners of war until exchanged ; the militia to
be permitted to return home, as prisoners of war, on parole, and to be secured from molestation as Ion;: as
they did not violate these paroles; the arms and baggage of the officers and their servants were to be re-
tained by them; the garrison were to march out, and lay down their arms between the works and the
canal (at I, on the map, page 559,, the drums not to beat a British march, nor the colors to be uncased ; the
French consul, ami French and Spanish residents should be unmolested, but considered prisoners of war .
and that a vessel should convey a messenger to New York, that he might carry dispatches to General
Washington. ' ' !"»• Ramsay Moultrie, Marshall. Stedman, Lee, Tarleton
3 During the sie^e, Arbuthnot was informed that Admiral De Ternay was approaching with a French
fleet, direct from Ni rport, to aid Lincoln; and on the very day when terms of surrender were agreed upon,
the fear of being blockaded in the harbor of Charleston made Arbuthnot resolve to put to sea immediately.
Ternay was certified of the surrender of Lincoln while on bis way. by the capture of a pilot-boat, bearing
Clinton's dispatches to Knyphausen, then in command at New York. These dispatches informed Klfyp-
hausen of the fall of Charleston. Had Lincoln held out another day. his army might have been saved, but
he was not aware of the approach of Tel
II. X N
r,\-2 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Effect of Clinton's Proclamation. Patriots sent to St. Augustine. Sufferings nt HaddrcH's Point Approach of Gates.
And more ; they were required to enroll themselves as militia under the king's standard.
This flagrant violation of the terms of capitulation aroused a spirit of indignant defiance,
which proved a powerful lever in overturning the royal power in the South. Many con-
sidered themselves released from all the obligations of their paroles, and immediately armed
themselves in defense of their homes and country, while others refused to exchange their
paroles for any new conditions. The silent influence of eminent citizens who took this
course was now perceived by Cornwallis, and, in further violation of the conditions of capit-
„A„-27 illation, he sent many leading men of Charleston as close prisoners to St. Augus-
1780. tine,1' while a large number of the Continental soldiers were cast into the loath-
some prison-ships, and other vessels in the harbor. There they suffered all the horrors of
confined air, bad food, filth, and disease. It was to these that the mother of President
Jackson came, as an angel of mercy, with materials of alleviation for the sufferers. But
the camp and typhoid fevers, and dysentery, swept off hundreds before the cruel hand of
the oppressor relinquished its grasp. Maddened by torture, and almost heart-broken on ac-
count of the sufferings of their families, more than five hundred of the soldiers who capit-
ulated at Charleston agreed to enroll themselves as royal militia, as the least of two present
evils, and were sent to do service in the British army in Jamaica. Of nineteen hundred
prisoners surrendered at Charleston, and several hundreds more taken at Camden and Fish-
ing Creek, only seven hundred and forty were restored to the service of their country.3
A brief lull in the storm of party strife and warring legions in South Carolina succeeded
the blow which smote down Republicanism ; but when the trumpet-blasts of the conqueror
of Burgoyne were heard upon the B,oanoke, and the brave hearts of Virginia and North Car-
olina were gathering around the standard of Gates, the patriots of the South lifted up their
heads, and many of them, like Samson rising in strength, broke the feeble cords of " paroles"
and " protections," and smote the Philistines of the crown with mighty energy. Sumter
sounded the bugle among the hills on the Catawba and Broad Rivers ; Marion's shrill
whistle rang amid the swamps on the Pedee ; and Pickens and Clarke called forth the
brave sons of liberty upon the banks of the Saluda, the Savannah, the Ogeechee, and the
1 Lieutenant-governor Gadsden and seventy-seven other public and influential men were taken from their
beds by armed parties, before dawn on the morning of the twenty-seventh of August, hurried on board the
Sandivich prison-ship, without being allowed to bid adieu to their families, and were conveyed to St. Au-
gustine. The pretense for this measure, by which the British authorities attempted to justify it, was the
false accusation that these men were concerting a scheme fur burning the town and massacring the loyal
inhabitants ! Nobody believed the tale, and the act was made more flagrant by this wicked calumny.
Arrived at St. Augustine, the prisoners were offered paroles to enjoy liberty within the precincts of the
town. Gadsden, the sturdy patriot, refused acquiescence, for he disdained making further terms with a
power that did not regard the sanctity of a solemn treaty. He was determined not to be deceived a second
time. "Had the British commanders," he said, "regarded the terms of capitulation at Charleston, I
might now, although a prisoner, enjoy the smiles and consolations of my family under my own root'; but
even without a shadow of accusation preferred against me, tor any act inconsistent with my plighted faith,
I am torn from them, and here, in a distant land, invited to enter into new engagements. I will give no
parole." " Think better of it," said Governor Tonyn, who was in command ; " a second refusal of it will
tix your destiny — a dungeon will be your future habitation." "Prepare it, then," replied the indexible
patriot. " I will give no parole, so help me God !" And the petty tyrant did " prepare it;" and for forty-
two weeks that patriot of almost threescore years of age, never saw the light of the blessed sun, but lay
incarcerated in the dungeon of the Castle of St. Augustine. All the other prisoners accepted paroles, but
they were exposed to indignities more harrowing to the sensitive soul than close confinement. When, in
June, 1781, they were exchanged, they were not allowed to even touch at Charleston, but were sent to
Philadelphia, whither their families bad been expelled when the prisoners were taken to the Sandtoick.
More than a thousand persons were thus exiled, and husbands and wives, fathers and children, first met in
a distant state, after a separation often months.
The Continental prisoners kept at Haddrell's Point suffered terribly. Many of them had been nurtured
in affluence ; now, far from friends and destitute of hard money, they were reduced to the greatest straits.
During thirteen months' captivity, they received no more than nine days' pay. They were not allowed to
li -li lor tlieir support, but were obliged to perform the most menial services. Cornwallis finally ordered
Balfour, the c nandant of Charleston, to send them to one of the West India islands. The general ex-
change of prisoners which soon afterward took place alone prevented the execution of this cruel order.
' Gordon, iii., 226.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 561
Marion at Charleston. Formation of his Brigade. His nrat Expeditions.
Alatamaha. The noble deeds of these partisans ; the efforts and defeat of Gates ; the suc-
cesses of Greene and Morgan ; and the brilliant achievements of " Legion Harry Lee,'' the
strong right arm of the Southern army in the campaigns of 1781, we have considered in
former chapters. Let us here, from this commanding point of view, note those daring ex-
ploits of Marion and his men not already considered, and also of their brave compatriots in
their warfare in the vicinity of the sea-coast.
Marion was elected a captain in Moultrie's second South Carolina regiment, and, with
his friend Peter Horry, received his commission on the twentieth of June, 1775. These
young officers, in new uniforms and helmet-shaped leather caps, decorated with silver cres-
cents inscribed " Liberty or Death !" went out immediately upon the recruiting service on
the Black River and the Pedee, and every where excited the enthusiasm of the people.
Brave young patriots flocked around them, and in Fort Sullivan, when its cannons shatter-
ed the fleet of Sir Peter Parker in 1776, these stout hearts and hands received their first
practical lessons in defensive warfare. Already, as we have seen (page 54 ■'<), they had been
efficient in capturing Fort Johnson, on James's Island," but here they participated ,Septl4
in the severer duties of vigorous conflict. 1775-
Fortunately for the Republican cause, an accident' prevented Marion being among the
prisoners when Charleston fell, and he was yet at liberty, having no parole to violate, to
arouse his countrymen to make further efforts against the invaders. While yet unable to
be active, he took refuge in the swamps upon the Black R,iver, while Governor Rutledge,
Colonel Horry, and others, who had escaped the disasters at Charleston, were in North Car-
olina arousing the people of that state to meet the danger which stood menacing upon its
southern border. Marion's military genius and great bravery were known to friends and
Ibes, and while the latter sought to entrap him, the former held over him the shield of their
vigilance. " In the moment of alarm he was sped from house to house, from tree to thicket,
.from the thicket to the swamp."2 As soon as he was able, he collected a few friends and
started for North Carolina to join the Baron De Kalb, then marching southward with a
small Continental army. On the way, he was joined by his old friend Horry and a few
of his neighbors, and these formed the "ragged regiment'' who appeared before General
Gates, the successor of De Kalb, mentioned on page 4 7 9. It was while in the camp of
Gates that Governor Rutledge, who also was there, commissioned Marion a brigadier, and he
sped to the district of Williamsburg, between the Santee and Pedee, to lead its rising patriots
to the field of active military duties. They had accepted the protection of British power
after Charleston was surrendered, in common with their subdued brethren of the low coun-
try ; but when Clinton's proclamation was promulgated, making active service for the crown
or the penalty for rebellion an alternative, they eagerly chose the latter, and lifted the strong
arm of resistance to tyranny. They called Marion to be their leader, and of these men he
Ibrmed his efficient brigade, the terror of British scouts and outposts. Near the mouth of
Lynch's Creek he assumed the command, and among the interminable swamps upon Snow's
Island, near the junction of that stream with the Great Pedee, he made his chief rendez-
vous during a greater portion of his independent partisan warfare.
Marion's first expedition after taking command was against a large body of Tories, under
Major Gainey, an active British officer, who were encamped upon Britten's Neck; between
the Great and Little Pedee. He dispersed the whole party without losing a man.1' bAu?U8t>
Flushed with victory, Marion was again in motion within twenty-four hours. In-
formed that Captain Barfield and some Tories were encamped a few imV- distant, lie sped
thither, fell upon and scattered them to the winds. These two victories inspired his fol-
1 At the beginning of the sieee, Marion was at a house in Traild Street, and the host, determined that all
of his guests should drink his wine freely, locked the door to prevent their departure. -Marion would not
submit to this act of social tyranny, and leaped from a second story window to the ground. His ankle was
broken, and before the communication with the country toward the Santee was closed he was carried to
Ins residence, in St. John's parish, on a litter. He was yet confined by the accident when the capitulation
was signed. See Simm's Life of Marion, page 96. ' Simms.
564 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Marion and Wemyas. Retreat of the latter. Defeat of Colonel Tyne. Skirmish near Georgetown.
lowers with the greatest confidence in their commander and reliance upon themselves.
These sentiments, acted upon with faithfulness, formed a prime element of that success which
distinguished Marion's brigade.
Marion now sent Colonel Peter Horry, with a part of his brigade, to scour the country
between the Santee and Pedee, while with the remainder of his command he proceeded to
attack the British post near Nelson's Ferry, an event which we have considered on page
705. Striking his blows in quick succession, and at remote points, Marion excited the
alarm of the British commander-in-chief, and he ordered Tarleton to endeavor to entrap and
crush the " Swamp Fox." Colonel Wemyss, whom Sumter afterward defeated on the
Broad River, was first sent after him with a strong force. With untiring industry he fol-
lowed Marion in the direction of the Black River, and often fell upon his trail. But the
wary patriot never suffered himself to be surprised, nor allowed his men to fight when al-
most certain destruction appeared inevitable. Wemyss was loo strong for Marion, so the
latter fled before him, and with sixty trusty followers he thridded his way through intermin-
able swamps and across deep streams into North Carolina. It was a grievous necessity,
for it left Williamsburg District, the hot-bed of rebellion, exposed to the fury of the pursuers.
■ Au*ru8t30 Marion first halted on Drowning Creek ;"■ then pushing further on, he encamped
1780. near Lake Waccarnaw, whence he sent back scouts to procure intelligence. Soon
he was swiftly retracing his steps, for Wemyss had relinquished pursuit, and had retired to
Georgetown, leaving the sad marks of his desolating march ver a space of seventy miles in
length and fifteen in breadth. The injured inhabitants h .lied Marion's return with joy,
and his little army, seldom exceeding sixty men, soon had the appearance of a brigade.
They were desperate men. Cruel wrongs gave strength to their arms, fleetness to their feet,
power to their wills, and with joy they followed Marion toward the Black Mingo, fifteen
miles below Georgetown, where a body of Tories were encamped. They fell upon them
in two divisions, at midnight. An obstinate resistance was made, but the patriots were vie- _
torious. Marion lost but one man killed ; the enemy were almost annihilated. This vic-
tory dispirited the Tories throughout the low country, and for some time Marion's brigade
enjoyed needful repose upon the banks of the Santee, except during a brief period when
Tarleton, who succeeded Wemyss in attempts to smite Marion, came in pursuit. He scoured
the country southward from Camden, between the Santee and the Black Rivers, in search of
the partisan, and, like Wemyss, spread desolation in his path. Tarleton exerted his utmost
skill and energy, but could never overtake the vigilant Marion. Sometimes he would be
within a few miles of him, and feel sure of securing him before to-morrow's sun, when at the
same moment Marion would be watching the movements of the Briton from some dark nook
of a morass, and at midnight would strike his rear or flank with a keen and terrible blow.
In October; Marion proceeded toward Lynch's Creek to chastise Harrison, the lieutenant
of Wemyss, who was encamped there with a considerable body of Tories. On his way
toward Williamsburg, he fell upon Colonel Tyne, who, with two hundred Tories, was en-
camped at Tarcote Swamp, on the forks of Black River, in fancied security. It was mid-
> Oct °5 night when he struck the blow.'1 While some slept, others were eating and drink-
1780. jng ; a few were playing cards ; but none were watching. The surprise was com-
plete. Some were slain, twenty-three were made prisoners, but a large portion escaped to
Tarcote Swamp, from which some soon appeared and joined the ranks of the victor, upon
the High Hills of the Santee, where he encamped a short time after the action. Marion
did not lose a man.
Informed that Harrison had moved from Lynch's Creek, Marion collected some new re-
cruits, and with his bold followers pushed forward to assail the British post at Georgetown,
where only he could procure what he now most needed, namely, salt, clothing, and powder.
He knew a surprise would be difficult, and an open assault dangerous. He chose the former
method, but wheji he approached, the garrison was on the alert. A severe skirmish ensued
within a short distance of the town, and Marion, discomfited, retired to Snow's Island, where
he fixed his camp and secured it by such works of art as the absence of natural defenses
OF THE REVO LUTION. 565
Marion and Lee's Expedition against Georgetown. Its Failure. Snow's Island. Hardcn's Exploit*.
required. In this skirmish, Gabriel Marion, a nephew of the general, was made a prisoner,
and murdered on the spot. After that, " No quarter for Tories !" was the battle cry of
Marion's men.
From Snow's Island1 Marion sent out his scouts in every direction, and there he planned
some of his boldest expeditions. Re-enforcements came, and at the close of 1780, Marion
felt strong enough to confront any British detachment then abroad from headquarters.
While Greene's army was approaching the Pedee early in 1761, Marion was very active
abroad from his camp, at which he always left a sufficient garrison for its defense. Here
and there he was smiting detachments of the British army ; and when Lee, who had been
sent by Greene to join him with a part of his legion, sought for Marion, it was with great
difficulty that he could be found, for his rapid marches were in the midst of vast swamps.
As soon as the junction was consummated, a these brave partisans planned an expo- n ranaary
dition against the British post at Georgetown, then garrisoned by two hundred men. fsi-
Although the British works were strong, and our partisans had no cannons, they felt con-
fident of the success of their plan, which was to attack the town and fortifications at two
separate points. One division went down the Pedee in boats, the other proceeded cautiously
by land. The attack was made at midnight, but nothing was effected beyond the capture
of Campbell (the commandant) and a few privates, and slaying some stragglers from the
garrison, who could not escape to the stockade. Yet the enterprise was not fruitless of good
to the patriot cause. The audacity of the attempt had a powerful effect upon the minds
of the British officers at the South, and the contemplated movement of a large portion of
their forces from the sea-board to the interior, was abandoned. Thus was begun a series
of movements to keep Cornwallis from Virginia until a sufficient force could be collected in
Carolina to oppose him, which was the object of earnest efforts on the part of Greene.
After resting a few hours, Marion and Lee moved rapidly up the north bank of the San-
tee, toward Nelson's Ferry, to surprise Colonel Watson, who had taken post there. That
officer, informed of his approach, placed a small garrison in Fort Watson, five miles above,
and with the remainder of his force hastened on toward Camden. At this time Greene
was commencing his famous retreat, and summoned Huger and his troops at Cheraw, and
Lee with his whole legion, to meet him at Guilford. The events which ensued in thai
quarter have been detailed in preceding chapters.3
The departure of Lee, with his legion, greatly weakened Marion's force. Yet he was
' This island is at the confluence of Lynch's Creek and the Pedee. It is chiefly high river swamp,
dry. and covered with a heavy forest filled with game. The lower portions are cane-brakes, and a few
3 are now devoted to the cultivation of Indian corn. Here was the scene of the interview between
.Marion and a young British officer from Georgetown, so well remembered by tradition, ami so well delin-
i by the pen of Simms and the pencil of White. The officer who came to treat respecting prisoners
was led blind-folded to the camp of Marion. There he first saw the diminutive form of the great partisan
leader, and around him in groups were his followers, lounging beneath magnificent trees draped with moss.
When their business was concluded, Marion invited the young Briton to dine with him. He remained, and
to his utter astonishment he saw some roasted potatoes brought forward on a piece of bark, of which the
general partook freelv. and invited his guest to do the same. " Surely, general," said the officer, " this can
not be your ordinary fare I" "Indeed it is." replied Marion, "and we are fortunate, on this occasion, en-
tertainins company, to have more than our usual allowance.'' It is related that the young officer gave up
his commission on his return, declaring that such a people could not be, and ought not to be subdued.
: At about this time, Colonel Harden, a gentleman of Beaufort, who, with a large number of the Whigs of
his district, bad joined Marion in Williamsburg, marched with seventy ofthe most resolute of his com.
to visit their homes A few others from Georgia, under Colonel Baker, accompanied them, and in the face
ofthe foe, tin n in possession ofthe country upon the Lower Santee and Edisto, they ravaged the region
from Monk's Corner to tne Savannah River. Like Marion. Harden made rapid and execntric marches,
and always baflled pursuit. He crossed and recrossed the Savannah as often as circumstances required,
and soon his force amounted to two hundred men. The name, of Harden became as terrible to the Tories-
of Beaufort. Barnwell, and Colleton, as that of Marion beyond the Santee. He had several skirmishes
with British detachments, and finally, on the twelfth of April, 1781, he surprised and captured a redoubt
and garrison called Fort Balfour, at ancient Pocataligo, below the Combahee. Having awed the Tories
in that section of the state, Colonel Harden and his detachment joined the forces under General Pickens,
higher tip on the Savannah.
5GG PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The Postelles. Marion's Cavalry. Conflicts with Watson. Destruction of Marion's Camp.
not less active than before, and his enterprises were generally more important and success-
ful. He sent out small detachments to beat up Tory camps and recruiting: stations, where-
ever they might be found. His subordinates caught his spirit and imitated his example,
and were generally successful. The brothers Captain and Major Postelle greatly annoy-
ed the British and Tories beyond the Santee, in the direction of Charleston, early in 1781.
Like Marion, his subordinates never lingered upon the arena of victory to be surprised, but,
when a blow was struck, they hastened away to other fields of conflict. The great partisan
never encumbered himself with prisoners — he always paroled them.
Toward the last of January, a we find the blacksmiths of Kingstree forging saws into
rough broadswords for a corps of cavalry which Marion placed in command of Col-
onel Peter Horry. In February, Horry is observed eastward of the Pedee battling with
Tories and British regulars. Soon afterward he is engaged in a bloody conflict of eight
hours, near Georgetown, slaying almost one half of his adversaries, and winning the victory.
Every where the name of Marion was feared, and the presence of his men was dreaded by
■the opponents of the patriot cause.
In the spring of 1781, Colonel Watson was sent with a select corps of five hundred men
to attempt the destruction of Marion's brigade. He moved with caution, evidently afraid of
the partisan, for he was then striking successful blows at different points, in rapid succession,
and appeared to be possessed of ubiquitous powers.1 Marion observed him, and concentrated
his force on Snow's Island, whence he sallied forth as occasion required. He sped with
rapid foot to the path of Watson's approach, and at Wiboo Swamp, nearly opposite the pres-
ent Santee Canal, he confronted him. The advanced guards of Marion and Watson (the
former under Horry, the latter under R-ichboo, a Tory colonel) met unexpectedly, and a se-
vere skirmish ensued. Other portions of the two armies engaged in the fight. The field-
pieces of Watson gave him great advantage, and Marion was obliged to fall back in the
direction of Williamsburg. At a bridge over the Black River, below Kingstree, he check-
ed his pursuers by well-aimed rifle-balls and the destruction of the bridge by fire. Down
the stream, upon opposite sides, the belligerents marched nearly ten miles, skirmishing all
the way. Darkness terminated the conflict, and both parties arranged their flying camps
for rest, near each other. For ten days Watson remained stationary, continually an-
noyed by Marion, until he was obliged to choose between certain destruction in detail there,
or attempt boldly to fight his way to Georgetown. He decided upon the latter course, and
at midnight he fled. Marion pursued, fell upon him at Sampit Bridge, near Georgetown,
and smote down many of his wearied soldiers. Watson escaped to Georgetown with the
remnant of his army, complaining that Marion would not " fight like a gentleman or a
Christian !"
Sad intelligence now reached Marion. The Tory colonel, Doyle, had penetrated to his
camp on Snow's Island, dispersed the little garrison, destroyed his provisions and stores, and
then marched up Lynch's Creek. He pursued the marauder until he was informed that
Doyle had destroyed all his heavy baggage, and had the advantage of a day's march on the
road to Camden. Marion wheeled, and hastened, through the overflowed swamps, to con-
front Watson, who was again in motion with fresh troops, and had encamped upon Cat-fish
Creek, near the present Marion Court House. Our partisan encamped within five miles
of him, and there he was joined by Lee on the fourteenth of April. b This junction
alarmed Watson. He destroyed his heavy baggage, wheeled his field-pieces into
Cat-fish Creek, and fled precipitately by a circuitous route toward Georgetown.
Soon after this, we find Marionc hanging upon the rear of Lord Ravvdon on his
1 At this time, Major M'llraith, with a force about equal to that of Marion's, was met by the latter in
a swamp near Nelson's Ferry. They prepared for hattle, when M'llraith, who was a humane man, made
chivalrio proposition that twenty picked men of eaeh army should meet and fight for victory. It was
agreed to; the forty men weie drawn up in lino and approached each other, when those ol M'llraith's
party fell back. The sun went down, and yet they lingered: and at midnight. M'llraith doubtless eon-
iidering prudence the better part of valor, decamped, leaving his heavy baggage behind. He was pur-
•. Colonel Horry early in the morning, but without effect.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 56 i
Capture ol" Georgetown. Attack on British Posts near Charleston. Battle at Quimbj's Creek Bridge.
retreat from Nelson's Ferry toward Charleston ; and from that time until the siege of
Ninety-Six. he was often with Sumter and Colonel Washington, watching the enemy s move-
ments near the Santee and Edisto, and cutting off intelligence and supplies from Cruger
In June" Marion took possession of Georgetown the garrison fleeing down Winyaw Bay
after a slight resistance, lie could not garrison it, so he moved the stores up the
Pedee to bis old encampment on Snow's Island, and demolished the military works.
Informed that the Loyalists of Charleston had organized, and under Colonel Ball u
about to ravage the country south of the Santee, he anticipated them, lie drove oil the
cattle, removed the provisions to a place of safely, laid waste the country, and left nothing
but barrenness and desolation in the district menaced by the enemy
We have observed (page -ISO) that soon after Greene abandoned his design of attacking
Rawdon at Orangeburg, and retired to the High Hills of Santee. he detached Sumter, with
Marion, Lee, and other active partisans, to beat up the British posts in the direction ol
Charleston, drive these hostile detachments to the gates of the city, and cut oil' all convoys
of supplies for the British troops on the Edisto. The chief object to be gained was to cause
Rawdon to abandon Orangeburg and hasten to the relief of Charleston. Sumter was the
commander-in-chief of this expedition. As he approached Monk's Corner, he divided his
little army into separate detachments. Among the subordinate commanders of these were
Horry, Mayham, Taylor, the II imptons and James. The garrison at Dorchester, first at-
tacked, made no resistance to Colonel Lee, who also captured, at about the same time, all
the wagons and wagon horses belonging to a convoy of provisions ; while Colonel Wade
Hampton pressed forward to the very hues at Charleston, captured the patrol and guard
at the Quarter-house, five miles from the city, and spread terror through the town. He
also took fifty prisoners (mounted refugees) at Strawberry Ferry, and burned four vessels la-
den with valuable stores for the British army.
At Biggin's, near Monk's Coiner, where Huger's cavalry were surprised more than a year
before, was a strong force of about five hundred infantry, one hundred and fifty horse, and
a piece of artillery, under Colonel Coates of the British army. Biggin Church, and a
redoubt at Monk's Corner, about a quarter of a mile distant, composed the defenses of the
garrison. Against these Sumter, Marion, and Lee proceeded. They halted at sunset
within a short distance of Coates's camp, with the intention of attacking him early in the
morning. Coates, alarmed by the intelligence brought by his patrols, that one half of
Greene's army, with all the partisan officers of the South, were upon him, decamped during
the night, set fire to Biggin Church, so as to destroy stores which he could not carry away,
and crossing the head waters of the Cooper River on the eastern side, retreated rapidly
toward Charleston. When the blaze of the church was perceived in the American camp,
Sumter called his troops to arms and hotly pursued the fugitives. Withm a short distance
of Quimby's Creek Bridge, eighteen miles from Monk's Corner, the cavalry of Lee and
Marion overtook the rear-guard of the flying troops. Dismayed at the near approach of
horsemen, they cast down their arms without firing a gun, and begged for quarter. Coates
had crossed the bridge with his main body, and was waiting for the passage of his rear-
guard, with the baggage, to destroy the bridge. The planks were already loosened, and
every thing was in readiness for its demolition when the American cavalry approached.
The brave Armstrong, with a section of Lee's horsemen, (lashed across the bridge and fell
upon the British guard with a howitzer stationed there for its defense, and drove the ar-
tillerists from the gun. The place of contest was a narrow causeway and lane leading to
the bridge, and for a short time a close and deadly conflict ensued. Many of the British
fled, and Coates and some of his officers were left to fight alone, defended only by a wagon.
Another section of the cavalry, under Carrington, followed close upon Armstrong, and leap-
ing the chasm formed by the casting down of some loose planks by the hoofs of Armstrong's
horses, joined in the close combat with the enemy. Lee had now gained the bridge, where
Captain O'Neil, with the third section, had halted. Captain Mayham, of Marion's cavalry,
dashed by them, when his horse was shot under him. The chasm had been widened by
5(58 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Severe Battle above Quiinby's Creek Bridge. Public Services and Execution of Colonel Unyne.
the passage of Carrington's troops, and all Lee's efforts to repair the breach were ineffectual.
The stream was too deep to ford, and the shores too muddy to land if the horses had swam
it, and, consequently, a victory so nearly secured had to be abandoned. Coates, with his re-
captured howitzer, retreated to a strong two-story house and other buildings a little further up
the stream, into which many of his soldiers had fled at the first attack. There he was assail-
ed by Sumter and Marion, between three and four o'clock in the afternoon, and a severe battle
was waged for three hours. Darkness, and the failure of the powder of the patriots, term-
inated the contest. Fifty of Marion's brigade were killed or wounded, and seventy of the
British fell. Coates held his position, and Sumter, informed of the approach of Rawdon, col-
lected his own immediate forces, crossed the Santee, and joined Greene upon the High Hills,
while Marion remained lower down upon the river to watch the movements of the enemy
It was at about this time, while the army of General Greene was in repose near the
Wateree, that the execution of Colonel Isaac Hayne, a leading Whig of South Carolina,
took place at Charleston ; an event which, in the opinion of the Americans, and of just men
in Europe, marked the character of the British officer in command at Charleston with the
foul stain of dishonor and savage cruelty.' The patriots were greatly exasperated by it, and
1 Isaac Hayne was a highly respected and well-beloved citizen of South Carolina. He was among the
early patriots of that state who took the field, and at the siege of Charleston, in 1780, he served in a com-
pany of mounted militia, and at the same time was a member of the State Legislature. His corps was not
in the city, but operated in the open country, in the rear of the besiegers, consequently it was not included
in the capitulation. After that event his command was dispersed, and he returned to his family and estate,
near the Edisto. Believing that the wisest policy for him to pursue was to go to Charleston, surrender
himself a prisoner, and take his parole like others, he repaired thither. He was too confiding in the honor
of the conquerors, for, knowing him to be a man of influence, the commandant refused the privilege, and
told him that he must either become a British subject or submit to close confinement. He would gladly
have endured imprisonment, but he could not bear the thought of leaving his family exposed to the insults
of marauders, and the pestilence of small-pox, then spreading over the lower country. He consulted bis
friend. Dr. Ramsay, the historian, who was himself a prisoner in Charleston, and. influenced by family affec-
tion he accepted a British protection upon the humiliating terms proposed by Clinton in his second and
cruel proclamation, and took the oath of allegiance. He was assured by Patterson, the deputy British com-
mandant in Charleston, that he would not be called upon to take up arms for the king, " For," he said,
■; when the regular forces of his majesty need the aid of the inhabitants for the defense of the province, it
will be high time for them to leave it.:'
Colonel Hayne was often called upon by subordinate officers to take up arms for the king, but steadily
refused. When, in 1781, Greene approached with a Continental army, and the partisan troops had swept
royal power from almost every place where it had planted its heel of military subjugation, Colonel Hayne
felt released from bis oath of allegiance, because its conditions were such that its obligations ceased when
royal rule should be suppressed. When again summoned (as he was peremptorily, while his wife was upon
her dying bed) to repair, with arms, to the British camp at Charleston, he again refused. He did more ;
he buckled on his armor, repaired to the American camp, and, forswearing his forced allegiance to the
British crown, he pledged his life to the defense of his country. With a troop of horse, accompanied by
Colonel Harden, he scoured the country toward Charleston, and captured General Andrew Williamson, a
former efficient patriot, but now active in the British service. When intelligence of the event reached the
city, a troop of cavalry was sent in pursuit of Hayne. A battle ensued, and the patriot was made a pris-
oner and conveyed to Charleston. Colonel Nesbit Balfour, a proud, vain, and ambitious man, was then the
commandant. He knew that the surest road to distinction was rigor toward the rebels. He chose to con-
sider Hayne a traitor, because he had signed an oath of allegiance, and then took up arms against the king.
Here was an opportunity for Balfour to distinguish himself, and Hayne was cast into the provost prison,
and kept there until Rawdon arrived from Orangeburg. He was then taken before a court of inquiry,
where neither the members nor the witnesses were sworn. The whole proceeding was a mockery, for
Rawdon and Balfour had prejudged him worthy of death. Without even the form of a trial, he was con-
demned to be hung. No one, not even the prisoner, supposed that such cruelty was contemplated, until
the sentence was made public, and he had but two days to live ! The men of the city pleaded lor him ;
the women signed petitions, and went in troops and upon their knees implored a remission of his sentence.
His sister, Mrs. Peronneau, with his orphan children (lor his wife was in her grave), clad in deep mourning,
knelt in supplication before his judges, but in vain. Rawdon and Balfour were inexorable, and on the thirty-
first of July, 1781, one of the purest patriots and most amiable of men was hung upon a gibbet. Like
Andre, he asked to be shot as a soldier, but this boon was denied him. Thirty-two years afterward. Lord
Rawdon, in a letter to General Henry Lee (see his Memoirs, page 459), attempted to excuse his want of hu-
manity, by pleading the justice of the sentence. But the denunciations of the Duke of Richmond at the time,
in the House of Lords, and the truth of history, have given the whole transaction tho stamp of barbarism. '
OF THE REVOLUTION. 569
Skirmish at Parkcr'a Ferry. Ii. treat of the British from Kutaw. Attack on British Post* near Charleston.
General Greene gave the British commander notice that he would retaliate when oppor
tunity should oiler, not by the sacrifice of misguided Tories, but of British officers. He soon
had power to exhibit terrible retribution, but happily, actuated by a more humane policy,
Greene hesitated ; the beams of peace soon appeared in the horizon, and bloody human sac-
rifices were prevented.
Here let us resume the general narrative of events in the South not already related, from
the lime of the encampment of Greene upon the High Hills of Santee, in 1781, until the
evacuation of Charleston by the British the following yeai
We have noticed on page 4 99, that Greene's camp upon the Hills was broken up on the
eighteenth of November, and the remnants of his diminished army were put in motion
toward Charleston. Already intelligence of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown had
reached him, and the day of its arrival'1 was made jubilant by the army. In the
, i ,, , ■ tt i i i i- i r .1 "Oct 30.
mean while, .Marion was operating with vigor. lie suddenly disappeared lroin the
Santee upon one of his secret expeditions, and as suddenly was seen sweeping across the
country in the direction of the Edisto, on his way to relieve Colonel Harden, who was closely
pressed near Parker's Ferry, a few miles above Jacksonborough, in Colleton District, by a
British force of five hundred men, under Major Fraser. That officer's camp was at the
ferry. Marion prepared an ambuscade, and then sent out some of his swiftest horses with
experienced riders to decoy his enemy into the snare. Fraser, with his cavalry, fell into
the ambuscade in a narrow place, and w-as terribly handled. b The sure rifles of b Aug. 30.
Marion's men thinned his ranks, and had not their ammunition failed them, they l™1-
would have accomplished a complete victory. For the want of powder, they were obliged
to retire at the moment when the palm was offered to them. The loss of the British was
severe, while Marion was not bereft of a man. He had succeeded in rescuing Harden, and
as we have seen (page 193), obedient to the call of Greene, hastened toward the Santee and
joined the American army at Laurens's plantation^ when pressing on toward Eu- c gept -
taw. After the great battle at that place, and his pursuit of Stewart, Marion en- 1~61-
camped in the deep recesses of a cane-brake on Santee River Swamp, and awaited an oc-
casion again to go forth to action.
The British commander, ignorant of the weakened condition of Marion's brigade,1 and
the great diminution of Greene's army, was alarmed when he was informed that the latter
had crossed the Congaree, and was again pressing on toward Eutaw. He struck his tents
and hastened toward Charleston. Perceiving this movement, Greene left his army while
on its march from the Santee Hills, and at the head of two hundred cavalry and as many
infantry moved rapidly toward Charleston. The garrison at Dorchester, more than six
hundred strong, advised of his approach, went out to meet him. But so sudden and vig-
orous was the charge of Colonel Hampton, of the advance, that the enemy wheeled and fled
in great confusion to their camp. Believing the whole army of Greene to be near, they
destroyed all the public property, cast their cannons into the Ashley, and then fled toward
Charleston, closely pursued. At the Quarter-house tluy were joined by Stewart's forces,
retreating by another road, and all hastened to the city gates. Terror spread through the
town. The bells were rung, alarm guns were fired, and every friend of the crown was
called to the defense of the city. Greene's object was accomplished ; the British outposts
were driven in, and he hastened to join his army, now encamped at Round O, not far from
the Four Holes' Creek, forty or fifty miles from the city. Marion and his men lingered
around the head waters of the Cooper to watch the enemy, and prevent his incursions be-
yond Charleston Neck. St. Clair had driven the British from Wilmington, and only Charles-
1 After the battle at Eutaw, Marion was re-enforced by detachments of mountain men. under Colonels
Shelby and Sevier, the heroes of King's Mountain, and with them he confidently took the field. He attack-
ed the British outpost at Fairlawn, while the main body, under Stewart, were encamped behind redoubts at
Wappetaw and YVantoot. The attack upon Fairlawn was successful. The garrison, and three, hundred
stand of arms, with provisions and stores, were the spoils of victory. Encouraged by this success, Marion
prepared for other enterprises, when the Mountaineers, after about three weeks' service, suddenly left him
and returned to the upper country. Xu satisfactory reason for this movement has ever been given.
570 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
.liliuhuient of Civil Government Change in public Sentiment. Waning of British power. Mutiny.
ton and .Savannah, with their respective dependencies, now remained in undisputed possession
of t lie Royalists.
Governor Rutledge, with his accustomed energy, now prepared to re-establish civil gov-
ernment. He first offered conditional pardon to Tories and others who should join the
American army. Hundreds came from the British lines and eagerly accepted the govem-
imency. Writs for an election of representatives were issued, and in January, 1782,
a Republican Legislature convened at Jacksonborough, on the Edisto, thirty-five miles be-
low Charleston.
Hope dawned upon the future of the South, and the bowed head of Republicanism was
lifted up. General Leslie, the chief commandant in Charleston, perceived the change in
the aspect of affairs, with alarm, and sent out proclamations, filled with promises and men-
aces, to counteract the movements of the patriots. It was too late. The people perceived
the waning of British power as the area of its action was diminished, and promises and
threats were alike unheeded. The army of Greene drew near to Jacksonborough, and en-
camped upon the Charleston road, six miles below the town. Thus protected, the Legis-
lature acted freely and judiciously, and from that time the civil power met with no ob-
structions.
John's Island was yet occupied by the enemy, under the command of Major Craig, who
had been driven from Wilmington. Greene resolved to expel them. An expedition for the
purpose was intrusted to Lieutenant-colonel Laurens, a son of Henry Laurens, who had
lately come from the field of victory at Yorktown. Lee was his second in command. An
attempt was made, on the night of the thirteenth of January,11 to surprise and capture
the garrison of five hundred men, but the miscarriage of a part of their plan deprived
them of their anticipated victory. Yet the design was not abandoned. A large body of
Greene's army moved forward, and Craig, taking counsel of his fears, abandoned the island.
and fled, with his troops, to Charleston. A few prisoners, and provisions and stores of the
camp, were the spoils of victory. Still further secure, the Legislature now labored indus-
triously and without fear. Confiscation laws were enacted ; the currency was regulated ;
general laws for the future government of the state were adopted ; and a bill was origin-
ated for presenting to General Greene, in consideration of his services, the sum of ten thou-
sand guineas.1 They closed their labors by electing John Matthews governor.
From this time until the evacuation of Charleston, military operations were confined to
attempts on the part of the British to procure supplies from the country, and opposition
thereto by the patriots. In these operations, Marion's brigade was conspicuous. Elected
to a seat in the Assembly at Jacksonborough, he left it in command of Colonel Horry,
Previous to his departure, he had a severe skirmish, near Monk's Corner, with three hundred
regulars and Loyalists, who came up from Charleston to surprise him. He repulsed them,
but soon afterward, while he was absent, a larger force, under Colonel Thompson (the cel-
ebrated Count Rumford, subsequently), attacked his brigade near the Santee. Fortunately,
he arrived during the engagement, but not in time to prevent the defeat and partial dis-
persion of his beloved troops. The remnant of his brigade rallied around him, and he re-
tired beyond the Santee to reorganize and recruit.
The main armies continued quiet. Each felt too weak to attempt to disturb the other.
Leslie's condition was far worse than Greene's. Confined within the city, provisions soon
became scarce, while the flight of Tories to the town increased the demand. Greene had
ample provisions, and moving forward, encamped near the head of the Ashley, within twenty
miles of the enemy's lines. Unable to damage the Americans in warfare, the British em-
ployed stratagem and bribery to weaken their power. Emissaries came into camp, and a
mutinous spirit was engendered. A scheme was planned to abduct Greene, and convey
him to Charleston. It was discovered twenty-four hours before it ripened, and was crushed.
The conspirators were of the Pennsylvania line. Gornell, the lender, was executed, and
1 This example was imitated by the Legislatures of North Carolina and Georgia. The former voted
him five thousand guineas, and the latter twenty-four thousand acres of land.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 571
Operations of a Spy. War declared en de A !>>• Parliament Abduction of Governor Burke.
lour of his known companions in crime were sent, guarded, up to Orangeburg. The d
of discord was seen no more, and the British made no further attempts to arouse it.
Early in April, Marion, with a considerable force, was sent to "keep watch and ward"
ever the country between the Cooper and Santee Rivers. A Scotchman, pretending to be
a deserter, came out from the city, visited Marion, and passed on unsuspected toward the
Scotch settlements on the Fedee. Soon an insurrection appeared in that quarter, and Ma-
rion was informed that Major Gainey, for the third time, was gathering the Tories. The
pretended deserter was a spy, and, by false representations of the power of the British and
weakness of the Americans, he called the Highlanders to arms. The spy was caught and
hanged while returning to Charleston, and before Gainey could organize his recruits, Ma-
rion fell upon him. More than five hundred Loyalists laid down their arms, and Gainey,
thoroughly humbled, joined the ranks of Marion.'
While the theater of war was thus narrowing, British statesmen of all parties, consider-
ing the capture of Cornwallis and his army as the death-blow to all hope lor future con-
quests, turned their attention to measures for an honorable termination of the unnatural
war. General Conway, the firm and long-tried friend of the Americans, offered a resolu-
tion in Parliament in February. a which was preliminary to the enactment of a de-
cree for commanding the cessation of hostilities. It was lost by only one vole. Thus
encouraged, the opposition pressed the subject warmly upon the attention of the House of
Commons and the nation, and on the fourth of March, Conway moved "That the House
would consider as enemies to his majesty and the country all those who should advise, or
by any means attempt, the further prosecution of offensive war on the Continent of North
America." The resolution was carried without a division, and the next day the attorney
general introduced a plan for a truce with the Americans. Lord North, alter an admin-
istration of affairs, as prime minister, for twelve years, finding himself in the minority, re-
signed the seals of office." Orders for a cessation of hostilities speedily went forth tM,r,.n .->„
1o the British commanders in America, and preparations were soon made lor evac-
uating the cities of Savannah and Charleston.
When General Leslie was apprised of these proceedings in Parliament, he proposed to
General Greene a cessation of hostilities in the South. That officer, like a true soldier, re-
lused to meddle in civil affairs, and referred the matter to the Continental Congress, the
only competent tribunal to decide. Of course there must be a delay of several weeks, and
while no important military movement was made by the main army of either party, each
was as vigilant as if an active campaign was in progn --
On the thirteenth of August, Leslie, in general orders, declared his intention of evacua-
ting Charleston, and sent a flag to Greene with a request that he might be allowed to re-
ceive and purchase supplies from the planters.' Greene refused his acquiescence, for it
' Among the insurgents was the notorious David Fanning, a Loyalist of North Carolina. He was one
of the most desperate and brutal of the Tory leaders, and at one time had command of almost a th
marauders like himself. He became a terror to the people of central North Carolina. He captured many
leading Whigs, and took them to Craig, ;it Wilmington. On
the thirteenth of September, 1781, he and his associate, Hectoi
y M'Neil, with their followers, entered Hillsborough, carried off
- j^y. yd? O the governor. Thomas Burke.* and other prominent Whigs, and
^t^C^^4rC^\_y hastened with them toward Wilmington. They were inter-
cepted by a party under General Butler, and ■ :rmish
ensued at Lindley's Mill, on Cane Creek. Fanning was wounded, but successfully retreated with his pris-
oners to Wilmington. After the defeat here mentioned, on the Pedee, Fanning went to Charleston, and ac-
companied the Tories who fled to Nova Scotia, where he died in 1825.
2 Greene's army now covered a fertile district, where wealth abounded, and prevented foraging and
* Thomas Burke was one of the purest patriots of the South. He was a native of Ireland ; came in early life to Virginia,
and in 1774 settled as practicing lawyer, in Hillsborough, North Carolina. He was one of the earliest Republican legislators
in the state. He was a meml>er of Uie Provincial Congress at Halifax in 177G, and of the Continental Congress, from 1777 til;
1781, when he was chosen governor of his state. After his capture by Fanning, he was sent to Charleston, and kept closely
guarded, upon John's Island, when Craig commanded there. He escaped, and in 17P2 resumed his official duties. He died at
Hillsborouuh in 17c3.
572 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
British attempts to collect Provisions. Vigilance of Greene. Skirmishes on the Combahee. Death of Laurens
would tend to nourish a viper, perhaps yet disposed to sting. Leslie replied that he should
obtain supplies by force, for it was necessary to have them before putting to sea. This
menace gave activity to the camp of Greene, for he resolved to oppose with spirit every
attempt of the enemy to penetrate the country. General Gist, with a strong force, was ad-
vanced to the Stono, and spread defensive corps, under good officers, southward to the Com-
bahee, while Marion was instructed to keep watch over the region of the Lower Santee.
Rapidly, and in wide circuits, that partisan, with his cavalry, scoured the region between
the Sampit and the Santee, and sometimes he would sweep down the country, all the way
to Cainhoy and Haddrell's Point. Some warm skirmishes occurred, but he effectually
kept the enemy at bay in that quarter.
Anxious to leave Charleston, where famine stood menacing the army and civilians, Leslie
resolved to make a bold effort to penetrate the country by the Combahee, for little could
be effected in the region guarded by Marion. He accordingly sent a large party thither in
armed boats and schooners, where they arrived on the 25th of August, and passed up di-
rectly toward the head of the stream. Gist, with about three hundred cavalry and infant-
ry, hastened to oppose the invaders, leaving Colonel Laurens with a guard near Wappoo,
to watch the movements of the enemy in Charleston. Laurens, burning with a desire for
active service, left a sick-bed and followed Gist. He overtook him upon the north bank
of the Combahee, near the ferry, and at his earnest solicitation he was detached to the ex-
treme end of Chehaw Neck, to garrison a small redoubt cast up there for the purpose of
annoying the British when they should return down the river. With fifty light infantry,
,A st26 some matrosses, and a howitzer, Laurens moved down the river, a and halted
'•"-' at the house of Mrs. Stock, within a short distance of the point. At three
o'clock in the morning he resumed his march. He had proceeded but a short distance,
when a picket of the enemy was perceived, and at the same moment a large detachment,
which lay concealed in the high fennel grass, arose and delivered a murderous fire. They
had been informed of the march of Laurens, and landing on the north shore of the Comba-
hee, concealed themselves in ambush by the road side. Laurens saw the danger of a re-
treat, and had no alternative but to surrender or fight. His brave spirit could not brook
the former, and leading the way, he made an energetic charge upon the foe. The step was
fatal to the young commander ; he fell at the first fire. Captain Smith of the artillery was
also slain, the howitzer was seized by the enemy, and the whole American force turned and
fled in confusion. The fugitives were pursued a short distance, when Gist, with a consid-
erable force, confronted the victors. They recoiled fur a moment, but soon recovered, and
a severe combat ensued. The British fell back to their boats, and the field of strife was
the field of victory for the Americans ; yet it was dearly won. Many unnamed patriots
fell, and in the death of Laurens the country lost one of its most promising men.1 The
plundering where the enemy had generally found the best supplies. Perceiving their homes thus secured,
many of the families returned from exile, and every where the board of hospitality was wide spread to their
deliverers. The rugged features of war were soon changed by the refinements of social life, and the sol-
diers, who had been battling for years among desolated homes or the dark wilderness, felt that a paradise
was gained. The wife of General Greene reached his camp at the close of March, and was every where
■ •arossed. The officers were greeted at numerous social gatherings, and the charms of many a fair daughter
of the sunny South subdued hearts which never quailed before an enemy. In the district occupied by the
army, were many wealthy, beautiful, and accomplished women, and "many," says Johnson, in his Life of
Greene, " were the matrimonial connections to which this period gave rise between the olficcrs of the army
and the heiresses of Carolina and Georgia."
' Inhn Laurens was a s' hi of Henry Laurens, president of the Continental Congress in 1777. He joined
the army early in 1777, and was wounded in the battle at Germantown. He continued in the army (with
the exception of a few months), under the immediate command of Washington, until after the surrender of
Cornwallis, in which '-vent he was a conspicuous participant as one of the commissioners appointed to ar-
range the terms. Early in 1782, he was sent on a special mission to France, to solicit a loan of money
io procure arms. He was successful, and on his return received the thanks of Congress. Within
three days after bis arrival in Philadelphia, he had settled all matters with Congress, and departed for the
army in the South, under Greene. There he did good sendee, and svas killed on the Combahee, on the
twenty-seventh of August, 1781, when he was but twenty-nine years of age. Washington, who made
OF THE REVOLUTION. 573
Laat Blood shed in the Revolution. Evacuation of Charleston. Revolutionary Legalities near
British succeeded in carrying ofl'a large quantity of provisions and plunder from the Com-
bahee, and from Beaufort and the neighboring islands. They made no other attempt to
procure supplies, but applied themselves diligently to preparations for leaving Charleston.
Kosciuszko, who was placed in command of Laurens's corps, watched Charleston Neck, and
detachments guarded the passes of the Stono. In this latter service the last blood of the
Revolution was shed."
The evacuation of Charleston took place on the fourteenth of December. a' Leslie
* 178'-
had leveled the walls of Charleston and demolished Fort Johnson, and on the morn-
bag of the thirteenth, the American army crossed the Ashley, and slowly approached tho
city, according to previous arrangements with Leslie. At daylight the next morning the
British marched to Gadsden's Wharf, and embarked. At eleven o'clock an American
detachment took formal possession of the town, and at three in the afternoon General
Greene escorted Governor Mathews and other civil officers to the Town Hall. From win-
dows, balconies, even housetops, the troops were greeted with cheers, waving of handker-
chiefs, and cries, " God bless you, gentlemen ! Welcome ! welcome !" Before night the
British squadron (about three hundred sail) crossed the bar, and the last speck of canvas
of that hostile array glittered far out upon the ocean in the parting beams of the sun that
evening. The cool starry night which succeeded was one of great joy to the people, and
the dawn of the morrow was that of a long and bright day for the emancipated state.
Generosity succeeded revengeful feelings ; confiscation acts were repealed ; Loyalists were
forgiven, on repentance, and those who had adhered to royal rule as the least of two evils,
rejoiced in the glories of the happy days of freedom and prosperity which succeeded.
Here let us close the chronicles of the war in the Southern States, and depart for the
North.
On the morning of the day when I departed from Charleston^ the sun came b Janllary g,,
up from the sea bright and unclouded, and I could not have wished for a love- '-'
lier day to visit places of note in Charleston and vicinity. I had already been out to the
Lines, and the old ship-yard and magazines on Cooper Piiver, with Reverend Dr. Smythe
The scars of the former are yet visible in several places upon the Neck, and a portion of
the citadel, a remnant of the " horn work," survives the general wreck of the military
works about Charleston. It was just at sunset when we passed through a beautiful avenue
of live oaks, draped with moss, to view the ruins of the magazines and officers' quarters
among thick shrubbery and tangled vines near the banks of the river, about four miles above
the city. A little to the northwest of these ruins is an ancient burial-ground, on the verge
of a deep morass. The tall trees, pendent moss, silent ruins, and deep shadows of night fast
hovering over the scene, gave the place a tinge of romance, thrilling and sad. On our way
to this interesting spot we turned aside, about a mile and a half nearer the town, to view
a venerable and lordly magnolia, under whose spreading branches tradition avers Gen-
eral Lincoln held a council of officers during the siege in 1780. Incredible as it may ap-
hira his aiJ, loved him as a child. He declared that he could discover no fault in him, unless it was in-
trepidity, bordering on rashness. "Poor Laurens," wrote Greene, '-has fallen in a paltry little skirmish.
Vuu knew his temper, and I predicted his fate. The love of military glory made him seek it upon occa-
sions unworthy his ranlc. The state will feel. his loss.:' He was buried upon the plantation of Mrs. Stock.
in whose family he spent the evening previous to his death in cheerful conversation. A small inelosure,
without a stone, marks his grave.
1 Captain WUmot, a brave young officer, who commanded a company detailed for the purpose of cov
ering John's Island, impatient of inaction, often crossed the river to harass British foraging parties on the
inland. While engaged in one of these excursions, in company with Koseiuszko, he fell into an ambus-
cade and was killed. This occurred in September, 1782, and was, it is believed, the last life sacrificed in
battle.
- Preparatory to the evacuation, commissioners were appointed to make arrangements to prevent the
carrying away of slaves on the departure of the British. All was made satisfactory ; but the promises of
the enemy were shamefully violated. Moultrie says that more than eight hundred slaves, employed on
the works in the city, were sent to the West Indies and sold. It has been estimated that between the
years 1775 and 1783 the state of South Carolina was robbed of twenty-five thousand negroes, valued at
about twelve million five hundred thousand dollars.
5 1 I
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
"Destruction of tiio "Council Tree."
Departure from Charleston.
Wilmington.
British Occupation there.
pear, the owner of the land, and of the house shaded by the tree wherein he and his mother
were born, had just felled it for fire-wood. Instead of being its destroyer, who, in like cir-
cumstances, would not have been its defender ? and when rude hands were laid upon it, would
not have exclaimed,
" Woodman, spare that tree !
Touch not a single bough !
In youth it sheltered me.
And I'll protect it now.
'Twas my forefather's hand
That placed it near his cot ;
There, woodman, let it stand,
Thy ax shall harm it not ! " — Morris.
I sketched the venerable house near by, the property of Col
onel William Cummington during the llevolution, and mark-
ing the position of the stump of the magnolia, preserved for
posterity a sketch of what tradition calls the Council Tin.
The Council Tree.
with its surroundings.
It was on the bright and balmy day of my departure that I visited Sullivan's Island, and
made the sketch printed on page 551. From thence I crossed over to Haddrell's Point
(now Point Pleasant), and after passing an hour there, where so many of the brave patriots
of South Carolina suffered a long imprisonment, I returned by steam-boat to the city.
There are no remains of revolutionary fortifications at Point Pleasant, and it is now famous
in the minds of the citizens of Charleston only as a delightful summer resort.
At three o'clock in the afternoon I left Charleston for home, in a steam-packet bound to
Wilmington, bearing with me many mementoes of the war lor independence at the South,
and filled with pleasing recollections of a journey of several weeks among the inhabitants
of that sunny land where I had enjoyed the hospitality and kindness of true Republicans,
keenly alive to the reflected glory of their patriot fathers, and devotedly attached to the free
institutions of our common country, the fruits of a happy union.
The waters of the harbor were unruffled by a breeze, and I anticipated a delightful voyatre
to the Cape Fear ; but as the city and fortifications receded, and we crossed the bar to the
broad bosom of the Atlantic, we found it heaving with long, silent undulations, the effects
of the subsiding anger of a storm. Sea-sickness came upon me, and I went supperless to
my berth, where I remained until we were fairly within the mouth of the Cape Fear, at
Smith's Island, on the following morning. The low wooded shores of Carolina approached
nearer and nearer, and at eight o'clock we landed at the ancient town of Wilmington, on
the eastern side of the Cape Fear.
I contemplated spending a day at Wilmington, but circumstances requiring me to hasten
homeward, I was there only during the hour while waiting for the starting of the rail-way
cars for the North. I had but little opportunity to view the town, where republicanism
was most rife on the sea-board of North Carolina before and during the Revolution ; but by
the kindness of friends there, especially of Edward Kidder, Esq., I am enabled to give, tra-
ditionally and pictorially all that I could have possibly obtained by a protracted visit.
Already I have noticed many stirring events here during the earlier years of the war ; it
now remains for me to notice only the British occupation.
When, toward the close of 1780, Corn-
wallis prepared to move from his encamp-
ment at Winnsborough, toward North
Carolina, he directed Colonel Balfour, at
Charleston, to dispatch a sufficient force
to take possession of Wilmington, that he
might have a sea-port for supplies, while
in that state. Major James II. Craig (who
was governor general of Canada in 1807) was sent with four hundred regulars to perform
<»K THE REVOLUTION.
Craij at Wilmington.
His Flight.
Journey Homeward.
Arrivnl in New York.
y}'^
CoHNWALLIS's IlKAD O.CARTKHS.*
that service. He took possession of the town without much resistance, toward the close of
January. 17S1. He immediately fortified himself, using the Episcopal church, a strong brick
edifice (of the front of which the engraving is a correct view), for a
citadel. Craig held undisturbed possession of Wilmington until the
arrival of Cornwallis, on the seventh of April, after his battle with
Greene, at Guilford. He remained in Wilmington, with his shattered
armv.eighteen days, to recruit and to determine upon his future course.
His residence was on the corner of Market and Third Streets, now
(1852) the dwelling of Doctor T. II. Wright. Apprised of Greene's
church. march toward Camden, and hoping to draw him away from Rawdon,
then encamped there, Cornwallis marched into Virginia, and joined the forces of Arnold and
Phillips at Petersburg. The subsequent movements of
the earl, until his surrender at Yorktown, have been de-
tailed in former chapters.
Major Craig held possession of Wilmington until the
autumn of 1 7b 1 , when, informed of the surrender of Corn-
wallis, and the approach of St. Clair on his way to join
Greene, he abandoned Wilmington and fled to Charleston.
This was the only post in North Carolina held by the
British, and with the flight of Craig all military operations
ceased within its borders.1
The rail-way from Wilmington to Weldon, on the Roanoke, a distance of one hundred
and sixty-two miles, passes through a level pine region, where little business is done, except
gathering of turpentine and the manufacture of tar. It was a dreary day's ride, for on
every side were interminable pine forests, dotted with swamps and traversed by numerous
streams, all running coastward. We crossed the Neuse at Goldsborough, eighty-five miles
north of Wilmington, and the Tar at Rocky Mount, forty miles further. At sunset we
passed Halifax,' near the falls of the Roanoke, and arrived at Weldon at dark. The morn-
ing was uncomfortably warm ; the evening was damp and chilly ; and when we arrived at
Richmond the next morning, two hundred and forty miles north of Wilmington, a cold rain
was falling, and every thing was incrusted with ice. I tarried a day at Richmond, another
at Washington City, and on the fourth of February3 I sat by mv own fireside in the
city of New York, after an absence of about eleven weeks, and a journey of almost
three thousand miles. There my long and interesting tour ended, except an occasional
"journey of a day" to some hallowed spot in its vicinity. God, in his providence, dealt
kindly with me, in all that long and devious travel, for I did not suffer sickness for an hour,
and no accident befell me on the way.
1 This church was demolished in 1841, and upon its site a new Protestant Episcopal church now stands.
5 This is from a pencil sketch, by Mr. Charles Burr, of Wilmington.
3 At Elizabeth. hi;;her up on the Cape Fear, in Bladen county, quite a severe battle was fought in July,
1781, between a few refugee Whigs, under Colonel Thomas Brown, and a body of Tories. The Whigs
lorded the Cape Fear after dark, and before midnight were in deadly conflict with the Tories. Th>- sur-
prise was complete, and the yi This bold act crushed Tory ascendency in that
of the state. I received from the venerable Dr. De Rosset, of Wilmington, an interesting account of a
gallant affair on the part of the Americans at a place called "The Oaks," near Wilmington; in which he.
though a lad, participated. I rejiret the want of space that precludes the possibilitv of giving the narra-
tive here. Like many other similar details, the local historian musi make the record. Dr. De Rosset is
a son, I believe, of the mayor of that name mentioned on pr\«e 362. I have also received (too late for in-
sertion), from the venerable A. M. Hooper, of Crawford. Alabama, an interesting sketch of the public life
of William Hill, an active patriot of Cape Fear, of whom Josiah Qnincy in his journal 1 1773). said " though
a crown officer, a man replete with sentiments of general liberty, and warmly attached to the cause of
American freedom. "
* Here the Provincial Congress of North Carolina met on the fourth of April, 1776. and took precedence
of all similar assemblies in action favorable to independence. It was at Halifax that Cornwallis crossed
the Roanoke (see page 311), while on his march to Virginia, in May, 1781.
57G PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
.New Yor* and its Associations- First Settlement on Manhattan Island. DuU'h West India Company
CHAPTER XXII.
Hail, mighty city ! High must be his fame
Who round thy bounds at sunrise now should walk ;'
Still wcrt thou lovely, whatsoe'r thy name,
New Amsterdam, New Orange, or New York ;
Whether in cradle sleep in sea-weed laid,
Or on thine island throne in queenly power arrayed."
Mrs. Sigoukney.
TSTOPiJCAL associations of the deepest interest, colonial and revolution-
ary, cluster around the city of New York and its immediate vicinity.
Mere was planted one of the earliest of the European settlements in the
New World ; and during the march of progress for more than a
century and a half, from the advent of the Half Moon3- before Man-
hattan, until the departure of the last vestige of foreign dominion from its
shores, b the events of its history bear important relations to the gen-
eral structure of our republic. Here, when the colonies lifted the
strong arm of resistance against an unnatural mother, the military power of the latter first
raised a permanent standard. Here was the central point of that power during almost the
entire period of the conflict which ensued ; and here it lingered longest when the conflict
was ended. Here the last great act of the drama of the Revolution was performed, when
the first President of the United States was inaugurated, and the machinery of our Federal
government was put in motion. Liberty in America was born at Plymouth, cradled in
Boston, and baptized in Philadelphia ; in New York it was inaugurated Pontifex Maxi-
w.ws, and its Liturgy — the Constitution — accepted as the expression of the common senti-
ment of a free people.
Volumes have been written concerning the colonial history of New York ; I shall devote
only a few pages to the same theme, in addition to that which has already been given in
this work. We have glanced at colonial and revolutionary events north of the Hudson
Highlands ; let us now open the chronicles of the city and vicinity.
A few months after the return of Henry Hudson to Europe, with intelligence of his dis-
covery of the beautiful island of Manhattan2 and the river bearing his name, some Dutch
traders sailed up the bay and planted their tents near the spot where now flourish the
stately trees of the Battery. Hudson, being in the employment of the Dutch East India
Company, the States General of Holland claimed political and territorial jurisdiction over
a vast extent of country more than that watered by the river discovered by Hudson. Ship
followed ship with adventurers from Holland, and as deep in the wilderness as Albany they
planted trading stations. A Dutch West India Company was formed, a clothed
with all the elementary powers of government, and furnished with a charter giving
them territorial dominion over the shores of two continents, without the least regard to the
1 While the Dutch possessed the city, after its recapture in 1673, it was the duty of the mayor to walk
round the city every morning at sunrise, unlock all the gates, and then give the keys to the commander
of the fort. The walls or palisades extended from the East River, across Broadway to the corner of Grace
and Lumber Streets, along the line of the present Wall Street. From the most westerly point, they con-
tinued along the brow of the high bank of the Hudson to the fort, near the present Battery.
2 According to Heckewelder, this Indian word signifies place of drunkenness, a name given to the spot
fourscore years before, when Verrazani landed there, and at a council of the natives gave them strong
liquor and made them drunk. The place and the local tribe were afterward called Manhattan and Man-
ins.
OF THE REV O I, U T I 0 N.
577
The Patroon System.
Goverinurii! Gatabli
Trade of the People.
Governor Stuyveaant.
existing settlements of the English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The history of this company
is instructive, Imt we must forbear.
A new system was adopted in 1 G29. Patroons came,1 and women and children were
brought to form the basis of a permanent colony. The new domain was called New Neth-
erlands, and the settlement on Manhattan, the germ of the present city of New York, was
named New Amsterdam. The chief trade of the people was in the skins of the bear, otter,
and raccoon ; and soon the New Kiiglanders complained that Dutch trappers were seen even
as far eastward as Narraganset Bay. Tales of the beauty and fertility of the New World
were poured into the ears of the Dutch and Germans. Their neighbors, the Swedes, caught
the whisper, came over the sea, and seated themselves upon the banks of the Delaware
Jealousy begat lends, and fends engendered conflicts, and Christian people spilled each others
blood in the sight of the heathen.
When government for the new colony was ordained, Teter Mimiits was sent as director
general, a' and during his ad-
ministration, and that
of his successors, \ an
Twiller and Kieft, the settle-
ments increased, yet trouble
with the Swedes and Indians
abounded.3 The governors
were weak men, as states-
men, and possessed no mili
tary talent. Not so the suc-
cessor of Kieft, Petrus Stuy-
vesant, a military command-
er of renown ; a man of dig-
nity, honest and
true. He concil-
iated the Indians ;*
made honorable
treaties respecting
boundaries with
b 1653
tiecticut, and by a prompt-
ly executed military expedi-
tion,0 he crushed the
rising power of the
Swedes on the Delaware,'
and warned Lord Baltimore
not to attempt an extension
of his boundary line too far
northward. Yet, with all
his virtues, Stuyvesant was
an aristocrat. His education
and pursuit made him so ;
and wherever the feeble plant
of democracy,
which now began
to spring up in
New Amsterdam,
lifted its petals, he
planted the heel
of arbitrary power
t he people of Con-
upon it. Watered by Van der Donck, and a few Puritans who had strayed into the Dutch
domain, it flourished, nevertheless, and at length it bore fruit. Two deputies from each
village in New Netherlands, chosen by the people, met in council in New Am- c December,
sterdam0, without the governor's permission. This first popular assembly offended
the chief magistrate, and for five years animosity was allowed to fester in the public mind,
while Stuytresailt opposed the manifest will of the people. They finally resisted taxes,
scorned his menaces, and even expressed a willingness to bear English rule for the sake of
enjoying English liberty.
See vol. i., p. 391. The chief patroons, or patrons, who first came, were Killian van Ken elaei
Samuel Godyn. Samuel Bloemart, and Michael Paw. Godyn ami Bloemart purchased lands on the Dela-
ware, Van Rensselaer at Albany, and Paw in New Jersey, from lloboken to the Kills. Livingston, Phk-
lipse. Van Cortland, and others came afterward.
s This year a company of Walloons came from Holland and settled upon the land around the present
Navy Yard at Brooklyn. There, on the seventh of June, Sarah Rapelje, the first white child horn in New
Netherlands, made her advent.
1 Dishonest traders changed friendly Indians to deadly foes. Conflicts ensued, and, to cap the climax ol
iniquity, Kieft caused scores of men, women, and children, who had asked his protection against the Mo-
hawks, to be murdered at midnight, on the banks of the Hudson, at Hohoken. This act awakened the
tierce ire of the tribes far in the wilderness, and caused the settlers vast and complicated trouble.
4 Because of his honorable treatment of the natives, and their attachment to him, the Now Engianders
charged him with a design to exterminate the English by Indian instrumentality.
' fii e vol. i . page 386.
II. Oo
,J78 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
New Netherlands seized by the English. Disappointment of the People. Governor Stuyvesant. New Jersej
A crisis approached. Charles the Second, without any pretense to title, gave the terri-
tory of New Netherlands to his brother James, duke of York.a The duke sent
an English squadron under Richard Nicolls to secure the gift, and on the third
of September, 1664, the red cross of St. George floated in triumph over the fort, and the
name of New Amsterdam was changed to New York.1 It was an easy conquest, for the
people were not unwilling. Stuyvesant began to make concessions when it was too late,
and his real strength, the will of the people, had departed from him. Although they dis-
liked him as a ruler, they loved him as a man, and in his retirement upon his Bowerie
(arm,2 near the city, he passed the remainder of his days in quiet, honored and respected
by all.
Nicolls, the conqueror, assumed the functions of governor.3 He changed the form of
laws, but the despotic spirit remained. The people were disappointed, and felt that they
had only changed one tyranny for another. Nicolls filled his pockets from the people's
purses, departed, and was succeeded by Francis Lovelace, who developed new schemes of
taxation, that the people should " have liberty for no thought," as he expressed it, " but
how to discharge them." The people did think of something else, and were on the verge
of open rebellion, when the clouds of national war overshadowed local difficulties. England
and Holland were at variance, and in July, 1673, a Dutch squadron sailed up the Bay of
New York, and, without firing a shot, took possession of the fort and town. The easy con-
1 The fort was built of Holland brick, and was finished in 1635. It stood on high ground on the sile
of the row of brick houses southeast of the Bowling Green, and was capacious enough to contain the gov-
ernor's house, a small church, and to accommodate three hundred soldiers. It was called Fort Amster-
dam. On its surrender to the English, it was called Fort James ; during the Dutch occupation again,
in 1673, it was called Fort William Hendrick ; then again Fort James; on the accession of William
and Mary, it was called Fort Orange; and finally, it was named Fort George, when Anne, who married
Prince George of Denmark, ascended the English throne. It retained that name until it was demolished in
1790-91.
2 Governor Stuyvesant retired from active life after the surrender to the English, and lived in quiet dig-
nity upon his " Bowerie" estate, a short distance from the city, during the remainder of his life.* Stuy-
vesant was a native of Holland, horn in 1602, and was forty-five years of age when he came to rule New
Netherlands. Soon after his arrival, he married Judith Bayard, daughter of a Huguenot, by whom he had
two sons. After the capture by the English, he went to Holland (1665) to report to his superiors, and this
was his last ocean voyage. With his little family he enjoyed the repose of agricultural pursuits, within
sight of the smoke of the city, which curled above the tree-tops- along the " Bowerie Lane." Upon his
farm (on the site of the present Church of St. Mark's), he built a chapel, at his own expense, and dedicated
it to the worship of God according to the rituals of the Reformed Dutch Church. He lived eighteen years
after the change in the government, and at his death was buried in his vault within the chapel. Over his
remains was placed a slab (which may still be seen in the eastern wall of St. Mark's), with the following
inscription : "In this vault lies buried Petrus Stuyvesant, late captain general and commander-in-chief
of Amsterdam, in New Netherlands, now called New York, and the Dutch West India Islands. Died in
August, A.D. 1682, aged eighty years."
3 The dismemberment of the New Netherlands speedily followed the English Conquest. James sold to
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the domains included within the present limits of New Jersey.
Many privileges were offered to settlers, and the new province flourished. Berkeley finally sold his moiety
to a party of Quakers, among whom was William Penn. The province was divided into East and West
Jersey. The latter was assigned to the Quakers. In 1682, the heirs of Carteret sold his share to Quakers,
among whom, again, was William Penn, and all the territory became an asylum for the persecuted. The
ownership of the Jerseys proved a bad speculation, and in 1702 the proprietors surrendered them to the
crown. They were united, and for a while were under the jurisdiction of the governor of New York, yet
having a distinct Legislative Assembly. New Jersey was separated from New York in 1738, and re-
mained a distinct province until she assumed the position of a sovereign state in 1776.
* Governor Stuyvesant' 6 house was built of small yellow brick, imported from Holland, and stood near
the present St. Mark's chureh, between the Second and Third Avenues. I saw his well in 1851, in a vacant
lot between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, nearly on a line with the rear of St. Mark's. A fine brick build
ing now (1855) covers the Bpot. A pear-tree, imported from Holland in lfi47, by Stuyvesant, and planted
in his L-arden, yrt nourishes on the corner of Thirteenth Street nnd Third Avenue, the only living relic
which preserves the memory of the renowned Dutch governor. I saw it in May, 1851, white with bios
soma, a patriarch two hundred and seven years of age, standing in the midst of strangers, crowned witl
the hoary honors of age and clustered with wonderful associations. An iron railing protects it, and it ma}
survive a century longer. Pear-tube.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 579
Leisler Chief Magistrate. His Persecution and Death. Suppression of Piracy. Captain K
quest was the work of treason, yet, as the royal libertine on the throne of England doubt-
less shared in the bribe, the traitor went unpunished. New Jersey and the settlements on
the Delaware yielded, and for a short period (from July, 1G73, until November, 167 1) New
York was again Now Netherlands.1
During the period of twenty-four years from the English Conquest, until the Revolution,
when James was driven from the throne, democratic ideas rapidly expanded, and 1664tol6eg
democratic principles worked powerfully in New York. When, early in 1689,
the people heard of the overthrow of the bigot James, and the accession of William and
Mary, they appointed a Committee of Safety, and with almost unanimous voice approved
the act of Jacob Leisler, the commander of the militia, in taking possession of the fort in
the name of the new Protestant sovereigns. Nicholson, the royal governor, departed, and
with the consent of the people Leisler assumed the reigns of local rule until the king should
appoint a successor. This whole movement was the spontaneous act of the people, in
their sovereign capacity of self-governors. The aristocracy were offended ; denounced Leis-
ler as a usurper ; and when Governor Sloughter came, they represented the popular leader
as an enemy to the king and queen. Never was a man more loyal than Jacob Leisler :
never was an accusation more false. His enemies resolved on his destruction, and succeeded.
Leisler and his son-in-law, Alilborne, were ar-
rested, tried under a charge of treason, and
condemned to be hung. Sloughter withheld
his signature to the death-warrants until the
leaders of the aristocracy made him drunk at
a dinner party. He then signed the fatal instrument, and before he was sober, ,Ma,
Leisler and Milbome were suspended upon a gallows* on the verge of Beekman's
Swamp, near the spot where Tammany Hall now stands. These were the proto-martvrs
of popular liberty in America.3
Governor Sloughter, a man " licentious in his morals, avaricious, and poor,"3 died of de-
lirium tremens two months after the death of Leisler, and was succeeded by Benjamin
Fletcher, another weak, dissolute man ; " a soldier of fortune." Fletcher became the tool
of the aristocracy, and with their aid attempted to establish Episcopacy in New York, and
make it the legal religion of the province. The popular Assembly was too strong for them,
and defeated the scheme. Earl Bellomont,4 who succeeded Fletcher in 1698, was a better
and a wiser man. Death removed him just as his more liberal policy was about to bear
fruit,b and Edward Hyde (afterward Lord Cornbury), a libertine and a knave, cursed b^^
the province with misrule for seven years, when the people successfully demanded his
recall. From that period until the arrival of William Cosby as governor, in 1732, the
royal representatives, unable to resist the will of the people, expressed by the popular As-
sembly, allowed democratic principles to grow and bear fruit. Rip van Dam, " a man of
the people," was acting governor when Cosby came. They soon quarreled, and two violent
parties arose ; the Democratic, who sided with Van Darn, and the Aristocratic, who sup-
1 For interesting papers connected with this event, see Documentary History of New York, ill., 80-99
inclusive; also Valentine's Manual of the Common Council of New York, 1852, p. 415-435 inclusive.
- Jacob Leisler was a native of Frankfort, in Germany. He came to America in 1660, anil after a
brief residence in Albany, he became a trader in New York. While on a voyage to Europe, he, wilh seven
others, was made a prisoner by the Turks, to whom he paid a high price for his ransom. Governor Don-
Tan appointed him one of the commissioners of the Court of Admiralty in 1683. In 1689, while exercising
the functions of governor, he purchased New Rochelle for the persecuted Huguenots. His death, by the
violence of his enemies, lighted an intense flame of party spirit, which burned for many long years.
Abraham Gouverneur, Leisler's secretarv, was condemned at the same time, but was pardoned. He
afterward married the widow of Milborne, and became the ancestor of the large and respectable family ol
Gouverneurs in this country, and its collateral branches. 3 Chief Justice Smith.
* It was during the administration of Bellomont, that efforts were made to suppress prevailing piracy.
The governor, Robert Livingston, and others, fitted out an expedition for the purpose, intrusted the com-
mand to the famous Captain Kidd, and were to share with him in all the profits arising from the capture
of piratical vessels. Kidd was hnn<r as a pirate in 1701. apparently the victim of a political conspiracy.
580 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Attempt to Muzzle the Press. Triumph of Democracy. The Negro Plot. Death of Sir Darners Ostorn.
ported the governor. Each party had a newspaper at command,1 and the war of words
raged violently. The governor finally ordered Zenger, the publisher of the paper opposed
to him, to be arrested on a charge of libel. After an imprisonment of thirty-five weeks,
Zenger was tried and acquitted by a jury. The excitement was intense; and, as on other
occasions, the heat of party zeal stimulated the growth of democratic ideas.2
The remarkable event in the history of judicial proceedings, known as The Negro Plot,
occurred in the city of New York in 1741. The idea became prevalent that numerous
negro slaves in the city had conspired to burn the town, murder the white people, and set
up a government under a man of their own color. A panic appeared to subvert all reason
and common sense, and before it was allayed, four white people were hanged ; eleven ne-
groes were burned, eighteen were hanged, and fifty were transported to the West Indies and
sold. All the local histories contain accounts of this affair in detail.
During the administration of George Clinton (of the family of the Earls of Lincoln), from
1743 till 1753, disputes ran high between the government and the people. Clinton's
haughty demeanor, exactions, and injudicious assumption of privileges, disgusted the people,
and they treated him with scorn. Clinton menaced them with punishments ; they defied
him, and boldly pronounced his conduct "arbitrary, illegal, and a violation of their rights."
Yielding to the democratic pressure, Clinton left the province, and was succeeded by Sir Dan-
vers Osborn, on whose goodness and integrity the people relied for quiet and just rule. Four
~ t 10 days after his accession* to office, he went down into the suicide's grave, s and his
i753- deputy, James Delancey, officiated as governor. The " Seven Years' War," now
kindling in Europe, and its counterpart in America, the " French and Indian War," ab-
sorbed public attention, and the local politics of New York became, in a measure, a second-
ary consideration with the people.4 In that war, the people of New York, like those ot
her sister colonies, perceived their true strength, and learned a lesson of vast importance to
them in the crisis which was now approaching. We have too often, in these volumes, con-
sidered the events which led to this crisis — the open resistance of the people to the supreme
government — to require a repetition here, except those circumstances of local interest which
marked the reception of the Stamp Act in New York.
When intelligence of the passage of the Stamp Act came over the sea, the people of New
York boldly avowed their opposition. Cadwallader Colden, s a venerable Scotchman of
1 The Democratic paper was published by John Peter Zenger, and was called The New York UK/,/;
Journal ; the aristocratic paper was published by William Bradford, formerly of Philadelphia (see page
>'- . and was called The New York Gazette. The latter was established in 1725, and the former in 1726.
Bradford had been in the printing business in New York since 1693. His was the first newspaper printed
in the colony.
- This was the first attempt in New York to muzzle the press. Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, was
Zenger's counsel ; and the people, to express their approbation of the verdict, entertained Hamilton at a
public dinner, and- the corporation presented him with the freedom of the city in a gold box. On his de-
parture, he was honored with lalutes of cannon.
3 The loss of his wife had preyed upon the cheerfulness of Osborn, and he had become almost a misan-
thrope. Dismayed by the cares and perplexities of office which he saw awaited him, he hung himself with
■ i handkerchief upon the garden fence of his residence.
4 We have already considered, in the first volume, the convention of colonial delegates at Albany in 1754,
and the part which New York took in the war which ensued, and continued until 1763.
5 Colden was one of the most active and useful of the public men of New York before the Revolution
From a well-written memoir of him, by the pen of John W. Francis, M.D., of the city of New York, and
published in The American Medical unit Philosophical Register (January, 1811, volume i.), I have gleaned
the materials for the following brief sketch :
Cadwallader Colden was the son of a Scotch minister of the Gospel, and was born at Dunse, in Scotland,
on the seventeenth of February, 1688. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he com-
pleted his collegiate studies in 1705, at the early age of seventeen years. He then devoted three years to
the study of mathematics and medical science, when he came to America, and remained here five years,
pi '.nog the profession of a physician. He returned to Great Britain in 1715, and in London became ac-
I with the leading minds of the day . among others, with Halley the astronomer. He married a
mng la.lv in Scotland, and returned, with her. to America in 1716. They settled in the city of New York
it 17 IS. and soon afterward Colden abandt d his profession for employments in public life. He became
i L'cneral of the province, a master in Chancery, and a member of the Governor's Council
OF THE REVOLUTION.
58 1
Cadwnllnder Colden.
Suns of Liberty.
Place of Meeting.
Newspapers iu the City
eighty years was acting; gov-
ernor, and his council were
men of the highest character
in the province. Colden was
a liberal-minded man, yet
duty to his sovereign com-
pelled him to discountenance
the proceedings of the peo-
ple, and his name appears in
the records as the enemy of
civil freedom. The Soxs OF f
Liberty, who organized at
this time throughout the col-
onies, though not
numerous at first
in New York, were
very active, and
deal of trouhlo.1 The news-
papers spoke out moderately
but manly, and there were
few persons who openly ad-
vocated the Stamp Act. As
the day approached when
the act was to be put in
force, a the tone of B Nov l
the press and the 1765-
people became more defi-
ant,3 and it was resolved not
to allow the stamps to be
landed. A general meeting
of the citizens was
held on the even-
ing of the thirty-
first of October,'
when two hundred
gave Colden a great
merchants appended their names to resolutions condemnatory of the act ; a Committee of
Correspondence was appointed,' and measures were adopted to force James M'Evers, the
appointed stamp distributor, to resign his commission.
About 1750, he obtained a patent for a largo tract of land near Newburgh, in Orange county, which was
■d Coldenham, where he resided with his family a great portion of his time, after 1755. In 176a. he
was appointed lieutenant governor, and held that office until a year before his death. On account of the
absence or death ol the governor-in-ehief, Colden often exercised the functions of chief magistrate. Such
was his position when the Stamp Act excitement prevailed. He was relieved from office in 1775, when
lie retired to his seat at Flushing. He died there on the twenty-eighth of September, 1776, a few days
after the great fire broke out, which consumed a large portion of the city of New York.
Doctor Colden was a close student and keen observer through life, and he enriched medical and other
scientific works by numerous treatises from his pen. His " History of the Five Nations of Indians" is a
work of great research and observation, and is now much sought alter by scholars. Botany was his de-
light, and with Linnaais. the great master of the science, he was a constant and valued correspondent foi
many years. Almost all of the eminent scientific men of Europe became his correspondents, and Franklin
oid other leading men in America were his intimate epistolary friends. Doctor Colden paid much atten-
tion to the art of printing, wrote upon the subject, and was a real, if not the original, inventor of the process
called stereotyping. To Doctor Francis I am indebted for a tine copy of the portrait of Colden, from which
the one here given was made.
' The association in New York had a correspondent (Nicholas Ray) in London, to whom they gave reg-
ular accounts of their proceedings, and from whom they as regularly received intelligence of the move-
ments of the ministry. The most prominent men of the association in the province ol New York were
Isaac Seal-. John Lamb. Alexander M'Dougal, Marinus Willett, William Wiley, Edward Laight Thomas
Robinson, Hugh Hughes. Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll, Joseph Allicock, and Gershom Molt, of New
York city ; Jeremiah van Rensselaer, Mynderl Rosenboom, Robert Henry. Volkert P. Dow, Jelles Fonda,
and Thomas Young, of Albany and Tryon counties; John Sloss Hobart, Gilbert Potter. Thomas Brush, Cor-
nelias Conkliu. and Nathan Williams, of Huntington, Long Island ; George Townsend, Barak Snceihing. Ben-
jamin Townsend, George and Michael Weekes, and Rowland Chambers, of Oyster Bay, I g Island.
The house of Richard Howard, "in the fields" (now the Park), which stood very near the site of How-
ard's Irving House, on the corner of Broadway and Chamber Street, was the usual place of meeting of the
Sons of Liberty. They also met at Bardin's (afterward Abraham Montague's) which stood on the site of
Francis's bookstore, on Broadway, near Murray Street. To this bouse a garden was attached, which ex-
tended as far as the present Church Street, and was a place of public re.airt.
9 There were only three newspapers in the city of New York, then containing a population of about sev-
entcen thousand. These were Tkt New York Mercury, published by Hugh Game ; The New York Weekly
Gazelle, by William Wevman : and The Xeic York Gazette (formerly Parker's paper), by John Holt. The
latter commenced the publication of his ATcie York Journal in 17B6.
3 This meeting was held at Burns's " King's Arms," the present house fronting the " Atlantic Garden,"
No. 9 Broadway.
4 The following-named persons constituted the committee : Isaac Scars, John Lamb. Gershom Molt.
William Wiley, and Thomas Robinson. There was also a Committee of Vigilance organized at about the
same time, consisting of fifty-one persons.
•3 - 2
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Arrival ut Stamps.
The People demand them.
ColJen burned in Effigy.
Destruction of James's Property.
The stamps arrived on the twenty-third of October, and M-Evers, already alarmed by
the manifestation of the public feeling, refusing to receive them, they were placed in the
hands of Lieutenant-governor Colden (who resided within Fort George) for sate keeping.
The garrison was strong, and under the command
of General Gage, then chief captain of the Brit-
ish troops in America. In view of impending WT'
troubles, Colden had strengthened the fort and replenished the magazine. A knowledge
of these facts increased the indignation of the people, but did not alter their resolution. Not-
withstanding armed ships were riding in the harbor, and the guns of the fort were point-
ed upon the town, the people assembled in great numbers, appeared before the fort, and de-
manded the delivery of the stamps to their appointed leader. A refusal was answered by
defiant shouts, and half an hour afterward the lieutenant governor was hung in effigy,' in
•• the fields," near the spot where Leislev was gibbeted seventy-five years before. Thence
they paraded through the streets, back to the fort, dragged Colden's fine coach to the open
space in front, tore down the wooden fence around the Bowling Green, and after making a
pile, cast the coach" and effigy upon it, and set fire to and consumed all together. The
mob then proceeded out of town to the beautiful residence of Major James, of the royal ar-
tillery, where they destroyed his fine library, works of art and furniture, and desolated his
choice garden.3 Isaac Sears and others, leaders of the Sons of Liberty, who had issued
strict orders forbidding injury to private property, endeavored to restrain the mob, but the
storm they had raised could not be quieted till the appetite for violence was appeased.
After parading the streets, with the Stamp Act printed upon large sheets, and raised upon
poles, headed " England's Folly and America's Ruin," the populace quietly dispersed to
their homes.4
1 The effigy had a drum upon its back, a label on its breast, and in one hand a stamped paper. The
drum was in allusion to the fact that Colden was a drummer in the army of the Scotch Pretender in 1715.
An effiav of the devil hung by his side, with a boot in his hand, to indicate the people's detestation of the
Earl of Bute. By the advice of Colden, Gage wisely refrained from firing upon the people while these
ontrases were occurring.
'' There were only three or four coaches in the city at that time, and as they belonged to wealthy friends
of Tovernment, they were considered by the people evidences of aristocratic pride. Such was the prej-
inliue against the name of coach, that Robert Murray, a Quaker merchant who owned one, called his "a
leathern conveniency." Mr. Murray owned a country seat near the intersection of Fourth and Fifth Av-
enues, and Thirty-sixth and Fortieth Streets, long known as Murray Hill. Colden's coach was made in
England for Sir Henry Moore, the absent governor-in-chief at the time. Colden's coach-house and stables
were outside the fort, anil easy of access by the populace.
3 James's house stood on an eminence a little east of the present intersection of Anthony Street and West
Broadway, and was called Ranelagh. I find in the newspapers of the day, the Ranelagh Garden advertised,
a kw months after this outrage, by John Jones, as a place of public resort, where fire-works were exhibit-
ed and refreshments furnished. Vanxhall, the seat of Sir Peter Warren, was at the foot of Warren Street.
* During the evening of excitement, the cannons on Capsey battery (near the present flag-stair, toward
OF THE REVOLUTION
583
Stamps delivered to the Mayor.
Quiet
Repeal of the Act
Rejoicings.
ritt> Statue
Excitement still prevailed in the city, when Colden, perceiving further resistance to the
will of the people unavailing, ordered the stamps to be delivered to the Mayor (Ganger) and
i! on Council, the former giving a receipt for the same, and the corporation agreeing to
pay for all stamps that should be destroyed or lost.' This was satisfactory to the people,
and quiet was restored. Yet the colonists were no less vigilant, and efforts to enfore a re-
peal of the obnoxious act were every where made. Non-importation agreements were nu-
merously signed ; the hum of spinning-wheels and the clatter of shuttles were heard in al-
most every household, and rich men and women, who commonly walked in broadcloths and
brocades, now appeared, on all occasions, in homespun garments.
On Tuesday, the sixth of May," the joyful intelligence of the repeal of the Stamp
Act reached New York.2 The city was filled with delight. Bells rung a merry
peal, cannons roared, and placards every where appeared, calling a meeting of the citizens
at Howard's the next day to celebrate the event. Hundreds assembled, and marching in
procession to "the fields," they fired a royal salute of twenty-one guns upon the spot where
the City Hall now stands. An immense table was spread at Howard's, where the Sons of
Liberty feasted, and drank twenty-eight "loyal and constitutional toasts." The city was
illuminated in the evening, and bonfires blazed at every corner. Another celebration was
had on the king's birth-day," under the auspices of Governor Moore. The gov- tJune4
ernor, council, military officers, and the clergy, dined at the King's Arms (now At- 1T,il1
lantic Garden), where General Gage resided, and great rejoicings were had by the people
u •• the fields."3 The Sons of Liberty feasted at Montague's, and
with the sanction of the governor, they erected a mast (afterward
called Liberty Pole) a little northeast of the present City Hall, in
front of Warren Street. It was inscribed, " To his most gracious
Majesty, George the Third, Mr. Pitt, and Liberty." The loyalty
of the people, and their idolatry of Pitt, were boundless, and at a
meeting at the Coffee House,0 corner of Dock (now Pearl)
une ' and Wall Streets, a petition was numerously signed, pray-
ing the Assembly to erect a statue to the great commoner. The
Assembly complied, and on the same day voted an equestrian statue
in honor of the king. These were erected in 1770, but within
mx years that of the king was destroyed by the Republicans, and
Pitt's was mutilated by the E,oyalists soon afterwards.4
Even while the people were singing alleluiahs, there were some
in New York, who, like Christopher Gadsden of Charleston (see
page 5-1^), were sagacious enough to perceive the tendency of Pitt's
Declaratory Act, which accompanied the Repeal Bill, and were
bold enough to warn the people, even in the midst of the loyal ex-
citement. The liberal press of England immediately denounced
the Whitehall end of the Battery), and also several in the government store-yard near by, were spiked, and
rendered unfit for service. .
i Less than a month after this, some stamps, which were brought in a brig, were disposed of in a more
summary way. Ten boxes of them were seized by some of the citizens, put into a boat, and taken to the
ship-yards at" the foot of the present Catharine Street, on the East river, where they were burned in a tar
barrel. Governor Sir Henry Moore arrived on the third of December, and his conciliatory course tended
to confirm the quiet which Colden had restored to the province.
8 The intelligence was brought by Major James, who came passenger in the Jlynde, from Plymouth.
She was six weeks on her voyage.
3 An ox was roasted whole ; twenty-five barrels of beer and a hogshead of rum were opened lor the
populace; twenty-five pieces of cannon, ranged in a row where the City Hall now stands, thundered a
royal salute ; and in the evening twenty-five tar barrels, hoisted upon poles, were burned, and gorgeous
tire-works were exhibited at Bowling Green.
* The statue of the kins was placed in the center of the Bowling Green, and the iron railing which now
incloses the spot was placed there for its protection. Sec page 595.
The statue of Pitt was pedestrian, and made of marble. It was placed at the intersection of William
and Wall Streets. The figure was in a Roman habit ; in one hand was a scroll partly open, on which
Remains of Pitt's Statue.
.", s 4 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Murmuring against the Mutiny Act Liberty Pole severe! times cut down. Excitement Pitt Caricatured.
it,1 and Pitt's plea of expediency could hardly save him from the anathemas of the Amer-
icans, when they gravely considered the matter. However, the Sons of Liberty regarded
the repeal of the Stamp Act as a secession of the ministry from their authoritative position,
and believing that a full redress of grievances complained of would follow, they dissolved
their association,' but agreed to meet each year on the anniversary of the repeal, to celebrate
the event.
Belbre the echoes of repeal rejoicings had died away, the low mutterings of another storm
were heard. When intelligence of the Stamp Act riots reached England, Parliament passed
the Mutiny Act, which provided for the quartering of troops in America, at the partial ex-
pense of the colonists themselves. In June, Governor Moore informed the people of New
York that he hourly expected the arrival of a re-enforcement for the garrison, and that he
desired the Assembly to make immediate provisions for them, according to the demands of
the Mutiny Act. The Sons of Liberty were aroused, and at a meeting at Montague's, they
solemnly resolved to resist this new measure of oppression to the uttermost. The troops
came ; angry feelings were soon excited between them and the people, and thirty-six days
after the Liberty Tole was erected with so much harmony and loyalty it was cut down by
»Aug. 16, the insolent soldiery. a The people re-erected it the next evening, in the face of
1766- the armed mercenaries ; not, however, without a fracas, in which blood was shed.a
i Sept. 23. a little more than a month afterward,11 the soldiers again prostrated the Liberty
Pole, and again the people upreared it, and from its top they flung the British banner to
, gept. 05 the breeze. c The autumn and winter passed without serious trouble in the city,
i March is, but when the people met to celebrate the anniversary of the repeal," and with
1767. great rejoicings inaugurated the " mast" as a " Liberty Pole," the soldiers again
interfered, and that night the cherished emblem of freedom was prostrated for the third time.
The people again erected it, bound it with iron, and placed a guard there. The soldiers
came with loaded muskets,0 fired two random shots into Montagne's house, where
e March 22. . -
the Sons of Liberty were assembled, and attempted to drive the people from " the
fields." Fearful retaliation would have followed this atrocious act, had not the governor
interfered and ordered the soldiers to refrain from further aggressive movements. On the
king's birth-day, f they made another unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Liberty
Pole, but it stood in proud defiance until 1770, when armed men came from the
sJ.™016' barracks at midnight, g prostrated it, sawed it in pieces, and then piled it up in front
of Montagne's. The perpetrators were discovered, the bell of St. George's Chapel,
in Beekman Street, was rung, and early the next morning three thousand people stood around
the stump of the pole, and, by resolutions, declared their rights, and their determination to
maintain them. For three days the most intense excitement prevailed. In frequent affrays
with the citizens, the soldiers were generally worsted ; and in a severe conflict on Golden
was inscribed Articuli Magna Cliarta Libcrtatum. The left hand was extended in oratorical attitude.
< >n tlie south side of the pedestal was the following inscription: ''This statue of the Right Honorahlo
William Pitt, earl of Chatham, was erected as a public testimony of the grateful sense the colony of New
York retains of the many services he rendered to America, particularly in promoting the repeal of the
Stamp Act. Anno Dom., 1770."
While the British soldiers occupied the city they knocked off the head and arms of the statue, and other
wise defaced it. It was removed after the war, and for many years laid among rubbish in the corpora
lion-yard, from which it was conveyed by Mr. Riley, of the Fifth Ward Hotel, to the corner of his house,
within an iron railing, where it yet (1857) remains. The engraving on the preceding page is a repre-
sentation of i*s present appearance.
1 A caricature appeared in London, which represented Pitt upon stilts, his
Lr"tity leg resting on the Royal Exchange, in the midst of bubbles inscribed
War, Peace, &c. This stilt was called Popularity. The other stilt, called Se-
dition, he stretched over the sea toward New fork, fishing for popularity in
'in- Atlantic. The stall' on which he leaned was called Pension. This cari-
cature was entitled The Colossus, and was accompanied by five satirical verses
in broken English, as it spoken by a Frenchman.
- No citizen was killed, or verv seriously wounded. Isaac Sears and John
i' 'iiuMi each received a wound.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Soldiers Disarmed. Filth Liberty Pole. Political Coalition. Public Sentiment Jolm
Hill (Cliff Street, between Fulton Street and Maiden Lane), near Burling Slip, several of
I he soldiers were disarmed.' Quiet was at length restored ; the people erected another
Liberty Polea upon private ground purchased for the purpose, upon Broadway, near >Marchw
Warren Street, and a il-w days afterward the soldiers departed for Boston. * This
fifth Liberty Pole remained untouched as a rallying-place for the Whigs until 1770, when
it was hewn down by Cunningham, the notorious provost marshal, who, it is said, had been
whipped at its foot.
The Colonial Assembly steadily refused compliance with the demands of the Mutiny Act,
until Parliament, early in 1767, passed an act " prohibiting the governor, council, and As-
sembly of New York passing any legislative act for any purpose whatever,'' when partial
concessions were made. A new Assembly was convened in 17G8> It was com- ^ ^
posed of less pliable material than the other, and, notwithstanding the imperial
government made the province feel the weight of its displeasure, and would not recede from
its position of absolute master, the Assembly refused submission, until May, 1769, when an
appropriation was made for the support of the troops. In the autumn of that year Mr
Henry Moore died,c and the reins of government were again held by Colden. Soon cS a
an unlooked for coalition between Colden and Delancey, the leaders of opposing
parties, appeared. Opposite political elements seemed to
assimilate, and the leaven of aristocracy began its work
in the Assembly. A game for political power, based
upon a money scheme, was commenced, which menaced
the liberties of the people.3 The popular leaders sound-
ed the alarm, and an inflammatory hand-bill appeared, J
j Dec. in, signed "A Son of Liberty," calling a meet-
ing of " the betrayed inhabitants in the fields."
It denounced the money scheme, the pliancy of the
Assembly, and the unnatural coalition of Colden and
Delancey, as omens of danger to the state. A large
concourse of people assembled around the Liberty Pole
the next day. They were harangued by John Lamb,' ^ /? /? S
one of the most ardent of the Sous of Liberty, and by £y^7^|^2^^^>^t/^.
1 The late Col. Michael Smith, who died in New York in April, 1846, at the age of ninety-six
was then a young man of twenty. He was engaged in the affray, and was one of those who disarmed the
soldiers [have seen the musket which he seized at the time, and which, as a soldier, he liore throughout
the war that soon followed. It is a very heavy Tower gun, and is preserved by his family as a precious
heir-loom.
s At this time the true Sons of Liberty were excluded from Montagne's by those who were activi
them in 1765, but now leaned toward the government side. With these Montague sympathized, and to
them he hired his rooms, when the day approached for celebrating the repeal of the Stamp Art The pa-
triots purchased a small house at the r'orner of Broadway and the Bowery road (where BarnnnVs American
Museum now stands!, nat 1 it Hampden Ihdl. and that was their place of assemblage during tin' foui
vears preceding the bursting forth of the storm of the Revolution.— See Holt's Journal (supplement), No
1418.
3 This was the issuing of bills of credit, on the security of the province, to the amount or one hundred
and twenty thousand pounds, to be loaned to the people, tie- interest to be applied to defraying the expi
es of the colonial government. It was none other than a .Monster Bank", without cheeks, and was intended
to cheat the people into a compliance with the requirements of the Mutiny Act. by the indirect method ,.!
applying the prolits to that purpose.
' John Lamb was born in the city of New York, on the first of January. 17X5. In early youth he fol-
lowed the occupation of his father (optician and mathematical instrument maker i. but in 1760 entered into
the liquor trade. He was a L' 1 writer and fluent speaker, both of which accomplishments he brought
into use when the troubles with Great Britain began. He was active in all the preliminary scenes of the
Revolution in New York, and in 177a received a captain's commission. He accompanied Montgomery to
Quebec, was active and brave during the siege, and was wounded and made prisoner at the close! He
retired to New York the ensuing summer, was promoted to major, and attached to the regiment of artil-
lery under Knox. As we have met him at various times in his military career, we will not stop to re-
peat the story of his services. He was elected to a scat in the New York Assembly at the close of the
586 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
M'Dougal Imprisoned. Partial Triumph of Toryism. Arrival of a Tea-ship. Destruction of Tea.
a vote unanimously condemned the action of the Assembly. They communicated their
sentiments to that body by a committee,1 when the Assembly adopted measures for the dis-
covery and punishment of the author of the obnoxious hand-bill. Lamb was cited before
the House, but was soon discharged ; and the guilt being fixed upon Alexander M'Dougal
(the Revolutionary general, subsequently) by the printer, he was arrested, and refusing to
make any acknowledgment or to give bail, he was cast into prison, where he remained
about fourteen weeks, until arraigned for trial. He then pleaded not guilty, gave bail,
was arraigned before the House several months afterward (when he was defended by George
Clinton), and was again put in prison for contempt. He was soon released, and was never
troubled with the matter afterward. These proceedings engendered dissatisfaction. Pop-
ular opinion was with M'Dougal, and men and women flocked to the prison to sympathize
with him. The growth of democratic principles was promoted by these events.
Gradually the Loyalist party gained ascendency in the Legislature, and the influence of
that body was felt among the people. Non-importation agreements were disregarded, and
only the Hampden Hall Sons of Liberty maintained the integrity of their principles. Dis-
affection appeared among the members of the general committee of One Hundred, and of
the vigilance committee of Fifty-one, recently organized. The Loyalists rejoiced, and Riv-
ington printed in his Gazetteer,
" And so my good masters, I find it no joke,
For York has stepp'd forward and thrown oil" the yoke
Of Congress, committees, and even King Sears,
Who shows you good nature by showing his ears."
Yet the great mass of the people remained sufficiently democratic to preserve a spirit of
hostility to oppressive government measures. We need not here repeat the story of Britain's
sins and America's endurance. New York shared in common with the other colonies, and
»juiv 3 when Tryon came from North Carolina3 to rule the province, he found the same
17T1- loathing for petty tyranny and aristocratic assumptions. Comparative quiet pre-
vailed, however, until intelligence of Lord North's Tea Act came. The flame of excite-
ment then burst out in New York as suddenly and fiercely as in Boston. The Sons of
Liberty reorganized ; the Committee of Correspondence resumed its labors ; tea commis-
sioners and stamp distributors were considered co-workers in iniquity, and in front of the
Coffee House in Wall Street, an effigy of Kelly, a New Yorker in London, who had rid-
b Nov. 5 iculcd popular indignation here, was burned. b The fire in Hampden Hall spread
i<73. among the people, and when Captain Lockyier, of the Nancy, the first tea-ship
that came, arrived at Sandy Hook, he heeded the advice of the pilot, and went up to the
city without his vessel. The " Mohawks"2 were warned to be in readiness, and the people
resolved that no tea should be landed. Captain Lockyier's conference with the committee
satisfied him that he had no fair alternative but to return to England with his cargo.
Even while he was ashore, a merchant vessel (Captain Chambers) arrived with eighteen
chests of tea hidden among its cargo. The vigilant Sons of Liberty searched his vessel,
cast his tea into the harbor, and advised him to leave port as soon as possible. He heeded
the advice, and left New York with Lockyier, while the people crowded the wharf at
Whitehall, shouted a farewell, and amid cannon peals hoisted the royal flag upon the Lib-
erty Pole in token of triumph.
war, ami was active in civil services until the organization of government under the Federal Constitution,
when Washington appointed him collector of customs for the port of New York. He held this odice until
his death, which occurred on the thirty-first of May, 1800. Never was there a purer patriot or more hon-
est man than John Lamb.
1 The committee consisted of Isaac Sears, Caspar Wistar. Alexander M'Dongal, Jacobus van Zandt.
Samuel Broome, Erasmus Williams, and James van Varek (Variok).
2 When it was known that tea-ships were on their way, a notice appeared in Holt's journal, calling the
" Mohawks" to action. There appeared to be the same understanding in New York as in Boston, that
tea was to be destroyed, if necessary, by men disguised as Indians.
OF THE REVOLUTION. 5-7
' \ Parties. Meeting of Provincial Congress. Arrest of Captain Sears. Seizure of Arms. Poet-office.
Loyalty and timklity again developed their fruit in the llcvolutionary committees, and
by adroit management moderate men and royalists gained the ascendency. Afraid openly
lo oppose the popular will, they insidiously cast obstacles in the way of efficient co-operation
with other colonies. Soon two distinct parties were formed among professed Republicans,
marked by a line of social distinction — the Patricians and the Tribunes — the merchants
and gentry, and the mechanics. They coalesced, however, in the nomination of delegates
to the Continental Congress, and on the twenty-seventh of July," the people, by unan- ^
imous voice, ratified their choice.1 This was an act of the people alone, for the As-
sembly, too timid or too loyal, refrained from any expression of opinion concerning the pro-
posed Congress.'J
The American Association, adopted by the fust Continental Congress, was popular in
New York, and a committee of sixty was immediately organized to enforce its provisions.
Warmly supported by the true Sons of Liberty, they took the lead in political matters
By their recommendation, the people in the several counties chose representatives for a Pro-
vincial Congress, and on the twenty-second of May, 1775, that body convened in the Ex-
change, at the foot of Broad Street, in New York.3 The General Assembly had adjourned
a month previously, and never met again.'
The great crisis was now approaching, and the occurrence of many local circumstances
inflamed the minds of the people, and prepared them for open rebellion.6 Intelligence ot
the martyrdom of patriots at Lexington and Concord came at the moment when Captain
Sears, the popular leader, was in official custody," because he had made, it was al- b A „ „,
leged, treasonable propositions." Aroused- by that first clarion-blast of war, the 1775-
1 Philip Livingston, John Jay, James Duane, John Alsop, and Isaac Low were chosen. They were adept-
• i as delegates by other districts, and the name of Henry Wisner was afterward added. The people of
Suffolk connty elected William Floyd, and the credentials of all were presented together.
- Governor Tryon's house was destroyed by fire at midnight on the twenty-ninth of December, 1773.
So rapidly did the (lames Spread, that the governor's family had great difficulty in escaping, and Elizabeth
Garret, a servant girl sixteen years of age, perished in ihe flames. The governor lost all of his personal
effects. The Assembly made him a present of twenty thousand dollars in consideration of his misfortune.
The great seal of the province was found among the ashes, two days after the fire, uninjured. Tryon
went to England in April, 1774, and on his departure he was honored with addresses ; a public dinner by
the Common Council ; a ball by General Haldimand, then in command of the troops ; and King's (now
Columbia] College, thru under the care of Dr. Cooper, conferred upon him the degree of LL.D.
; Peter van Brugh Livingston was chosen president, Volkert P. Douw, vice-president, and John M'Kis-
son and Robert Benson, secretaries. Nathaniel Woodlmll. of Sullidk county, was soon afterward called to
the presidential chair. He was appointed a brigadier the following year.
' Fifteen of the twenty-four members of the Assembly wee:. Loyalists, and during their last session, ef-
forts to pass resolutions approving the proceedings of the Continental Congress were fruitless. A motion
10 that ellcct, offered by Nathaniel Woodlmll (afterward slain by the British), was lost by a parly vote.
Those who voted in the affirmative were George Clinton, Nathaniel Woodlmll, Philip Schuyler, Abraham
Tenbroeck, Philip Livingston, Captain Seaman, and Messrs. Boer , Thomas, and De Witt.
On the twentieth of December, the ship Lady Gaiff, commanded by Captain Thomas Mesnard, arrived
with ten cases and three boxes of arms, and a barrel of gunpowder, consigned to Waller Franklin. The
collector ordered these to be seized, because, as he alleged, they had been lying in Franklin's warehouse
several days without cockets. While on their way to the custom-house, a small party of the Sons of Lib-
erty took them from the officers in charge, but before they could conceal them, they were retaken and
placed on board an armed ship in the harbor. On the same day a letter for the collector w8£ put in the
post-office,* containing menaces of vengeance, and that night a very inflammatory hand-bill was left at al-
most every door in the city.t
> When General Gage began to fortify Boston Neck, the people refused him labor and materials; and
in the spring of 1775, he sent to New York for both, ill order to erect barracks for the soldiers on Boston
Common. The patriots were informed that a sloop laden with boards was about lo sail lor Boston. A
meeting was called al the Coffee-house, and it was resolved to seize the vessel. At that meeting, Sears
exhorted the people to arm themselves with muskets and twenty-four ball-cartridges each. For this he
wa» arrested and taken before the mayor. He refused to give bail, and was about lo be carried to prison,
* A scheme for the establishment of an Independent post-office, proposed by William Goddard, the publisher of the Mary-
land Journal, was put into partial operation in 1775, and on the eleventh of May. John Holt, the printer, was appointed post
naster. The office was kept at Holt's printing-house.
t This is supposed to have been written by John Lamb. To avoid being betrayed, the Pons of Liberty went to Holt's print-
ing-house at niizht, and put in type and printed their handbills themselves, and then circulated them through the town.
-,-S I'lCTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Arming 01 the People. Closing of the Custom-house. Arms seized by the Sons of Liberty. Fortifications Ordered.
people took possession of the City Hall, armed themselves, and with Lamb and Willett at
their head, they embargoed all vessels in the harbor laden with provisions for the British
army in Boston. They did more ; Andrew Elliott, the collector, forbade the landing of a
cargo of rum for the patriots. Sears and Lamb ordered the vessel to Crugei's Wharf (be-
tween Coenties' and Old Slips), landed the ruin, and carted it to its destination in the city :
then returning to the custom-house, they demanded and received the keys, dismissed the
employees, and closed the building. a When they had committed this overt act of
treason, they boldly gave notice of the fact to their brethren in other cities. Per-
sons known to be engaged in sending provisions to the British ships in the harbor were
seized, and general alarm pervaded the Tory ranks.2 A grand Committee of Safety, con
sisting of one hundred of the most respectable citizens, was now organized ; a military as
sociation for practice in the use of fire-arms was formed, under Samuel Broome ; a pledge
(see page 384, volume i.) was circulated, and numerously signed ; six hundred stand of
arms were taken from the city arsenals by the committee, and distributed among the cit-
izens ; and when an Irish battalion (the last remains of the garrison in Fort George), under
Major Moncrief, were on their way to a vessel bound for Boston, with a quantity of spare
arms in boxes upon wagons, Marinus Willett and a small body of Sons of Liberty, encour-
aged by a short harangue by John Morin Scott, boldly confronted the soldiers, seized the
i) Jan. 53, arms, and carried them back to the now deserted fort.1' These arms were after-
ward used by Gansevoort's regiment, of which Willett was lieutenant colonel.
When the Provincial Congress assembled,0 its complexion disappointed the people.
<■■ May 22. . ... ~ . r rr. r r
Toryism and timidity prevailed in that Assembly, and the elaboration of schemes for
conciliation, instead of measures for defense, occupied the majority. Hard pressed by public
opinion,3 and the influence of important events daily transpiring, they were obliged to yield.
Four regiments were authorized to be raised ;' fortifications at King's Bridge5 were ordered,
and measures were taken to fortify the Hudson passes in the Highlands. In the mean while,
the patriots gathered in force around Boston ; the battle of Bunker Hill was fought ; a
Continental army was organized, and George -Washington appointed the commander-in-
chief." Rumors of the approach of troops from Ireland came, and the Provincial Congress.
when the people took him from the officers, and bore him in triumph through the town, preceded by a band
of music and a banner. That night Sears addressed the people in '"the fields," and a few days afterward
he was elected a member of the Provincial Congress. The names of Burling, Ivers, Alner, M'Dongal.
Roorbach, and Richard Livingston are preserved as among those of Sears's friends on that occasion.
1 This is erroneously supposed to be a corruption of Countess's Slip, a name given to it in honor of the
Countess Bellomont, the child-wife of Governor Bellomont, who was a mother at the age of thirteen.
3 Dr. Cooper, the president of King's (now Columbia) College, becoming alarmed, soon afterward fled to
Stuyvesant's house, near the East River, where he remained concealed, under the impression tbat the Wbigs
were trying to seize him. He finally escaped to the Asia man-of-war He had written much in favor of
Episcopacy in America, and was a decided Loyalist ; so decided, that, next to Tryon, Colden. and Mayor
Mathews, he was most detested by the Whins. Dr. Cooper was eminent for his learning. He succeeded
Dr. Johnson as president of the college in 1763. Soon after his flight be went to England. He died sud-
denly in Edinburgh, on the first of May, 1785, at the age of fifty years, and was buried in the Episcopal
chapel there.
3 New York has been unjustly taunted for its adherence to royalty, when the curtain of the Revolution
try drama was first lifted in 1775. Family influence was very great in that colony, and through it the
General Assembly and the Provincial Congress were very loyally inclined. But the masses were chiefly
republican in feeling, and when Toryism was fairly crushed out of the popular Assembly by pressure from
without, no state was more patriotic. With a populati fonly one hundred and sixty-four thousand, of
whom thirty-two thousand five hunched were liable to do militia duty, New York furnished seventeen
thousand seven hundred and eighty-one soldiers for the Continental army : over three thousand more than
Congress required. — Judge Campbell's Address before the New York Historical Society, 1850.
1 These were commanded by colonels M'Dougal, James Clinton, Ritzema, and Wynkoop. Herman
Zedwitz, a Prussian, was M'Dougal's first major. Ritzi i joined the Royal army after the battle at
White Plains; and about the same lime Zedwitz was cashiered for attempting a treasonable correspond-
ence w iih Ti yon
1 Kiner's Bridge spans Spy! den Duyvel Creek, at the northern end of York Island. The first strueturi
there was of wood, erected at the expense of the colony in 1691, and was called the King's bridge.
6 For a nolice of Washington's arrival in New York, when on his way to Cambridge, see vol. i.. page 564
Uf THE REVOLUTION
r and his Troops at Harlem.
Capture of L
Turtle Bay.
Committee of One Hundred
i June, 1775.
f July -JO.
somewhat purged of its Toryism by intelligence from the East, invited General Wooster
then in command of eighteen hundred Connecticut
mnitia at Greenwich, to come to the defense ol New
York. He encamped at Harlem11 for sev-
eral weeks, sent detachments to beat ofl
marauders, who were carrying away the cattle of
Loiio Island to the British army in Boston, ami
by his presence made the New York patriots bold
and active. At midnight1' they captured
British stores at Turtle Bay, and sent pari
to the grand army at Boston and a part to tin-
troops then collecting on Lake Champlain to in-
vade Canada ; they also seized a tender, with stores,
belonging to the Asia, and took possession of pro-
visions and clothing deposited at Greenwich1 by the
government.2
Governor Tryon returned to New York in the Asia on the third of July, and was re-
ceived with respect. His course soon indicated his opposition to the Republicans. The
tic actions of the committee of One Hundred taught him to be circumspect in public,
and ins private intrigues to gain ascendency for Toryism in the Provincial Congress were
abortive. That body, now guided by the popular will, and perceiving a resort to arms to
he inevitable, ordered Lamb, who was then a captain of artillery, to remove the cannons
from the grand battery and the fort, and take them to a place of security. Assisted by an
independent corps under Colonel Lasher, and a body of citizens guided by King Sears, as
\ tEW AT Turtle BaY.S
1 Greenwich was then a village of a few houses, a mile and a half from the city. It has long since
been nier<*ed into the metropolis, and is now (1855) at about a central point, on the Hudson, between the
lower and upper part of the city.
: These acts were done under the immediate sanction of the committee of One Hundred,* who, while
the Provincial Congress legislated, were busy in executing according to the known will ol'the people. The
patriots regarded this committee with more confidence than they did the Provincial Congress.
3 Turtle Bay is a small rock-bound cove of the East River, at the foot of Forty-seventh Street. The
banks are high and precipitous, and afforded a safe retreat for small vessels. Here the government had
made a magazine of military stores, and these the Sons of Liberty determined to seize. Under the direc-
i Sears, Willett, and M'Dougal, a party procured a
sloop at Greenwich, came stealthily through the dangerous vor-
tex "i" Hell Gate at twilight, and at midnight surprised and cap-
cared the guard, and seemed the stores. The old store-bouse
in which tin , wi re deposited is yet standing upon a wharf on
the southern side of the little hay. The above view is from the
hank at the foot of Forty. sixth Street. Beyond the rocky point
.hi the north side of the bay is seen the lower end of Blaek-
well's Island, with the shore of Long Maud in the distance.
On the left of the old store-house, delineated in the annexed
sketch, is seen the bridge across the mouth of Newtown Creek,
v which will be mentioned presently in connection with a notice of the landing of tmops under Sir
Henry Clinton.
^ttflgte
SjTU&E-HOUS
* The following-named gentlemen composed the committee of One Hundred : Isaac Low, Chairman ; John Jay, Francis
Lewi?. John Alsop, Philip Livingston. James Duane, E. Duyckman. William Seton, William W. Ludlow, Cornelius Clopper,
Abraham Brinckerhotf, Henry Remsen, Robert Ray, Evi rt I ancker, Joseph Totteo, Abraham P Lotr, David Beekman, Isaac
It, Gabriel II. Ludlow, William Walton, Daniel Phoenix, Frederick Jay, Samuel Broome, John Do Lanccy, Augustus
van Home, Abraham Duryee, Samuel Verplanck, Rudolphus Ritzema, John Morton, Joseph Halt tbraham
Brasher, Leonard Lispenard, Nicholas Hoffman, P. V. Brugh Livingston. Thomas Marsten, Lewis Pintard, John tmlay, Bleazar Mil-
ler, Jr.. John Broome, John B. Moore, Nicholas Bogart, John Anthony, I , William Goforth, Hercules Mulligan, Alex-
ander M'Dougal, John Rend--, Joseph Ball, George Janeway, John White, Gabriel W. Ludlow. John Lasher, Theophilua
Thomas Smith, Richard Yates. Oliver Templeton, Jacobus van Landby, Jeremiah Piatt Peter S. Curtenius, Thomas Randall.
Lancaster Burling, Benjamin Kissam, Jacob Lefferts, Anthony van Dam. Abraham Walton, Hamilton Young, Nicholas Roose-
velt, Cornelius P. Low, Francis Bassett, James Beekman, Thomas Ivers, William Dunning, John Berrien, Ben amui Belme,Wlll
lam W. Gilbert, Daniel Dunscombe. John Lamb, Richard Sharpe, John Menu Scott, Jacob van Voorhis, Comfort Sands. Ed
ward F'.emming. Peter Goelet, Gerrit Kettletas, Thomas Buchanan. James Desbrosses, Petrus Byvanck, Lott Eml ree.— Set
Dunlap'9 History of JVcio York, U., Appendix, ccxvL
590 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Removal of Cannons from the Battery. Cannonade from the Asia. Newspapers in the City.
the sturdy Son of Liberty was now called, he proceeded to the battery at nine o'clock on
the evening of the twenty-third of August. Captain Vandeput, of the Asia, informed of
the intended movement, sent a barge filled with armed men to watch the patriots. When
they appeared, a musket ball was indiscreetly sent among them from the barge. It was
answered by a volley, when the barge hastened to the Asia, bearing several men killed and
wounded. That vessel opened her port-holes, and hurled three balls ashore in quick suc-
cession. Lamb ordered the drums to beat to arms ; the church bells were rung, and while
all was confusion and alarm, a broadside came from the Asia. Others rapidly followed,
and several houses near the fort and Whitehall were injured by the grape and round shot.'
No life was sacrificed, but terror seized the people. Believing the rumor that the city was
to be sacked and burned, hundreds of men, women, and children were seen at midnight
hurrying with their light effects to places of safety beyond the doomed town. Yet the pa-
triots at the battery were firm, and in the face of the cannonade every gun was deliberately
removed. Some of them afterward performed good service in the American cause.'
Deep feelings of exasperation moved the Sons of Liberty in the city after this cannonade,
and Tryon's fears wisely counseled his flight. Mayor Mathews and others promised him pro-
tection, but he had more confidence in gunpowder, and on the nineteenth of October3-
3 1775
he took refuge on board the British sloop of war Halifax,3 where he received his coun-
cil, and, like Dunmore, attempted to exercise civil authority.4 Aided by Rivington.6 with
1 Among the houses injured at that time was the tavern of Samuel Fraunce (commonly called Black
Sam, because of his dark complexion), on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets, where Washington parted
with his officers more than eight years afterward. That house, known as the Broad Street Hotel, was partly
destroyed by fire in June, 1852. Freneau, in his Petition of Hugh Gaine, makes that time-server allude
to the cannonade of the Asia, and say,
" At first we supposed it was only a sham,
'Till he drove a round ball through the roof of Black Sam."
2 There wTero twenty-one iron ein;hteen-pounders and some smaller cannon on the battery. Alexander
Hamilton, then a student in King's (now Columbia) College, was among the citizens on that occasion. He
had organized a corps for artillery discipline among his fellow-students, and fifteen of them were now with
him. Among their trophies were two six-pounders, which they buried in the earth on the College Green,
despite the menaces of Dr. Cooper, the Tory president. These two cannons may yet (1855) be seen at
the entrance gate of the College Green, fronting Park Place.
3 The Continental Congress, on the sixth of October, recommended the several Provincial Congresses and
Committees of Safety to secure every person believed to be inimical to the Republican cause. No doubt
this recommendation hastened Tryon's flight.
* The members in attendance were Oliver Delancey, Hugh Wallace, William Axtell, John Harris Cruger,
and James Jauncey.
6 James Rivington was a native of London, well educated, and of pleasing deportment. He came to
America in 1760, established a bookstore in Philadelphia the same year, and in 1761 opened one near the
loot of Wall Street, in New York, where his Royal Gazetteer* was established in April, 1773. No man
* There were three other newspapers printed in the city %vhcn Rivington's press was destroyed, namely, Gaine'a A'ew York
Mercury, in Hanover Square, established in 1752; Holt's Nao York Journal, in Dock (Pearl)
Street, near Wall, commenced in 17Gb'; and Anderson's Constitutional Gazette, a very small
sheet, published for a few months in 1775. at Beekman's Slip. Hugh Gaine was a time-server.
He was a professed patriot until the British took possession of New York in 1776, when he
returned to the city after a brief exile at Newark, became a moderate Loyalist, and. on making
an humble petition to the State Legislature at the close of the war, he was allowed to remain.
This petition was the subject of one of Freneau's best satirical poems. Gaine kept a bookstore
under the sign of the Bible and Crown, at Hanover Square, for forty years. He died on the
twenty-fifth nf April, 1807, at the age of eighty-one years. Previous to the meeting of the first
Congress, Holt's paper contained the Snake device (see page 508, volume i.) at its head ; in
December, alter its session, it bore the annexed significant picture as a vignette. This is half
the size of the original. Upon the body of the serpent were these words .
" United, now, alive and free,
Firm on this basis Liberty shall stand,
And thus supported ever bless our land,
'Till lime becomes Eternity."
After the destruction of his press, Rivington went to England. When the British took possession of New York, he was ap-
pointed king's printer, and in October, 1777, he resumed the publication of his paper, under the original title. On the thirteenth
Deo niber, he changed the title to " The Royal Gazette," and published it semi-weekly. During the occupation of the city
by the Jlritisb, a paper was issued every day but one ; Gaine's Mercury on Monday ; Rivington's Gazette on Wednesday and
Saturday; Robertson's, Mills', and Hicks' Loyal Amirican Gazette on Thursday; and Lewis's New York Mercury awl Qentral
A loarllter on Friday. Rivington alone assumed the title of " printer to the kini' " — Thomas's History of Printing, ii . 312.
OF TH E REVOLUTION.
59 ;
Destruction of Rivington's Printing M
Capture of Seabury.
Rivington ami S tr-
ills Royal G - r, his influence
and in active propagation.
In total disregard of truth
and common fairness. Riv-
ington abused the Repub-
licans with unsparing se-
verity, and none more bit-
terly than Captain Sears.'
That patriot, fired by per-
sonal insult and political
zeal, came from Connecti-
cut, where he had gone to
plan schemes for the future
with ardent Whigs, and at
• Nov 23 noonday entered
1775. ' the city* at
the head of seventy-
five light- horsemen,
proceeded to the print-
ing establishment of
Seabury2 and two other obnoxious
was still great, and he managed to keep disaffection alive
Rivington, at the foot of
Wall Street, placed a guard
with fixed bayonets around
it, put all of his types into
bags, destroyed his press
and other apparatus, and
then in the same order,
amid the shouts of the pop-
ulace, and to the tune of
Yankee Doodle, left the
city. They carried off the
types and made bullets of
them. On their way back
to Connecticut they dis-
armed all the Tories
in their route, and at
l/~l^X-{7"ffr7l West Chester seized
*^y V'*' and took with them
/^/ the Reverend Samuel
Tories, and carried them in triumph to New Haven.
was more thoroughlv detested by the Whigs than Rivington, for he held a keen and unscrupulous pen.
His good nature often pointed his severest thrusts. When, in 1781, he perceived the improbability ol SUC-
i the part of the British, he made a peace-offering to the Americans, by furnishing the commander-
in-chief with important information. By means of books which he published, he performed his treason with-
out suspicion. He wrote his secret billets upon thin paper, and bound them in the cover of a book, which
he always managed to sell to those who would carry the article immediately to Washington. The men
employed for this purpose were ignorant of the nature of their service. While thus playing into the bands
of theRepulilicans, be unceasingly abused them, and kept Clinton, Robertson, and Carleton in blissful ig-
norance of his perfidy. When the Loyalists tied, and the American army entered the city in the autumn
of 1783, Rivington remained; a fact which has puzzled those acquainted with his course during the war.
Others, not a tithe so obnoxious, were driven away; in his secret treason lies the explanation. His busi-
ness declined, and he lived in comparative poverty until July, 1802. when he died at the age of seventy-
eight years. The portrait here given is from a fine painting by Stuart, in the possession of Honorable
John Hunter, of Hunter's Island. New Rochelle. The signature is half the size of the original. Mr. Hun-
ter remembers Rivington as a vivacious, companionable man, fond of good living, a lover of wine, and a
perfect gentleman in his deportment.
1 Isaac Sears was born at Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1729. His ancestors, who were among the earliest
emigrants to Massachusetts, were from Colchester, En-
gland, and came to Plymouth in 1630. Mr. Sears was a
successful merchant in the city of New York, engaged in
the European and West India trade, when political mat-
ters attracted his attention. When the Stamp Act aroused
the colonists, Sears stood forth as the champion of right, and, as we have seen in preceding pages, was one
of the most active and zealous members of the association of the Sons of Liberty. He was an active Whig
daring the whole war. and when it ended, his business and his fortune had disappeared. Before the war
he had commanded a vessel engaged in the West India trade. In 1785, we find him on the ocean as super-
cargo, bound for Canton, with others engaged in the venture. When they arrived at Canton. Captain Sears
was very ill with fever, and on the twenty-eighth of October, 1785, he died at the age of nearly fifty-sever
years. He was buried upon French Island, and his fellow-voyagers placed a slab, with a suitable inscrip
tion, over his grave.
3 This was Bishop Seabury of a later day, whose grave is noticed on p. 618, vol. i. He was born at
New London in 1728, graduated at Yale in 1751, took orders in the church, in London, in 1753, and therv
settled in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He was at Jamaica, Long bland, for ten years, and then re-
moved to West Chester, in the county of West Chester. He took sides with the Loyalists, and was one
nf those who signed a protest at White Plains against the measures of the Whips. Sears and his party
carried him to New Haven, where he was kept for some time, and then paroled to Long Island. His
school at West Chester was broken up, his church was converted into a hospital, and he went to New Fork,
and served as chaplain, at one time, in Colonel Fanning's corps of Loyalists. At the close of the war he
settled in his native town. He was consecrated a bishop (the first in the United States) in 1784, and for
'<^y^
0&&>£
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
. Disaffection. Disarming of the To>ics. Troops under Lee in New York- His Head quarters. Sir Henry Clintcn.
. 1776.
During the winter of 1775— G, disaffection to the Republican cause prevailed extensively
throughout the province, and in Queen's county and vicinity, on Long Island, the people be-
gan to arm in favor of the crown. Tryon expected to see the province speedily declare in
favor of royalty, and from the Duchess of Gordon (armed ship), where he made his head-
quarters, he kept up an active correspondence with Mathews, Delancey, and other Loyalists in
the city. The Continental Congress promptly opposed the progress of disaffection, and vig-
orous measures were adopted for a general disarming of the Tories throughout the colonies.'
Early in January, a Washington, then at Cambridge, was informed that General
Sir Henry Clinton was about to sail on a secret expedition. He doubted not that
New York was his destination, where Tryon was ready to head the Loyalists in a formal
demonstration in favor of the crown. Fearing that province might be lost to the patriots,
Washington readily acceded to the request of General Charles Lee, then in Connecticut,
to embody volunteers in that colony, and march to New York. Governor Trumbull lent
his aid to the service, and within a fortnight Lee, having the bold Isaac Sears for his ad-
jutant general, was in rapid march toward New York with twelve hundred men. His ap-
proach produced great alarm, and many Tories fled, with their families and effects, to Long
Island and New. Jersey. The Committee of Safety, yet dozing over the anodyne of dis-
affection, were aroused by fear, and protested against Lee's entrance into the city, because
Captain Parker, of the Asia, had declared his intention to cannonade and burn the town
;f rebel troops should be allowed to enter it.3 Lee was unmoved alike by Parker's threats
and the committee's protest, and encamping the larger portion of his troops in " the fields"
(the present City Hall Park), he made his head-quarters at the house of Captain Kennedy,
No. 1 Broadway.3 He proclaimed his
mission, and said, " I come to prevent
the occupation of Long Island or the city
by the enemies of liberty. If the ships of
war are quiet, I shall be quiet ; if they
make my presence a pretext for firing on
the town, the first house set in flames by
their guns shall be the funeral pile of some
of their best friends." Lee's energy of ex-
pression and action was potential. The
Tories shrunk into inactivity ; a glow of
patriotism was felt in the Provincial Con-
gress, and measures were speedily adopted
for fortifying the city and the approaches
to it, and garrisoning it with two thousand men.
,, , ,_. Sir Henry Clinton arrived at Sandy Hook on the day when Lee entered the
'- March, 1776. J. J *
city. He sailed for North Carolina, b was followed thither by Lee, and in June
View at the foot of Broadwav.
the remainder of his life he presided over the diocese of Connecticut and Rhode Island. He died on the
twenty-fifth of February, 1796.
1 Resolutions to this effect were adopted on the second of January, 1776, and on the same day Lord
Stirling was directed to "seize and secure all the ammunition and warlike stores belonging to the enemy"
then or thereafter in New Jersey. — See Journal, ii.. 5, 6, 7.
- Parker did not fire a shot because of the ''rebel toops" in the city. His reasons were ludicrous. He
said Lee desired the destruction of the city, and he would not gratify him. — Lee's Letter to Washington.
3 This house (yet standing) was built by Captain Kennedy, of the royal navy, at about the time of his
marriage with the daughter of Colonel Peter Schuyler, of Newark, New Jersey, in April, 1765. The above
engraving exhibits the locality in the vicinity of the Kennedy House. On the extreme left is seen the
Broadway front of the Kennedy House (No. 1), where I.e.-. Washington, and afterward Sir Henry Clin-
ton, Robertson, Carleton, and other British officers, were quartered, and where Andre wrote his letter to
Arnold. The building next to it (No. 3) is the one occupied by Arnold (sec page 777, vol. i.)when Champa
ittempted his capture. It was the residence of Robert R. Livingston. The two high buildings bey I
(Noa ."> and 7) are more modem ; the small, low one (No. 9. Atlantic Garden) was Gage's head-quarters in
• > ' 'In the riyht of the picture is part of the Bow ling Green, where the statue of the king stood. The
view i.s taken from the site of the northwest bastion of Fori i reorge.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
593
Fortifications upon York or Manhattan Island.
they were in conflict in Charleston harbor. The army in New York was left in charge
of Lord Stirling,11 and that officer prosecuted with vijjnr the labor of fortifying the
city, begun by Lee.1 Already the Tories who remained had been compelled to take
an oath to act with the Americans if required, and officers were busy upon Staten Island,
and some parts of Long; Island, in disarming" them.
Washington hastened to New York after the British evacuated Boston," for he b March vt,
suspected Howe would sail directly to attack that city. He arrived on the four- 1"c'
Leenth of April, and approving of the course of Lee and Stirling, he pushed forward the de-
fenses of the city. Fort George was strengthened, and in the course of three months strong
works were erected in the vicinity of the city and in the Hudson Highlands. a Toward the
' On the night of the tenth of April, one thousand Continentals went over to Governor's Island and con-
structed a redoubt upon the west side, a little southeast of Castle William. On the same nighi a regiment
went over to Red Hook, the extreme point of land north of Go wan us Bay, over which South Brooklyn \-
now spreading, constructed a redoubt for four eighteen-pounders, and named it Fort Defiance. It was upor
a small island, close to the shore, near the water termination of Conover and Van Brunt Streets, south of
the Atlantie Docks
- Redoubts and batteries were constructed at eligible points along the East River to Harlem, ami alone
the Hudson to King's Bridge; also upon Governor's Island, Red Hook, Brooklyn Heights, and Paulus's Hook *
• Fort George with its dependencies, on the site of ancient Fort Amsterdam, was the principal military work upon the island
It had, when Washington came into the city, two twelve-pounders anil Tour thirty-two-pound
ers, though capable of mounting sixty cannons. Connected with it was the Qrand nailery,
with thirtei □ tinny two pounders, one twenty four, three cightcen's, two two's, and one brass
and three iron mortars. This was enlarged after the British took possesion, to a capacity fo?
ninety-four guns. This work was in the vicinity of the present flagstaff upon the Batter; A
little eastward of it. at the South Ferry landing, was the Whitehall Battery, with two thirty-two
/* pound* ra. From thla point to Corlaer's Hook, along the East River, several works were con-
structed. There was a battery of five guns upon Tenyck's Wharf, at Coenties Slip, and upon
Brooklyn Heights opposite, Fort Stirling, a battery with eight guns, was constructed. It was
between tin present Hicka and Clinton Streets, a little northeastward of Pierrepont Street.
At Old Coffee-house, Fly, Burling's, Beekman's, and Peck Slips, and at the Exchange, foot
of Brond Street, breast-works were thrown up. There was also a barrier with two guns
across Broadway, just above the Bowling Green. At "the ship-yards," on the Bite of the pros-
1 oar GbOKGE. ent Catharine Market) was an irregular work, called IFaterbery's Battery, having seven 141111 -
\ larger work was on liutgers' first hill (a little eastward of the Jews' burying-ground), at the Intersection of Market and Mad-
ison Streets. It was called Badlands Battery, and mounted eight guns. Another small work, of horse-shoe form, was on a high
bank near the water, in Pike Street, between Cherry and Monroe Streets, with a breast work on the water's edge, Here Gen
l r.il Spencer was encamped, and this was called Spencer's Redoubt. It hnd two twelve-pounders. On Rutgers' second bill,
between Henry and Madison, Clinton and Monroe Streets, was a star redoubt, embrasured for twelve guns. This was con-
nected by an irregular line "! works, extending t<p a strong battery called Crown Point, at Corlaer's Hook, situated upon the site
of the present Allaire Wnrk- Eastward of this, upon Burnt Mill Point, was a battery, on the site of the Novelty Iron Works
Prom ' ' 1 Point was a line of intrenchmrnt- extending to a strong redoubt, of circular form, mounting eight heavy pieces,
and called Fort PUt, It was upon the brow of a hill at the Intersex don of Grand and Pitt Streets. From Fort Pitt a aeriei ol
Btrotig works extended nearly on a line with the present Grand and Broome Streets, to Broad-
' hi n e ii erging to the northwest, terminated in a redoubt on the brow of a bill, on
the I orders ol a marsh near the intersection of Thompson and Spring Streets. Within this line,
upon an eminence called Bayard's Mount, was the largest of all the works, except Fort George
nil the Grand B May. This was called Independent Battery, and the Americans named the emi-
BunkerHiU. This name was retained until the Collect or Fresh Watti P which cover
ed many acres in the \ icinity of the Halls of Justice, was filled by digging down the hills around
it. The battery on Busker Hill was npon tin apace Included within the intersections of Cen-
ter Mott, Mn! Kerry, Grand, and Broome stre.ts; and for a long time after the bill was digged
down, the brick lining of a well, constructed within the works, stood up like a huge chimney.
aery had nine eight-pounders, four three's, and six royal cohorns and mortars.
The first work on the Hudson, after leaving Fort George, was the Oyster Battery in the rear
of No. ] Broadway. It had two thirty two pounders and three twelve's. Southwest of Trinity IWDEPKNDBNT RvrTKay.
church, on the high river bank, was MDougaVs Battery of four guns. West of Greenwich Street (" Greenwich road"), near the
water, between Reade and Duane Streets, was the Jersey Battery, -with five guns, Alon the high river bank abreast-work extend-
ed almost to the Vauxhall (see page 582) at the corner of Warren and Greenwich Street". On Greenwich, between Franklin and
North Moore Streets, was the "Alr-rarnaee" and " Brew-house." The former was fortified, and from it a line of intnnchments
extended northeast, to the north part of the present SC John's Park, overlooking Llspenard's Meadows. On the river bank, in
front of the "Brew-house," was a circular work called the Grenadier's Battery, with three twelve pounders and two mortars
From it a line of breastworks extended along the river to Hubert Street. From that point, close along the west side of Green-
wich Street, was a line of breast-works, extending to I'esbrosscs Street. Where Watt Street crosses Greenwich was another
small breast work ; at the foot of Kin g Street was another; and from the foot of Clnrkson to Barrow whs another. Upon the
high ground known until within a few years as Richmond Will, there was quite an extensive line of fortifications, which com-
manded the river, and the Greenwich and Broadway roads. This line commenced near the junction of Spring and M'Hougal
Streets, and, sweeping around near Houston and Hammersley. ended at Varick, near King Street. On the wet aide of Broad
way. near Houston Street, was an eminence on which works were erected ; and directly east of them, between Broadway and
the Bowery, were four small breast- works, a few rods apnrt. Eae t of the Bowery, at the intersection of Forsyth and Delancoy
H. Pp
59 !
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Washington's Conference with Congress.
Preparation for the Defense of New York.
Landing of British Troops.
close of May, a he left the troops in command of General Putnam, while he hastened
i May 23.
to Philadelphia to confer with Congress respect-
ing the general defense of the colonies. The wicked
bargain of Great Britain with the German princes for
their men was now known, and it was believed that
New York was the point where the mercenary vultures
would probably strike their first blow. To that point the
eyes of all America were now turned. Congress author-
ized a re-enlbrcement of thirteen thousand eight hundred
militia, to be drawn from New England, New York,1 and
New Jersey, and provided for the establishment of a flying
camp of ten thousand men, to be formed of militia from
Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. The latter
were to rendezvous at Amboy, and the accomplished
General Mercer was appointed to the command. Gen-
eral Greene took post at Brooklyn, and superintended the Washington's Head quahtebs.2
preparation of defenses there. On his return,1* Washington went to the upper end of
the island, and personally aided in the surveys and the arrangement of the plan of Fort
Washington and its outworks.
General Howe, who went to Halifax from Boston, arrived at Sandy Hook on the twenty-
ninth of June,c with ships and transports bearing his recruited army, where he war*
visited by Governor Tryon. On the eighth of July he landed nine thousand men upon
Staten Island,3 and there awaited the arrival of his brother, Admiral Howe, with English
1 John Morin Seott was appointed to the command of the New York troops, with the commission of a
brigadier.
; I was informed by the venerable Anna van Antwerp,* about a fortnight before her death, in the au-
tumn of 1851. that Washington made his head-quarters, on first entering the city, at the spacious house
(half of which is yet standing at 180 Pearl Street, opposite Cedar Street), delineated in the engraving.
The large window, with an arch, toward the right, indicates the center of the original building. It is of
brick, stuccoed, and roofed with tiles. There Washington remained until summoned to visit Congress at
Philadelphia, toward the last of May. On his return, he went to the Kennedy House, No. 1 Broadway,
where he remained until the evacuation in September.
3 The main body of Howe's troops landed near the present quarantine ground, and encamped upon the
hills in the vicinity'. The fleet had anchored olf Vanderventer's point (the telegraph station at the Nar-
rows), and three ships of war and some transports brought
the English troops within the Narrows, to the landing-place. —
'Howe's Dispatch to Lord George Gcrmainc.) Howe made hi*
head-quarters at the Rose and Croiim Tavern, upon the road
leading from Stapleton to Richmond, near New Dorp. The
house is near the forks of the Richmond and Amboy roads, and
overlooks the beautiful level country between it and the sea.
two miles distant. It. is now (1852) the property of Mr.
Leonard Parkinson, of Old Town, Staten Island. The house
was built by a Huguenot, one of the first settlers upon thai
part of the island.
When Howe landed, the great body of the people on the Rose and Crown.
island formed a corps of Loyalists, under Tryon, and some of them were in the battle near Brooklyn.
■Streets, was a small circular battery. On the west side of Broadway, near Walker, was an irregular work ; and the Hospital
■ on Broadway, fronting Pearl Street), n strong stone building, was fortified. There was also a line of breast-works extending
nni: Hi, I lust [liver from the present Dry Dock to Stuyvesant Square; and nt Horn's Hook, at the foot of Eighty-ninth Street
, -Hk called T/tnmpson'3 Baucry, with nine guns. I was informed by the venerable Judge Woodhull, ot Franklinville.
Long Island i now ninety-eight years of a:;e), that when the lines across the island, from the East Rtvcr toward the Hudson, were
onstructed, tin: merchants and other citizens were pressed into service.
It must be remembered that most of the streets here mentioned were not then in existence. Chambers Street up Rrondwny.
Hester Street up the Bowery, and Catharine Street up the East River, were the extreme points to which streets were laid out
at the time of the Revolution. Now (1852) the streets and avenues are all opened to Fortieth Street, and some beyondland al
edifices cover the island from river to river below Thirty-second Street. Then the Hospital was quite in
the field*, and Greenwich was a country village.
• Mrs. Yiu Antwerp left the city with her parents when the Rritish took possession, and retired to Tappan, where she wai
ii cm. d. Tiny returned to the city after the war, and her husband purchased the lot No. 38 Maiden Lane, where she resided
from that time until her death, n period of almost seventy years. Her style of living was that of the Revolution, and all the
OF THE REVOLUTION. .V.i.l
1 .,,[ 1,1 .'.. -ii..'. u ushmgiou Declaration of Independence read to Ihe Army. Destruction of the King's Statue.
regulars and Hessian liinLinirs Th. •>!• arrived in the course of a few days, and in Au-
gust, Clinton and Parker, with their broken forces, joined them. Another disembarkation
took place on the twelfth, and there, upon the wooded heights of Staten bland, above Staple-
ton and Clifton, and upon the English transports, almost thirty thousand men stood ready to
fall upon the Republicans.1 Already the Declaration of Independence had gone abroad ;2 the
statue of the king in New York had been pulled down,3 and brave men, pledged to the support
of the Continental Congress and its measures, were piling fortifications upon every eligible
point around the devoted city.
1 A plot, originated by Tryon, to murder the American general officers on the arrival of the British, or at
best to capture Washington and deliver him to Mr William Howe, was discovered al ibis time. It was
arranged to blow up the magazine, secure the passes to the city, and at one blow deprive the Republicans
of their leaders, and bv massacre or capture annihilate the " rebel army." Mayor Mathews was one of the
conspirators ; and from his secure place on board the Duchess of Gordon, Tryoh Bent money freely to bribe
Americans. Two of Washington's Guard were seduced, but the patriotism of a third was proof against
their temptations, and he exposed the plot. Mathews, Gilbert Forbes (a gunsmith on Broadway), and about
a dozen others, were immediately arrested, and scut prisoners to Connecticut.* It was ascertained that
about rive hundred persons were concerned in the conspiracy Thomas Mickey, one of I lie (Itiard, was hang-
ed on the twenty-seventh of .lime. 1 7T(». This was the first military execution in New York —See Sparks'i
Writings oj Washington, Hi., 438; Force's American Archives, vi., 1064; lb., i. (second series), 117;
Gaine's New York Mercury.
- Washington received the Declaration of Independence on the ninth of July, with instructions to have it
read to the army He immediately issued an order for the several brigades, then in and near the city, to be
drawn up at six o'clock that evening, to hear it read by their several commanders or their aids t The brig-
ades were formed in hollow squares on their respective parades. The venerable Zachariah Greene (com-
monly known as " Parson Greene," the father-in-law of Mr. Thompson, historian of Long Island), yet (1855)
living at Hempstead, at the age of ninety-six years, informed me that he belonged to the brigade then en-
camped on the " Common," where the City Hall now stands. The hollow square was formed at about the
spot where the Park Fountain now is. He says Washington was within the square, on horseback, ami
that the Declaration was read in a clear voice by one of his aids. When it was concluded, three hearty
cheers were given. Holt's Journal for July 11, 1776, says, " In pursuance of the Declaration of Independ-
ence, a general jail delivery took place with respect to debtors," Ten days afterward, the people assembled
at the City Hall, at the head of Broad Street, to hear the Declaration read. They then took the liritish
arms from over the scat of justice in the court-room, also the arms wrought in stone in front of the build-
in.', and the picture of the king in the council chamber, and destroyed them, by fire, in the street. They
a!-,, ordered the British arms in all the churches in the city to be destroyed. This order seems not to have
been obeyed Those in Trinity church were taken down and carried to New Brunswick by the Reverend
( !b tries Inglis, at the close of the war, and now hang upun the walls of a Protestant Episcopal church in
St. John's
■ The statue of George the Third was equestrian, made of lead, and gilded. It was the workmanship of
Wilton, then a celebrated statuary of London, and was the first equestrian effigy of bis majesty yel erect-
ed. It was placed upon its pedestal, in the center of the Bowling Green, on the twcntv-lirst of August
1770. tin the same evening when the Declaration of Independence was read to the troops in New i ork, a
large concourse of people assembled, pulled down the statue, broke it in pieces, and sent it to be made into
bullets. Ebcnezer Hazard, in a letter to dates, referring to I lie destruction of the king's statue, said, ■• His
troops will probably have melted majesty fired at them." Some of the soldiers appear to have been en-
■rao-ed in the matter, for on the following morning Washington issued an order for them to desist from such
-n it, ins acts in future, t The greater portion of the statue was sent to Litchfield, in Connecticut, and there
persuasions 01 her wealths children could mt lure her from that simplicity and the ho Cher early years ol married life.
She arose one morning, sat down by tier table, leaned her bead upon it, and expired like a waning emher, at the age of ninety-
five years. Almost alt otitic few who knew her half a century ace, had furgolten tier,
news carried with him the Mayoralty Rag of New York Citj and a Hag of one of ihe Loyalist battalions. Ties, are
now (1855] in the possession ofa gentleman at Charlestown, Massachusetts, and are well preserved.
t This order was written hj Major Samuel Webb (father of James Watson Webb, Esquire, Editor ofthe Ni « i ork r,,,iri.r
ami Enquirer), whom Washington had chosen as Ins chid aid-de-camp a (few days before lie was bom In the " Webb House"
(see page 43ii, volume i.) in w, tin refli Id, I onnecticut, in 1751, and joined the army at Cambridge as a volunteer a few days
ainr the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord. He was immediately appointed aid to General Putnam, and fbughl gallantly
in the battle of Bunker's Hill. After the evacuation of Boston by the Ilniish. he accompanii d Ihe army to New Stork, was
made Washington's aid toward the close of June, l7Tf,, and performed active sen Ice until after the retreat ofthe Americans
across New Jersey. He was wounded in the battle al White Plains, and also on the hanks ofthe Delaware. Having been
appointed colonel under General Parsons, in the Connecticut line, he urcnnipanieil thai "Ulci r on an expedition to Long Island,
was made prisoner, and was not exchanged until 1781, when Washington nave him the command oftlie Light Infantry (the
leadership of which the Baron Steuben had just resigned), with the rank ol brigadier. Some time after the war. he married a
daughter of Judge Hogebonm, and removed lo Clavcrark, Columbia county, where he died in 1MI7. He was greatly esteemed
and beloved by Washington.
l In a coarse Tory drama, entitled " The Bailie of Brooklyn ; a farce in two acts, as it was performed on Long Island Ol
596 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Effect of the Declaration. Howe's Letter to Washington. Commission of the Brothers. Preparations for Bailie.
On the arrival of General Howe at Sandy Hook, the Provincial Congress of New York ad-
journed to White Plains, and there, on the ninth of July, they reassembled, approved of the
Declaration of Independence, and changed the title of the Assembly to Convention of the
Representatives of the State of Neiv York. The Declaration, however, offended many in-
fluential men, who, though warmly attached to their country, and yearning for a redress of
grievances, shuddered at the thought of separation from Great Britain. Some closed their
mouths in silence and folded their arms in inaction, while others, like Beverly Robinson, the
Delanceys, and men of that character, actively espoused the cause of the king. The patriot
army in New York was surrounded by domestic enemies, more to be dreaded than open adver-
saries, and this fact seemed favorable to the hopes of Howe, that the olive branch would be
accepted by the Americans when offered.1 He soon perceived that much of loyalty was the
child of timidity, and when his proclamations were sent abroad, offering peace only on condi-
tion of submission, the missiles proved powerless. Although doubtless desiring peace, he was
obliged to draw the sword and sever the leashes of the blood-hounds of war.
On the twelfth of July, the Rose and Phoenix ships of war, with their decks guarded by
sand-bags, sailed up the bay, and passing the American batteries without serious injury, pro-
ceeded up the Hudson to Haverstraw Bay, for the double purpose of keeping open a commu-
nication with Carleton, who was endeavoring to make his way southward by Lake Champlain,-
and for furnishing arms to the Tories of West Chester. The vigilant Whigs would not allow
their boats to land, and there they remained inactive for three weeks. In the mean while,
the belligerent forces were preparing for the inevitable battle. Hulks of vessels were sunk in
converted into bullets by two (laughters and a son of Governor Wolcott, a Mrs and Miss Marvin, and a
Mrs. Beach. According to an account current of the cartridges made from this statue, found among the
papers of Governor Wolcott, it appears that it furnished materials for forty-two thousand bullets. The
pedestal was used for a tomb-stone for Major John .Smith, a British officer. Afterward it was devoted to
more humble use as a door-step of the mansion of the Van Voorst family, in Jersey City, where, after more
than fifty years' service in that capacity, it yet (1855) remains.
1 General Howe, and his brother, the admiral, were appointed by Parliament commissioners to treat for
peace with the Americans. They were authorized to extend a free pardon to all who should return to their
allegiance ; to declare penitent towns or colonies exempt from the penalties of non-intercourse ; and to of-
fer rewards to those who should render meritorious services in restoring tranquillity. Howe sent procla-
mations to this effect ashore at Amboy, addressed to the colonial governors, and designed for general circu-
lation among the people. The General Congress denounced it as a scheme to " amuse and disarm the
people," and exhorted them to perceive '• that the valor alone of their country was to save its liberties.'' —
Journal, if, 260. At about the same time. Colonel Paterson, the British adjutant general, went to New
Vork with a flag, bearing a letter from General Howe, addressed to " George Washington, Esq." This
was so addressed because the Briton was unwilling to acknow ledge the official character of the " rebel
chief." It was a silly movement ; "Washington penetrated the design, and refused any communication, un-
less addressed to General Washington. Paterson urged Washington not to be punctilious, pleading the
necessity of waving all ceremony, for Howe came to cause the sheathing of swords, if possible. Washing-
ton was inflexible, and said, in reference to the commissioners, that they seemed empowered only to grant
pardons ; that those who had committed no fault needed no pardon, and that the Americans were only de-
fending their rights as British subjects. Paterson returned, and Howe made no further attempts to corre-
spond with " George Washington, Esq." Congress, by resolution, expressed its approval of the course of
the commander-in-chief in this matter.
1 The chief plan of the campaign of 1776 was for Howe to attack New Vork and ascend the Hudson,
while Carleton should come from Canada and form a junction. This would effectually cut off the Eastern
States from the rest of the confederacy. Clinton, in the mean while, was to make war in the Southern
States, and the American forces being thus divided, might be easily conquered. Their designs miscarried
Clinton was repulsed at Charleston, Carleton was kept at bay, and Howe did not pass the Highlands.
Tuesday, the twenty-seventh day of August, 1776, by the representatives of ttie Tyrants of America assembled at Philadelphia,"
published by Rivington, the destruction of the statue is attributed to Washington. A servant girl of Lady Gates is made to
siy concerning the chief, "And more, my lady, did he not order the king's statue to be pulled down, and the head cut off"
Mr Greene described the statue to me as of the natural size, both horse and man. The horse was poised upon his hinder legs
The king had a crown upon his head ; his right hand held the bridle-reins, the left rested upon the handle of a sword. The
nrtisl omitted stirrups, and the soldiers often said, in allusion to the fact, " the tyrant ought to ride a hard-trotting horse, with-
out stirrups." Stephens, in his Travels in Greece. <tc. (ii., 33), says, that in the house of a Russian major, at ChioflT, he sav,
a picture representing the destruction of this statue. The major pledged linn in the toast, " Success to Liberty throughout
the world."
OF THE REVOLUTION. 597
Disposition of American Detachments. Kip's Cay. The Kip Family.
the channel between Governor's Island1 and the Battery, and chevatixdej 'rise were formed
there under the direction of General Putnam, to prevent the passage of the British vessels up
the East River. A large body of troops were concentrated al Brooklyn, under General Greene .
Sullivan and his little army hastened from the North; two battalions from Pennsylvania and
Maryland, under Smallwood, arrived, and the New York and New England militia flocked
to the city by hundreds. On the first of August the American army in and an. mid New York
numbered about twenty-seven thousand men, but at least one fourth of them were unfitted by
sickness tor active duty. Bilious lever prostrated Greene about the middle of August, and
Sullivan was placed in command at Brooklyn. A small detachment was ordered to Governors
Island : another \\ as posted at Paulus' Hook, where Jersey City now stands, and General George
Clinton, with a body of New York militia, was ordered to Wesl Chester county to oppose the
landing of the British on the shores of the Sound, or. in the event of their landing, to prevent
their taking possession of the strong post at King's Bridge. Parson's brigade took post at Kip s
Bay,2 on the East River, to watch British vessels if they should enter those waters. Such
was the position of the two armies immediately antecedent to the battle near Brooklyn, at the
close of August, 177G.
1 The original name of this island was Nutten. The rents of the land being a perquisite of the colonial
goveraars, it was c died I roveraor's Island. It was held as such perquisite until the close of Governor Clin-
ton's administration. General Johnson, of Brooklyn, informed me that Clinton rental it to Dr. Price, who
built a house of entertainment there, and laid out a race-course. Owing to the difficulty of taking race-
horses io iho isl mil, it was abandoned after two or three years, and the course at Hiirlcin was established.
2 The family mansion of the Kips, a strong house built of brick im-
ported from Holland, remained near the corner of Second Avenue and
Thirty-fourth Sircet, until July. 1850, when it was taken down. A
pear-tree near, planted in 1700, bore fruit the present season. The
house was built in 16+1 by Samuel Kip, who was secretary of the
council of New Netherlands, and at the time of its destruction was _
probably the oldesl edifice m the Si ate of New York. The sketch ~J?V l^B ■ ■Htl'|"
here given is from a painting in possession of the Reverend \V. In- ;,:'-} ;L"^^B B 3,S J^tf " '
graham Kip, D.D., of Albany, and gives its appearance at the time of MB*T^^^~-)[ _x . "■"i^'fe^r
the Revolution. The Kip family are among the oldest in this state
Ruloft'de Kypc (anglicized to Kip after the English took possession
of New Netherlands) was the first of the name found in history. He Ulr's n<"-'sE-
wis a native of Bretagne, and was a warm partisan of the Guises in the civil wars between Protestants and
Papists in the sixteenth century. On the defeat of his party, he fled to the Low Countries. He afterward
joined the army of the Duke of Anjou, and fill in battle near Jarnac. He was buried in a church there,
where an altar-tomb was erected to his memory bearing his coat of arms.* His son Ruloff became a Prot-
estant, and settled in Amsterdam. His grandson. Henry (born in 1576), became an active member of the
•• Company of Foreign Countries," which was organized in 1588 for the purpose of exploring a northeast
ige to the Indies. In 1635 he came to America with his family, but soon returned to Holland. His
sons remained, bought large tracts of land, and were active in public affairs. One of them (Henry) was a
member of the first popular Assembly in New Netherlands (see page 577), and married a daughter of De
Sille, lie- attorney general. His brother Jacob bought the land at Kip's Bay, and a third son. Isaac, owned
the property which is now the City Hall Park. Nassau Street was called Kip Street. In 1686 one of the
family purchased the tract where the village of Rhinebeck, Dutchess county, now stands. It was called
■• the manor of Kipsburg." A part of this was sold to Henry Beekman, by whose grand-daughter, the moth-
er of Chancellor Livingston, it passed into the Livingston family. At the opening of the Revolution, the
Kip family were divided in politics ; some held royal commissions, others were standi 'W bigs The pro-
prietors of the Kip's Bay property were strong Whigs, but one of them, Samuel, was induced by Colonel
Delancey to take the loyal side. He raised a company of cavalry, principally from his own tenants, joined
Delancey, and was active in West Chester county, where, in a skirmish in 1781. he was severely wounded
He lived several years after the war, and suffered great loss of property by confiscation.
For several years after the British took possession of York Island, Kip's house was used as head-quarters
by officers. There Colonel Williams, of the 80th regiment, was quartered in 1780, and on the day when
Andre left the city to meet Arnold. Williams gave a dinner to Sir Henry Clinton and his staff. Andre u is
there and shared in the socialities of the hour. It was his last dinner in New York. Such is well authen-
ticated tradition. — See Holgate's American Genealogies, page 109.
* The device was a shield, (in one side, occupying a moiety, was a cross. The other moiety was quartered by a snip of
sold; above w. re two minus, ami below an open mailed hand. There were two crests, a game-cock, and a demi-griffin hold-
ing a cross : the legend, " Vestigia nulla retnrn m ."
598
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
"Landing of the British.
General De Heister
CHAPTER XXIII.
"In the year seventy-six came the two noble brothers.
With an army and fleet fit to conquer a world ;
And Cornwallis, and Rawdon, and Tarleton, and others —
And murder and rapine on our country were hurl'd."
Yankee Chronology.
" There the old-fashioned colonel galloped through the white infernal
Powder cloud ;
And bis broad sword was swinging, and his brazen throat was ringing
Trumpet loud:
There the blue bullets flew,
And the trooper jackets redden at the touch of the leaden
Rifle breath ;
And rounder, rounder, rounder, roared the iron six-pounder,
Hurling Death I"
Knickerbocker Magazine.
N Thursday morning, the twenty-second of August, 1776, the British troops
under General William Howe landed upon Long Island, in the vicinity of
New Utrecht. Four thousand men crossed the ferry from Staten Island,
at the Quarantine Ground, to Denyse's strong stone house, where Fort Ham-
ilton now stands, and landed under cover of the guns of the Rainbow, an-
chored where Fort La Fayette looms up in the center of the Narrows. Some
riflemen, under Colonel Edward Hand, posted on the hill above, retired
toward Flatbush. An hour afterward, British and Hessian troops poured
over the sides of the English ships and transports, and in long rows of boats, directed by
Commodore Hotham, five thousand more soldiers landed upon Long Island, in the bow of
Gravesend Bay (at a place known as Bath,
in front of New Utrecht), under cover of the
guns of the Phanix, Rose,' and Greyhound.
The chief commanders of the English were
Sir Henry Clinton, Earls Cornwallis and
Percy, and Generals Grant and Sir Will
iam Erskine. Count Donop, who was killed
at Red Bank in 1777, landed, with some
Hessians, with the first division, and on the
. AueuBt twenty-fifth, a the veteran commander,
1776. De Heister,2 with two full Hessian
brigades, also landed near New Utrecht. The view at ghavesend isay.^
whole invading force was about ten thousand men well armed, with forty cannons. Lieu
lenant-colonel Dalrymple remained to keep Staten Island.
' The Rose and Phanix, after remaining in Haverstraw Bay five weeks, bad passed the American bat-
teries and joined the fleet. — See page 596.
2 Lieutenant-general De Heister was an old man. and warmly attached to his master, the Landgrave of
Hesse Cassel. The long voyage of almost fourteen weeks dispirited him, "and," says Sir George Collier,
"his patience and tobacco became exhausted." A sniff of land breeze revived him. "He called for
Hock, and swallowed large potations to the health of his friends."
: This view is from the road on the high shore, a little below Fort Hamilton, looking southeast . the
'. e in the center belonged to Simon Cortelyou, a Tory, during the Revolution, and has not been altered.
flravesend Bay is seen beyond the house, and the distant land is Coney Island beach.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
599
Alarm in New York.
General Putnam.
il John Muriri Scott.
When this movement of the enemy was known in New York, alarm and confusion pre-
vailed.1 Re-enforcements were sent to General Sullivan, then encamped at Brooklyn, and
the next day the veteran General Putnam3 was ordered thither by Washington, to take the
supreme command there. The military works on Long Island had been constructed under
the immediate direction of General Greene, who made himself acquainted with every im-
portant point between Hell Gate and the Narrows. Unfortunately, he fell sick, and none
knew so well as he the importance of certain passes in the rear of Brooklyn. The chief
fortifications were within the limits of the present city,3 while at the passes alluded to
1 Many Whig families left the city, and for seven long years of exile they endured privations with heroic
fortitude.* Many of their bouses were destroyed by tire, and others were ruined by military occupants,
s Israel Putnam was born in Salem, Massachusetts «>n the seventh of January, 171N. He was a vigor-
ous, athletic lad, and in 1739 we find him cultivating land in Pomfret, Connecticut. He was appointed to
the command of the first troops raised in Connecticut for the French and Indian war in 1755. in which
capacity the reader has met him several times in these volumes. He returned to his farm after the peace,
where he remained until he heard of the affair at Lexington. At the head of Connecticut troop-, h- dis-
tinguished himself in the battle of Bunker Hill. He was one of the four
major generals appointed by Congress in 1775. His services during the
war are mentioned m many portions of this work, and we will not repeal
them here. His Ias1 military services were performed at West Point and
vicinity in 1779. where he was chiefly engaged in strengthening the forti-
us. Paralysis oi one side impaired the activity of his body, but his
mind retained its powers until his death. He lived in retirement, after the
war. and died at Brooklyn, Windham county, Connecticut, on the twenty-
ninth of May, 1790, aged seventy-two years. His remains repose beneath
a marble slab in the grave-yard south of the village, upon which is an appropriate inscription. f
3 Over all the sites of Revolutionary fortifications, near Brooklyn, the nMdern city is rapidly spreading
Streets and avenues reticulate the whole area, and it is difficult now to identify the consecrated places.
* I liHve before me a manuscript letter, written by a daughter of General John Morin Scott, from Elizabethtown, three days
after the landing of the British on Long Island, which exhibits the alarms and privations to which wealthy families, who hat]
rity, were subjected. After mentioning their hourly expectation of the landing of the British at Elizabethtown Point,
she says : " We have our coach standing before our door every night, and the horses harnessed ready to make our escape, if
we have time. We have hardly any clothes to wear: only a second change." Warned by Governor Livingston to leave
Elizabethtown, the family of General Scott fled at night to Springfield, in the midst of a terrible thunderstorm. The writer
continues : " We were obliged to stop on the road and stay nil night and all the lodging we could get whs a dirty bed on the
3oor. How hard it seems for us, that have always been used to living comfortable ! Papa, with his brigade, has gone-
over to Long Island, which makes us very uneasy. Poor New York ! I long to have the battle over, anil yet I dread the con-
sequences." This letter is in the possession of her grandson, Charles S. M Kni-lit. Esq., of New York.
John Moiun Scott was an early opponent of British oppression, the coadjutor of Scars, Lamb, Willett, and others. He wa-*
a descendant of the baronial family of Scott
of Ancram, Teviotdale, Scotland, and was
born in New York in 1730. !!<■ grs
at Yale College in 1746. He adopted the
profession of the law, married Helena Rut-
gers, of New York, and made that city bis
field of active usefulness. With William
id, oi New Jersey, his voice and pen
boldly advocated extreme measures, and,
because of his ultra Whig principles, the
timid ones defeated bis election to the Gen-
eral Congress in 1774. He was one of the
most active and influential members of the General Committee of New York in 177."), and was a member of the Provincial Con-
gress that year. On the ninth of Jutk\ 1776, he was commissioned a brigadier, which oflice he held until March, 1777. He was
with his brigade in the battle of Long Island, and was one of the Council of War called by Washington to decide whether to
fight longer or retreat He was afterward with General Heath in the lower part of Weal Chester, but left the service in March
1777. when he was appointed secretary of the State of New York. He was a.member of the General Congress in 1782 and 1783
In 17-t he was elected an honorary member of the Society ol the ' Itacmnad. He died on the fourteenth of September of thi
same year, in the fifty -fifth year of his age. His remains lie in Trinity church-yard with those of his ancestors, close by the
railing on Broadway, north ol" the great entrance-door to the church. I am indebted to John Morin Scott, Esq., of Philadelphia,
a grandson of the general, for the materials ot this brief sketch.
t "This monument is erected to the memory of the Honorable Israel Putnam, Esq., major ceneral in the armies of the United
States of America ; who was born at Salem, in the Province of Massachusetts, on the seventh day of January. 1718, and died
at Brooklyn, in the State of Connecticut, on the twenty. ninth day of May, A.D. 1790. Passenger, if thou art a soldier, go not
away till thou hast dropped a tear over the dust of a Hero, who, ever tenderly attentive to the lives and happiness of bin men
dared to lead where any one dared to follow. If thou art a patriot, remember with gratitude how much thou and thy country
owe to the disinterested and gallant exertions of the patriot who sleeps beneath this marble. If thou art an honest, generom.
nod worthy man, render a sincere and cheerful tribute of respect to a man whose generosity was singular; whose honesty
was proverbial , and who, with a slender education, with small advantage*, and without powerful friends, raised himself to
universal esteem, and lo offices of eminent distinction by personal worth, and by the diligent services of a useful life."
GOO
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The " Passes."
Miles and Woodhull.
Fortifications near Brooklyn
breasl-works were cast up. These passes were in a range of hills extending from the Nar-
rows to the Jamaica road, at
the present East New York,
and in broken elevations fur-
ther on. There were several
roads traversing the flat coun-
try in the rear of these hills.
These Colonel Miles, of Penn-
sylvania, was directed to re-
connoiter with his regiment,
to watch and report upon the
progress of the enemy. To
.Sullivan was intrusted
command of the troops
without the lines, assist-
ed by Brigadier-general
Lord Stirling ; General Wood-
hull (late president of the Pro-
vincial Congress), now in arms,
was commissioned to deprive
the invaders of provisions by
removing the live stock to the
plains of Hempstead.
The invading army pre-
pared for marching soon after
the debarkation. The Hes-
sians, under De Heister, form-
ed the center or main body ;
the English, under Gen-
composed the
left wing, which rested
'rveec (fi&tilictwi' (
By a careful comparison of maps, military plans, and oilier authorities, with maps of the modern city, 1
have endeavored to locate the various works. I am satisfied that there will be found no material errors
in the statement.*
■ * The first work erected, after fortifying Red Hook and constructing Fort Stirling, on Brooklyn Heights (see page 593), was
a redoubt called fori Putnam, upon a wooded hill near the Wallabout, now known as Fort Greene and Washington Square
This was a redoubt with five guns ; and when the trees were felled, it commanded the East River, and the roads approaching
Brooklyn from the interior. An intrenchment extended from Fort Putnam northwesterly down the hill to a spring now(1852,)
in a tannine yard, with a pump in it, near the intersection of Portland Street and Flushing Avenue. This spring was then on
the verge of the Wallabout. From the western side of the fort an intrenchment extended in zigzag course across the Flutbusb
road, near the junction of Flatbush Avenue and Power Street, to Freek's mill-pond, at the head of Gowanus Creek, near the
junction of Second Avenue and Carroll Street. Near the intersection of Nevins and Dean Streets, about halfway betwi en
Fort Putnam and the mill pond, on the land of Debevoise and Vanbrunt, a redoubt was constructed with five guns, and called
Fort Greene. A little southward or Fori Putnam, near the Jamaica road, was a small redoubt; and upon the slope of Hergen
Hill (very near Boerum's Hill), opposite Brewer's mill, was a small redoubt with four guns. It stood between Smith .Street
and First Avenue, not far from the termination of Hoyt Street at Carroll. This is supposed to be Box Fort. It was afterward
strengthened by the British while a detachment lay encamped on Bergen Hill. Last year (1851) a lriend of the writer picked
up arrow heads, and buttons marked " 42" (4Sd Highlanders), on the site of this redoubt. At the head of the tunnel of the
Lon- Island rail-way, in the vicinity of Boerum and Atlantic Streets, was a high, conical hill, called Ponkiesbergh and Cobble
HilL A redoubt for three cannons was constructed on the top of this hill, and. from the circumstance that an intrenchment ex-
tended spirally from summit to base, it was called Cork-screw Fori— (See Onderdonk's Revolutionary Incidents of Long Island,
ii,. 118) This redoubt remained until 1812, when it was strengthened and called Fort Swift. Fort Putnam was strengthened
at the same time, and called Fort Greene. The banks then
s raised on those of the fort of the Revolution were very
prominent until the present year (1852), when diluted
patriotism and bad taste allowed them to be leveled so as
to give the face of Washington Square a smooth appear-
ance. To the eye of a true American there is more beauty
in a single mound consecrated by patriotism than in a
score of graveled walks trodden by the gay and thought-
less.
These several fortifications, with other localities and
events mentioned in the account of the battle, will be bet-
ter understood by reference to the accompanying mati,
which is a reduced copy of one carefully prepared by
Henry Onderdonk, Jr., and published in his valuable
collection of Revolutionary Incidents of Long Island. Mr.
Onderdonk has thoroughly explored the ground we are
considering ; and to him, as a cicerone, when visiting the
field of conflict, I am much indebted for a knowledge ol
the various localities.
Explanation" of the Plan. — Figure 1, Gravesend
beach, where the British landed; 2, Denyse's (Fort Ham-
ilton) ; 3, Martense's Lane, along the southern boundary
of Greenwood Cemetery, extending from Third Avenue.
at the lower end of Gowanus Bay, to the Flatbush and
Mew Utrecht road; 4, Red Lion tavern; 5, Grant's forces; 6, Stirling's forces; 7, Stirling's last encounter; 6, Cortelyou's
house ; 9, Port or Mill road ; 10, Flatbush pass ; 1 1, Americans retreating across the creek ; 12, Party of Americans covering
the retreat; 13. Box Fort; 14, Brower's mill; 15, Fort Greene, near the mill-pond; 16, Corfc-Bcrew Fort; 17, Baker's tavern,
near the junction of Fulton and Flatbush Avenues; 18, British redoubt, cast up after the buttle; 19, Fort Putnam, now Fort
20, Stone church, where Washington held a council of war; 21, Fort Stirling; 22, The ferry, foot of Fulton Street;
23, Fort at Red Hook; 24, Corlaer's Hook; 25, Battery, foot of Catharine Street; 26, Panlua' Hook; 27, Governor's Island;
OF THE REVOLUTION". 00 1
M ,,, li ,,i ihi- I ritish Advantage gained. Advance of Grant toward Gowanua,
on Now York Bay ; and the right wing, designed for the principal performance in the drama
about to be opened, was composed of choice battalions, under the command ol Clinton, Corn-
wallis, and Percy, accompanied by Howe, the commander-in-chief. While Grant and De
Heister were diverting the Americans on the left and center, the right was to make a cir-
cuitous inarch by the way of Flatlands, to secure the roads and passes between that village
and Jamaica, and to gain the American left, if possible. This division, under the general
command of Clinton, moved from Flatlands on the evening of the twenty-sixth,:' aAu?ust
and, guided by a Tory, passed the narrow causeway, over a marsh near the scatter- 1"'>-
ed village of New Lots,1 called Shoemaker's Bridge. At two o'clock in the morning they
gained the high wooded hills within half a mile of the present village of East New York,
unobserved by Colonel Miles and the American patroles, except some subaltern officers on
horseback, whom they captured. Informed that the Jamaica road was unguarded, Clinton
hastened to secure the pass, and before daylight that important post and the Bedlurd pas;'
were in his possession, and yet General Sullivan was ignorant of the departure of the enemy
from Flatlands. Expecting an attack upon his right, in the vicinity of Gowauus, all his
vigilance seems to have been turned in that direction, and he did not send fresh scouts in
the direction of Jamaica. The advantage thus gained by Clinton decided the fortunes ol
the day.
While the British right wing was gaining this vantage ground, General Grant, with the
left, composed of two brigades, one regiment, and a battalion of New York Loyalists raised
by Tryon, made a forward movement toward Brooklyn, along the coast road,u by way ot
Martense's Lane — " the road from Flatbush to the Red Lion" (4) mentioned by Lord Stir-
ling. The guard at the lower pass (3) gave the alarm, and at three o'clock in the morn-
ing" Putnam detached Lord Stirling,4 with Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Mary- b^ .
land regiments, commauded by Atlee, Haslet, and Smallwood, to oppose Grant.
The militia guard at Martense's Lane were driven back by Grant to the hills of Greenwood
Cemetery, a little north of Sylvan Water, where they were rallied by Parsons, and main
tained a conflict until the arrival of Stirling5 at daybreak, with fifteen hundred men. Stir-
1 New Lots village is about a mile south of the rail-way station at East New fork, upon the same plain
The morass at Shoemaker's Bridge (30 on map, page 600) is now only a wet swale, with a small slug-
gish stream, and presents none of the difficulties of passage of former days. It is said that at the time in
question a single regiment might have kept the whole British force at bay at Shoemaker's Bridge.
- There were four important passes through the hills which should have been well guarded, namely.
at Martense's Lane (3), on the southern border of Greenwood Cemetery; the Flatbush pass, at the june-
Lion of the present Brooklyn and Flatbush turnpike and the Coney Island Plank road ; the Bedford pas-.
lit half a mile eastward of the junction of the Flatbush and Bedford roads; and the Jamaica pass, a
shorl distance fi East New York, on the road to Williamsburgh, just at the entrance to the Cemetery
of the Evergreens.
At East New York, " Howard's half-way house'' of the Revolution is yet standing, though much altered.
William Howard, a son ofthe Whig tavern-keeper, is yet (1852) living there, at the age of ninety. He
told me that he remembers well seeing the British approaching fmin New Lots, and then taking his father
a prisoner and compelling him to show them the Jamaica pass, and the best route over the lulls east of it,
to the open country toward Brooklyn. We sat in the room in which he was born eighty-nine years before
3 It must be remembered that the present road along the verge of the high bank from Yellow Hook to
Gowanus did not exist. The "coast road" was on the slopes further inland, and terminated at Mar
tense's Lane. •
4 Lord Stirling was in the English House of Commons on the second of February, 1775, when this same
General Giant declared in debate that the Americans "could not fight," and that he would 'undertake
to march from one end of the Continent to the other with live thousand men." — Duer's Life of Lord Stil-
ling. 162; Par. Reg., i., 135.
William Alexander, earl of Stirling, was born in the city of New York in 1726. His father, James
Alexander, was a native of Scotland, and took refuge in America in 1716, after an active espousal of the
28, The Narrows ; 29, Vandeventer's Point ; 30, Shoemaker's Brida;, near New Lota. Bonnet's Cove is near figure 4, where, it
is said, three thousand British troops landed on the morning of the twenty-seventh of August, the day of the battle, a a, true.
of the right Wllg of the British army, under the immediate command of General Howe, from Flatlands, by way of the present
East .V ,v Y,ak .Howard's half-way house) to Brooklyn. " D'ed '" '854.
While in possession of New York and vicinity, the British so strengthened Fort Stirling, on Brooklyn Heights, that it assumed
•he character of a regular fortification, with four bastions, similar to Fort Gcorgt, in New York. They also cast tip a line of in
trenchmenta aluog the brow of the hill from the Heights to the present Navy Yard.
6 o a
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Sketch of Lcinl Ptirlins;.
The construction of Bencons.
Imp: took position upon the slopes a little northwest of " Battle Hill," in Greenwood, and
Atlee ambuscaded in the woods on the left of Martense's Lane, near the Firemen's Monu-
cause of the pretender, in the rebellion the previous year. His mother was the widow of David Provoost,
better known in the city of New York, a little more than a century ago, as "Ready-money Provoost."*
Young Alexander joined the army daring a portion of the French and Indian war, and was aid-tie-camp ano
secretary to General Shirley. He accompanied that, officer to England in 1755, and while there he made
the acquaintance of some of the leading statesmen of the time. By the advice of many of them, he insti-
tuted legal proceedings to obtain the title of Earl of Stirling, to which his father was heir presumptive
when he left Scotland. Although he did not obtain a legal recognition of the title, his right to it was gen-
erally conceded, and from that time he was addressed as Earl of Stirling. He returned to America in
1761, and soon afterward married the daughter of Philip Livingston (the second lord of the manor), a sister
of Governor Livingston, of New Jersey, and built a fine mansion (yet standing) at Baskenridge, in that
state. He was a member of the Provincial Council of New Jersey for several years. In 1775, the Pro-
vincial Convention of New Jersey appointed him colonel of the first regiment of militia, and in March, 1776.
the Continental Congress gave him the commission of brigadier. Lee left him in command at New York
in March. He was conspicuous in the battle near Brooklyn in August, and in February ensuing Congress
appointed him a major general. He performed varied and active service until the summer of 1781, when
he was ordered to the command of the Northern army, his head-quarters at Albany. An invasion from
Canada was then expected. Quite a large British force rYt prevailed above the Highlands. We
was at Ticonderoga and vicinity, under St. Leger, who ^pS® have already met. detachments in the vi-
was repulsed at Fort Stanwix in 1777, and much alarm \j$P cinity of Johnstown (see p. 290, vol. i.)
that time were several re-
specting beacons and alarm
posts. From one of them, in
possession of the son of Col-
onel Aaron Burr, I copied the
annexed sketch, made by the
pen of Lord Stirling, together
with the full order. t Lord
Stirling died at Albanv on the
fifteenth of January, 1783, in
the fifty-seventh year of his
age. It is a singular fact that
at different periods during the
war, Lord Stirling had under
his command every brigade
of the American army except
ed Colonel William Duer, and became
and Judge John Duer, of the city of
A. Duer, LL.D.
*w
and witnessed their reception by Col-
onel Willett. The vigorous and effect-
ive preparations made by Lord Stirling
intimidated St. Leger, and he returned
to Canada. Late in the autumn Stir-
ling took the chief command in New
Jersey, and the following summer he
was again in command at Albany, with
a general supervision of military affairs
between that place and New York.
Among other orders issued by him at
those of South Carolina and Georgia. His youngest daughter mam
the mother of William A. Duer, late president of Columbia College
New York.J — See Life of Lord Stirling, by his grandson, William
* He acquired this title because he won riches rnpidly by the illicit trade in which the colonists were then engaged. His
family vault may now (1855) be seen a feiv rods from the bank of the East River, in " Jones's Woods," between Seventieth and
Seventy-first Streets. On the top is a large marble slab, placed there in memory of the wife of his son David.
t The following is a copy of the order: " Each of the beacons are to l>e of the following dimensions: at bottom, fourteen feet
square, to rise in a pyramidal form to about eighteen or twenty feet high, and then to terminate about six feet square, w ith ;i
stout sapling in the center of about thirty feet high from the ground. In order to erect them, the officer who oversees the ex-
ecution should proceed thus: he should order the following sized logs to be cut as near the place as possible : twenty logs of
fourteen feet long and about one foot diameter; ten logs of about twelve feet long; ten logs of about ten feet long; ten logs of
about nine feet long; ten lijgs of about eight feet long; twenty logs of about seven feet long; twenty logs of about six feet long.
He should then sort his longest logs as to diameter, and place the four longest on the ground, parallel to each other, and about
three feet apart from each other. He should then place the four next logs in size across these at right angles, and so proceed
till all the logs of fourteen feet be placed. Then he is to go on in the same manner with logs of twelve feet long, and when they
are all placed, with those of a lesser si/-', till tin' whole are placed, taking care, as he goes on, to fill the vacancies between the logs
with old dry split wood or useless dry rails and brush, not too close, and leaving the filth tier open for firing nnd air. In the
beginning of his work, to place a good stout sapling in the center, with part of its top left, about ten or twelve feet above the
whole work. The figure of the beacon will appear thus. [The sketch above given.] The two upper rows of logs should be
fastened in their places with good strong wooden plugs or trunnels." These beacons were erected upon hills from the Hudson
Highlands through New Jersey by way of Morristown, Pluckemin, and Middlebrook, and upon the Neversink Hills at Sandy
Hook. They were to be used as signals denoting the approach of the enemy, for the assembling of the militia at certain points,
and to direct the movements of certain Continental battalions.
J I bare before me an old manuscript schedule of Lord Stirling's wardrobe, in which the material and color of each article
.- giv< ti [print tin- number as a curious example of the personal provisions of a gentleman of his class at that time, namely :
Thirty *oi > coats, fifty-eight vests, forty-three pairs of breeches, six powdoring gowns (used when powdering the hair), two pairs
OF THE REVOLUTION.
003
Skirmish between Grant and Stirling. Storming of the Klatbush Redoubt Descent of Clinton. Surrender of the Americnna.
merit, to attack Grant on his approach. This was done, and after two or three rounds
Alloc fell back to the left of Stirling, on the top of the
lii lis. At this moment Kichline and his riflemen, De
Unas and his battalion, and Captain Carpenter, with two
lield-pieces, arrived. Grant advanced and took post in
an orchard,' within one hundred and fifty yards of Sin-
ling, and a severe skirmish ensued. Grant had also two
field-pieces, but neither party made much use of their
cannons. In that position the belligerents remained,
without severe fighting, until eleven o'clock in the fore-
noon,2 when events on the left wing of the American
army changed the whole aspect of affairs.
While Grant and Stirling were thus engaged, De Heis-
ter and his Hessians moved from Flatbush, and cannon-
aded the works at the Flatbush pass, whore Sullivan was
in command with the regiments of Colonels Wyllys and
Miles. In the mean while, Clinton had descended from the wooded hills and attacked the
extreme left of the Americans on the plain at Bedford. The firing was understood by De
Heister, who immediately or-
dered Count Donop to storm
the redoubt at the pass, while
he pressed forward with the
main body of the Hessians.
A fierce and bloody combat
ensued,' when Sullivan, per-
ceiving the peril of his little
army (for Clinton was rapidly
gaining his rear), ordered a
retreat to the lines at Brook-
lyn. The opportunity was
gone, and on descending the
rough slope from Mount Pros-
pect, they were met by Clin-
ton's light infantry and dragoons,
who drove them back in confu-
sion upon the Hessian bayonets
Sullivan and his ensnared soldiers
fought desperately, hand to hand,
with the foe, while driven back-
ward and forward between the full ranks of
the assailants. Many broke through 1 1n-
gleaming fence of bayonets and sabers, and
1 A few trees of this orchard yet remain in the southwest part of Greenwood Cemetery.
1 During the morning the Roebuck frigate approached Red Hook and cannonaded the battery there.
This, like the movement of Grant, was intended to divert the Americans from the operations of Clinton on
their left.
3 The Hessians fought with desperation, and gave no quarter. They had been tohl that the Americans
would not suffer one of them to live, and their sentiment was total extermination. " Our Hessians and our
brave Highlanders gave no quarter," wrote an officer of the 71st, "ami it was a fine sight to see with
what alacrity they dispatched the rebels with their bayonets, after we had surrounded them so they could
not resist."-— See Onderdonk"s Revolutionary Incidents, ii., 138.
nf trowsers, thirty shirts, seventeen handkerchiefs, twenty seven stocks, twenty-seven cravats, eight razor cloths, one hundred
and nineteen pairs of hose, six pairs of socks, fifteen nightcaps, five pairs of drawers, two pairs of gloves, fourteen pairs ol
shoes, four pairs of boots ; total, four hundred and twelve garments.
60 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Battle between Stirling and Cornwallis.
Retreat across the Gowanus.
Defeat and Capture of Stirling.
CoRTELYOU'S HOUSE.2
llKOWEUS -MlLL.-
escaped to Fort Putnam,' while their less fortunate companions died upon the field or were
made prisoners. Among the latler were General Sullivan and several subordinate officers
Those who escaped were followed up to the verge of the American lines, and the pursuing
grenadiers were with difficulty restrained from storming Fort Putnam. An easy victory
would doubtless have been the result.
Stirling was not aware of the disasters on the left until Cornwallis had marched down
ihe Port or Mill road (9), took position near the ancient dwelling
known as " the Cortelyou House," near Gowanus, and fired two
guns as a signal for Grant to press forward. That officer immedi-
ately attacked the Americans, and in the engagement Colonel Atlee
was made a prisoner. Hemmed in by the foe, Stirling saw no op-
portunity for escape except across the Gowanus Creek, at the dam
of the " Yellow Mill," and other places below Brower's Mill. To
effect this, it was necessary to attack Cornwallis, and while a few —
a forlorn hope — should keep him at bay, a large part of the Amer-
icans might escape. No time was to he lost, for the tide was risinsr,
and soon the creek would be impassable. Chang-
ing his from, and leaving his main body in conflict
with Grant, Stirling, at the head of a part of
Smallwood's battalion, commanded by Major (aft-
erward General) Gist, fell upon Cornwallis, and
blood flowed freely. For twenty minutes the con-
flict was terrible. Stirling endeavored to drive
the earl up the Port road, get between him and
Fort Box, and under cover of its guns escape
across Brower's dam. He was successful, but
while with his handful of brave young men he was keeping the invader in check, a large
part of his companions in arms, consisting now chiefly of Haslet's Delawares and a part of
Smallwood's Marylanders, reached the creek. All but one man passed it in safety. The
remainder narrowly escaped a grave beneath those turbid waters. Stirling was
obliged to yield when despoiled of nearly all of his brave men.* He became a prisoner,
and was sent immediately on board the Eagle, Lord Howe's flag-ship. Thus ended the
battle, when the sun was at meridian ; when it disappeared behind the low hills of New
Jersey, one third of the five thousand patriots who had contended for victory were lost to
their country — dead, wounded, or prisoners.6 Soon many of the latter were festering with
1 The most sanguinary conflict occurred after the Americans had left the Flalbush pass, and attempted
to retreat to the lines at Brooklyn. The place of severest contest, and where Sullivan and his men were
made prisoners, was upon the slope between the Flatbush Avenue and ihe Long Island rail-way, between
Bedford and Brooklyn, near " Baker's Tavern" (17), at a little east of the junction of these avenues. The
preceding map, compiled from those of the English engineers for Marshall's Life of Washington, will as-
sist the reader in obtaining a proper understanding of the movements of the two armies.
1 This house, built of stone, with a brick gable from eaves to peak, is yet (1855) standing upon the east-
ern side of the road leading from Brooklyn t Gowanus. It was built by Nicholas Vechte in 1699, and
was one of the first houses erected between Brooklyn and New Utrecht.
' This is a view of the old mill on the site of that of the Revolution, as it appeared when I made the sketch
in 1850, before it was destroyed. The view is from the west side of Gowanus Creek, looking southeast.
In the extreme distance is seen the " Yellow Mill," between which and the one in the foreground so many
of the patriots perished. The upper mill was fired by Captain Ward on the 27th.
4 Smallwood's regiment was composed chiefly of young men belonging to the most respectable and in-
fluential families in Maryland. Two hundred and fifty-nine of them perished in this conflict with Corn
wallis's grenadiers near the "Cortelyou House."
5 Dispatches of Washington and General Howe ; Letter of R. H. Harrison, quoted by Sparks, Washing-
ton'* Writings, iv., 513 ; Letters of Haslet and Sullivan, ii., 516, 517 ; Duet's Life of Lord Stirling, 163,
Life and Correspondence of President Reed, i., 218-224 ; Gordon, ii., 96-101 ; Marshall, i., 87-91 ; Sted-
rnan, i.. 191-196 ; Onderdonk, ii., 127-131. The loss of the Americans is not precisely known. Howe
mated it at 3300; it probably did not exceed 1650, of whom about 1100 were made prisoners. Howo
si tied Ins own loss at 367 killed, wounded, and made prisoners.
OF THE REVOLUTION
0 05
Capture, Treatment, and DenUi of General Woodhull.
Preparations to Besiege the Works at Brooklyn.
disease in the loathsome prisons in New STork, or in the more loathsome prison-ships at the
Wallabout.1 General Woodhull was made a prisoner at Jamaica, the next day,3 and at
the close of summer no man was in arms against the crown in Kings, Queens, and Rich-
mond counties.
The victors encamped in front of the patriot lines, and reposed until the morning of the
twenty-eighth,"* when they broke ground within six hundred yards of Fort Putnam, iAugait
cast up a redoubt (IS), and cannonaded the American works. Washington was 17;,;
there, and joyfully perceived the design of Howe to commence regular approaches instead
of rapid assaults. This fact was a ray of light in the midst of surrounding gloom. The
1 An account of the New York prisons and prison-ships may be found in the Supplement to this work.
• Nathaniel Woodhull was born at Mastic, Long Island. December 30, 1722. Agriculture was the chief
pursuit of his life. He was a major, under Abercrombie, in the atia<k upon Crown Point and Ticondcroga,
and afterward accompanied Bradstreet against Fort Frontenac.
y^*^ — ^ He was a colonel, under Amherst, in 1760, and at the close
/ S /y/^ C / ^ '-> °' 1'"' campaign he returned home and married Ruth Floyd.
st /^vS'x' /?^>^Z~*€^^i<L-^ ^° espoused the popular side in the Stamp Act movements, and.
/ pnsMv-uii: the esteem of the people, he was elected, with Will-
iam Xic-oll. a representative of Suffolk county, in the Colonial Assembly in 1769. He represented Suffolk
in the first Provincial Congress in 1775, and was elected president of that body. He was appointed a
brigadier of militia in August of that year, and in July, 1"7*>. he was summoned home
to embody the militia of Suffolk and Queens, to assist in repelling invasion. He was en-
gaged in this service when he was made a prisoner,* cruelly wounded by a British offi-
cer, and died of his injuries three weeks afterward,at New Utrecht. His wife, who was
with him in his last moments, conveyed his body to Mastic, and there, in a secluded fam-
rnetery, a short distance from his residence, his remains rest. A marble slab marks
his grave, and bears the following inscription: "In memory of General Nathaniel
H hill, who, wounded and a prisoner, died en the twentieth of September, 177b. in
the fifty-fourth year of his age ; regretted by all who knew how to value his many pri-
vate virtues, ami that pure zeal for the rights of his country to which he perished a vie- Woouhdxl's Uhavk.
tim." The mansion of General Woodhull was burned in 1783, and in 17S4, the present dwelling on the
homestead farm was erected near the spot. It is now (1855) owned by Henry Nicoll, Esq., a great
grandson of General Woodhull.
* In consequence of the tardy movements of others, on whom devolved the duty of furnishing him with a proper force to
perform the labors assigned him, General Woodhull (Udell in many old accounts) did not participate in the battle on the
twenty seventh of August He made his head-quarters nt Jamaica, and with his inadequate force he scoured the country for
miles around, watching the movements of the enemy, and driving large numbers of cattle to Hempstead plains. When he
i the position of Clinton, near the Jamaica pass, on the morning of the twenty seventh, he sent urgent messages to the
Prorincial Congress asking for re-enforcements. It was now too late, for the regiments of Smith and Remsen, of Kings nnd
Queens counties, could not be spared from the lines at Brooklyn. With a soldier's impatience he was obliged to listen to the
ii?tant roar of battle, for with a soldier's strict discipline he would not move without orders. When apprised of the disasters
of the day, he ordered his little band to fall back four miles beyond Jamaica, on the morning of the
twenty -eighth, while he awaited orders from camp. In the afternoon, he left Jamaica with two com
panions, to join bis soldiers, and while taking refuge from a thunder storm in the inn of Increase Car
oter, two miles east of Jamaica village, he was made a prisoner by a party of British, under Cap
in Sir James Baird (whom we met at Savannah, page52fi), piloted by some Tories. Tradition says
that Baird ordered Woodhull to shout " God save the King I" and because instead he cried "God
■*ave us all !" he smote him with his broadsword, and would have killed him on the spot, if Major
Delancey. who accompanied Baird, had not interfered. The blow badly wounded the head of the
general, and mangled his left arm the whole length. He and his' companions were taken to Jamaica,
confined until the next morning ill the Presbyterian stone church, which stood at the head of I'nion
Mall Street, and was demolished in 1813. Woodhull and his companions were then taken to the
British camp at Brooklyn, and conveyed to a loathsome cattle transport in Gravesend Bay. A hu-
Church at Jamaica, mane British officer procured his removal to a house in the village of New Utrecht, where his arm
was amputated at the elbow. Woodhull sent for his wife, with a request that she should briny with her all the money in her
possession, and all she could borrow. This was distributed among his fellow-pris-
oners. His wife arrived in time to attend him in his last moments, for the unskill
tul amputation resulted in mortification, nnd he died in the fifty fourth year of
his age.
I am indebted to Mr. Onderdonk for the sketch of the old Jamaica church.
With him I visited New Utrecht (1850) to make a drawing of the house wherein
General Woodhull died. It had just been demolished, and a modern house placed
on its site by the owner. Mr. Barent Wyekotf. To the patriotism and artistic skill
of Mies C. Lott, living near, I am indebted for the sketch of that venerated edifice.
probably the first house erected in that town. It was of stone, covered with red
tiles and answered the description of a dwelling erected in 1658, by De Pille. the
attorney general of the province-See Doc. Hist, of Nnc York, i., 634. The New Housb IN which Woodhull dikd.
Utrecht church, which stood near, was of octagon form like one at Jamaica. The weatber-cock from its steeple now grace*
the bam of Mr. Lott, and the gilt dove from the pulpit sounding-board is perched upoo *he roof of his well.
6o6 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Situation of the Two Armies. Council of War. Retreat of tile Americans to New York
chief had crossed from New York early in the morning, and had witnessed the destruction
of some of his finest troops, without ability to send them aid except at the peril of the safety
of the camp or of the city, and his whoie army. Ignorant of his real strength, Howe dared
not attempt an assault, and Washington had time to conceive and execute measures for the
safety of his troops.
The morning of the twenty-eighth1 dawned drearily. Heavy masses of vapor
1T76. rolled up from the sea, and at ten o'clock, when the British cannonade commenced,
a fine mist was falling. Although half dead with fatigue, the Americans had slumbered
little, for it was a night of fearful anxiety to them. At five in the morning, General Mif-
flin, who had come down from King's Bridge and Fort Washington with the regiments of
Shoe, Magaw, and Glover, a thousand strong, in obedience to an order sent the day before,
crossed the East River, and took post at the Wallabout. The outposts of the patriots were
immediately strengthened, and during the rainy day which succeeded there were frequent
skirmishes. Rain fell copiously during the afternoon, and that night the Americans, pos-
sessing neither tents nor barracks, suffered dreadfully. A heavy fog fell upon the hostile
camps at midnight, and all the next day1' it hung like a funeral pall over that,
sanguinary battle-field. Toward evening, while Adjutant-general B,eed, accompa-
nied by Mifflin and Colonel Grayson, were reconnoitering near Red Hook, a light breeze
arose and gently lifted the fog from Staten Island. There they beheld the British fleet
lying within the Narrows, and boats passing rapidly from ship to ship, in evident prepara-
tion for a movement toward the city. Reed hastened to the camp with the information,
and at five o'clock that evening the commander-in-chief held a council of war.1 An evac-
uation of Long Island, and a retreat to New York, was the unanimous resolve of the coun-
cil. Colonel Glover, whose regiment was composed chiefly of sailors and fishermen from
Marblehead and vicinity,2 was ordered to collect and man boats for the purpose, and Gen-
eral M'Dougal was directed to superintend the embarkation. The fog still rested heavily
upon the island, the harbor, and the adjacent city, like a shield of the Almighty to cover
the patriots from the peril of discovery. Although lying within a few hundred yards of
the American lines, the enemy had no suspicion of the movement.3
At eight o'clock in the evening the patriot regiments were silently paraded, the soldiers
ignorant of the intent ; but, owing to delay on account of unfavorable wind, and some con-
fusion in orders, it was near midnight when the embarkation commenced at the Ferry Stairs,
foot of Fulton Street, Brooklyn. For six hours those fishermen-soldiers plied their muffled
oars ; and boat after boat, filled with the champions of freedom, touched at the various
wharves from Fulton Ferry to Whitehall, and left their precious burdens. At six in the
morning, nine thousand men, with their baggage and munitions, except heavy artillery, had
crossed. Mifflin, with his Pennsylvania battalions and the remains of the regiments of
Smallwood and Haslet, formed the covering party, and Washington anil his staff, who had
been in the saddle all night, remained until the last company had embarked.1 At dawn
j — .
1 The council was held in the stone Dutch church (20), which stood near the junction of the present Ful-
ton and Flatbush Avenues. This church was designated in the order for the evening as an alarm post
during the night, where they might rendezvous, in the event of the movement being discovered by the
British. The officers present at the council were Washington, Putnam, Spencer, Mifflin, M'Dougal, Par-
sons, John Morin Scott. Wadsworth, and Fellows. — See Life, &c, of President Reed, i., 417.
- The uniform of these men, until they were attached to the Continental line, consisted of blue round
jackets and trowscrs, trimmed with leather buttons. They were about live hundred in number.
3 A late English author complains bitterly of the apathy of the British general on this occasion. He
says, his troops " kept digging their trenches on one side, while Washington was smuggling his forces out
mi the other, and ferrying them over the Fast River to the city of New York The high-feeding En-
glish general slept on, and his brother the admiral (Lord Howe), though not so apt to "doze, did not move
a single slii|i or Ik. at, and was to all appearance unconscious of what was goina on." — Pict. Hist, of the
Reign of George the Third, i., 273. Notwithstanding his want of energy on this occasion, General Howe
received the honors of knighthood from his king for this victory. The ceremony was performed by Knvp-
hansen, Clinton, and Robertson, in November, 177(i.
4 In his dispatches to the president of Congress, Washington said that he had scarcely been out of the
lines from the twenty-seventh till the morning of the evacuation, and forty-eight hours preceding that had
OF THE RE VOLUTION
British first aware ol the Retreat. Condition of the Army. Disposition of the British Army
the fog lifted from the city, but remained dark and dreary upon the deserted camp and the
serried ranks of the foe, until the last boat left the Long Island shore. Surely, if " the stars
in their courses fought against Sisera," in the time of Deborah, the wings of the Cherubim
of Mercy and Hope were over the Americans on this occasion.
Intelligence of this movement reached the British commander-in-chief at half past four
in the morning. Cautiously Captain Montressor and a small party climbed the embank-
ments of Fort Putnam and were certified of the fact.' It was too late for successful pur-
suit, for when battalion after battalion was called to arms, and a troop of horsemen sped
toward the East River, the last boat was beyond pistol shot; and as the fog rolled away
and the sunlight burst upon the scene, the Union flag was waving over the motley host of
Continentals and militia marching toward the hills of Rutgers' farm, beyond the present
Catharine Street.' Howe was greatly mortified by the event, for he felt certain that his
prey could not escape his meshes.
Although the American army was safe in New York, yet sectional feelings, want of dis-
cipline, general insubordination of inferior officers and men, and prevailing immorality, ap-
peared ominous of great evils. Never was the hopeful mind of Washington more clouded
with doubts than when he wrote his dispatches to the president of Congress, in the month ol
September.1 Those dispatches and the known perils which menaced the effort for
independence led to the establishment of a permanent army.3
On the evacuation of Long Island, the British took possession of the American works,
and, leaving some English and Hessian troops to garrison them, Howe posted the remaintiei
of his army at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate, and Flushing.
Howe made his head-quarters at a house in Newtown (yet stand-
ing), now the property of Augustus Bretonnier, and there, on the
third of September, he wrote his dispatch, concerning the battle, to
kAu tne Brit'sn ministry. On the thirtieth,!' Admiral Howe S^lij I ff'\
sailed up the bay with his fleet and anchored near (lev- .-•4^,:-^fe^iCyai
ernor's Island, within cannon-shot of the city. During the night ,«m«|2sU*-'--
after the battle, a forty-gun ship had passed the batteries and an- howe'3 Qdahtkm.
chored in Turtle Bay, somewhat damaged by round shot from Burnt
Mill or Stuyvesant's Point, the site of the Novelty Iron-works.4 Other vessels went around
Long Island, and passed into the East River from the Sound, and on the third of Septem-
ber the whole British land force was upon Long Island, except four thousand men left upon
Staten Island to awe the patriots of New Jersey. A blow was evidently in preparation for
the republican army in the city. Perceiving it, Washington made arrangements for evac-
uating New York, if necessary/
hardly been off his horse and never closed his eyes. Yet a popular English author of our day (see Picl.
of the Reign of George the Third, i., 273)' mendaciously says, "Washington kept his person safe in
New 5
1 Onderdonk (ii., 131) says that a Mis. Rapelye, living near the ferry, sent her servant to inform the
British of the retreat. The negro was arrested by a Hessian guard, who could not understand a word
that he uttered. He was detained until morning, when he was taken to head-quarters, and revealed the
secret, but too late.
J A cannonade was opened upon the pursuers from Watcrbery's battery, where Catharine Market now
stands. *
3 See page 18. In his letter of the second of September. Washington evidently foresaw his inability
tii retain his position in the city of New Yurk. He asked the question, " It we should be obliged to aban-
don the town, ought it to stand as winter quarters fur the enemy?" and added, "If Congress therefore,
should resolve upon the destruction of it, the resolution should be a profound secret, as a knowledge of it
will make a capital change in their plans." General Greene and other military men, and John Jay and
several leading civilians, were In favor of destroying New York. But Congress, by resolution of the third
of September,=ordered otherwise, because they hoped to regain it if it should be lost. — See Journal, ii., 321
1 Washington sent Major Crane of the artillery to annoy her. Willi two guns, upon the high hank at
Forty-sixth Street, he cannonaded her until she was obliged to take shelter in the channel east of Black-
well's Island.
' (In the approach of the fleet, the Utile garrison on Governor's Island and at Red Hook withdrew It
608 PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Howe's proposition for a Conference. Meeting with a Committee of Congress. Bushnell's " Marine Turtle" or Torpedo.
Lord Howe now offered the olive-branch as a commissioner to treat for peace, not doubt-
ing the result of the late battle to be favorable to suc-
cess. General Sullivan and Lord Stirling were both
prisoners on board his flag-ship, the Eagle. The former
was paroled,1 and sent with a verbal message from
Howe to the Continental Congress, proposing an informal
conference with persons whom that body might appoint.
Impressed with the belief that Lord Howe possessed more
ample powers than Parliament expressed in his appoint-
ment, Congress consented to a conference, after debating
the subject four days. A committee, composed of three
members of that body, was appointed, and the , geptlli
Loed howk. conference was helda at the house of Captain 1776-
Billop. formerly of the British navy, situated upon the high shore of Staten Island, opposite
Perth Amboy." The event was barren of expected fruit, yet it convinced the Americans
New York. One man at Governor's Island lost an arm by a ball from a British ship, just as he was em-
narking.*
1 Both officers were exchanged soon afterward, Sullivan for General Preseott, captured nine months be
fore (see vol. i., page 645), and Lord Stirling for Governor Brown, of Providence Island, who had been cap-
tured by Commodore Hopkins. Lord Stirling was exchanged within a month after he was made prisoner.
2 The committee consisted of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge. When they
reached Penh Amboy, they found the barge of Lord Howe in waiting for them, with a British officer who
was left as a hostage. The meeting was friendly, and Lord Hov.e, who was personally acquainted with
Franklin, freely expressed to that statesman his abhorrence of the war, and his sincere personal desire for
peace.t Thewhole interview was distinguished by courtesy and good feeling. Howe informed the com-
mittee that he would not recognize them as members of Congress, but as private gentlemen, and that the
independence of the colonies could not be considered for a moment They told him he might call them
«hat he pleased, they were nevertheless representatives of a free and independent people, and would enter-
tain no proposition which did not recognize the independence of the colonies. The gulf between them was
evidently impassable, and the conference was soon terminated, for Howe had nothing acceptable to offer.
He expressed his regret because of his obligation now ro prosecute the war. Franklin assured him that
* It was while the Eagle lay near Governor's Island that an attempt was made to destroy her by an " infernal machine,"
called a " Marine Turtle," invented by a mechanic of Saybrook, Connecticut named BushnelL Washington approved of the
machine, on examination, and desired General Parsons to select a competent man to attempt the hazardous enterprise. The
machine was constructed so as to contain a living man. and to be navigated at will under water. A small magazine of gun-
powder, so arranged as to be secured to a ship's bottom, couM be carried with it. This magazine was furnished with clock-
work, constructed so as to operate a spring and communicate a blow to detonating powder, and ignite the gunpowder of the
magazine. The motion of this clock-work was sufficiently slow to allow the submarine operator to escape to a safe distance,
after securing the magazine to a ship's bottom. General Parsons selected a daring young man. named Ezra Lee. He enter-
ed the water at Whitehall, at midnight on the sixth of September. Washington and a few officers watched anxiously until
dawn for a result, but the calm waters of the bay were unruffled, and it was believed that the young man had perished. Just
at dawn some barges were seen putting off from Governor's Island toward an object near the Eagle, and suddenly to turn and
pull for shore In a few moments a column of water ascended a few yards from the Eagle, the cables of the British ships
were instantly cut, and they went down the Bay with the ebbing tide, in great confusion. Lee had been under the Eagle two
hours, trying in vain to penetrate the thick copper on her bottom. He could hear the sentinels above, and when they felt the
shock of his •' Turtle" striking against the bottom, they expressed a belief that a floating log had passed by. He visited other
ships, but their sheathing was too thick to give him success. He came to the surface at dawn, but, attracting the attention of
the bargemen at Governor's Island, he descended, and made for Whitehall against a strong current He came up out of reach
ot musket shot, was safely landed, and received the congratulations of the coinmander-in chief and his officers. Young Lee was
afterward employed by Washington in secret service, and was in the battles at Trenton, Brandywine, and Monmouth. He died
at Lyme, Connecticut on the twenty-ninth of October, 1821, aged seventy-two years.
t Richard, Earl Howe, was born in 1725, and was next in age to his brother, the young Lord Howe, who fell at Ticonderogn
in 1758 (see vol. i., page 118). He sailed with Lord Anson to the Pacific as midshipman at the age of fourteen years, and had
risen to the rank of lieutenant at twenty. II was appointed rear-admiral in 1770, and, before coming to America, he was pro-
moled to Vice-admiral of the Blue. After the American war. he was made first Lord of the Admiralty. He commanded the
English fleet successfully against the French in 1794. His death occurred in 1799. at the age of seventy-four years. In 1774,
Lord Howe and his sister endeavored to draw from Franklin the real intentions of the Americans. The philosopher was in-
rited to spend Christmas at the house of the lady, and it was supposed that in the course of indulgence in wine, chess, and
ither socialities, he would drop the reserve of the statesman and be incautiously communicative. The arts of the lady were
uDBvniling. and they were no wiser on the question when Franklin left than when he came.
WILLIAM Howe, brother of the earl, succeeded General Gage in the chief command of the Brit
ish forces in America, and assumed his duties at Boston in 1775. He commanded at the attack on
Breed's Hill, and from that time until the sprins of 177s, be mismanaged military affairs in Amer-
ica If- was then succeeded in command bj sir Henry Clinton, and s i afterward returned to A// j/^yy^A^S~7
England. He is re] a good-natured, indolent man — " the most indolent of mortals:," A*' ' " t—
General Lee, "and never 'ook pains to examine the merits or demerits of the cause in which he was engaged."
OF THE REVOLUTION.
F.vncuution of the City by the Americans.
Washington's Quarters.
Captain Utile.
Beekman's Green-house.
that Britain had determined upon the absolute submission of the colonies
increased the zeal of the patriots, and planted the stand-
ard oi resistance tinner than before.
At a council of war held on the seventh,3
a majority of officers were in favor of retaining
the city ; but on the twelfth, another council, with only
three dissenting voices (Heath. .Spencer, and Clinton), re-
solved on an evacuation. The movement was imme-
diately commenced,
This conviction
■ Sept, 1776,
^/r-c^i,
under the general su-
perintendence of Col-
onel Glover. The
Billop's House
sick were taken to New Jersey, and the public stores were
conveyed to Dobbs's Ferry, twenty miles from the city. The main body of the army moved
toward Mount Washington and Ring's Bridge on the thirteenth, accompanied by a large
number of Whigs and their families and ellects.1 A rear-guard of four thousand men, under
Putnam, was left in the city, with orders to follow, if necessary, and on the sixteenth Wash-
ington made his head-quarters at the deserted mansion of Colonel Roger Morris,' on the
the Americans would endeavor to lessen the pain he might feel on their account by taking Lr|ii"l care of
themselves. Thus ended the conference.* In the third volume of the collected Writings of John Adams
may be found an interesting sketch from the pen of that patriot, describing the events of a night passed in
bed with Dr. Franklin at New Brunswick, vw the night preceding this conference.
1 Washington made the house of Robert .Murray, on Murray Hill (see page 582), his quarters on the
fourteenth, and on the fifteenth he was at Mott'a tavern, now the property of Mr. Pentz, near One hundred
and Forty-third Street and Eighth Avenue. It was at Murray's house that Captain Nathan Hale received
hi" secret instructions for the expedition which cost him his life-t
- This elegant mansion is vet standing and unaltered, upon the high bank of the Harlem River, at One
hundred and Sixty-ninth Street, a little below the High Bridge of the Croton Aqueduct. Its situation is one
of the most picturesque on the island, commanding a line view of the Harlem River and village. Long Island
S rid. Flushing, and Astoria, with the green fields of Long Island beyond. Below are seen the plains ol
" The commissioners immediately afterward issued a proclamation similar in character to the one sent out in July. This
proclamation, following the disasters upon Long Island, had great effect, and many timid Americans availed themselves of the
supposed advantages of compliance. In the city of New York more than nine hundred persons, by petition to the commission-
ers, dated sixteenth of October, declared their allegiance to the British government. To counteract this, in a degree. I -
en H on the twenty -first, provided an oath of allegiance to the American government
t Anxious to know the exact condition and intentions of the British on Long Island, Washington called a council ol
when it was determined to send a spy into their camp. Colonel Knowlton, who commanded a choice regiment called Con
press's Oir-t 1 to select a competent man from his corps. Captain Nathan Hale, of Coventry, Connecticut, volun-
teered for the service, and, bearing instructions from Washington to the commanders of all American armed vessels to convey
him whithersoever he might desire to go. he crossed the riound to Huntington (some say to Oyster Hay), and made In- way to
the British camp at Brooklyn and vicinity. There he made sketches and notes, and, unsuspected, returned to Huntington with
valuable information. There he was recognized and exposed (tradition says by a Tory
relative), and was taken immediately to Howe's head-quarters at Beekman's house, at
Turtle Bay. He was confined in the green-house of the garden during the night of the
twentv tir- 1 of September, and the next morning, without even the form of a regular
trial, was <!• liven d to Cunningham, the brutal proi oat marshal, to he executed as a spy.
Ue was treated with great inhumanity by that monster. The Bervicea ol a clergyman
and the use of a Bible were denied him, and even the letter- which he had been permit
ted by Howe to write to his mother and sisters during the night wi re deatroyed. Be
was hanged upon an apple tree in Rutgers* Orchard, near the present intersection of
His last words were. " 1 only regret that I have but one life to give to my country !"
His body was buried beneath the gibbet-tree. The name of this youthful patriot martyr appears luminous upon the pages of
our country's history, and the grateful citizens of his native town have erected a handsome monument I there.
1 made the above sketch of the green-bouse a few days before it fell, with all the glories of the beautiful pu*di □ ol the Beek-
man mansion, at the touch of the street commissioner, in July. 1853. Its locality is now in the center of Fifty-second Street; a
little east of First Avenue. It was erected, with the mansion delineated on page nl I, in 1764. I am indebted to the Honorable
.lames W. Beekman, the present owner of the grounds, for a copy of a curious document preserved among the family papers.
It is a memorandum, kept by the gardener of James Beekman (the original proprietor; during the war, showing the tune that
several British officers, in succession, made the house their head-quart. xa. The following is a copy, with the heading by the
pen of Beekman: "At the undermentioned time my country seat was occupied by the following generals" [the gardener's re-
port] : " General Howe commenced fifteenth of September, 1776 — seven and a half months. Commissary Loring the first of
May, 1777 one year and five months. General Clinton the twentieth of October, 1778— -three years and six months. General
Kobison [Robertson] May the first, 1782 — eleven and a half months. Mr. Beekman the sixteenth of April. 1783— two months.
General Carle ton the sixteenth of June, 1783, to the evacuation, is five months— in the whole, ia sev*»n vara one and a half
months." — For Hale's capture and death, see Ondcrdonk's Revolutionary Incidents, ii., 46 53
II. 0. Q
The Green-house.
East Broadway and Market Streets.
0 10
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Preparation to invade New York.
Revolutionary Fortifications on the north part ai the Island.
heights of Harlem River, about ten miles from the city. Every muscle and implement
was now put in vigorous action, and before
the British had taken possession of the city
the Americans were quite strongly intrenched.1
Howe now prepared to invade the island
and take possession of the city of New York.
Large detachments were sent in boats from
Mallet's Point to occupy Buchanan's and Mon-
tressor's ('now Ward's and Randall's) Islands,
at the mouth of the Harlem River, and early
on Sunday morning the fifteenth, a
Sir Henry Clinton, with lour thou-
sand men, crossed the river in flat bottomed
boats from the mouth of Newtown Creek, and
landed at Kip's Bay (foot of Thirty-fourth
a Sept., 1776.
Mokuis's House
Harlem, toward which the population of the great city is flowing. Colonel Morris was Washington's com-
panion in arms at the defeat of Braddock, and his successful rival in claims for the hand of Mary Phillipse
in 1756. Morris was a Loyalist, and at this time had fled, with his family, to the house of Beverly Rob-
inson in the Highlands. The present owner is the widow of the celebrated Colonel Aaron Burr, bettor
known as Madame Jumel, the name of her first husband.
1 At Turtle Bay, Horn's Hook, Fort Washington and the heights in the vicinity, on the Hudson and Har-
lem Rivers, and near King's Bridge, traces of these fortifications may yet be seen.*
* The Americans cast up a redoubt at Turtle Bay, on the East River, between Forty-fourth and Forty-sixth Streets ; a breast-
work at the Shot Tower, Fifty-fourth Street; another at the foot of Seventy-fourth Street; a third at the foot of Eighty-fifth,
near Hell Gate Ferry; and a strong work called Thompson's Battery, upon Horn's Hook (now a beautifully shaded grassy
point), at Eighty-ninth Street. This redoubt commanded the mouth of Harlem River and the narrow channel at Hell Gate.
They also built a small work upon Snake Hill (now Mount Morris, in Mount Morris Square), near Harlem, and a line of breast-
works near the Harlem River, extending from One hundred and Thirty-sixth Street to Buasing's Point, near M' Comb's Dam.
Upon each side of " Harlem Cove," at Manhattanville, a battery was constructed (One hundred and Thirty-first and One hundred
and Thirty-third Streets), and along the central hills whereon the Convent of the Sacred Heart stands was a line of works ex-
tending to One hundred and Fiftieth Street. These were small batteries, without connecting breast-works, and overlooked Har-
lem River. From near "The Grange" (the country residence of General Hamilton, yet standing), in the vicinity of One hu'nd
red and Fifty-first Street, was a line of intrench.rn.ents, with three batteries and abulia extending to the Hudson, a distance oi
almost a mile. The butteries of this line were upon three eminences. Almost upon the line of One hundred and Sixty-first
and One hundred and Sixty-second Streets, was another line, with three batteries and abatis. These formed the " double lines
ofintrenchments," mentioned in the histories. The quite prominent outlines of a redoubt on the lofty hank of the Harlem Riv-
er, at the foot of One hundred and Fifty-sixth Street, were pointed out to me by Henry O'Reilly, Esq., who resides near.
From this redoubt, down the steep hill to the cove where Colonel Stirling landed (see page 621), the old road is yet (1852) open
and passable. From Colonel Morris's (Madame Jumel's) house was a line of shallow intrenchments to the North River, with
a single battery upon the eminence above the residence of the late Mr. Audobon the ornithologist, a little north of Trinity Cem-
etery. Upon the high west bank of the Harlem, yet rough and wooded, were two breastworks. These the British afterward
strengthened, and called it Fort George. This was between One hundred and Ninety-second and One hundred and Ninety-
sixth Streets. On the King's Bridge road below, at Two hundred and Sixth Street, a strong four-gun battery was erected.
Fort Washington, situated between One hundred and Eighty-first and One hundred and Eighty-sixth Streets, upon the highest
eminence on the island (between ten and eleven miles from the City Hall), was a strong earth-work of irregular form, cover-
ing, with its ravelins, several acres. It contnined an inner work, a sort of citadel, within which
was the magazine. About twenty heavy cannons were mounted upon it, besides several smaller
pieces and mortars. Its chief strength consisted in its position. On the promontory below it
(Jeftery's Hook), where the Telegraph mast stands (between One hundred and Seventy-sixth
and One hundred and Seventy-seventh Streets), was a redoubt, intended as a covering to chjvam
de /rise constructed in the channel there. The banks of this redoubt, among dwarf cedars upon
the rocks, are yet (1855) very prominent. Northward of Fort Washington, on the same lofty
bank of the Hudson, between One hundred and Ninety fifth and One hundred and Ninty-eighth
Streets, was a redoubt with two guns, which was afterward strengthened by the British and
called Fort Try on. Near the extreme point of this range, at Spyt den Dyvd Kill (Spite the Devil
Fort Washington. Creek), at Two hundred and Seventeenth Street, was a little redoubt of two guns, called Cock
Hill Fori; and across the creek, on Tetard's Hill, was a square redoubt, with bastions, called Fort Independence. At the point
where the Hudson River rail-way strikes the West Chester shore, was a small battery, and upon a hill commanding King's
from the south aide, between Two hundred and Twenty-fifth and Two hundred and Twenty-sixth Streets (just above
thi present mill), was a redoubt. This was strengthened in 1781 by the British, and called Fort Prince, in honor of Prince Will-
inm (afterward William the Fourth), then in New York. The embankments of Fort Washington, and all of the works mentioned
in this paragraph, are yet visible. Those of the Citadel of Fort Washington (indicated at the foot of the ring-staff, page 826) are
well di fined I he military works mentioned in this note, with those in the note on page 799, composed the whole of the Rev-
Dlutionary fortifications upon Manhattan Island, except some breast -works at MQotean't Pass, between One hundred and Fifth
and One hundred and Eighth Streets and the Fifth and Sixth Avenues, now known us Mount St Vincent. The embankments
now seen at M'Goioan's Pas*, nnd the square excavation in the rock a few roils northwest of the Roman Catholic school, wen-
constructed in 1812. Very few of the streets mentioned in this note have yet been opened; all of them have been surveyed
»nd located upi a tl city maps. The streets are gener illy opened end graded as far as the State Arsenal, Sixty-third Street
OF THE REVOLUTION.
61 l
Flight of the Americans on the Landing of the British.
Mortification.
Evacuation of the City.
Street) under cover of a severe cannonade from ten ships of war. which had sailed up and
anchored opposite the present House of Refuse, at the foot of Twenty-third Street.' An
other division, consisting chiefly ol Hessians, embarked a little above, and landed near th(
same place. The brigades of Parsons and Fellows, panic-stricken by the cannonade and the
martial array, tied in confusion (many without firing a gun) when the advanced guard oi
only fifty men landed. Washington, at Harlem, heard the cannonade, leaped into the saddle
and approached Kip's Bay in time to meet the frightened fugitives. Their generals were
trying in vain to rally them, and the commander-in-chief was equally unsuccessful. Morti-
fied, almost despairing, at this exhibition of cowardice in the face of the enemy. Washing-
Ion's feelings mastered his judgment, and casting I hi to the ground, and drawing
his sword, he spurred toward the enemy, and sought death rather than life. One of his
aids causht his bridle-rein and drew him from danger, when reason resumed its power. -
Unopposed, the British landed in full force, and. after skirmishing in the rear of Kip s house
with the advance of Glover's brigade, who had reached the scene, they marched almost to
the center of the island, and encamped upon the 7 g an eminence between the pres-
ent Filth and Sixth Avenues and Thirty-fifth and Thirty-eighth Streets. The Americans
retreated to Bloomingdale, and Washington sent an express to Putnam in the city, order-
ins him to evacuate it immediately. Howe, with Clinton, Tryon, and a few others, went V
the house of Robert Murray, on Murray Hill (see page 5S3), for refreshments and rest
With smiles and pleasant conversation, and a pro-
fusion of cake and wine, the good Whig lady de-
tained the gallant Britons almost two hours : quite
long enough for the hulk of Putnam's division ol
four thousand men to leave the city and escape tc
the heights of Harlem by the Bloomingdale road,
with the loss of only a few soldiers.3 Genera!
Robertson, with a strong force, marched to take
possession of the city, and Howe made his head-
quarters at the elegant mansion of James Beekman
at Turtle Bay, then deserted by the owner and his
family.*
Kekkman's Mansion.
Before sunset his troops were encamped in a line extending from Horn's Hook
1 The ships went up the Hudson, at the same time, as far as Bloomingdale. One of these vessels m<
the detested Ma, of sixty-four sun*. Captain Talbot, anxious to be useful, attempted its destruction by a
p. From near Fort Washington he proceeded cautiously, at two o'clock in the morning of the six-
teenth, and soon he was alongside the enemy, with his ship in a braze. Lingering too long, he was badly
burned, but escaped to the Jersey shore in safety. The Asia managed to extricate herself from the peril
—See Tuckerman's Life of Commodore Talbot.' p. 24 29 * Gordon, ii., Ill
3 Putnam. Knox, and other ollieers in the city were quite ignorant of the island beyond the intrench-
ments. They were perplexed on learning that the enemy occupied the east and middle roads, for they
I new of no other way anions the woods and swamps of the island. Fortunately, .Major Aaron Burr, then
one of Putnam's aids', knew the ground well, and under his direction the troops left Independent Battery.
on Bunker Hill (where they were preparing for defense), and pa-sins through the wood- west ol the present
Broadway, tbey reached a' road leading from Greenwich (the property ol Sir Peter Warren) to Blooming-
They were discovered by a patrole, after passing the camp upon the Inciting, and a detachment
of lisht infantry were sent in pursuit. These overtook the rear of the Americans in a path extending from
Bloomingdale to Harlem Lane, near M'Gowarrs Pas-, and a warm skirmish was the result. This skirmish
was at about the intersection of One hundredth Street and Eighth Avenue.
4 See note on pase ti09. This view of Beekman's mansion is from the ground- looking toward the
East River. The tine lawns and bloomins gardens are now reticulated by city street-, and in a few year-
no doubt, this elegant specimen of the houses of •• the olden time"' will be swept away by the bn
improvement. The carved family arms have been removed from their long resting-place over the elab-
orated wrought chimney-piece of the drawing-room, and an ancient sun-dial, which marked the hours in the
warden for almost a century, has been laid away in security. The elegant coach of the first proprietor.
'emblazoned with the Beekman arms, is yet there, a rich old relic of ihe aristocracy ol New V ik a cen-
tury ago.* There General Riedesel and his family reside. 1 during the summer of 1780.
« The family arms consist of an irregular broad line, representing riinnins tr ifrr (Beekman signifies hrookman) drawn across
a shield, and upon each side of it is a full-blown rose. The crest is n heW-t, surmounted by spread wings I the legend. " Sfnt
S 1 2
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Americana on Harlem Beighta
Battle on Harlem Plains.
Death of Knuwlton and Lietch.
across the island to Bloomingdale. Harlem Plains divided the hostile camps. For seven
» Sept. is, years, two months, and ten daysa from this time, the city of New York remained
t0 ' in possession of the British troops.
The wearied patriots from the city, drenched by a sudden shower, slept in the
'■ Sept io open air on the heights of Harlem that night. Early the next morning" intelli-
gence came that a British force, under Brigadier Leslie, was making its way by M'Gowan 's
pass to Harlem Plains. The little garrisous at Mount Morris and Harlem Cove (Manhat-
tanville) confronted them at the mouth of a deep rocky gorge,'
and kept them in partial check until the arrival of re-enforcements. Washington was ai
.Morris's house, and hearing the firing, rode to his outpost, where the Convent of the Sacred
Heart now stands. There he met Colonel Knowlton, of the Connecticut E-angers [Con-
gress's Oicn), who had been skirmishing with the advancing foe, and now came for orders
The enemy were about three hundred strong upon the plain, and had a reserve in the woods
upon the heights. Knowlton was to hasten with his Rangers, and Major Leitch with three
companies of Weedon's Virginia regiment, to gain the rear of the advance, while a feigned
attack was to be made in front. Perceiving this, the enemy rushed forward to gain an ad-
vantageous position on the plain, when they were attacked by Knowlton and Leitch on the
flank. Re-enforcements now came down from the hills, when the enemy changed front
and fell upon the Americans. A short but severe conflict ensued. Three bullets passed
through the body of Leitch, and he was borne away. A few moments afterward, Knowlton
received a bullet in his head, fell, and was borne off" by his sorrowing companions.5 Yet
their men fought bravely, disputing the ground inch by inch as they fell back toward the
American camp. The enemy pressed hard upon them, until a part of the Maryland regi-
ments of Colonels Griffiths and Richardson re-enforced the patriots. The British were
1 This rocky gorge has not yet been touched by the hand of improvement. It remains in all its primal
roughness, covered by low shrubbery, shoots from the roots of the ancient forest-trees. It extends on a
line with and between the Fifth and Eighth Avenues, from the southern extremity of Harlem Plains.
- Major Leitch died on the first of October. Knowlton was carried to the redoubt, near the Hudson, at
t )nc hundred and Fifty-sixth Street, where be expired before sunset, and was buried within the embankments.
Hi- death was a public loss. His bravery at Bunker Hill commanded the highest respect of Washington
In genera] orders in the morning after the battle on Harlem Plains, the commander-in-chief, alluding to the
death of Knowlton, said, '; He would have been an honor to any country."
eonscia recti." The Beekmans trace their family to Germany as early as 1170. William, the ancestor of the American branch
of the family, came to America, with Stuyvesant, in 1647. He was appointed vice-governor on the Delaware in 1658, was aft
crward sheriff of Esopus, in Ulster county, and burgomaster and alderman in New Amsterdam. There were other Beekmans
who settled in the vicinity of Albany.— See Holgate's American Genealogy, page ti6.
OF THE R E V 0 I, U T I O N.
6 I 3
Great Fire In New York.
Departure of the British Army for West Chester.
Landing upon Throck's Neck.
driven back across the plain, when Washington, fearing an ambush, ordered a retreat. The
loss of the Americans was inconsiderable in numbers ; that of the British was eighteen killed
and about ninety wounded. This event inspirited the desponding Americans, and nerved
them for the contest soon to take place upon the main.
The British strengthened MGowan's Pass, placed strong pickets in advance of their lines,
and guarded their thinks by armed vessels in the East and North Rivers. General Rob-
ertson, in the mean while, had taken possession of the city, and commenced strengthening
the intrenehments across the island there. He had scarcely pitched his tents upon the hills
in the present Seventh and Tenth Wards, and began to look with complacency upon the
city as snug winter quarters for the army, when columns of lurid smoke rolled up from the
lower end of the town. It was midnight ■' Soon broad arrows of flame shot up
1,1 .September
from the darkness, and a terrible conflagration began. It was stayed by the ex- 2fc-2l,
ertions of the troops and sailors from the ships, but not until about five hundred
houses were consumed.
Perceiving the Americans to be too strongly intrenched upon Harlem Heights to prom-
ise a successful attack upon them, Howe attempted to get in their
rear, to cut oil' their communication with the north and east, and hem
them in upon the narrow head of Manhattan Island. Leaving a suf-
ficient force of British and Hessians, under Lord Percy, to guard the
city, and others to man his lines toward Harlem, he embarked the re-
mainder of his army upon ninety flat-boats, passed through the narrow
, 0ct .„ and turbulent strait of Hell Gate, and landed upon Throck's
me. Neck," a low peninsula jutting into the East. River from the Eael ''kbc» "■'
main of Wesl Chester county, sixteen miles from the city.3 A few days afterward0 c 0ct. ir.
• Iul£&
1 Mr. David Grim, a merchant of Xew York, who saw the conflagration, has left a record of the event.
He says the tire broke out in a low groggery and brothel, a wooden building on the wharf, near Whitehall
Slip. It was discovered between one and two o'clock in the morning of the twenty-first ol September.
I'lic wind was from lie southwest. There were but few inhabitants in the city, and the llames, for a while
unchecked, spread rapidly. All the houses between Whitehall and Broad Streets, up to Beaver Street,
were consumed, when the wind veered to the southeast and drove the fire
toward Broadway. It consumed all on each side of Beaver Street to the
Howling Green, a little above which it crossed Broadway, and swept all
the buildings on both sides. a~ far as Exchange Street. On the west side
i consumed almost every building from Morns Street to Partition (Fulton)
Street, devouring Trinity church* in i(s way. and destroyed all the buildings
toward the North River. For a long time the new (St. Paul's) church was
in peril, for the fire crept in its rear to Mortkile (Barclay) Street, and ex-
pended west of King's (Columbia) College to Murray Street. The exact
number of buildings consumed was tour hundred and ninety-three. The
Roma OF liiiNirv i in urn. 0j,v ,),,.,, eontained about lour thousand houses. "The ruins." says Dunlap
who wandered over the scene at the close of the war), "on the southeast side of the town were convert-
ed into dwelling places by using the chimneys and parts of walls which were firm, and adding pieces of
-pars with old canvas from the ships, forming hovels — part hut and part tent." This was called Canvas
Town, and there the vilest of the army and Tory refugees congregated. The Tories, and Kiitish writers
of the day attempted to \\\ the crime of incendiarism upon the Whigs, but could not. It was .well known
that the tiie bad an accidental origin, yet British historians continue to reproduce the libel.
2 The officer who went out to Lexington with re-enforcements in April, 1775. — See page 528, vol. i.
3 This is spelled Throck's, Throg's, ami Frog's, in different histories. It was originally owned by a
man named Throckmorton, who was called Throck for the sake of brevity. On the extreme point of this
peninsula, at the entrance to Long Island Sound, stands Fort Schuyler, a strong work completed in
1842.
* Trinity church was erected at the cloee of the seventeenth century. The first building was email and square. Queen
Anne granted to the corporation in 1705 the land extending along the west side of Broadway to Christopher Street, known as
the Queen's Farm. The edifice was enlarged in 1737 to one hundred and forty-elghl feet iti length, including the tower and
chancel, and seventy-two feet in breadth. The steeple was one hundred and seventy-live feet in height This was the edifice
consumed by the great fire in 1776. The sketch of the ruins is from a picture made on the spot, and published in Dr. Berrian's
History of Trinity Church. It was rebuilt in 1788, taken down in 1830. and on the twenty-first of May, 1840, the present edifice
was consecrated to Christian worship.
614
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
radio [-place of the Hessians.
Howe confronted.
Skirmish near New Kochelle.
General Heatb
View at Bauffet's Point.
other troops from Montressor's Island1 and Flushing landed there ; and on the twenty-
second, Kuyphausen, with the second divi
sion of German hirelings, just arrived at
New York,2 landed upon Myers's Point,
now Davenport's Neclt, near New Ro-
chelle.3
When Washington perceived this move-
ment, he sent strong detachments, under
General Heath,* to oppose the landing of
the British, and occupy lower West Chester.
A redoubt had been thrown up on the hills, near William's Bridge ; all the passes to King's
Bridge were well guarded, and a detachment was at White Plains making intrenchments
there. The causeways to Throck's and Pell's Necks were also guarded, the latter by Col-
onel Hand and his riflemen ; and on the night of the first landing, "■ the bridge was
, Oct. 12. . . .
removed, and General Howe was left upon an island. He suspected his Tory guides
of treachery, but he soon ascertained the
truth and decamped, after being driven back /I //-^-i/ / Y7 />
from the causeway by Hand, with the aid LA / ■ ,£/ & l~2^A-C~i ,
of Prescott (the hero of Breed's Hill) and a ' U ^
three-pounder, under Lieutenant Bryant.6 Howe crossed in his boats to Pell's Point, a little
above.0 and marched over Pelham Manor toward New Ptochelle. After a hot
skirmish with Glover's brigade, of Sullivan's division,
in which the Americans were repulsed, Howe encamped upon
high ground between Hutchinson's River and New Rochelle
village, where he remained until the twenty-first, when he
took post upon the heights of New Ptochelle," north of tin
village, on the road to White Plains and Scarsdale. Kuyp-
hausen and his division arrived the next day, and encamped
upon the land now owned by E. K. Collins, Esq., between
t> Oct. 18.
Howe's Head-quarters.
New Rochelle and Mamaroneck.
' On the twenty-fourth of September, Colonel Jackson, with Major Henly (aid-de-camp to General
Heath), and two hundred and forty men, made a descent upon the British on Montressor's Island, in flat-
boats. They were repulsed with a loss of twenty-two men. Among them was Major Henly, who was shot
while at the head of his men. He was carried to the camp, and buried by the side of the brave Knowlton.
2 These re-enforcements arrived on the eighteenth of October. The fleet consisted of seventy-two sail,
having on board four thousand Hessians, six thousand Waldeekers, two companies of chasseurs, two hund-
red English recruits, and two thousand baggage horses.
3 The main body of the Germans landed upon Bauffet's Point, on the east side of Davenport's Neck, where,
it is said, the Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle first touched our shores. Davenport's Neck is a beau-
tiful fertile peninsula, jutting into the Sound near the village of New Rochelle. The view here given i>
from the high rocky bank at Bautlet's Point, looking southeast upon the wooded islands which here dot the
Sound. The shores of Long Island arc seen in extreme distance.
4 William Heath was a native of Roxbury, Massachusetts, near which some of his descendants still re-
side. He was appointed a provincial brigadier in 1775.
The Continental Congress gave him the same commission,
and on the ninth of August, 1776, made him a major general,
f/ SSf ^ ^? ' s together with Spencer, Sullivan, and Greene. He command-
/y/ // C^-/^--^2-— >^5^' Cl' ncar ^'"S s Bridge after the Americans left New York.
£r " and in the following year he was in chief command in the
Eastern department. Burgoyne's captured army were in his custody. In 1779 he commanded on the
111111-. Jii, and there was the principal theater of his military life, until the close of the war. General Heath
was a useful officer, but eircumstauees prevented bis making much display. He published an interesting
volume, entitled " Heath's Memoirs." which is now much sought after by collectors of valuable American
books. General Heath died in 1814, the last survivor of the major generals of the Revolution.
1 Heath's Memoirs, page 67. For a sketch of Colonel Prescott, see page 539, vol. i.
These heights arc now (1852) partly wooded and partly cultivated ; then they were covered by the
primitive forest, except around the bouse above delineated, where Howe made his quarters. That house
is upon the eastern side of the highway from New Rochelle to White Plains, about a mile from the former
OF THE REVOLUTION.
American Army in West Chester. Fort Lee. Condition of the Army
Washington viewed this first planting of the British standard upon the main land in pro-
claimed free America with great anxiety, for clouds were gathering m the horizon of the
future. Nominally, he had an army of nineteen thousand men, but in discipline, order, and
all the concomitants of true soldiers' they were not one third of that number. The time
of service of many of them was drawing to a close, and cold weather was approaching to
chill the ardor of half-clad patriots. A powerful enemy, well provided, was crouched as a
within cannon-voice, ready to spring upon its prey. Vet Washington's spirit did not
quail, and he resolved to confront the foe with his motley troop, as if with a parity of vet-
erans. He called a council of war at the quarters "1 General Lee," to decide ,, ,
upon the propriety of evacuating .Manhattan Island. General Lee, fresh from the l"G-
field of victory at Charleston, had just arrived ami gave his weighty opinion in favor of a
total abandonment of the island. The mam army was speedily marched toward the Bronx
n West Chester, leaving a garrison, under Colonel Magaw, of Pennsylvania, sufficient to
hold Fort Washington and its dependencies. In four divisions, under Generals Lee, Heath.
Sullivan, and Lincoln, the American army moved
-lowly up the western side of the Bronx, and formed
a series of intrenched camps upon the hills from the
heights of Fordham to White Plains, a distance of
about thirteen miles. While presenting a front par-
allel to that of Howe, frequent skirmishes occurred in
which the Americans were generally the winners.2
General Greene with a small force garrisoned Fort
Lee, situated upoii the Palisades,5 nearly opposite
Fort Washington, and on the twenty-first of October
the commander-in-chief left .Morris's house and made w mmm** hkauwaktekm
his head-quarlers near White Plains, where, directed by a French engineer, the Americans
village. It was very much dilapidated when I visited it, and was occupied by a colored family. Half a
mile beyond this dwelling, on the same siile of the road, is the marble monument erected to the memory
of Thomas Paine. A sketch "I tin* I tenl may lie found in the Supplement, paee 647.
1 Cotemporary writers give a sad picture of the army at that time. Among many of the subordinate
'ili'-i-is. arced usurped the place of patriotism. Officers were elected on condition that they should throw
their pay ami rations into a joint stock lor the benefit of a company: surgeons sold recommendations for
furloughs, lor able-bodied men. at sixpence each, and a captain was cashiered lor stealing blankets from his
soldiers. Men went out in squads to plunder from friend or foe, and immorality prevailed throughout the
American arinv. Its appointments, loo, were in a wretched condition. The surgeon * department lack-
ed instruments According to a general return of fifteen regiments, there were not more than sufficient in-
struments for one battalion. — See Washington's Letter to Congress, Sept. '.'4. 1 7 T '> ; Gordon, ii.. 114.
2 On the night of the twenty-first of October. Lord Stirling sen( Colonel Haslet, with Delaware and Ma
ryland troops, to surprise some Loyalists then lying at Mamaroneck, under Colonel Rogers, the rangei
the French and Indian wars. These troops were the Queen - Kanaers, afterward commanded by
>;iu Almost eighty men were killed or captured, anil the spoils were sixty stand of arms, and pro-
,n, I clothing. Rogers escaped. On the twenty-third, Colonel Hand and hi* rille n attacked two
hundred and forty Hessian chasseurs near Hast Chester, and route, I them; and almost nightly the British
pickets were disturbed by the Americans. These events made Howe cautious and bIow in bis movements
3 The high perpendicular rocks extending along the western bank of the Hudson from Weehawken
north about twenty-three miles, are so called on account of their resemblance to palisades. Congress bad
ordered Washington, "by every art and whatever c\| se, to obstruct effectually the navigation of the
North River, between Fori Washington and .Mount Constitution [whereon Fort Ice stood], as well to pre-
vent the reaiess of the enemy's frigates lately gone up. as to hinder them from receiving succors." —
Journals, ii., 385.
* The house occupied by Washington while the army was at White Plains is yet standing. It is a frame
building, on the cast side of the road, about two miles above the village. This view is from the road, look-
ing northeast. When I last visited it (1851), .Miss Jemima Miller, a maiden ninety-three years of age,
and bcr sister, a few years her junior, were living therein, the home of their childhood. A chair and table,
used by the chief, are carefully preserved by the family, and a register for the names of the numerous visit-
ors is kept. This house was in the deep solitude of the forests, among the hills, when Washington was
there ; now the heights and the plain near by smile with cultivation. The present owner of the property is
Abraham Miller.
6 1 C>
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
The two Armies at White Plains.
The Battle there.
The IntreuchrnenL-.
cast up breast-works, rather as a defense for an intrenched camp in preparation upon the
hills of North Castle two miles beyond than as permanent fortifications.'
Both armies were near White Plains on the morning of the twenty-eighth of Oc-
'' tober." The Americans were chiefly behind their breast-works near the village, and
the British were upon the hills below, eastward of the Bronx. Chatterton's Hill, a com-
manding eminence on the opposite side of the stream, was occupied on the evening of the
twenty-seventh by Colonel. Haslet, with his Delawares, some Maryland troops and militia,
in all about sixteen hundred men. Early the next morning, M'Dougal was ordered to re-
enforce Haslet with a small corps and two pieces of artillery under the charge of Captain
Alexander Hamilton, and to take the general command there. At ten o'clock the British
army moved toward the village in two columns, the * /7 ^S '
tight commanded by General Clinton, the left by De J^- '/y^y /h^^Z Z/7?^-
Heister and Sir William Erskine; in all thirteen thou- S/7 r// • *s
sand strong. Howe was with the second division, and when near the village, he held a
council of war on horseback, which resulted in a change in the point of attack. Inclining
to the left, the British placed fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery upon the slope southeast
of the rail-way station, and, under cover of their fire, constructed a rude bridge over the
Bronx, and attempted to cross and ascend the steep wooded heights to dislodge the Amer-
icans from their hastily constructed breast-
works upon Chatterton's Hill. Hamilton
had placed his two guns in battery, on a
rocky ledge, and these swept whole platoons
from the margin of the hill they were at-
tempting to ascend. The British recoiled,
fell back to their artillery, and joined an-
other division, under General Leslie (con-
sisting of the second British brigade, the
Hessian grenadiers under Colonel Rail, a
battalion of Hessian infantry, and two hund-
red and fifty cavalry), who were then cross-
ing the Bronx a quarter of a mile below
There the assailants joined, and the whole
the southwestern declivities of Chatterton's
e??£cj
l'LACE WHERE THE BRITISH CROSSED THE BuONX.-
(brce pushed up the slopes and ravines alon
Hill. Gaining a gentle slope toward the top, they endeav-
ored to turn M'Dougal's right flank. His advance, under
Smallwood and Putzema, gallantly opposed them while slowly
retreating toward the crown of the eminence, until the British
cavalry attacked the American militia on the extreme right and dispersed them. M'Dou-
gal with only six hundred men, consisting chiefly of his own brigade and Haslet's corps,
sustained an obstinate conflict for an hour. Twice the British light infantry and cavalry
were repulsed, when an attack upon his flank by Rail compelled M'Dougal to give way
1 A square redoubt of earth was erected in the main street of the village, the remains of which may yet
be seen a lit lie northeast of Mr. Swinburn's Literary Institution, and where now
(1852) lies a shattered howitzer, dug up from the trenches a few years ago.
From this redoubt a line of breast -works extended westerly over the sv>uth side
of Purdy's Hill to the Bronx, and easterly across the hills to Horton's Pond
These were not quite finished when the battle occurred on the twenty-eighth
of October. — See Address of J. W. Tompkins, 1845, quoted by Bolton, ii., 368.
- This view is from the southeastern side of the Bronx, a little more than
half a mile below the rail-way station at White Plains, looking north. The
rail-way bridge is seen on the extreme right. Between that and the barn on the left the Brilish ascended,
hi the field, seen a little to the left of the telegraph posts, toward the center, and the one on the summit
beyond, the hottest of the engagement occurred. The latter is on the land of Mr. Cornelius Horton. In
a hollow, near a large hickory-tree, on the southwest side of Chatterton's Hill, are the graves of many of
the slain.
Howitzer.
OF THE RE VOLITION
(', 1 7
Ketrcat of the Americans.
The Loss.
Withdrawal to North Castle.
Confliu
Chatthkt
L, rftOM Tin. Kail-way Station.1
and retreat to the intrenchments at White Daiiis. This was done in good order down the
southeastern side of Chatterton's Hill, and across the Bronx, near the present railway sta-
tion, under cover of
troops, K'(l by Put-
nam. MDougal car-
ried oti Ins wounded
and artillery, and left
the victors in posses-
sion of only the in-
considerable breast-
works upon the hill.
The militia, who
were scattered among
the Greenburg hills,
soon collected in the
intrenched camp at the village, and there the American army rested, almost undisturbed,
until the evening of the thirty-first." The British troops rested upon their arms ^ ^^
all night after the battle, and the next clay, after a skirmish with Glover's bri-
gade, they encamped within long cannon shot of the front of the American lines. Awed
by the apparent strength of Washington's intrenchments, Howe dared not attack him, but
awaited the arrival of Lord Percy, with four battalions from New York and two from Main-
aroneck.' The loss of the Americans, from the twenty-sixth to the twenty-ninth, did not
exceed, probably, three hundred men, in killed, wounded, and prisoners ; that of the British
was about the same.
Earl Percy arrived in the evening of the thirtieth, and preparations were made to storm
the American works the next morning. A tempest of wind and rain arose at midnight,
and continued for twenty hours. All operations were delayed, and on the night of the
thirty-first, while the storm clouds were breaking and the British host were slumbering.
Washington withdrew, and encamped upon the heights of North Castle, toward the Croton
River, where he had erected strong breast-works along the hills which loom up a hundred
feet above the waters of the Bronx.3 Howe was afraid to attack him there, and on the
night of the fourth of November,1* he retreated toward the junction of the Hudson t>r?76.
1 This is a view of the southeastern side of Chatterton's Hill, from the rail-way station. They crossed
ihe Bronx at a point seen cm the extreme right- On the top of the hill, in the edge of the woods on the
left, Hamilton's cannons were placed.
I .,, i rrenchments, which appeared so formidable through Howe's telescope, were exceedingly weak,
composed ol earth and sods laid upon heaps of cornstalks. Tiny were n<> protection against cannon-balls,
and had Howe attacked these lines first, instead of the really stronger position on Chatterton's Hill, the
complete dispersion, it not loss of the American army, would doubtless have been the result. Hi- caution
was I"" faithful in its promptings, ami he wasted time and energy, for two or three days, in attempts to
gain Washington's rear.
3 A little southeast of the house occupied by Wasbingtot tch on pane 615), on the brow of a
steep hill overlooking an extensive reizio,, of country, are yet (1852) prominent remain- ofs ■ oftl
l,i. ist-works. These are nearest the village of White Plains, and easiest of access for the student or an-
tiquary.
Gordon relates that while the British were at White Plains, the garden of a widow was robbed at night
Her son. a mere & and obtained leave to catch the thief. Willi a loaded gun he concealed him-
self in some bushes, when a British grenadier, a strapping Highlander came, filled a bag with fruit, and
placed it on his shoulder. The boy appeared behind him with his gun cocked, and threatened him with
instant death if he attempted to lay down the bag. Thus tin- boy drove him into the American camp.
When he laid down his \a<z. and saw that he had been driven in by a stripling, he was excessively morti-
fied, and could not suppress the exclamation, " A British grenadier made a prisoner by such a damned brat !
such a damned brat !
On the nio-ht of the evacuation, the Presbyterian church and other buildings were fired and consumed,
but without The knowledge or approval of Washington. Bolton In.. 366) says the incendiary was Majoi
Osborne, of the Massachusetts line. Gordon (ii.. 121) remarks that "Colonel Austin, of the Massachusetts,
who commanded the guards and sentries, being heated with licpjor, burned the town on White Plains tin-
necessarily and without any orders.''
OF THE RPVOLUTIO .V 6 1 9
Retreat to New Jeraey. Fort \\ ucimced. A Surrender refused. Re-enforced
and Harlem 11 i vers, and encamped upon the heights of Fordham, extending his left wing
almost to Kind's Bridge.'
An attack upon Fort Washington, now environed by a hostile force, though at a dis-
tance, was to be the next scene in the drama. Washington called a council of war, and
it was unanimously resolved to retreat into New Jersey with the larger portion of the army,
leaving all the New England troops on the east side of the Hudson to defend the High-
lands. This movement was speedily executed. By the twelfth1* the main army
T ■cm ,i , -. i i » November
were in New Jersey, some crossing from larrytown to 1 arainus (bneeden s
Lauding), and others from Telle] - ((Toton) Point to the mouth of Tappan Creek (l'ier-
mont). The chief, after inspecting places at Peekskill and vicinity, crossed King's bNoT H
Ferry, b and hastened to form his camp, with his head-quarters at Hackinsack, in i,Te-
the rear of Fort Lee.' General Heath was left in command in the Highlands, and (Jen-
eral Lee, with a dissolving force' of more than eight thousand men, remained at North
Castle, with orders to join the main army in New Jersey if the enemy should aim a blow
in that quarter.
On the day of the battle at White Plains, Knyphausen, with six German battalions,
inarched from New Rochelle, crossed the head of Harlem River,
at Uycliinan's Bridge.1 took possession of the abandoned works
in tile vicinity of King's Bridge, and encamped upon the
. c Nov. 2
plain0 between there and Port Washington. The Amer-
icans in Fort Independence and redoubts near, fled, on his approach, to Fort Washington,
and now the whole country beyond Harlem, between Dobbs's Perry and Morrisania, west of
the Bronx, was in the possession of the royal army. Port Washington was completely en-
vironed by hostile forces. On the fifth, three British ships of war passed up the Hudson
unharmed, and on the night of the fourteenth, a large number of llat-boats went up and
were moored near King's Bridge. The commander-in-chief would now have ordered the
evacuation of Fort Washington, had not Greene urged the necessity of holding it, in con-
nection with Fort Lee, for the defense of the river.
On the fifteenth11 Howe was informed of the real condition of the garrison and
*r , I' I 1_ ■ NOV., IHb.
works at Fort Washington, by a deserter from Magaw s battalion, and he imme-
diately sent a messenger with a summons for the commander to surrender, or peril his gar-
rison with the doom of massacre. .Magaw, in a brief note, promptly refused compliance, and
sent a copy of his answer to Washington at Hackinsack. Confident of success, Howe or-
dered a cannonade to be opened upon the American outworks from two British redoubts,
situated upon the east side of the Harlem River, a little above the High Bridge. The
cannonade commenced early on the morning of the sixteenth, to cover the landing of troops
which crossed the Harlem there, preparatory to a combined attack at four different points.
Expecting this, Magaw made a judicious disposition of his little force.6 Colonel Rawling's
1 Gordon, ii., 116-121. Stedman, i., 210-216. Marshall,!., 110-11-1.
2 This fortification was situated upon a sort "l plateau, about three hundred feet above the river, :n the
present landing and village of Fort Lee, and opposite the present One hundred and Sixtieth Street, of New
York. Some ol the mounds are yet visible, covered wiih low trees. A little above was a reel, ml. i. oppo
site Jeflery's Hook, to cover the chevavz-de-frut in the river. Few traces of this redoubt now'remaid.
3 The time of service of seven thousand five hundred of these men would expire withm a week, and the
remainder would be free on the first of December. When the time of dissolution came, some were induced
to remain, but the largest portion went home dispirited.
4 For this and other localities made memorable by military operations between Fort Washington and the
Highlands, the reader may profitably consult the map on the preceding page. Il has been carefully pre-
pared from the best authorities. Those in Stedman's History of the War are general!) quite correct, bul
the one showing these particular localities is very erroneous. For example, the Heights oj Fordham arc
placed far northward of 1'.//. n tine' a Hill The former is in the vicinity of Morrisania; the latter near Yon-
ken. The names of several places are also incorrectly spelled.
1 The uarrison consisted of only about twelve hundred men when Knyphausen first sat down at King's
Bridge. °Greene sent a re-enforcement from Mercer's Flying Camp, and when the tort was attacked there
were° about three thousand men within the lines When Washington heard of the summons to surrender,
he hastened from his camp to Fort Lee, and at nine in the evening, while crossing (he Hudson, he met
G20
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
" Disposition of the Garrison.
Plan of Attack.
Knyphausen's Assault
with liis Maryland riflemen, was posted in a redoubt (Fort Tryon) upon a hill north of
Fort Washington, and a few men were stationed at the outpost called Cock-hill Fort.
Militia of the Flying Camp, under Colonel Baxter, were placed on the rough wooded hill?
east of the fort, along the Har-
Ism River, and others, under
Colonel Lambert Cadwala-
der, of Pennsylvania, manned
the lines in the direction of New York. Marraw commanded in the fort.
The plan of attack was well arranged. Knyphausen, with five hundred Hes-
sians and Waldeckers, was to
move to the attack on the north
simultaneously with a division of
English and Hessian troops, un-
der Lord Percy, who were to as-
sail the lines on the south. At
the same time, Brigadier Ma-
thews, supported by Cornwallis,
was to cross the Harlem River,
with the guards, light infantry,
and two battalions of grenadiers,
and land above Fort Washing-
ton, under cover of the guns on
the West Chester Hills, just men-
tioned,1 while Colonel Stirling,
with the 4 2d regiment, was to
cross at. a point a little above the
High Bridge. These arrange- VlEW AT FoaT Washington
ments were carried out. Knyphausen divided his forces. One division, under
Colonel Rail (lulled at Trenton seventy days afterward), drove the Americans
from Cock-hill Fort, while Knyphausen, with the remainder, penetrated the
woods near Tubby Hook, and, after clambering over felled trees and other ob-
structions, attacked Rawlings in Fort Tryon. The fort was gallantly defend-
ed for some time, and many Hessians were slain. Rawlings was finally forced
to yield, and retreated to Fort Washington, under cover of its guns, when Knyp-
hausen planted the Hessian flag upon Fort Tryon. In the mean while, Percy
had crossed near Harlem, swept over the plain, drove in the American pickets at
Harlem Cove (Manhattanville), and attacked Cadwalader al
the advanced line of intrenchments.3 Percy's force was eight
hundred strong ; Cadwalader had only one hundred and fifty
men, and one eighteen-pounder. Both parties fought bravely,
and Percy, yielding, moved toward the American left, behind
a wood, and the combat ceased for a while.
Flagstaff, Fout Washington.* While Rawlings and Cadwalader were keeping the as-
Greene anil Putnam returning from Fort Washington. They assured him that Magaw was confident of a
successful defense, and the chief returned with them to Fort Lee.
1 Mathews landed in the cove or creek at about Two hundredth Street.
* This is a view from the site of the interior works at. Fort Washington from the foot of the flag-staff,
looking southwest. In the foreground are seen the remains of the embankments. The tall mast seen near
the river below is the support for telegraph wires which cross the Hudson there, from the rocky point
o| Teffery's Honk. In the distance across the river are the Palisades, and the mast upon their summit de-
notes the site of the redoubt north of Fort Lee. This little sketch exhibits the relative position of Forts
Washington and Lee.
Preparatory to this attack, a cannonade was opened upon the American works by two pieces on the
hiL'h ground north of Motthavcn, on the Harlom River.
* This Ilag-staff, indicating the center of the fort, is a prominent object to passengers upon the Hudson
OF THE RE VOL IT ION.
621
Attack of Stirling and
Surrender of the Fort.
The Loss.
Mr. Battin
,
sailants at bay, Mathews and Stirling landed. The former poshed up the wooded heights,
drove Baxter's troops from their redoubt (Fort George) and rocky defense, and stood victor
upon the hills overlooking the open fields around Fort Washington. Stirling, after making
a feigned lauding, dropped down to an estuary of the river, landed within the American lines,
and, rushing up the acclivity by a sinuous road, attacked a redoubt on the summit, and made
about two hundred prisoners Informed of this, and perceiving the peril of being placed
between two lives, Cadwalader retreated along the road nearest the Hudson, closely pursued
by Percy, and battling all the way. When near the upper border of Trinity Cemetery
(One hundred and Fifty-fifth Street), he was attacked on the Hank by Colonel Stirling, who
was pressing across the island to intercept him.1 He continued the retivat. and reached
the fort, after losing a few killed, and about thirty made prisoners. On the border of the
cemetery, and near the fort, severe skirmishes took place, and many of the Hessian pursuers
were slain. The defense was gallant ; but pike, ball, and
bayonet, used by live thousand men, overpowered the
weakened patriots, and at meridian they were nearly all
gathered within the ramparts of the fort. General Howe
now sent another summons to surrender. Perceiving fur-
ther resistance to be vain, Magaw complied,3 and at half
past one o'clock" the British flag was waving „Nov 16
where the Union banner was unfurled defiantly J",;
in the morning. The garrison, amounting to more than
two thousand men, were made prisoners of war,' and with
these the jails of New York were speedily gorged. It
was a terrible disaster for the little Republican army
Of all the gallant men who battled there on that day.
not one is known among the living. Probably the last
survivor of them all, and the last living relic of the Brit-
ish army in America, was the venerable John Battin.
who died at his residence in Greenwich Street, in the city
of New York, on the twenty-ninth of June, ls-32, at the
age of one hundred years and four months. His body is
entombed in Trinity Cemetery, upon the very ground
where he fought for his king seventy-six years before/
Washington, standing upon Fort Lee with his gen-
!-£> it ' eral officers, and the author of " Common Sense," saw
/<*=-/' 1-/V some 0r tne slaugl,ter near the doomed fortress, and
tZ^ffk
It-
1 Stirling's landing-place was at about the foot of One hundred and Fifty-second Street, at the head of
; ,ih iirniip, three fourths of a mde below the Hiuh Bridge, " within tho third line of defense which
, rossed the island."— Marshall, i.. 117. The road np which he passed is still there, and, as mentioned in
te on page- 610 the lines of the redoubt on the " v led promontory" (Stedman, i., 218) are quite
visible
• It was at this stage of affairs that Washington, with Putnam. Greene, and Mercer, crossed the Hudson,
ascended the heights, and from Morris's house surveyed the see f operations. Within fifteen minutes
alter they hail left thai mansion, Stirling and bis victorious troops approached and took possession of it. It
was a narrow escape for the chief commanders.
3 At this moment Captain Gooeh came over from Fort Lee with a note from Washington, assuring Ma-
;aw that if he could hold out till night the garrison should be brought off It was too late
4 The number of regulars was about two thousand. There were six or -even bundled militia, volun-
teers, and stragglers, all of whom were probably included in Howe's report of " two thousand six hundred
prisoners." The loss of the Americans, in killed and wounded, did not exceed one hundred ; that of the
roval army was almost one thousand. The Hessians as usual, suffered most severely.
'Washington was blamed for yielding to the opinions of Greene in endeavoring to hold this fort. Lee.
who was opposed to it from the beginning, wrote to Washington, " 0 ! general, why would you be over
persuaded by men of inferior judgment to your own '.' It was a cursed affair.
Mi. Battin came to America with the British army in 1776, and was engaged in the battles near
Brooklyn, at White Plains, and Fort Washington. After the British went into winter quarters in New York.
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
u nshington's Dies.] pointment.
Wayne's Expedition near Bull's Ferry.
Lee's AttRck on Paulus'a Hook.
with streaming eyes he beheld the meteor flag- of England flashing above ils ramparts in
the bright November sun. The fort was lost forever, and its name was changed to Knyp-
hausen. The chief now turned his thoughts toward the defense of the federal city of Phil-
adelphia, for he penetrated the design of liowe to push thitherward. Fort Lee was aban-
doned, but before its stores could be removed, Cornwallis had crossed the Hudson with six
thousand men, and was rapidly approaching it.1 The garrison fled to the camp at Hack-
nnd Cornwallis's division (to which he was attached), returned from Trenton and Princeton, he took lessons
in horsemanship in the Middle Dutch church (now the city post-olfice), then converted into a circus for a
riding-school. He then joined the cavalry regiment of Colonel Birch, in which he held the offices of orderly
sergeant and cornet. He was in New York during the "hard winter'" of 1779-80, and assisted in drag-
ging British cannons over the frozen bay from Fort George to Staten Island. He was always averse to
tio-nting the Americans, yet, as in duly bound, he was faithful to his king. While Prince William Henry,
afterward William the Fourth, was here, he was one of his body-guard. Twice he was sent to England
by Sir Henry Clinton with dispatches, and being one of the most active men in the corps, lie was frequently
employed by the commander-in-chief in important services. With hundreds more, he remained in New
Y.uk when the British army departed in 17S3, resolved to make America his future home. He married
soon after the war, and at the time of his death hail lived with his wife (now aged eighty-three) sixty-five
years. For more than fifty years, he walked every morning upon first the old, and then the new, or pres-
eni Battery, unmindful of inclement weather. He always enjoyed remarkable health. He continued exer-
cise in the street near his dwelling until within a few days of his death, though with increasing feebleness
of step. The gay young men of half a century ago (now gray-haired old men) remember his well-eon-
ducted house ol refreshment, corner of John and Nassau Streets, where they enjoyed oyster suppers and
good lii]uors. The preceding sketch of his person is from a daguerreotype by Insley, made a few months
before his departure.
1 The Americans lost at Fort Lee the whole of the mounted cannons, except two twelve-pounders, a
larire quantity of bagsage, almost three hundred tents, and about a thousand barrels of flour and other
stores. The ammunition was saved.*
* Three or four miles below Fort Lee. at the base of the Palisades, is a little village called Bull's Ferry. Just below the vil-
lage, on Block-house Point, was a block house, occupied in the summer of 1780 by a British picket, for the protection of some
wood cutters, and the neighboring Tories. On Bergen Neck below was a large number of cattle and horses, within reach of
the British foragers who might go out from the fort at l'aulus's Hook. Washington, then at Hopper's, near Sufferns, sent Gen-
eral Wayne, with some Pennsylvania and Maryland troops, horse and foot, to storm the work on block bouse Point, and to
drive the cattle within the American lines. Wayne sent the cavalry, under Major Lee, to perform the latter duty, while he and
three Pennsylvania regiments marched against the block-house with four pieces of artillery. They made a spirited attack, hut
their cannons were too light to be effective, and after a skirmish, the Americans were re-
pulsed, with a loss, in killed and wounded, of sixty-four men. After burning some wood-
boats near, and capturing the men in charge of them, Wayne returned to camp, with i
large number of cattle, driven by the dragoons. This expedition was made the subject
of a satirical poem by Major Andre, called The Cow chase (p. 766, vol. i.), published in Riv-
ington's paper. A copy of this celebrated production may be found in the Supplement.
Major Lee made a more successful attack upon the British post at Paulus's Hook (now
Jersey City) toward the close of the summer of 1779. The Hook is a sandy peninsula,
and at that time was connected with the main by a narrow marshy neck. Upon Mi.- pen-
insula the British erected quite strong military works, and used it as an outpost, while
they were in possession of the city of New York. The main works were upon rising
ground in the vicinity of the intersection of Grand and Greene Streets. One (A) re-
doubt was of circular form, and mounted six heavy guns. It had a ditch and abatis.
The other (B), a little southeast of it, was of oblong form, and had three twelve-pounders
and one eighteen, a a, were block houses ; b b b b b, breast-works fronting the bay ; c,
part of the 57th regiment of five hundred men, under Major Sutherland ; d. pioneers; «,
carpenters; ///, barracks; g, new bridge built by lie- l'.rirish. A deep ditch was dug across the isthmus with a barred gate
Thirty feet within this ditch were abatis. This ditch, with the surrounding marshes, made the peninsula an island. After the
recapture of Stony Point toward the close of the summer of 1779, while Sir Henry Clinton was encamped upon Harlem Heights,
a plan was formed for surprising the garrison at Paulus's Hook. The enterprise was intrusted to Major Henry Lee, then on
the west side of the Hudson, back of Hoboken. A feeling of security mad.- the garrison careless, and they were unprepared
for a sudden attack when it was made. Preparatory to the attack, troops were stationed near the Hudson to watch the distant
in. my. who might cross the river and intercept retreat, for it was not designed to hold the post when captured. Lee marched
with three hundred picked men, followed by a strong detachment from Lord Stirling's division, as a reserve. Lee's inarch
toward Bergen excited no Burprise, for foraging parties of Americans as large as this wre often out in that direction. The re-
., rvi hMteii at the new bridge over the Hackinsack. fourteen miles from the Hook, from which point Lee had taken the road
among the hills, nearest the Hudson. At three o'clock on the morning of the nineteenth of August (1779), Lee reached the
Elarsimua Creek, at the point where the rail -way now crosses it, and within half an hour he crossed the ditch three -h the loosely-
barred gate, and entered Hi'- main work undiscovered. The sentinels were either absent or asleep, and thoaurpriec was com
plete. lie captured one hundred and fifty-nine of the garrison, including officers, and then attacked the circular redoubt, into
the remainder retreated, with the commander. It was too strong to be effected by small arms, and
I retreated with his prisoners, with the loss of only two killed and three wounded, and arrived at camp in triumph at about
0 lock in lie- morning. This gallant act was greatly applauded in the camp, in Congress, and throughout the country, and
made the enemy more cautious. On the twenty second of September following. Congress honored Lee with a vote of thanks.
Works at Paulus's Hook.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
Medal awarded to Lee.
American and British near King's Bridge.
Events near Tippett'e Creek
insack, and now commenced the retreat of Washington across the Jerseys, toward the Del-
aware, noted on pages 11 and L5.
Before leaving these heights consecrated by valor and patriotism, let ns turn toward the
distant hills of West Chester, where almost every rood of earth is scarred hy the intrench-
er's mattock, or made memorable by deeds of daring and of Buffering, and consider the most
important military transactions which occurred within ten leagues of our point of observa-
tion. We can not tarry long ; to the local historian we must refer for the whole story in
detail.
General Knyphausen held Fort Washington and the neighboring works, while the main
British army was operating elsewhere in
1777. The fortifications were strength-
ened, and King's Bridge anl vicinity pre-
sented a formidable barrier to the inva-
sion of York Island by land. After the
fall of Fort Washington, and the departure
of both Americans and British to Nev
, Jersey, General Heath establish
• January. J '
1:77 ed a cordon of troops" from the
heights at Wepperham (Yonkers) to Mamaroneck, under the command of Brigadier John
Morin Scott. That officer left the army two months later for civil employment, and the
Americans retired, so that their left rested upon Byram River. While the strong detach-
VlEW AT KlMiS bKIDGK.1
1 This view i* from the southwest side of the stream, from near the tide-mill,
iv willows, is the residence of the widow of the late Robert M'Comb.*
The house beyond, shadei!
,n.i ordered a gold medal to be struck and presented to him.— See Journals, v., 278. On one side is a bust of the her., wit]
the words Henrico Lee. Le
gionis Equit. pra;fecto. Ci
mitia American a — "The Amer-
ican Congress to Henry Lee, <
unci of cavalry." On the re-
verse, NON OBSTANTIB. FLUMIN
rsoa v.iiii-. astutia virtu™
) BEIXICA PARVA mam HOSTE!
VICIT VI) TOSQ. ARMIS III man:
TATE DEVINX1T In ttEH PUON
ad Paulus Hook no: xtx Aug
177;i_ •■ Notwithstanding rivers
and 'intrenchmenta, lie with n
small band conquered the loe by
warlike skill and prowew
lirmly bound by his humanin
hose who bad been conquered
ij his iirms. In mi morj ol i
conflict at Paulua's Hook, nineteenth of August, 1779."
• This vicinity was the scene ol" man; stirring evi ntt during the Revolution. Near here was a severe skirmish bi '
ops and some Hessians, on th of January, 1777. It was the result of an attempt
by the .tan lies-inns from Fort Prince. A Utile west ol tin bridge, Tip
- brook flows into the Hudson. Following the course of the vallej through which this
passes, on a bright autumn morning in 1850, [res bed the i ile of ITonki ra, antl the Van
Cortlandt mansion, a beautiful residence iii the midst of a broad lawn and
ion ofebrubbery. This was the quarters ofa Hes i in picket-guard in
1777 and here Washington and his staff dined in July. 1781, when the I
pii kcta were driven beyond King's Bridge by Lincoln. North of the man-
-ii.ii is Vault Hill, where runny of the Van Cnrtlandt familj lie. Upon this
hill those American troops were encamped whom Washington left to de-
,„„.... (.,,|v,, <ir Henry Clinton, while he marched with tin- main army southward
to assist Ln Fnyetle in Virginia (p. 761, vol. i.'. On this estate, and a - ... i' d;-t.-,nee from Vault
Hill, is Indian Field and Bridge, the site ofa severe engagement on the thirty-Brat ol August, \ AN , oktuiidt'S.
between Briti-h light troops and some Htockbridge Indians, under the chief, Simham.
Lieutenant colonel F.mmorick. while patrolling in that direction, was attacked and driven back, when he met Simcoe coming t.
his relief. Kmmerick was sent back to cover an attack upon the Americans in flank and rear, but on his w .. ]
fell into an ambush by tlie Indians. Whili md Tarlt ton advanced, and a hot conflict ensued. The Indians
fought bravely, 1. ui were at la I ol liged to givevt v \ bodyol In* rican light infantry, under Stewart (distinguished at .-'tony
Toint), were engaged in the skirmish, but escaped. Simham and about forty of bis sixty braves perished. — Simcoe's Journal
pn;e B3. " The scene of the conflict," says Bolton, " lies on the land of the late Frederick Brown, now (18i8) occupied by his
widow."
62 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Loyalist Patrols. The Delnnceys and their Movements
ments of the two armies were occupying their relative positions, many skirmishes took place,
especially between the Americans and corps of Loyalists, formed under various leaders.
The latter traversed Lower West Chester, annoyed the American outposts and patrols, and
distressed the inhabitants.1
In the summer of 1777, Washington, believing the post at New York to be weak, be-
cause the main army of the British was in New Jersey and a large detachment was on
1 One of the earliest, most influential, and eOicient of the Loyalist leaders was Oliver Delancey, who.
with his son Oliver, and nephew James, performed active service for the king in Lower West Chester. He
was a brother of Chief Justice (also lieutenant governor) Delancey, and was a man of large property and
great influence. He was a member of the King's Council before the Revolution ; and at the beginning of
hostilities, leaned rather to the popular side. Deprecating a separation from Britain, he espoused the royal
cause after the Declaration of Independence went forth. He was commissioned a brigadier, and author-
ized to raise three battalions of Loyalists. This he finally effected. His son Oliver was commissioned a
captain of horse in 1776 ; was present at the capture of General Woodhull; became major of the 17th
regiment of dragoons ; and, after Major Andre's death, was appointed adjutant general, with the commission
of lieutenant colonel. At the close of the war General Delancey went to England, was elected a member
of Parliament, and died at Beverly in 1785, at the age of sixty-eight years. His son Oliver accompanied
him, and rose gradually to the rank of major general. At the time of his death he was almost at the head
of the British army list. James, a nephew of General Delancey, commanded a battalion of horse in his
uncle's brigade. Because of his activity in supplying the British army with cattle from the farms of West
Chester, his troopers were called Cow-boys. Sir William Diaper, "the conqueror of Manilla," married
General Delancey's daughter. The Confiscation Act of the New York Legislature swept away the largest
portion of the Delancey estate in America.*
* Many attempts were made to destroy or disperse the Delancey Loyalists. On the twenty-fifth of January. 1777, some
Americans attacked a block-house, erected by Delancey on the site of Mapes's Temperance House, at West Farms. Several
of the guard were wounded, but none were killed or made prisoners. In the winter of 1779, Colonel Aaron Burr, with some
Americana, attacked this block-house to destroy it. Provided with hand grenades, combustibles, and short ladders, about forty
volunteers approached cautiously, at two o'clock in the morning, and cast their missiles into the fort, through the port-holes.
Soon the blockhouse was on fire in several places, and the little garrison surrendered without tiring a shot A few escaped.
A corp of Delancey's battalions occupied the house of Colonel Lewis G. Morris, at Morrisania, for a short time. They were
attacked there on the fifth of August, 1779, by some of Weedon's and Moylan's horse, a detachment from Glover's brigade, and
some militia. Fourteen Loyalists were made prisoners. These attacks becoming frequent, Delancey was compelled to mike
his head quarters at the house now owned by Mr. Samuel Archer, in the vicinity of the High Bridge, where he was under the
i.'uns of fort No. 8, one of the redoubts mentioned on page 825, cast tip by the British to cover the landing of their troops on the
morning of the attack upon Fort Washington.
Near the entrance to Mr. Archer's mansion was a building wherein Colonel Hatfield had his quarters in January, 1780. when
he was attacked by some levies and volunteers from Horseneck and Greenwich. The assault was made at one o'clock in the
morning. Unable to dislodge the enemy, the assailants fired the house. Some escaped after leaping from the windows ; the
colonel and eleven others were made prisoners.
In May, 1780, Captain Cushing, of the Massachusetts line, guided by Michael Dyckman, surprised Colonel James Delancey's
corps near No. 8. He captured over forty of the corps ; the colonel was absent. Cushing retreated, followed some distance
by a large number of Yagers and others. In January. 1781, Lieutenant-colonel William Hull (General Hull of the war of 1812-
14), who was in command of a detachment of troops in advance of the American lines, successfully attacked Colonel Oliver
Delancey at Morrisania with three hundred and fifty men. Hull surrounded the Loyalists, forced a narrow passage to their
camp, took more than fifty prisoners, cut away a bridge, burned several huts and a quantity of stores, and retreated to camp,
closely pursued. A covering party, under Colonel Hazen, attacked the pursuers, and killed and captured about thirty-five
more. Hull lost twenty-six men in killed and wounded.
At sunrise on the fourth of March. 1782, Captain Hunneywell and a body of cavalry, having a covering party of infantry un
iler Major Woodbridge, entered Delancey's camp at Morrisania, dispersed the Loyalists, and killed and wounded several. Others
in the neighborhood were collected and pursued Hunneywell, when they fell into an ambush formed by Woodbridge, and were
driven back. In this skirmish Abraham Dyckman was killed.
At Jefferd's Neck, in the township of West Farms, Colont-l Baremore, a notorious Tory marauder, was captured by Colonel
Armand (see page 260) on the night of November 7th, 1779. Baremore was at " the Graham Mansion," which stood on the site
of the house of William H. Leggett, Esq., and with five others was made a prisoner. The Graham family were dispossessed of
their house, to make room for British officers. When Colonel Fowler, who last occupied it, was about to leave, it was tired, and
consumed while that officer and his friends were eating diuner in a grove near by. That night Colonel Fowler was mortally
wounded while leading a marauding party in Kast Chester. On another occasion, Armand marched down from Croton to the
vicinity of Yonkers, below Cortlandt's house, made a furious charge, with his cavalry, upon a camp of Yagers, and captured or
killed almost the whole party.
The ancestor of the American Delanceys (De Lanci) was Etienne, or Stephen, a Huguenot, who came to New York in 1681.
He was descended from a noble French family, known in history in the sixteenth century. He married Ann Van Cortlandt.
and became active in public affairs. The chief justice and tli«' plural were his sons. Another son, James, married a daughter
of Caleb Heathcote, lord of the Manor of Scarsdale. James's third son was the father of William Heathcote Delancey, D.D.,
the present Protestant bishop of the diocese of Western New Y'ork.
The seat of General Oliver Delancey was upon the Bronx, opposite the village of West Farms, three miles from the month
of that stream. There he had extensive mills, which are now the property of Mr. Philip M. Lydig. The old mansion, where
British officers were so often entertained, was destroyed by fire several years ago. He owned another residence at Blooming-
dalo, on York Island, which was burned on the night of the twenty-fifth of November, 1777. It is supposed to have been tired
by Borne daring Whigs, in retaliation fur the burning of some houses in the vicinity of Yonkers, by the Tories.
OF THE REVOLUTION. ,-,-_..-,
Operations near King's Bridge. Valentine's Hill and Its Associations
Rhode Island, ordered General Heath to approach King's Bridge, and if circumstances ap-
peared to promise success, to attack the fortifications there. The withdrawal of troops from
New Jersey or Rhode Island, if not the possession of New York, were hoped for results.
Heath advanced, and summoned Fort Independence, on Tetard's Hill, to surrender. The
commandant refused, and while preparing for attack, Heath received intelligence of move-
ments in the East, which made it prudent to withdraw and watch his Highland camp and
fortifications. In the succeeding autumn, Sir Henry Clinton captured Forts Clinton and
Montgomery, and Kingston was destroyed. Several months before, a British detachment
had destroyed stores at Peekskill (p. 7 1 l,vol. i.), and Trvon had desolated Danbury and
vicinity.1 These events, which have already been considered, directed the attention of
Washington more to the security of the Highlands than offensive operations against New
York.
After the battle at Monmouth," and the retreat of the British army to New ,Jam,n
York, Knyphausen again took command near King's Bridge, with his quarters at 1778-
Morris's house. The Queen's Rangers, under Simcoe, and other Loyal corps, a troop of
light horse under Emmerick, and Delancey's battalions, now became active in patroling
Lower West Chester. To oppose their incursions, General Charles Scott, of Virginia, with
quite a strong force, took post on the Greenburg Hills, and extended his left toward New
Rochelle. Sometimes he advanced as far as Valentine's Hill," and the foraging parties of
the enemy were kept in check. Frequent skirmishes occurred, and the most vigilant and
wary were the most successful.
When the French army, marching from New England in the summer of 1781, approach-
ed the Hudson, Washington was informed that a large detachment of British troops had
left New York for a marauding incursion into New Jersey. Washington had long cher-
ished a desire to drive the enemy from New York Island, and now there appeared to be a
favorable opportunity to strike the garrison at King's Bridge and vicinity. Arrange-
ments were made to begin the attack on the night of the second of July, •> believing
1 See page 403, volume i.
5 Valentine's Hill, rising on the west of the beautiful vale of Mile Square (a favorite camp-cround for
all parties during the war), affords some oi' the most charming prospects in West Chester. It is upon the
road leading from Yonkers to the Hunt's Bridge Station, on the Harlem rail-way. From its summit the
rough hills and cultivated valleys of that region are seen spread out like a panorama, and the eye catches
glimpses of the Palisades on the Hudson, and the more distant varieties of feature displayed by Long Island
Sound and the villages upon its borders. Southward, stretching away toward King's Bridge, is the beau-
tiful vale, sparkling with Tippett's Brook, famous in the annals of West Chester for deeds of valor in par-
tisan warfare. When I visited this region in 1850, Miss Elizabeth Valentine, aged eighty-three, was yet
living there with the present owner of the farm, Elijah Valentine. She well remembers being caressed
by Washington, and afterward frightened by the fierce-looking Highlanders and Hessians. The dwelling
of the Revolution stood a little northwest of the present mansion.*
* On the summit of Valentine's Hill intrenchments were cast up in the summer of 1776, and here Washington was encamp-
ed a few days before the battle ht White Plains. Here Fir William Erskine was encamped with a detachment of British troops
in January, 1778 ; and in the autumn, a few weeks before he sailed to attack Savannah, .Sir Archibald Campbell was here with
the 71st regiment of Highlanders. During the whole war. Colonel James Dclancey kept recruiting officers at Mile Square :
and in this vicinity Simcoe, with the Queen's Rangers, often traversed, and sometimes penetrated to the Croton River. Heath
says that on the sixteenth of September, 1782. foragers, with a covering party five or six thousand strong, accompanied by Sir
Guy Carleton, und the young prince William Henry, made an incursion as far as Valentine's Hill. After this, the vicinity was
abandoned by the military, and then the lawless marauders of that region harassed the people. Prince Charles's Redoubt and
Negro Fort were on the east side of Valentine's Hill.
On the second of July, 1779, a skirmish occurred in Poundridge between a portion of the corps of Sheldon and Tarleton.
The British were repulsed, and, while retreating, set tire to the meeting-house and Major Lockwood's dwelling. The chief ob-
ject of Tarleton was the capture of Lockwood. The Americans lost eighteen in wounded and missing, and twelve horses. On
the thirtieth of August, a 6kirmish occurred near Tnrrytown, between some of Sheldon's horse, under Captain Hopkins, and
part of Emmerick'a corps. The latter were led into an ambuscade, and suffered terribly. Twenty-three of his men were killed,
and the remainder were dispersed. Hopkins, while pursuing Emmerick, was in turn surprised by riflemen, and was obliged to
retreat toward Sing Sing, across Sleepy Hollow Creek. In Beekman's woods Hopkins wheeled, captured two or three of his
pursuers, and retreated in good order to Sing Sing. Near Crompond, Rocbambeau encamped with his army in 1781. The spot
is still known as French Hill. Remains of some of his ovens may be seen at the present time. On the third of February, 1780,
a patrol of the enemy, horse and foot, attacked Lieutenant Thompson, who was stationed at The Four Corners. He was de-
feated, with a loss of thirteen killed and seventeen wounded. Thompson, six other officers and eighty nine rank and file, were
made prisoners.
II. Ee
li 2 G
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Attempted Invasion of New York.
Vigilance of the British.
Yonkers and its Associations
Rochambeau would arrive by that time. A part of the plan was to cut off Delancey's
light troops along the Harlem River. This enterprise was intrusted to the Duke De Lau-
zun, then approaching, to whose legion Sheldon's dragoons and some Continental troops,
j- — -v, __ -7 under Colonel Waterbery, were to be
( ^sWP^^te^-^ f,ached- ovhe™ghtofth,fioof
' ^y July, a strong detachment, under Lren-
eral Lincoln, went down the river from Tappan, in boats with muffled oars, and landed half
n mile below the village of Yonkers,1 upon the land now owned by Thomas VV. Ludlow,
Esq.5 Lincoln marched cautiously over the hills toTippett's Brook, unobserved by Emmerick,
who, with his light horse, was patrolling toward Boar Hill. Also avoiding Pruschanck's
'^orps, stationed upon Cortlandt's Bridge, Lincoln reached the house of Montgomery, near
King's Bridge, before dawn, where he was discovered and fired upon by the enemy's pickets.
Delancey, at fort No. 8, ever on the alert, heard the firing, and retreated in time for safety,
lor Lauzun had not approached by West Farms as was intended. Washington had ad-
vanced to Valentine's Hill, and when he heard the firing he pressed forward to the aid of
Lincoln. The British troops immediately fell back, and withdrew behind their works, near
King's Bridge. Lincoln ascertained that the detachment had returned from New Jersey ;
that the British were re-enforced by some fresh troops ; that a large party was on the north
end of the island, and that a ship of war was watching at the mouth of the creek, near
King's Bridge. In view of these difficulties, Washington withdrew to Dobbs's Ferry, where
he was joined by R,ochambeau on the sixth, and both armies were soon on their way to
Virginia to capture Cornwallis. No other military operations of importance took place in
this vicinity until the passage of King's Bridge by American troops in the autumn of 1783,
when the British were about to evacuate New York.
Stretching away eastward beyond the Sound, is Long Island, all clustered with historical
associations. Almost every bay, creek, and inlet witnessed the whale-boat warfare while
I'hillipse Manor-house.
1 Yonkers is an old settlement on the Hudson, at the mouth of the Nepera or Saw-mill River, about four
miles north of King's Bridge. Here was the later residence of the wealthy proprietor of the Phillipse
manor, and here is the spacious stone manor-house where, on
one of his rent days, the patroon feasted his friends and tenantry.
Its exterior is plain, but the interior displays rich wainscotings
and cornices, and elaborately wrought chimney-pieces. Here,
nn the third of July, 1730, Mary Phillipse was born ; she was
theyoungladyof whom Washington became enamored (pp. 709.
vol. i., and 610, vol. ii.) in 1756. She is represented as a beauti-
ful and accomplished woman. She was attainted of treason, and
the whole Phillipse estate was confiscated. It is believed that
vhe and her sister (Mrs. Robinson), and the wife of Reverend Charles Inglis, rector
of Trinity church, in New York, were the only females who suffered attainder dur-
ing the war. They were guilty of no crime but attachment to the fortunes of their
husbands. The last lord of the manor was Colonel Frederick Phillipse, who died
in England in 1785.
Upon Locust Hill, the high eminence eastward of the manor-house, the American
troops were encamped in 1781, when Rochambeau was approaching. Near the
eastern base of Boar Hill, a short distance from the village, was the parsonage of
Reverend Luke Babcock, occupied by his widow. There Colonel Gist was station-
ed in 1778, and was attacked by a combined force under Simeoe, Emmerick, and
Tarleton. After traversing the vale of Yonkers, they approached at separate points to surround tut
American camp. The vigilant Gist discovered their approach and escaped. Some of his cavalry were
dispersed by Tarleton, his huts were burned, and forage was carried off. At about the same time, Simeoe
captured Colonel Tin 'mas near White Plains, whose house he surrounded. In the same neighborhood
Captain Sackett was captured (December 4lh, 1781), and his command left with Lieutenant Mosher,
That brave officer, with eighteen men, beat back and repulsed seventy men, under Captain Kip. The
captain was badly wounded. In front of Yonkers, a naval engagement occurred in 1777, between the Brit-
ish frigates Rose and Phoenix, and American gun-buats. The latter had a tender filled with combusti-
bles, in tow, with which they intended to destroy the British vessels. After the exchange of several
-li'iN. the gun-baats were compelled to seek shelter in the mouth of the Saw-mill or Nepera River.
' Bolton.
OF THE REVOLUTION.
e a 7
Operations upon Lloyd's Neck.
Slmcoe's Fortified Camp at Oyster liny.
the British occupied the island.1 In its swamps and broad forests partisan scouts lurked
and ambushed, and almost every fertile field was trodden
by the depredator's foot. Local historians have made the
record in detail ; we will only glance at two or three of
the most important military operations there, in which Ma-
jor Benjamin Tallmadge was the chief leader.1
On the fifth of September, 1779, Major Tallmadge pro-
ceeded from Shipan Point, near Stamford, Connecticut,
with one hundred and thirty of his light dragoons, dis-
mounted, and at ten o'clock at night attacked five hundred
Tory marauders, who were quite strongly intrenched upon
Lloyd's Neck, on Long Island.3 The surprise was complete,
and before morning he landed upon the Connecticut shore
with almost the whole garrison as prisoners. He did not
lose a man.
In the autumn of 17S0, some Rhode Island Tory refu-
gees took possession of the manor-house of General John Smith, at Smith's Foint, fortified
it and the grounds around it, and began cutting wood for the British army in New York.
1 The expedition of Colonel Meigs against the enemy at Sag Harbor, and other exploits, will be noticed
in the account of the whale-boat warfare, in the Supplement.
2 Benjamin Tallmadge was born at Setauket, Long Island, on the twenty-fifth of February, 1754. He
graduated at Yale College in 1773. and soon afterward took charge of a high school at Wethersfield. He
entered a corps of Connecticut t roups as lieutenant, in 177b\ and was soon promoted to adjutant. He was
one of the rear-gnard when the Americans retreated from Brooklyn, and was in several of the principal
battles in the Northern States during the war. His field of active exertions was chiefly in the vicinity of
Long Island Sound. He had the custody of Major Andre from his arrest until his execution, and after that
was actively employed against the enemv on Lon«; Island. He was for a long time one of Washington's
most esteemed secret correspondents. He retired from the army with the rank of colonel. He married
the daughter of General William Floyd, of Mastic, in 1784. In 1800 he was elected a member of Con-
gress from Connecticut, and served his constituents, in that capacity, for sixteen years. He died on the sev-
enth of March, 1835, at the age of eighty-one years.
3 Lloyd's Neck is an elevated promontory between Oyster Bay and Huntington harbor. It was a strong
position, and the fort covered the operation of wood-cutters for miles around. There the Board of Jlsso-
ciatcd Loyalists established their head-ipiartors alter their organization in December. 17MI. Tins board
was for the purpose of embodying such Loyalists as did not desire to enter military life as a profession, but
were anxious to do service for the king. Governor William Franklin was president of the board, and in
the course of 1781, they collected quite a little navy of small vessels in the Sound, and made Oyster Bay
the place of general rendezvous.* Their chief operations were against the Whig inhabitants of Long Isl-
and and the neighboring shore, by which a spirit of retaliation was aroused that forgot all the claims of
common humanity. The manifest mischief to the royal cause which this association was working, caused
its dissolution at the close of 1781. In July of that year, Count Barras, then at Newport, detached three
S, with two hundred and fifty land troops, to attack this post, then garrisoned by about eight hundred
refugee Tories. The enterprise proved unsuccessful, and, after capturing some British marines in Hunting-
ton Harbor, returned to Newport. The stockade on Lloyd's Neck was called Furl Franklin.
* Oyster Bay was an important point during the British occupation of the island. Sheltered from the Sound by a lnrge is]-
and, it afforded a secure place for small vessels, and the fertile country around supplied ample forage, ll WS the bead quarters
of Lieutenant-colonel Simcoe with the Queen's Rangers (three hundred and sixty in number), who made the village of Oyster
Hay his cantonment during the winter of 1778-9. He arrived there on the nineteenth of November. 1778. and immediately com-
menced fortifying his camp. He constructed a strong redoubt upon an eminence toward the west end of the town, now (1851)
the property of the Rev. Mnrmaduke Karle. The ditch and embankments are yet very prominent. Thin work was capacious
enough for seventy men, :trnl completely commanded the bay. Theai preparations were made
chiefly because General Parsons was encamped on the ' Connecticut shore with about two thou-
sand militia, and controlled a large number of whale-boat*. Oyster Bay was made the central
point of operations in ihi-< quarter. According to Slmcoe's account; great vigilance was nec-
essary during the winter, to prevent a surprise. For a sketch and explanation of Simcoc's
camp at OyBter Bay, see the next page. Simcoe made his quarters at the house of Samuel
Townsend, who was a member of the Provincial Assembly of New York in 177(i, and there
Major Andrfi and other young officers of the army often visited. His daughter, Miss Sarah
Townsend, was then about sixteen years of age, and very attractive in person and manner. She was the toast of the young of-
ficers, and on Valentine's day, 1779, Simcoe presented her with a poetical nddress in laudation of her charms. This production
may be found in Onderdonk's Revolutionary Incidents of Long Island, i., 'J15. Miss Townsend died in December, 1842, at the
age of eighty years The dwelling now belongs to her grand-niece, Mrs. Srwah T. Thome.
Townsend's.
-,■:-
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Capture of Fort George.
Destruction of Stores at Corum.
Capture of Fort Slongo.
Badge of Military Merit.
At the solicitation of General Smith, and with the approval of Washington, Major Tall-
mailge proceeded to dislodge them. They had
named their fortress Fort George, and appeared
too strongly intrenched to be in fear.' Tallmadge
crossed the Sound from Fairfield with eighty dis-
mounted dragoons, and landed in the evening at
Old Man's, now Woodville.a On account aNoT alj
of a storm, he remained there until the next to-
night, when, accompanied by Heathcote Muirson,
he marched toward Fort George. At the mills,
about two miles from the fort, he procured a faith-
ful guide,3 and at dawn he and his gallant soldiers
burst through the stockade on the southwestern
side, rushed across the parade, and, shouting " Wash-
ington and Glory !" they furiously assailed the re-
doubt upon three sides. The garrison surrendered
without resistance. At that moment a volley was
fired from the upper windows of the mansion. The
incensed Americans burst open the doors, and would have killed every inmate, had not Ma-
jor Tallmadge interfered.
Having secured his prisoners (three hundred in number), demolished the fort, and burned
vessels lying at the wharf, laden with a great amount of stores, Tallmadge set out on his return
;it sunrise. On his way, leaving his corps in command of Captain Edgar, he proceeded with
ten or twelve men to Corum, and there, after overpowering the guard, they destroyed three
hundred tons of hay collected for the British army in New York. He arrived at Fairfield
with his prisoners early in the evening, without losing a man. This brilliant exploit drew
from Washington a very complimentary letter, and from Congress a gratifying resolution.3
At Treadwell's Neck, near Srnithtown, a party of Tory wood-cutters (one hundred and
fifty in number) erected a military work, which they called Fort Slongo. This Major Tall-
madge determined to assail. On the evening of the ninth of October, 1781, he embarked
one hundred and fifty of his dismounted dragoons,
under Major Trescott, at the mouth of the Sau- >^* s? C^s 'p?f/~
gatuck River. They landed at four o'clock the ^ e^v^^U^ ■ S?^<f*^/J
next morning, and at dawn assailed the fort. Some resistance was made, when the garri-
son yielded, and Trescott was victorious without losing a man. He destroyed the block-
house and two iron four-pounders, made twenty-one prisoners, and carried off a brass three-
pounder, the colors of the fort, seventy stand of arms, and a quantity of ammunition.*
Explanation of the above Plan of Oyster Bay Encampment. — a, redoubt ; b b b, fleches ; c c c c c c,
quarters separately fortified ; d, quarters of the Hussars ; e, Towrtsend's house, Simcoe's quarters.
' This fort was upon Smith's Point, a beautiful and fertile promontory projecting into South Bay, at Mas-
lie. It commands a fine view of the bay, and the village of Bellport. The property
now belongs to the sons of General Smith. The fort consisted of a triangular inelosure
of several acres of ground, at two angles of which was a strong barricaded house, and
u the third was a strong redoubt, ninety-six feet square, with bastions, a deep ditch, and
abatis. Between the houses and the fort were stockades twelve feet in height. It was
embrasured for six guns ; two only were mounted. This fort was intended as a depos-
itory of stores for the Tories of Suffolk county. — Onderdonk, ii., 96 ; Thompson, 289.
; This guide was William Booth, who resided near the mills. Mrs. Smith was also there, having been
driven from her home. When Tallmadge informed her that he might be compelled to destroy her house,
she at once said, " Do it and welcome, if you can drive out those Tories." The position of the house is
seen in the diagram, at the top of the triangle. The dotied lines indicate the line of march in the attack
When I visited the spot in 1851, the lines of the fort might be distinctly traced northwestward of the man-
sion of the present occupant. 3 Journal, vi., 171
4 In this enterprise as well as at Fort George, Sergeant Elijah Churchill, of the 2d regiment of dragoons,
behaved SO gallantly, that Washington rewarded him with the badge of military merit.*
' Washington established taororary badges of distinction in August, 1781. They were to be conferred upon non-commission
OF THE REVOLUTION
6 2 'J
British occupation of New York City.
Residences of several o!' the Officers.
Prisons and Hospitals.
Middle Dutch Church.
Every where eastward of Hempstead minor events of a similar character, but all having in
fluence in the progress of the Revolution, weir almost daily transpiring.
Let us now follow the British army into the city, and take a brief survey of the closing
events of the war.
When the British felt themselves firmly seated on Manhattan Island after the fall of
Fort Washington, they leisurely prepared for permanent occupation. General Robertson
immediately strengthened the intrenchments across the island (rum Corlaer's Hook, erected
barracks along the line of Chambers Street from Broadway to Chatham, and speedily placed
the army in comfortable winter quarters. Nearly all of the Whig families whose mean
permitted them had left the city, and their deserted houses
were taken possession of by the officers of the army and
refugee Loyalists.1 The dissenting churches were gen-
erally devoted to military purposes,3 and the spacious
sugar-houses, then three in number, were made prisons
for the American captives, when the cells of the City
Hall and the provost prison were full.3 Looking with
contempt upon the rebels in field and council, the Brit-
ish felt no anxiety for their safety, and every pleasure
that could be procured was freely indulged in by the
army. A theatre was established, tennis courts and
other kinds of amusements were prepared, and for seven
years the city remained a prey to the licentiousness of
strong and idle detachments of a well-provided army.
This was the head-quarters of British power in America during that time, and here the
most important schemes for operations against the patriots, military and otherwise, were
planned and put in motion. The municipal government was overthrown, martial law pre-
vailed, and the business of the city degenerated almost into the narrow operations of Buttling
1 Sir Henry Clinton occupied No. 1 Broadway, and Sir William Howe the dwelling adjoining it. Toward
the close of the war, Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) also occupied No. 1. General Robertson resided
first in William, near John Street, and afterward in Hanover Square. Knyphausen, when in the city, occupied
Verplanck's house in Wall Street, near the Bank of New York, where also Colonel Birch, of the dragoons,
resided. Admiral Dighy and other naval officers, and also Prince William Henry (afterward William
the Fourth of England), when here, occupied the city mansion of Gerardus Beekman, on the northwest cor-
ner of Sloat Lane and Hanover Square. Admiral Rodney occupied a house, now 256 Pearl Street, and
Cornwallis's residence was three doors below it. Carleton's country residence was the mansion at Rich-
mond Hill, corner of Variek and Charlton Streets, long the property of Colonel Aaron Burr. Admira
Walton occupied his own house (yet standing in Pearl Street, number 326, opposite the publishing house of
Harper asd Brothers), and there he dispensed generous hospitality.
a The Middle Dutch church (now the city post-office), on Nassau. Liberty, and Cedar Streets, was con-
verted into a ridins-sehool. where the British cavalry were taught lessons in
horsemanship. The French Protestant church (Du
St. Esprit), built by the Huguenots in 1704, near the
corner of Pine and Nassau Streets, and the North
I hitch church, corner of William and Fulton Strei
were converted first into prisons and then into hos-
pitals. The quaint old church edifice which sto
'.in the corner of William and Frankfort Streets until
1851 (when it was demolished, and a large hotel was
placed upon its site), was a hospital for the Hessians,
and all around the borders of the swamp close by, many of the poor Germans were buried.
3 These, and the events connected with them, will be noticed under the bead of "Prisons and Prison-
Ships," in the Supplement.
cd officers and soldiers who had served three years with bravery fidelity, and good conduct, and upon every one who should
perform any singularly meritorious action. The badge entitled the recipient " to pass and repass all guards and military poet-
as fully and amply as any commissioned officer whatever." A board of officers for making such awards was established, and
upon their recommendation the commanderin chief presented the badge. The board, in Churchill's case, consisted of Brig
adier-general Greaton, president; Colonel Charles Stewart, Lieutenant-colonel Sprout, Major Nicholas Fish (father of ex .v
ernor Fish, of New York), and Major Trescott The M3. proceedings of the minutes of the board on this occasion are in
the possession of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington City.
■£ III §Jjj &
Hrf.n'ch Church.
llr I8UU4 HnsriT>L.
630
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Counterfeit Continental Bills.
Expedition to Staten Island.
Second great Fire in New York.
,H THE UNITED S TATES
6,76 f '&
Here many petty depredating expeditions were planned ; and from Whitehall many a vessel
departed with armed troops to distress the inhabitants of neighboring provinces,1 or with
secret emissaries to dis-
cover the weakness of
patriot camps, to en-
courage disaffection in
the Republican ranks,
and, by the circulation
of spurious paper mon-
ey3 and lying proclama-
tions, to disgust the peo-
ple and win their alle-
giance to the crown. A
record of the stirring in-
cidents of the armed oc-
cupation of New York
would fill a volume.3
It tempts the pen by
many allurements, but
I must leave the pleas-
ure of such a task to
the local historian, and
hasten to a considera-
m
This Bill entitles^
the Bearer to re
(.eiveTurtyJjfawJ
mil&A cDn'tIaTS, or
theLYa/u£ thereof in
Colif or d 'it'ver ac
cc.-'linrto.i'J^/id
tiox. pA\icd hy 6wi
jnf> at°lj>ofktoivn
OS
Counterfeit
1 We have already noticed most of these expeditions. Staten Island was held by the British during their
occupancy of New York, and several scheme's were planned to expel them. In the summer of 1777, the
British force on the island amounted to between two and three thousand men, nearly one half of whom
were Loyalists. General Sullivan, with Colonel Ogden of New Jersey, and a part of the brigades of
Smallwood and Deborre (see page 175), crossed
s-* from Elizabethtown before daylight on the twenty-
/~yr /")/> f) Qf r\ (d\ „^- second of August. Two of the Tory parties, com-
/ 71 fyLallLg 7)X 7/i^y G& 'OOd&Tyfs? manded by Colonels Lawrence and Barton, stationed
•* — ^ near the present Faetoryville, were surprised, and
eleven officers and one hundred and thirty privates were made prisoners. Wanting a sufficient number
of boats to convey the captives, a party of British attacked Sullivan's rear-guard, and made many of them
prisoners. The whole loss of the Americans was three officers and ten privates killed, fifteen wounded,
and nine officers and one hundred and twenty-seven privates made prisoners. General Campbell, who
commanded the British on the island, reported two hundred and fifty-nine prisoners. It was during the
cold month of January, 1780 (" the hard winter"), that Lord Stirling went on an expedition against the
British on Staten Island. It was a re-enforcement of troops after this attack (see page 311, volume i.)
that crossed the bay of New York, with heavy cannons, upon the ice.
• Anion" other schemes for annoying the Americans, and casting discredit upon CongTess, the British re-
sorted to the issue of ''cart loads" of counterfeit Continental bills, so as to depreciate the currency. This
fact is alluded to cm page 318, volume i. It was no secret at the time, as appears by an advertisement*
in Gaine:s Ncic York Mercury, April 14th, 1777. For two or three years these bills were circulated ex-
tensively, and doubtless had great effect in depreciating the Continental money. Francis, in his History
of the Batik of England, ii., 79-80, says, that Premier Pitt, the younger, resorted to a similar trick, by-
causing a large number of French assignats to be forged at Birmingham, to depreciate the currency of the
French Republic. Napoleon also caused forged notes of the Austrian Bank to be distributed throughout
the Austrian Tyrol.
3 A second great conflagration in the city, during the British occupation, occurred on Saturday night.
the seventh of August, 1778. It commenced at Cruger's Wharf, Coenties Slip, and before it was subdued
three hundred houses were consumed. The next day was excessively hot, and at noon, while the smoke
of the smouldering fire was yet rising from the ruins, a heavy thunder-storm burst over the city. At about
one o'clock, while raging at its height, the city was shaken as if by an earthquake, and suddenly a column
of dense smoke arose in the east and spread over the town. Tiles were shaken from the roofs of houses,
* " Advertisement. — Persona going into other colonics may be supplied with any number of counterfeited Congress notes.
for the price of the paper per ream. They bre so neatly and exactly executed, that there is no risk in getting them off, it being
almost impossible to discover that they are not genuine. This has been proven by bills to a very large amount which have
already been successfully circulated. Inquire of Q. E. D., at the Coffee-house, from 1 1 A. M. to 4 P. M-, during the present month."
OF THE REVOLUTION. 03 1
Treaties for Peace. The Continental Army. Congress at Princeton. Mutiny. Washington's Circular Letter.
tion of the final evacuation of the city by the British army, and the parting of Washington
with his officers.
After protracted negotiations for a year and a half, a definitive treaty of peace . Sept3,
was signed at Paris* between American and English commissioners. A provisional 17t,;i
treaty had been signed about nine months previously," and in the mean while b Not. 30
preparations lor a final adjustment of the dispute had been made. On account of
the pecuniary embarrassments of Congress, the arrearages of pay due to the soldiers, and
the prospect of a dissolution of the army without a liquidation of those claims, general gloom
and discontent prevailed. We have seen its alarming manifestation at Newburgh in the
spring of 1 7 - I p 674, vol. i.), and, though suppressed, it was never entirely subdued. It
required all the personal influence and sagacity of Washington to keep the remnant of the
Continental army in organization until the final evac-
uation of the British in the autumn of that year, and
when that event took place the Republican troops were
a mere handful.'
In August, Washington was called to attend upon
Congress, then sitting at Princeton.' He left General
Knux in command of the little army at Newburgh and
vicinity, and, with Mrs. Washington and a portion ol
his military familv, he made his residence at Rocky
..-,, , .,.,', -~ . , , ,. -, r Washington's Qcartees.-'
Hill, near the Millstone River, about lour miles from
Princeton, where he remained until November, when he joined Knox and the remnant ol
the Continental army at West Point, preparatory to entering the city of New York.'
and crockery was broken in some houses at Franklin Square. The shock was occasioned by the explosion
of the magazine of a powder vessel lying in the East River, which was struck by lightning. The vessel-
had just arrived from England, and the event was regarded as a special interposition of Providence in bo
half of the Americans. — See Dunlap, ii., 164.
1 The number of soldiers furnished for the Continental army by each state, during the war, was as fol-
lows : New Hampshire, 12,497 ; Massachusetts, 67,907 ; Rhode Island, 5,908 ; Connecticut, 31,939 :
New York. 17,781; New Jersey, 10.726; Pennsylvania, 25,678; Delaware, 2,386 ; Maryland. 13,912.
Virginia, 26,678 ; North Carolina, 7,263 ; South Carolina, 6,417 ; Georgia, 2,679. Total, 231,791.
2 The cause of the assembling of Congress at Princeton was the violent spirit manifested by some of
the Continental troops of the Pennsylvania line. These had marched in a body (June 21), three hundred
in number, surrounded the State House, where Congress was in session, and, after placing guards at the
door, demanded action for redress of grievances, within the space of twenty minutes, at the peril of having
an enraged soldiery let in upon them. Congress was firm ; declared that body had been grossly insulted.
and resolved to adjourn to Princeton, where the members assembled on the twenty-sixth. As soon as
Washington was informed of this mutiny, he sent General Robert Howe, with fifteen hundred men, to quell
it. He soon quieted the disturbance. Some who were found guilty, on trial, were pardoned by Congress.
3 This is a view of the southwest front of the mansion. The room occupied by Washington is in the
second story, opening out upon the piazza. It is about eighteen feet square, and in one corner is a Frank-
lin stove like that delineated on page 328, volume i. The situation of the house, upon an eminence an
eighth of a mile eastward of the Millstone River, is very pleasant. It is now quite dilapidated ; the piazza
is unsafe to stand upon. Tho occupant, when I visited it in 18.50. was Mr. James Striker Van Pelt.
* A great portion of the officers and soldiers had been permitted during the summer to visit their homes
on furlough, and on the eighteenth of October Congress virtually disbanded the Continental army, by dis-
charging them from further service. Only a small force was retained, under a definite enlistment, until a
peace establishment should be organized. These were now at West Point, under the command of Gen-
eral Knox. The proclamation of discharge, by Congress, was followed by Washington's farewell address
to his companions in arms. He had already issued a circular letter (Newburgh. eighth of June, 1783)
to the governors of all the states on the subject of disbanding the army. It was designed to be laid be-
fore the several State Legislatures. It is a document of great value, because of the soundness of its doc-
trines, and the weight and wisdom of its counsels. Four great points of policy constitute the chief theme
of his communication, namely, an indissoluble union of the states; a sacred regard for public justice ; the
organization of a proper peace establishment ; and a friendly intercourse among the people of the several
states, by which local prejudice might be effaced. "These," he remarks, "are the pillars on which the
glorious fabric of our independency and national character must be supported." No doubt this address had
irreat influence upon the minds of the whole people, anil made them yearn for that more efficient union
which the Federal Constitution soon afterward secured.
632
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
British prepare to Evacuate New York. Washington's Farewell Address to the Army. The Evacuation. Clinton and Knox.
. I T.-.l.
On the seventh of August, a Sir Guy Carleton, then in chief command of the British
army, received instructions to evacu-
ate the city of New York. This event was
delayed in order to make arrangements for
the benefit of the Loyalists in the city and
state,1 and it was not until late in October
when Carleton notified Washington of his
^ao^i -^rU^^l^
determination to leave our shores. On the second of
November, Washington issued his " Fareivcll Address
to the Armies of the United States"2 from Rocky Hill,
and on the fourteenth of the same month he conferred
with Governor Clinton,3 and made arrangements to
enter and take possession of the city. Clinton issued
an appropriate proclamation on the fifteenth, and sum-
moned the officers of the civil government to meet him
in council at East Chester. A day or two afterward,
Washington, Clinton, and Carleton held a conference
at Dobbs's Ferry (p. 7 6 3, vol. i.), and the twenty-fifth
was fixed upon as the time for the exodus of the Brit-
ish troops. Both parties adopted measures for the pres-
ervation of order on the occasion. On the morning of
that day — a cold, frosty, but clear and brilliant morning
—the American troops, under General Knox,'1 who had come
down from West Point and encamped at Harlem, marched
to the Bowery Lane, and halted at the present junction of
Third Avenue and the Bowery. There they remained until
about one o'clock in the afternoon, when the British left their
posts in that vicinity and marched to Whitehall.5 The
1 The Loyalists, fearful of meeting with unpleasant treatment from the irritated Americans, prepared to
leave the country in great numbers, and flee to the British province of Nova Scotia. The delay in ques-
tion was in consequence of a want of a sufficient number of transports to convey these people and their
effects. A further notice of the Loyalists will be found in the Supplement.
2 This, like his letter to the governors, was an able performance. After affectionatelv thanking his com-
panions in arms for their devotedness to him through the war, and for their faithfulness in duty, he gave
them sound and wise counsel respecting the future, recommending them, in a special manner, to support
the principles of the Federal government, and the indissolubility of the union.
3 George Clinton was born in Ulster county, New York, in 1739. He chose the profession of the law
for his avocation. In 1768, he was elected to a seat in the Colonial Legislature, and was a member of
'.he Continental Congress in 1775. He was appointed a brigadier in the army of the United States in 1776,
and during the whole war was active in military affairs in New York. In April, 1777, he was elected
governor and lieutenant governor, under the new F.epublican Constitution of the state, and was continued
in the former office eighteen years. He was president of the convention assembled at Poughkcepsie to con-
sider the Federal Constitution in 1788. He was again chosen governor of the state in 1801, and three
years afterward he was elected Vice-president of the United States. He occupied that elevated position
at the time, of his death, which occurred at Washington City in 1812.
• * Henry Knox was born in Boston in 1750. He was educated at a common school, and at the age of
twenty years commenced the business of bookseller in his native town. He was engaged in that vocation
when the Revolutionary storm arose, and his sympathies were all with the patriots. He was a volunteer
in the battle of Bunker Hill, and for this and subsequent services Congress commissioned him a brigadier,
and gave him the command of the artillery department of the army, which he retained during the whole
war. He was always under the immediate command of Washington, and was with him in all bis battles
After the capture of Cornwallis, Congress commissioned him a major general. In 1785, he succeeded Lin-
coln in the office of Secretary of War, which position he held for eleven years, when he retired into private
life. He died at Thomaston, Maine, in 1806, at the age of about fifty-six years. To General Knox is
conceded the honor of suggesting that noble organization, the Society of the Cincinnati.
8 The British claimed the right of possession until noon of the day of evacuation. In support of this
'•laim, Cunningham, the infamous provost marshal exercised his authority. Dr. Alexander Anderson, of
.New York, related to me an incident which fell under his own observation. He was then a lad ten years
OF THE REVOLUTION.
033
Entrance of the Americans.
Parting of Washington with Iih Officers.
Rejoicings in New York.
American troops followed,1 and before three o'clock General Knox took formal possession of
Fort George amid the acclamations of thousands of emanci-
pated freemen, and the roar of artillery upon the Battery,
Washington repair-
ed to his quarters at
the spacious tavern
of Samuel Fraunce,
and there during the
afternoon, Governor
Clinton gave a pub-
lic dinner to the offi-
cers of the army, and
in the evening the
town was brilliantly
illuminated. Rockets
shot up from many
private dwellings, and bonfires blazed at every corner. On Monday following," . Dec ,
. A Governor Clinton gave an elegant entertainment to Luzerne (the 17e3-
J fl . French embassador), General Washington, the principal officers of the
piO- jMLJC^LlW^- State of New York and of the army, and more than a hundred other
(y/ gentlemen.
On Thursday" the principal officers of the army yet remaining in service assem- b ^ ^
bled at Fraunce's, to take a final leave of their beloved chief. The scene is de-
scribed as one of great tenderness. Washington entered the room where they were all
waiting, and taking a glass of wine in his hand, he said, " With a heart full of love and
gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be
as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable." Having
drunk, he continued, " I can not come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged
to you if each will come and take me by the hand." Knox, who stood nearest to him,
turned and grasped his hand, and, while the tears flowed down the cheeks of each, the com-
mander-in-chief kissed him. This he did to each of his officers, while tears and sobs stifled
utterance.3 Washington soon left the room, and passing through corps of light infantry,
llfX
of age, and lived in Murray, near Greenwich Street. A man who kept a boarding-house opposite ran up
the American flag on the morning of the twenty-fifth. Cunningham was informed of the fact, and imme-
diately ordered him to take it down. The man refused, and Cunningham attempted to tear it down. At
that moment the wife of the proprietor, a lusty woman of forty, came out with a stout broomstick, and beat
Cunningham over the head so vigorously, that he was obliged to decamp and leave the "star-spangled
banner" waving. Dr. Anderson remembers seeing the white powder fly from the provost marshal's wig.
1 The troops entered the city from the Bowery, through Chatham Street, in the following order : 1. A
corps of light dragoons. 2. Advanced guard of light infantry. 3. A corps of artillery. 4. A battalion
of light infantry. 5. A battalion of Massachusetts troops, (i. Rear-guard.
Washington with bis staff, and Governor Clinton and the state officers, soon afterward made a public
entry, as follows: 1. The general and governor, wilh their suite, on horseback, escorted by a body of
I Ihester light horse, commanded by Captain Delavan. 2. The lieutenant governor and the members
of the council for the temporary government of the Southern District of the state, four abreast. • 3. Major-
general Knox and the officers of the army, eight abreast. 4. Citizens on horseback, eight abreast. 5.
The speaker ol the Assembly ami citizens on foot, eight abreast.
The British army and the refugees who remained were all embarked in boats by three o'clock in the
afternoon, and at sunset they were assembled upon Staten and Long Islands, preparatory to their final em-
barkation.* Before they left, the British (lag was nailed to the flag-staff in Fort George, the cleets were
knocked off, and the pole was greased so as to prevent ascent. New eleets were soon procured, a sailor-
bov ascended as he nailed them on, and. taking down the British flag, placed the stripe, and the stars there,
while the cannons pealed a salute of thirteen guns. ' See note 1. page 590
3 Gordon, ui., 377 ; Marshall, ii„ 57. The last survivor of the participators in that interesting scene lived
• The British left these two islands a few days afterward, and then the evacuation ol the s, a -hoard was complete. Western
and northern frontier posts (Oswegatcnie, Oswego, Niagara, Presque Isle, .Sandusky, Detroit, Mackinaw, and others of less
note) continued in the possession of British garrisons for some time afterward.
6 3 1
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK
Washington's II parture for, nnd Journey to Annapolis.
His account current of Expenses-
Lady Washington
he walked in silence to Whitehall, followed
a barge to proceed to Tau-
lus's Hook on his way to
lay his commission at the
feet of Congress, at An-
napolis.1 When he en-
tered his barge, he turned
to the people, took off his
hat, and waved a silent
adieu to the tearful mu
titude.
Washington remained
a few days in Philade
phia, where he delivered
in his accounts to the
proper officers,3 and
then hastened, with
his wife, to Annap-
olis, where he ar-
rived on the even-
ing of the nine-
with ladies, among whom was Mrs. Washin
by a vast procession, and at two o'clock entered
teenth." The
, . » Dec, 178::
next day he
informed Congress of his
desire to resign his com-
mission as commander-
in-chief of the armies of
the United States. That
body resolved that it
should be done at a pub-
lic audience the following
Tuesday,0 at me-
ridian. The day
was fine, and around the
State House (see page
19 6) a great con-
course was assem-
bled. The little
gallery of the Sen-
<? ty-C'S-^ ate Chamber ( see
page 6 36) was filled
gton.3 The members of Congress were seated
t Dec. 23.
— -^
until December 1, 1854. That honored man was Major Robert Burnet. He commanded the rear-guard on
the entrance of the American army into the city. See page 686, vol. i.
1 Congress had adjourned to meet at Annapolis, in Maryland, on the twenty-sixth of November. A quo-
rum was not present until Saturday, the thirteenth of December, when only nine states were represented.
2 The account current of his expenditures for the public service during the war, rendered by Washington.
was in his own handwriting. The total amount was about seventy-four thousand four hundred and eighty-
five dollars* The disbursements were for reconnoitering and traveling, secret intelligence service, and
miscellaneous expenses. It will be remembered that Wash-
ington refused to receive any compensation for his own services.
3 Martha Dandridge was born in New Kent county, Vir-
ginia, in May, 1732. In 1749 she was married to Colonel
Daniel Parke Custis, of New Kent, and settled with her hus-
band on the bank of the Pamunky River, where she bore four
children. Her husband died when she had arrived at the age
of about twenty-five, leaving her in the possession of a large
fortune. In 1758 she became acquainted with Colonel Wash-
ington, whose greatness was just budding, and whose fame
had spread beyond Virginia. He became her suitor, and they
were married. The time of their marriage is not on record.
Mr. Custis says it was on the sixth of January, 1759. They
removed to Mount Vernon soon after that event, and there
was their home during the remainder of their lives. During
the war for independence, she occasionally visited her husband
in camp. Almost at the very hour of his great victory at
Yorktown, a cloud came over her, for then her only surviving
child expired. While Washington was President of the United
States, Mrs. Washington presided with dignity in the mansion
of the chief magistrate. The quiet of private life had more
charms for her than the brilliancy of public greetings, and
she joyfully sought the banks of the Potomac when her hus- ^^ /' /]
hand's second presidential term was ended. A little more ( y-y-^ /^//7t^/^y^ /^Zf~~7~~
than two years afterward, she was called to mourn his death."
* The peeuninry cost of the war, exclusive of the vast losses by the ravages of plantations, burning of houses and towns,
plunder by Indians and the British soldiery. &c, &c, was not less than one hundred and seventy millions of dollars. Of this
sum, Congress disbursed about two thirds; the remainder was spent by the individual states. It had been raised "by taxes
under the disguise <>t a depreciating currency; by taxes directly imposed ; by borrowing; and by running in debt." — See Hil
dreth's History of the United States, iii., -1 15.
1 We have already noted (see page 219) the principal events in the public life of General Washington, until his appointment
OF THE REVOLUTION.
addresses to Washington.
Resignation of his Commission.
Thomas Mifflin
and covered ; the spectators were all uncovered. Washington entered, and was led to a
chair by the venerable Secretary Thomson,
when General Mifflin,1 the president of Con-
gress, arose and informed him that " the [ nited
States, in Congress assembled, were prepared to
receive his communications." The chief arose,
and with great dignity and much feeling deliv-
ered a brief speech, and then handed his com-
mission to the president. Mifflin received it,
and made an eloquent reply.' When the whole
business was closed, Washington and his lady
set out for Mount Vernon, accompanied by the
governor of Maryland and his suite, as far as
South River. All the way from New York to
Annapolis, and from thence to Mount Vernon,
bis progress was a triumphal march. He was
(escorted from place to place by mounted citizens
and volunteer military corps, and was every
where greeted with the most emphatic
demonstrations of love and respect.3 For
more than eight, years he had served hi?
country faithfully and efficiently. Now
In a little more than two years after the death of the illustrious chief, Mrs. Washington was stricken down
by bilious fever, and was laid beside him in the family tomb at Mount Vernon. In marble sarcophagi
their remains now lie together at that Mecca of many patriot pilgrims.
1 Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia in 1744. His ancestors were Quakers, and he was trained
in all the strictness of the sect. He was educated for a merchant, and made a voyage to Europe while
yet a lad. He entered public life in 1772, as representative of Philadelphia in the Colonial Assembly. He
was a member of the first Continental Congress. He entered the military service ; was with Washington
at Cambridge, and in the spring of 1776 was commissioned a brigadier in the Continental army. He
was made major general in February, 1777, and he continued in service during the war. In 1783 he was
a representative in Congress, and in the autumn of that year was appointed its president. He was a mem-
ber of the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1785, and in 1787 was in the convention which framed the Federal
Constitution. He was elected the first governor of Pennsylvania under the provisions of that instrument,
which office he filled nine vcars consecutively. By his personal exertions, he tircatly assisted in quelling
the " Whisky Insurrection" in 1794. Governor Mifflin retired from office in December, 1799, and on the
twentieth of the following month he expired at Lancaster, at the age of fifty-six years.
; Washington spoke as follows : " Ma. President, — The great events on which my resignation depend-
ed, having at length taken place, I now have the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to Congress,
and of presenting myself before them, to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim
the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country. Happy in the confirmation of our independence
and sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable na-
tion, I resign with satisfaction the appointment I accepted with diffidence; a diffidence in my abilities to
accomplish so arduous a task, which however was superseded by a confidence in the rectitude of our cause,
the support of the supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven. The successful termination
3 Addresses were presented to him by the Legislatures of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland ; the
American Philosophical Society, and the University of Pennsylvania; the citizens of towns in their corpo-
rate capacity, religious societies, and various incorporated associations. — Sparks's Life and Writings of
Washington, viii., 502.
to the chief command of the Continental army. Throughout the preceding paces his public career during the war has been
exhibited, and we will now only glance at his noble course subsequent to his resignation of office at Annapolis, and hi* retire-
ment to Mount Vernon. Although a private citizen, he watched the progress of public affairs, during the critical period imme-
diately succeeding the war, with great anxiety; and he was among tfae first to makr efforts toward the organization of our
government upon ita present basis. He was elected the first chief magistrate under the Federal Constitution, and performed
the duties of that office for eight consecutive years- He retired from the presidency in 1 I'M. On the fourteenth of December,
1799, he expired at Mount Vernon, at the age of almost sixty-eight years. Washington was not a brilliant man. In the dis-
tinctive fields of oratory, military command, or civil government, he has had many superiors. His surpassing greatness con-
sisted in the harmonious combination and solidity of all the powers of mind and body which constitute o man in highest per-
fection. It was this combination and solidity which made his career a brilliant one — it is the contemplation of bis character
from this point of view which makes the world bow with reverence before the amazing dignity of his name and deeds.
C36
PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION.
.Addressee of Washington and MitlUn.
that it was acknowledged free and independent, he crowned the glory of his patriotic devo-
tion by resigning into the hands of his country's representatives the instrument of his power,
and as a plain untitled citizen he sat down in peace in the midst of his family, on the banks
of the Potomac.
Here, reader-companion, at the earthly dwelling-place of the Pater Patri.e, we will
part company for a season. We have had a long, and, I trust, a pleasant and instructive
journey, to the consecrated places of our Revolutionary History. Should time deal gently
with us, we may again go out with staff and scrip together upon the great highway of our
country's progress, to note the march of events there. Until then, adieu !
of the war has verified the most sanguine expectations ; and my gratitude for the interposition of Providence,
and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, increases with every review of the momentous
contest. While
I repeat my ob-
ligations to the
army in gener-
al, I should do
injustice to ray
own feelings not
to acknowledge
in this place the
peculiar serv-
ices and distin-
guished merits
of the gentle-
men who have
been attached to
my person dur-
ing the war. It
was impossible
the choice of
confidential offi-
cers to compose
my family should
have been more
fortunate. Per-
mit me, sir, to
recommend in particular those who have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy of the
favorable notice and patronage of Congress. I consider it as an indispensable duty to close this last act
of my official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God,
and those who have the superintendence of them to his holy keeping. Having now finished the work as-
signed me, I retire from the great theater of action, and, bidding an affectionate farewell to this august
body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the
employments of public life."
President Mifflin replied : " Sir, — The United States, in Congress assembled, receive with emotions tob
affectin"- for utterance, the solemn resignation of the authorities under which you have led their troops with
success through a perilous and a doubtful war. Called upon by your country to defend its invaded rights,
vou accepted the sacred charge, before it. had formed alliances, and while it was without funds or a gov-
ernment to support you. You have conducted the great military contest with wisdom and fortitude, in-
variably regarding the rights of the civil power, through all disasters and changes. You have, by the love
and confidence of your fellow-citizens, enabled them to display their martial genius, and transmit their fame
to posterity. You have persevered, until these United States, aided by a magnanimous king and nation, have
been enabled, under a just Providence, to close the war in freedom, safety, and independence ; in which
nappv event we sincerely join you in congratulations. Having defended the standard of liberty in this new
world ; having taught a lesson useful to those who inflict and to those who feel oppression, you retire from
the great theatre of action with the blessings of your fellow-citizens. But the glory of your virtues will not
terminate with your military command ; it will continue to animate remotest ages. We feel with you our
obligations to the army in general, and will particularly charge ourselves with the interests of those confi-
dential officers who have attended your person to this affecting moment. We join you in commending the
interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, beseeching him to dispose the hearts
and minds of its citizens to improve the opportunity afforded them of becoming a happy and respectable
nation. And for you, we address to him our earnest prayers that a life so beloved may be fostered with
nil his care; that your days may be as happy as they have been illustrious; and that he will finally give
you that reward which this world can not give."
Washington resigning his Commission.
SUPPLEMENT,
i.
Naval Operations.
With nn exposed coast many hundred miles in extent, and
not a single armed vessel upon the waters, the American col-
onists boldly deticd Great Britain, whose navy was then, as
now, the right arm of its puissance. Although a few sons of
wealthy planters and merchants had been schooled in the royal
navy, and many American seamen had become somewimr ex-
pert in naval warfare, while opposing the French during twen-
ty years antecedent to the Revolution, yet when the storm
burst forth, and the wise men of the continent gathered togeth-
er in council, they Baw no efficient material for organizing a
marine force, and so they directed all their earliest efforts to-
ward the establishment and support of an army.
The battle at Lexington was the Bignal for British depreda-
tions along the New England coasts, and soon private vessels,
manned with patriot volunteers, and armed ns circumstances
would allow, were seen in opposition. When Intelligence of
the affair at Lexington reached Machias, in Maine, where a
British armed schooner (the Margarctta) was engaged with two
sloops in procuring lumber, a party of young men attempted
her capture, while the officers were at church, on shore. They
seized one of the sloops, chased the schooner out of the harbor,
a Hay ii, R»d ■ftar a severe conflict,* compelled her to surren-
1775. tier. About twenty on each side were lost in this
first naval engagement of the Revolution. The commander
of the sloop waa Jeremiah O'Brien.* He soon afterward cap-
tured two small English cruisers, made the crews prisoners,
and took them to Water town, where the Provincial Congress
of Massachusetts was in session. That body now turned at-
tention to a coast marine, to intercept English transports bring-
ing supplies for the British troops, and gave O'Brien a captain's
commission, and employment in that service. In retaliation
for his exploits, and others of a similar character, Admiral
Graves sent an expedition to burn Falmouth (now Portland),
in Miiine.t This event led to the establishment of a Board of
Admiralty by the government of Massachusetts, on the tenth
of November, 1775.
Early in the autumn of 1775, the attention of the Continental
Congress was directed to the subject of a navy. Before any
definite action had been taken, Washington fitted out five or
six armed vessels at Boston, and these were cruising on the
New England coast as privateers. { On the thirteenth of Octo-
ber, Congress resolved that " a swift-sailing vessel, to carry ten
carriage guns, and a proportionate number of swivels, with
* The honor of this enterprise belong to Joseph Wheat on, a native of New
York, then residing at Machias. He was an energetic young man of twenty
Years. He proposed the expedition, but modestly named O'Brien for com
mauder. He was active in the whole affair, and in person seized the colors
of the Margaretta. t Seo ?*&> 569> volume i.
X Washington established the following role for the division of price*! A
captain commnmler, six shares; firstheutenant, five; second lieutenant, four;
surgeon, four ; master, three; steward, two; mate, one rind a half; gunner,
one and a half; boatswain, one and a hslf; gunner's male, one and a halt;
sergeant, one and a half; privates, onr- This method of distribution was con-
firmed by Congress on the twenty filth of November, 1775. On the ninth of
December, Congress, by resolution, fixed the pay of naval officers as follows :
midshipman, twelve dollars & month; armorer, 6fleen dollars; sail maker,
twelve dollars ; yeoman, nine dollars; quarter master, nine dollars; quarter-
gunner, eight dollars; cook, twelve dollars; coxswain, nine dollars. On the
fifteentti of November, 1776, Congress fixed the pay ofthe officers of the navy
as follows: of ships of ten to twenty guns, captain, forty eight dollars a
month; lieutenant, twenty four dollars; master, twenty four dollars; aur-
geon, twenty one dollars sixty-six ceots; midshipman, twelve dollars; gun-
ner, thirteen dollars; seamen, eight dollars. Of ships of twenty guns and
upward: captain, sixty dollars a month] UftUtemnt, thirty dollars; master,
thirty dollars; surgeon, twenty five dollar" ; midshipman, twelve dollars; gun-
ner, fifteen dollars; chaplain, twenty dollars; seamen, eight dollars. Coin-
mandera were allowed four and five dollars a wrek for subsistence ; and lieii-
tenantlt surgeons, captains of marines, and chaplains, four dollars a week for
subsistence when ashore.
. i iit\ m. n should be fitted out for a cruise of three month
eastward, for the purpose of intercepting British transport*
Another with fourteen guns, ami n proportionate number ol
Swivel" and men, was ordered, and Silas Deunc, John Langdon.
and Christopher Gadsden, were appointed n committee to di
reel naval affairs. On the thirtieth ofthe same month, it was
resolved to fit out two more vessels, one of twenty, and tin
other of thirty-six guns, and Stephen Hopkins, Joseph Hewes,
Richard Henry Lee, and John Adams, wire added to the naval
committee. On the thirteenth of December" Congress
ordered the construction of thirteen additional vessels
of war,* nnd the " Marine Committee," ns it was termed, wan
increased nn ns to-cotisist of one member from each colony, to
be appointed by ballot. t This committee possessed very little
rv.'ciitive power. Naval subjects were generally referred to
it, when the committee examined them ami rrporti-d thereuu
to Congress, where the administrative power was held. The
committee appointed all officers below the rank of third lieu-
tenant, and had the general control, under the immediate sanc-
tion of Congress, of all the naval operations. Want of profes-
sional skill made their duties very vexatious, and often ineffi-
cient. Congress finally resolvedc to select three per- c nov. g,
sons well skilled in maritime affairs to execute the l776-
business ofthe navy, under the direction ofthe " Marine Com-
mittee,".! and these composed the "Continental Navy Board,
or Board of Assistants to the Marine Committee," which re-
mained in active operation until October, 17711, when a " Board
of Admiralty" was established. d This board consist-
ed of "three commissioners not members of Con-
gress, and two members of Congress ; any three to form a
board for the dispatch of business, to he subject, in all cases,
to the control of Congress."^ The board was allowed asecre
tary, and was delegated with powers sufficient for all practi
cal purposes. Its head-quarters was at Philadelphia, the seat
of the Federal government. An " Eastern Board" was also .ea-
* These were ordered to he built as follows : In Pennsylvania, the ll'oth
ingmn, thirty-two guns; Randolph, thirty two; Kffiiigham, twentyeighl;
Delaware, twenty-four, built at Philadelphia. In New Hampshire, Raleigh,
thirty two, built at Portsmouth. In Massachusetts, Hancock, thirty-two;
Botton twenty-four, built at Boston. In Rhode Island, Warren, thirty-two,
I'rovidence, twenty eight, built at Providence. In Maryland, Virginia, twen
ly-eighl, built at Annapolis. In Connecticut, Trumbull, twenty-eight, bu.lt
at New London. In New York, CongTUt, twenty-eight ; Montgomery, tweil'
ty lour, built i»t Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson. During the war, Congress
authorized the purchase, or the building and fitting out of between thirty aud
forty vessels, three of them of seventy- four guns.
t The following gentlemen composed this first general naval committee;
Mi i lUrtlett, Hancock, Hopkins, Deane, Lewis, Crane, R. Moms, Head,
Chaie, It H. Lee, Hewes, Gadsden, and Houatoun.— Javrttatt, u, 373,
t John Nixon, John Wharton, and Francis HopUoMD were appointed, and
each allowed a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year.
^ Journal! of Congrett, v., 277. The three commissioners were each aj«
lowed a yearly salary of fourteen thousand dollars, Continental money, eqinv.
afoot, at that time, to about aeven hundred dollars hard money. The nom-
inal amount of this salary was to be varied according to the state ofthe pa-
per currency. Their secretary was John Brown, whoso name 'appears at-
tached to all commissions issued dunng the active existence ofthe board. Ot,
the fourth of May, 1780, the board reported a device for an admiralty seal (see
next page) as follows ; thirteen bars, mutually supporting each other, altern
ate red and white, in a blue field, and surmounting an anchor proper. The
crest, a ship under sail. The motto, Stutentant ti twteniaium-" Sustaining
and Sustained." The legend, V. S. A Sigil. .\avat. Twenty months earlier
than this a committee was appointed to " prepare a seal for the Treasury
and Navy." I have never seen an impression ofthe former, if it was ever
made. The sketch of (lie admiralty seal given on the nexc page I made from
an impression attached to a commission issued in 1781, and now in posses-
sion <>f Peter Force, E*q.. of Washington City.
.;;;-
SUPPLEMENT.
tabliahed, with an organization similar to the other, which was
styled " The Board of the Middle District."
Another change in the administration of naval affairs ap-
pears to have occurred in 1781, when General James Reed was
Invested by Congress with full power to conduct the business
of the "Middle Department;" and General Alexander M'Dou-
gal was elected " Secretary of Marine." In August following,
a general " Agent of Marine" was appointed, to act under the
immediate direction of Congress, and in this capacity the name
of Robert Morris is often found. Indeed, that distinguished
financier appears to have had n general supervision oi naval at
fairs, either directly or indirectly, during the whole war. Many
privateers were fitted out by him on his own account, and his
interest as well as his patriotism made him an efficient " Agent
of Marine."
In November, 1776, Congress determined the relative rank
of naval and military officers, as follows : admiral, as & general ;
vice-admiral, as lieutenant general; rear-admiral, as major gen-
eral ; commodore, as brigadier general ; captain of a ship of forty
guns and upward, as a colonel; captain of a ship of ten to
twenty guns, as major ; lieutenant, as captain* Congress also
decided that the relative rank of naval commanders with each
other should not be determined by the date of nomination or
appointment previous to October, 1776, when such relative
rank was fixed by that body for twenty-six officers then in the
service. After that date the rank was determined by the date
of the commission.
The avowed object of Congress in fitting out armed vessels
was to intercept British transports having supplies for the
Congress, as woll as provincial cruisers and privateers.
In February.* Commodore Esek Hopkins, with a small
Admiraltv Seal.
royal army in America. In this service they were very effi-
cient, and a larger portion of ammunition, good arms, and mil-
itary stores were thus obtained by the patriots during the first
three years of the war. The chief theater of operations in
1776 waa in the waters of the New England coast, yet some
important movements were made southward by the vessels of
* The following is a list of the naval commanders appointed by Congress
during Hie war, with the date of their respective commissions, according to
Uie Journals of Congress :
1775, December 22. Esek Hopkins, Dudley Salstonstall, Abraham Whip
pie, Nicholas Diddle, John B. Hopkins. — 1776, April 17. William Manly,
Isaac Cozneau. — June 6. Thomas Thompson, Samuel Tompkins, Christo-
pher Miller, John Barry, Thomas Read, Charles Alexander, James Nichol-
son.— June 15. Hector M'Neil, Thomas Grennall.— August 13. Elishan Hin-
mnn.— August 2'2. John Hodge, John Stanley. — October 10, Lambert Wickea,
William Hallock, Hoysted Hacker, Isaiah Robinson, John Paul Jones,
James Joslah, Joseph Olney, James Robinson. John Young, EliallB Warner,
Lieutenant commandant J. Baldwin, Lieutenant commandant Thomaa A I
bertson. — 1777, February 6. Henry Johnson. — March 15. Daniel Waters,
Samuel Tucker.— 1778, May 1. William Burke.— June 18. Peter Landais.—
September 25. Seth Harding.— 1779, September 17. Silas Talbot, Samuel Nich
olson, John Nicholson, Henry Skinner, Benjamin Dunn, Samuel Chew.
The following lieutenants, were commissioned: IT76, DectmheriH, John
Paul Jones, Rhodes Arnold, Stansbnry, Hovstod Hacker, Jonathan Pitch-
-r, Benjamin Seahury, Joseph OIney, Elieha Warren, Thomas Weaver,
W 1 1 'ir.il, John Fanning, Efcckie! Burroughs, Daniel Vaughan. — 1776, June
i I Turner, Joseph Doble, Mark DenneL — July 22. Peter Shi n
Wheelwright, Joafah Shack ford. — August 17. William Barnes, Thomas
Vnvtftaju—Jufutm, Jonathan Malthy, David Phipps, Wilson, John
Nicbolaoa — 1777, Februarys,. Elijah Bowen. — August 6. John Rodrg. —
1u;u,t is, William Moileeton, -1781, Ju?j/S0, Richard Dale, Alexander Hui
• ay, Plunkett, Joshua Barney, Isaac Buck, John Stevens, Aqudla Johns
—See OoIdsborougVi Wax •' ' 'An nidi, i-,8.
Bquadron,* left the Delaware to operate against the fleet ot Lord
Dunmore, then on the Virginia coast. At the same time, Cap-
tain Barry, a skillful ship master of Baltimore, sailed in the
lame direction with the Lexington. f Hopkins proceeded fur-
ther south, and made a descent upon the island of New Prov-
idence (one of the Bahamas), for the purpose of seizing a large
quantity of ammunition and stores deposited there. He land-
ed three hundred marines, under Captain Nichols, who took
possession of the town (now Nassau), and made the
governor (Brown J) and a few dthers prisoners.^
The governor had sent away the powder, but one hundred
cannons and a large quantity of stores were the spoils of vie
tory.
On leaving the Bahamas,c Hopkins sailed for the
New England coast, and, while off the east end of
Long Island, fell in with two small British vessels, and cap
* The squadron consisted of the Alfred, twenty eight guns, Commodore
Hopkins; the Columbus', twenty-eight guns, Captain Abraham Whipple, the
commander of the expedition to destroy the Gaspee in 1772 (p.629,vol.i.J
Andrea Doria, fourteen guns, Captain Nicholas Biddle; Sebastian Cabot,
sixteen guns, Captain John B. Hopkins ; Providence, twelve guns, Captain
Hazard ; and vessels from Maryland were to join them off the Capes of
Virginia, Commodore Hopkins held the rank of commander-in-chief in
the navy, a relative position to that of Washington in the army. His pny
was one hundred and twejjty five dollars a month, and he was frequently n<l
dressed as admiral. The first __
ensign ever shown by a regulai
American man of war Was rais-
ed on board the Alfred, in the
Delaware, in December, 1775,
by the hands of John Paul
Jones, then Hopkins's first lied
tenant Tins flag, according to
a portrait oi' Hopkins's publish
ed in London in 1776, was a
plain ground, with a pine-tree in
the center. At the top were the
words Liberty Tree, and at the
bottom, Appeal to God. The
Union dag with thirteen atripes,
adopted by the army on the first
Of January, 1776, was also dis-
played. This had a representation of a rattlesnake, with the words Lton
tread on me.
t On the seventeenth of April, Barry captured the Edward, nn armed ten-
der of the British ship Liverpool, after a severe engagement. In October fol-
lowing, the Lexington was commanded by Captain Hallock, and when re-
turning from the West Indies, she was captured by the Pearl, and a prifce
Crew placed on board of her. The Americans arose upon and overpowered
this crew, and took the Lexington into Baltimore.
X Governor Brown was afterward exchanged for Lord Stirling.
First Naval FLAGS
S U P P L E M E N T
630
tured them.* On the sixth of April ho fell in with the
f,ri ' Glasgow, twenty nine pounders, Captain Tyro
Howe, with nm' hundred and fifty turn. With the aid of the
n bus, the Alfred compelled tin- dl'ifgow to
lly toward Newport, leaving; her a prize for the Americans,
With this and his other prize*. Hopkins went into New Lon-
don, having lost twenty three men in killed and wounded.
The commodore was censured by Congress for having de-
parted from his instructions " to annoy the enemy's ships upon
the eoaau of the Southern States," and, alter taking his little
fleet into Nar he was dismissed from the
17:T- service.^ No naval commander in-chief was subse-
quently appointed. Other officers in this cruise appear to have
been censured. Whipple was tried for not aiding the Alfred,
bnl wns acquitted. Hazard, for some cause not re<
was cashiered, and his Teasel was placed under the command
of Captain John Paul Jones.
Captain Jones cruised between Boston and the Delaware,
and sometimes as far south as the Bermudas, and was always
successful. While off the coast of the Carolina^ in Septem-
ber^ the Providence was chased by the frigate Solebay,
twonty-eieht gun?, but, by skillful maneuvering, es-
caped. She also escaped from the Milford, thirty-two guns,
and, proceeding eastward, captured twelve fishing vessels off
Canseau. With fifteen prizes, Jones returned to Newport.
In the mean while, Whipple with the Odumbus, and Biddle
with the little Doria. fourta q guns, were successfully ei
upon the New England and Nova Scotia coasts. It is said that
the prizes of the Doria were so numerous, that when she en-
rered the Delaware she bore only five of her original crew, the
remainder being distributed among the captured vessels. The
B of Biddle was rewarded by an appointment to the com-
mand of the Randolph, thirty two guns, a new vessel.
The colony vessels of New England were exceedingly active.
Between the time when the British evacuated Boston, in March,
and midsummer, thirty English vessels, tilled with supplies,
were captured by them. The Defense, Captain Harding, a little
Connecticut vessel of fourteen guns, was one of the most sue-
On the night of the seventeenth of June, that vessel,
with the armed schooner Lee and three small privateers, battled
more than an hour with two British transports in Nantucket
Roads, near Boston, and were victorious. The transports, with
two hundred soldiers and a large quantity of stores, were
taken into Boston. The next day the Defense captured an-
other transport, with one hundred men. These prizes, with
those of the Doria, deprived the British army of about five
hundred soldiers.
In November, Captain Jones took command of the Alfred,
and, with the Providence, sailed from Newport tor Nova Scotia.
When a few days out, he captured the Mellish, loaded with sup-
plies for the army forming in Canada, under Burgoyne. This
was a valuable prize, and was conducted safely into Boston,
after a long chase by the Milford.
Early in the summer of 1776, several cruisers were sent to-
ward the West Indies. Among these was the Reprisal, Cap-
tain Wickes, which, after taking several prizes on the way, en-
countered the English sloop Mark, bIxI ear Mar-
tinique. After fighting more than an hour, the Shark was re-
pulsed, and the Reprisal returned to the Delaware, whence
*he soon sailed for the coast of France. Being the first Amer
Scan armed ship which had appeared in the European waters
she attracted much attention. Doctor Franklin, who was ap-
pointed a commissioner to the French court, was a passenger.
The Rejtrisal, after landing Franklin, captured several prizes in
the Bay of Biscay ; among others, the royal English packet
sailing from Falmouth to Lisbon. These prizes were sold,
and the government proceeds were used by the American com-
missioners for purchasing other vessels in French ports. The
following summer, Wickes, with a little squadron, consisting
of the Rrprisal Lixington, and cutter Dolphin, sailed entirely
around Ireland, sweeping the channel in its whole breadth, and
capturing and destroying a great number of merchant vessels.
This cruise produced a great impression on the public mind in
England, and compelled France either to unmask and show its
decided friendship for the rebellious colonies, or pronounce a
disclaimer. Policy dictated the latter course, and tho Amer-
ican vessels were ordered to leave the French coast. When
returning home in September, d the Lexington was cap-
d '"' tured by the Alert. The Reprisal was wrecked on the
coast of Newfoundland, and Captain Wickes, with all of his
gallant crew. ex< >k, perished.
Doctor Franklin carried with him to France a number of
! army and navy officers, signed by John
H oi Congress. i I the other
commissioners filled as occasion required- Under one of these
siona, Captain | Bailed from Dunkirk (in the
north of France) in the brig Surprise, on the first of May,
1777. On the fourth he took a brig called the Josspft, and on
nth he captured the packet Prince of Orange. With
returned to iHmkirk on the truth. In <:< nsi quern >
of the urgent n i»f the English embassador, these
prizes were released, and Conyngham and his crew impris-
oned. The French government was unwilling to offend the
American commissioners, and allowed them to tit out another
tl Dunkirk, called the Revenge, in which Conyngham
crew sailed n day or two before the arrival of two
\ easels to convey them to England to be tried for pira-
cy. The Rercnge BOUght the British transports with Hessian
juccessful. She made many prizes of
merchantmen, and thus placed quite large sums of money in
the hands of the commissioners. General alarm prevailed,
insurance arose as high as twenty-five per rent, and so loth
were British merchants to ship good- in English bottoms, that
at one time forty French vessels were together loading in the
Thames.*
While these events were occurring on the coast of Europe,
no less activity was observed in the American waters. On the
sixth of July. 1776. the Sachem, ten guns, Captain Rol
conquered an English letter of marque, after a severe contest,
in which both vessels lost an unusual number of men. For
this gallant act Robinson was placed in command of tho Doria,
and a few days afterward sailed for St Eustatia, where the
Dutch governor saluted her. For this indiscretion the govern-
or was removed from office. On leaving that island, the Doria
fell in with and captured the Race-horse, an English twel
ship, which lost in the action a greater portion of its officers
and crew, killed or wounded. This was the last cruise ot
the Doria. She was burned in the Delaware in 1777, to pre-
vent her falling into the hands of the British. On the twelfth
of October following,* the Ranger, eighteen guns, Cap-
tain Hudson, took a British brig among the West In-
dies, after a conflict of two hours. This event, the naval oper-
ations upon Lake Champlain, and those of Captain Hanlcy, on
the New England coast, already detailed, closed the marine
warfare of 1776, and with honor to the Americans. Accord-
ing to Albion's Remembrancer, three hundred and forty-two
British vessels fell into the hands of the Americans during that
year. Forty-four
of them were
recaptured, and
tour were burn-
ed. The Ameri
L^ .. v-.jMV cans lost quite a
*>r^b v^r** number of ves-
.v/?^*1'' chiefly mer-
chantmen.
Early in Jan-
uary, v.
Randolph, thirty-
two guns, Cap-
'ain Biddle, sail-
ed on her Oral
cruise. She ran
nto Charleston
harbor, and when
three days out,
after leaving, she
captured four Ja-
maica-men, one
of twenty guns. Elated with this success, the Carolinians im
mediately fitted out fi>ur small vessels, with an aggregate of
ar guns, and placed them under the general command
of Biddle. This little squadron appears not to have accom
plished much, and in March the following year*" the r Man-h ?
Randolph blew up, while in action with the British 177S-
ship Yarmouth, between nine and ten o'clock in the evening.!
==*•
Nicholas ijiddle.
* Letter ofSilns Desne to Robert Morns.
I I -hips were q*.iite clusn together at the time. Many fragments ofthr
6 in
SUPPLEMENT.
Biddle and all of his crew perished, except four men, who
CTm^V;: Z™Z»n ship Caoo,, Captain Oincy,
, , ,1 on the coast of Nova Scotia. On the nineteenth
™;;!':^..» was compensated by the capture
v. Br I. transports, south of Long island, by the 7W
^ Hve, - i 'l ««».. Captain Sals.onstall. These contained
t I, hi tore, loon after this, the Hancock, thirty-two guns,
r * , i lota Mauley, and the Boston, twenty-four guns, Captain
S3££5* entered the M** forty-lour guns, Sir
tain Thompson, and tie Alfred, Captain Hinman, captured a
nowt cal^ M. ■»<- from her commander -erumed
that a large fleet of West Indiamen, convoyed by the British
1'fS Druid, twenty guns, were in the neighborhood
Tonfpson learned the signals of the fleet, and started » .search
of them He saw them the following day, ran among them in
disguise got a weatherly position of the Druid and then de-
manded a surrender. It was refused, and within twenty min-
utes tne Raleigh gave her twelve broadsides. A heavy squall
c me on, the fee! were dispersed, the belligerent, .separated
and the Druid, much shattered escaped to England, I th,
„.ll«nr affair the Raleigh lost only three men. The Alfred, be
„ atherTs ow sailef, did not arrive in time to participate in
ing ratner » afterward, and
^ dnfof pTance Se/era mtor enterprises were success-
Myc led orafter t„is, and the year 1777 closed with a
os to th" British of four hundred and sixty-seven merchant
men notwithstanding they had seventy .ail of war vessels on
^Tea^h— France and the United States was rati-
fie! on he Lth of February, 1778, and speedily French war
vessel, were cruising among the West Indies and along the
Am r canvas" These gave great relief to the colon, ts. and
infused new courage into the Continental armies Congress
a»he same time, fitted out some frigates and smaHer vessels,
among which was the Alliance, thirty-two gun. (built at bal
Xry Massachusetts), which became the favorite of the pa
^ triots. Early in January* the Province, Captain Rath-
•177S- burne, sailed for the Bahamas. With twenty-five men
and some American prisoners, the captain went ashor , upon
WJ=stfa5Es=K=sa
of his prizes, and departed without losing a man.
««-*. M. upon tbe r.r— .. and an American «* hrW «* «*— ■
"? STli Z°d°.b"» ."»"«.' of Phil«d«lpl.ia. .b- be -a. born in 1750.
. N.cl- - E'd >';»»" of d alter „,.„,. perilous ..JW, ■>-
He went lo sea .1 thirteen jea s . . a(tem„d went on a voyage,
tered Ihe Briti.h .erv.ee ae a midshipman Hi
and., the Honorable C.J*. P *£ — ^ made , hem both
w.tl, Nelson, wbo was also a volunteer. 1 I espousing
cockswains. He returned lo ^""^Z™," „ of Penn.ylvan...
U,. «"" "■ «ta1«*T*;S2.r» an rwnrd look command of lb.
PTa ■• .now" ,. a —I equipped w.lb two marts r«^*V£". £
In Februaryb the Raleigh and ^f/rea left L, Orient, fc lflfc
and on the ninth of March they were chased by the
British ship. Ariadne and Cera. A .harp engagement ensued
between them and the Alfred, which resulted in her capture,
with the captain and crew. The Raleigh did not assist the
Alfred, and escaped. Captain Thompson was cen.ured by
Confess for not aiding Captain Hinman,* was suspended from
command, and after a trial wa. dismissed from the service.
On the thirtieth day of March, the Virginia, twenty-eight guns,
Captain James Nicholson, sailed down the Chesapeake on her
first cruise, and during the first night her unskilltul pilot ran
her across a sandbar, which deprived her of her rudder. At
dawn two English armed .hips appeared very near when
Nicholson, perceiving his peril, escaped, with his papers.* .the
shore. The Virginia fell into the power of £■ enemy, ,jet»
prudent wa. the course of Nicholson considered, that he was
not censured for the los. of the vessel.
Early in May, 1778. John Paul Jones appeared, for the first
time, in European waters, in command of the Ranger, eighteen
guns; a vessel quite too inferior for such an able officer. Jones
made .everal important prizes in the British channels and un-
dertook the bold enterprise of capturing the Drake, an English
ship-of-war lying in the harbor of Camckfergus, Ireland Fail-
tag in this, he .ailed to the English coast, entered the port ot
Whitehaven, seized the forts, .piked the cannons, and, setting
fire to a ship in the midst of a hundred other vessels, departed^
The people of Whitehaven extinguished the flame, and saved
the shipping. From that day, even to the present, the name ot
Pan JoL has been there associated with ideas of piracy and
de"on. Hi. exploit spread terror along the English coas,
and produced a great .en.ation throughout the kingdom Em-
boldened by his success, Jones proceeded to the coast of Scot^
land cruised up and down between the Solway and Clyde, and
attempted the capture of the Earl of Selkirk, at his residence
onsT'Marys.nearthemoufhoftheDee. The earl wai .absent
and the men engaged in the enterprise carried ofl plate to the
value of about five hundred dollars. When this, among other
booty, was sold in the port of Brest. Jones purchased it, and re-
turned it to Lady Selkirk, with a letter expressing his re- c mg
gret at the occurrence.t On the twenty-fourth of Apr*
nan was one of the bravest of tbe naval heroes of tbe p....
Captain H n ^ marb|o „,„„„,„„,, „,DaMen
t The" I. rsilng-on. Connect,™., consoled in !« F.sbe, *
rTiYof New iork. The follow.ng elaborate insenpnon upon tbe monument
con^n, aTJemort important even* ,n h,s pubhc hfe, and aerve, U,e p.-
""V "'Z'v of clut^a. H.».». Uniled St.ua Navy, . patriot ol
,, 1:™1Z born' March 9, 1734-Died August *, 1807 aged .evenly
three years. A. .he age of fourteen he weu!
to sea, was a captain at nineteen, and for
many yean sa.led lo Europe, and the Easl
and West Indies. On the commencement of
the Revolution, he abandoned a lucrative bus-
iness, and devoted his whole service to bis
country. He was one of the first appoint-
ments by Congress to the navy, and served
with honor throughout the whole war-suc-
cessively commanding the ilbrftiu d. La
FaytM, twenty guns, Ihe Diane, thirty guns,
the sloopof war Providence, and the Alfred
thirty two guns. Captain Hinman, in com-
mand ot the Alfred, sailed in company w,U,
the RaUiglu thirty guns, Captain Thompson.
On 11 e ninth of March. 1778, they were chased
by two British ships of Ihe line, the Ariadm
and Cert.; and Ihe Alfred, after fighting
bravely, and being deserted by the Bile>sh,
through the cowardice of her capuun, was
compelled 10 surrender. He was taken lo
En-land and imprisoned — escaped through
the nsaistance of friends-was taken to Lon
don rvliers he saw hand bills offering five
hundred pounds for his head, describing per
son, He. He finally escaped to France. On
his return, Captain Thompson was court
martialed and dismissed the service, respect
ing .he loss of .he Alfred, and Captain Mm
"SpS. BcXfcTH'.. tondon, who d.ed in ,«,. a. ,b. .*<.r uine.y
fire year., was Hinman'. first lieulenant m command .1 the W*
, TL 'dite,, of.h, Pi«o.-taJ Hi.,°r„?r«> «<if» "f0"^' •'■' n"J' <■>
Monument.
SUPPLEMENT.
641
Jonas again appeared off Carrickfergus, when the Drake went
out to give him battle. The conflict lasted one hour and four
minutes, when the Drake, dreadfully shattered, and forty of
her men killed or wounded, struck and surrender) >1. With
tho Drake, and her surviving crew and other captives, Jones
sailed up the North Channel, went around Ireland, made sev-
eral prizes, and arriv. d at Brest on the eighth of May. We
shall meet him again in the British waters presently.
The French fleet, under Count D'Estalng, arrived upon tho
const of Virginia in July,* and under the wgis of its pow-
er the American crulft rs became bolder, and caused
greater circumspection on the part of the enemy. On the
twenty-fifth of Suptembari Captain Barry* (formerly of the
iX^C^t- A? i
Lexington) sailed from Boston in command of the Raleigh, with
a brig and sloop under convoy. On the following day. two Brit-
ish vessels (the Ezprrimrnt, fifty guns, Captain Wallace, and
the Unicorn, twenty-eight guns) gave chase, and at noon an
action commenced with the latter, which lasted seven hours.
Barry was conscious of the superiority of his foe, and when
night fell he resolved to escape to an island with his crew, and
burn his vessel. One large party had landed, and the boat re-
turned for others, when it was ascertained that a subord
had treacherously surrendered the vessel. Barn and
a considerable portion of hie crew escaped to the main, after
losing twenty five men killed and wounded. The f/nieornlost
ten men killed and many wounded. Thia was the closing com-
bat of importance by the regular marines in 1778.
On the eleventh of January. 1779, the frigate Alliance, com-
manded by Leudals, a Frenchman, •ail-
ed for France, bearing La Fa;
passenger. Landais was personally
unpopular, and being a Frenchman, it
was difficult to get Americans to serve
under him. The crew of an English vessel wrecked on the
coast of Massachusetts were impressed into the service, a
measure which resulted in imminent peril to the vessel and
pnssen-ers. The Englishmen, seventy-five in number, planned
a revolt, the details of which contemplated the most horrid
- of Jones: "He curried off all the plate and other raluable article* ;"
bat ungenerously, and with the evident intertion of] the char-
acter of Jones, omits mentioning the fact of the honorable return ofUM iilwr.
» John Barry was born in Ireland in 1745. He was placed on board
chantmanat an early age. and at fourteen he emigrated to America, where he
pursued bil vocation. He entered the naval service of Congress in 1776, and
was employed En fitting for aea the first fleet that sailed from Philadelphia.
He continued active in the service during the whole war, and down to the
t/eai of bil death, when he was in command of the frigate f nlitd Statu. He
died at Philadelphia, on the thirteenth ofSeptem r, 1803, at the age of fifty-
eufht years. ~
IT. &
re. An American seaman, who had lived long in Ire-
land, waa mistaken by the conspirators for a native of that
country, and was solicited to participate in the mutiny Hi
i the secret bO Landais and La Fayvtte. The passen-
■..I American and French seamen, were Immediately
armed, ami ut tin* moment when the conspirators were to
strike the horrid blow they found themselves prisoners. Be-
tween thirty rmd forty were put in irons and taken to Brest,
where the Alliance, arrived on the sixth of February. All the
culprits were afterward generously exchanged M prisoners
of war.
In March, 1770, ono of the most closely contested actions ot
the war occurred between the Hampden, twenty two guns, a
Massachusetts ship, and an English fndiamen, in which the
former was much damaged, and lost twenty-one men. A month
afterward,1^ a little squadron, under the general com- t> „v
mand of Captain J. B. Hopkins, mailed on a cruise 1::'
from Boston. Tin y first captured a British privateer of four-
teen guns, and received intelligence that a number of trans
ports, with supplies, were on their way to Georgia. The Amer-
icans crowded sail, overtook them at sunset off ("ape Henry,
and captured seven of them. A few days afterward they took
three brigs, all laden with stores. Amour the prisoners last
taken were twenty-four British officers, on their way to join
their regiments st the South. Early in July. Captain Whipple!
then in command of the Providence, went on a cruise with the
Ranger and Queen of France, the latter commanded by Cap-
tain Rathburne. They soon fell in with a large fleet <>i rner
chantmen, convoyed by a ship-of thedine, and made many of
them prizes. In a pecuniary \ u w, this was one of the most suc-
cessful enterprises of the war. The estimated value of • ight
of the prizes taken into Boston was over a million of dollars.
While theee events were occurring In the Western hem-
isphere, an Important expedition was fitted out under the
joint auspices of the King of France and the American com-
missioners, and placed umb r the command ot Juhu Paul .lone?
The squadron consisted of tivo vessels, namely, the Due dt
Daras, Alliance, Pallas, Cerf, and Vengeance, The commis-
sions of tho officers were given by Dr. Franklin for a limited
period, and the vessels, though all French, except the Alliance,
were to be considered as American ships, and to be governed
by the rules of the American Navy during the cruise. Before
the expedition sailed from L'Orient, the name of the Duras,
Jones's Sag ship, was changed to Bonhomme Richard, in com-
pliment to Dr. Franklin. His crew of three hundred and sev-
enty-five men was a medley of representatives of almost every
nation of Europe, and even Malays. The squadron sailed on
the nineteenth of June.c became scattered, took a few
prizes, and returned to L'Orient. It sailed a second c
time on the fourteenth of August, with two strong French pri-
vateers, and on the eighteenth captured a valuable prize. It-
destination wa= the cu:,-t ut Scotland, and on its way several
little prizes were made. A brilliant course appeared before
the squadron, when a cloud appeared. Captain Landais, ol
the Alliance, became insubordinate, and retum-d to obey Com
modorc Jones. A storm again separated the vessels. The
power of the expedition was thus weakened, yet Jones did not
quail before accumulating difficulties. He boldly attempted.
with his own ship, and the Pallas and f'engeance, to strike a
twenty gun-ship and two or three men of- war cutters, lying at
Leith. A Btorm arose, drove the Americans into the North
Sea, and defeated the enterprise. Again Jones drew near land,
cruised along the eastern coa6t of Scotland, and by the '
of September had captured thirteen vessels, His exploits ex
cited the greatest consternation, and many inhabitants along
tho coast buried their plate. On the twenty third, the whole
squadron, except the Ctrf and the two prii steers, were togeth-
i r. a few Li agues above the mouth of the Humbcr. While pre-
paring to capture a brig with an armed pilothont, Jones saw
the Baltic fleet of about forty merchantmen, stretching out on
a bowline from behind Flamborough Head, under convoy of
the Serapif, forty four guns, Captain Pearson, and the Countess
o/ Scarborough, twenty two guns, Captain Fiercy. Jones im-
mediately signaled for a general chase, and great confusion was
soon observed among the English ships, while the armed ves-
sels maneuvered with an evident determination to defend the
merchantmen. Again Jones's orders were disobeyed by Lnn-
daie. who on this occasion played the part of both mutlni . i
and coward, for the moment he perceived the strength i 1 the
English vessels he sought safety by ordering the Alliance to a
S
6 I 2
S U PPLEME N T.
distance. Night fell upon Che scene, while the Richard and
I'a/lat, the Scrapie and Scarborough, were maneuvering lor ad-
vantage. A little after seven in the evening, the Richard came
within musket shot of the Scrapie, whi □ one of the most des-
perate Bea fights ever recorded commenced. Jones knew the
superiority of the Scrapis, und aimed to lay his vessels athwart
her hawse. In the attempt the bowsprit of the Scrapis ran
between the poop and mizzen mast of the Richard. Jones in-
stantly lashed the two vessels together, and the wind soon
brought them bo close, fore and ait, that the muzzles of their
respective cannons touched the sides of each other. In this
position the action continued from half past eight till half past
ten in the evening, each party fighting with the utmost des-
peration. Jones was nobly seconded by his first lieutenant,
! ird Dale, then a young man only twenty-two years of age.*
The conflict waxed warmer and warmer; they fought hand
to hand with pike, pistol, and cutlass, and blood flowed freely.
Already the Richard had been pierced by several eighteen-
pound balls between wind and water, and was filling, aud her
ten twelve-pounders were completely silenced. Only three
nine-pounders kept up a cannonade, but the marines in the
round-top sent volleys of bullets, with deadly aim, down upon
the struggling Englishmen. Ignited combustibles were scat-
tered over the Serapis, and at one time she was on fire in a
dozen places. At half pnst nine, just as the moon arose in the
cloudless 6ky, some cartridges were ignited, and all of the offi-
cers and men of the Scrapis, abaft the main-mast, were blown
up. Three times both ships were on fire, and their destruction
appeared inevitable. The scene was one of appalling grand-
eur, while it exhibited men in the character of darkest furies.
* Richard Dale was born on the tilth of November, 1756, in Norfolk coun-
'V, Virginia. He went to sea at twelve years of age, anil continued in the
merchant service until 1776, when lie became lieutenant of a Virginia cruiser.
He was afterward h midshipman with Captain Barry, in the Lexington. He
VU With Captain Wickes in his cruise among the British islands in 1777.
He nfterward anhVred a long imprisonment in England, which terminated
temporarily by bis escape, with others, in February, 1778. He was recap-
tured, and suffered another year's imprisonment, when be ngnin escaped in
the full uniform of a British officer. How he obtained it remains a secret.
H. hastened to L'Orient, joined Paul Jones, and in September, 1779, gal-
ttnlly fought with him in the action with the Sero/>is. With Jones, be re
reived the thanks of Congress fur this service. In 1781, Dale sailed as lieu
tenant of the Trumbull, under Captain Nicholson. He was severely wound
ed n in engagement, and made prisoner. He was soon exchanged, returned
to Philadelphia, and in the spring of 1782 took command of a large merchant
•hip. From that time until 1794, lie carried on a lucrative business in the
I i ■ ■' a trade. Washington selected him as one of the six captains of the
navy in 17'.H, fourth in rank. He was commissioned a commodore in 1801,
and commanded a squadron which did good service in the Mediterranean.
be left the navy, and passed the remainder of bis days in private Lo-
in Philadelphia. He died on the twenty fourth of February, 1826, at the age
of seventy years
While the conflict was ut its height the Alliance flppronrnrrl,
and, sailing aruund the struggling combatants, delivered 8C*
eral broadsides in such a way as to damage both vesselu
equally.* By one of them the Richard had eleven men killed,
and an officer mortally wounded. At length Captain Pearson,
who had nailed his tlag to his mast, perceiving hii inability
longer to endure the fight, struck his colors with his own hand,
and gave up the Scrapie to Lieutenant Dale, who was the first
to board her.f Ten minutes afterward, the Couritess nf Scar-
borough, which had been fighting with the Pallas, Captain Cot-
ineau, surrendered. The Richard was a perfect wreck, and
last sinking. Her sick and wounded were conveyed to the
Serapis, and sixteen hours afterward she went down in the
deep waters oft" Bridlington Bay. Jones, with the remains of
his squadron and prizes, sailed for Holland, and anchored oft"
the Texel on the third of Octobers The loss of life
was very heavy on both sides. Jones estimated the
value of his prizes made during this cruise at two hundred
thousand dollars.
Sir Joseph Yorke. British minister at the Hague, applied to
the States General for an order for delivering up the Serapis
and Scarborough, with Jones and his men. Their High Might
inesses refused to interfere, for they felt a Bee ret friendship
for the struggling Americans. By a diplomatic trick Holland
avoided serious trouble with Britain, and Commodore Jonee,
instead of being conveyed as a pirate to England, was soon
upon the ocean as commander of the Alliance .b His 0 Dec. 27,
action with the Scrapis gave him great eclat in Eu- 177<J
rope and America, and no subsequent event dimmed his fame.
Louis the Sixteenth gave him a gold-mounted sword, bearing
upon its blade the words I'indicati maris Ludovicue XVI., re-
numerator strenuo viudici — "Louis XVI., rewarder of the val-
iant assertor of the freedom of the Sea" — surrounded by the
blended emblems of America and France J Louis also created
him a Knight of the Order of Merit; Catharine of Russia con-
ferred on him the ribbon of St. Anne ; and from Denmark he re-
ceived marks of distinction and a pension. The Congress of
the United States voted him special thanks ; and, eight years
after ward.c ordered a gold medal to be struck and c 0, t n,
presented to "the Chevalier John Paul Jones," of 1787-
which the following engraving is a true representation. §
* The opinion generally prevailed that Landais fired into the Ricfiard [bi
the double purpose of killing Jonea and compelling his vessel to surrender,
in order that Landais might retake her, together with the Serapis, and get al
the eclat of the victory. Such were the charges brought against him, and li
was suspended from service. Alter the exhibition of many vagaries, whicl
proved him half insane, be returned to America in the AUlanct, and was soot
nfterward dismissed the service.
f It is related that when Captain Pearson delivered his sword to Commo-
dore Jones, he remarked, " 1 can not, sir, but feel much mortification at the
idea of surrendering my sword to a man who has fought me with a rope round
his neck." Jones received the sword, and immediately returning it, said.
" You have fought gallantly, sir, and 1 hope your king will give you a better
ship." Pearson was afterward knighted. On hearing of it, Jones remarked,
"He deserves it, and if I full in with him again, 1 will make a lord of lum."
J Tins sword is now (1848) in possession of Commodore John Montgom
ery Dale, a eon of Commodore Richard Dale, Jones's valued friend and com
pan ion in arms.
?i JaurttaU, xii., 138. The engraving opposite is the size of the original,
copied from a fac simile in the possession of the New York Historical So
riety. On one side is a portrait of Jones in relief {said to be an excellent
likeness), with the words tTohanni Paulo Janet, Clotttt Prafcctn, Comilia
Americana — " Tiie American Congress to John Paul Jones, commander of
the fleet." Upon the other side is a representation of a naval battle, Willi
the words Hoitittm tiavibtu capilt autjiigatit, ad orum Scotia, xxiii. Sept.
MDCCL.XXVWi.—" The ships of the enemy having been captured on the
coast of Scotland, twenty-third September, 1779." The present possessor
Of Una national tribute to one of the bravest of men is unknown. This medal
was made m Pans, under the direction of dHi Jefferson, then American min-
ister there.
John Paul was born on the sixth of July, 1747, at Arhigland, on the Frith
of Sol way, Scotland. At the nge of twelve years be was apprenticed to a
ship master in the Virginia trade. He was on board of a slaver for some time,
and by the death of master and mate he became commander. On the death
of his mother in 1773, he went to Virginia to settle, and there added Janes
io his name. When the war broke out, ne was commissioned aerior lieulen-
;.nl in the navy, and wan ft live until the close of hostilities, (■ November,
17S3, be sailed for France, empowered to negotiate for llie reco tiy of pr.re-
SD PPLEM E.M
fi i:;
On the seventh of September, 1780, Commodore Jones pail-
ed for America in command of the Ariel, twenty guns. A pale
dismasted her, and after refitting at L'Orient, he sailed a^ain
on the eighteenth of December. He had a slight encounter
with an English ship daring a night while on his way, and ar-
rived at Philadelphia on the eighteenth of February. 1781, after
hii absence of more than three years. He was appointed to
the command of the America, seventy-four guns, a vessel which
■ Sept. 3 Congress presented to the French king"-* before she
was ready for sea.
In the spring of 1779, the Massachusetts state cruiser, the
Hazard, fourteen guns. Captain J. F. Williams, had a severe
action with the Active, eighteen guns, and was victorious.
Forty one men were killed in the combat, which lasted half an
hour. Williams was promoted to the Protector, twenty guns,
and in June he fought the heavy letter of marque, Duff, which,
after resistance for an hour, blew up. The Protector had a suc-
cessful cruise, and Captain Williams's reputation was greatly
increased. He was immediately engaged in the exi •
against the British, at Penobscot, (see page 594, vol. u in
which the naval force was commanded by Captain Salston-
StalL4 The result was disastrous. Among the vessels blown
up was the Providence, which had gained such a good (feme
under her first commander. Captain Whipple.
It was in the autumn of this year that Silas Talbot, who hao
been long engaged in the Republican cause, on land and water,
was commissioned a captain in the United States Navy. Sis
months previous to this, he armed, at Providence, his forme-
prize, the Pigoi (p 664. vol. i.) and a sloop called the Argo,
->n guns, to cruise off the New England coast. He soon cap-
tared the lovely, twelve guns, and two letters of marque.
'hich he carried into Boston. He al-o captured the King
George, a vessel which was particularly hated by the New En-
glanders. Great was the joy when he took her into New Lon-
don harbor. His di tne Dragon, with which he
fought desperately tour and a halt hours.b It was
b Aug.. -1779 ^.g vjctorv which caused Congress to give him the
commission of a npval captain. He performed mnny daring
exploits with the Argo during the autumn, and the fruits of his
services wore three hundred prisoners, five valuable merchant-
men, and six British privateers. The following year Talbot
whs in command of a private ship, because Congress had not
the means to retain the Argo, He was captured one morning
at dawn, when he found himself in the midst of a fleet of En-
glish men-of-war. He was ill treated by the victors, and for
Gold Medal presented to Paul Jones.
many monthi endured the miseries of the Jersey pri*
and the provost jail at New York. He was finally taken
gland, where he was exchanged in December. 1781.*
money in different parts of Furore. He returned toAmencnin 17H7,and in
1788 he wsa appointed rear admiral in the Russian Navy. He w«. afterward
in command agninst Uie Turk*. He r-t;red to Par;. with a pennon
where he resided most of the lime until his death, which occurred on the
M'btcenlh of July. 17'.'. A commission, appointing him the agent of the
IB government to treat with Algiers, airbed after he was dead. His
(.[ace of sepulchre is now u-iknnwn.
• The squadron consisted of the Baited State* ship IT'orreri. thirty two
une, SaUtonatall's flag-ship; ViHgent, fourteen | BCDPB; the
MM, twelve guns, Captain Hacker; three vessels belonging to Mas-
sx-hu-etts. thirteen pnvateers, and many transports.
The first naval operation of moment, in 17.-0. was the dem-
onstration made by Admiral Arbuthnot. against t harleston.
in connection with .'■Mr Henry Clinton. The events of that dem-
onstration have been already detailed. Among other result!
• Captain Talbot was a lineal descendant of a I. rave knight (Richard de
Talbot) in the reign of William the Conrjuernr, an I inherited the martial
genius cl ■ LnCCStOT. I.ittle i« known of liu r arly life. He was
man when the war of the Revolution broke out, rind he en'Ted into
the contest ardently. On land and water he was equally useful, and in each
capacity we have met him several times before. After the WIT, hep
the forfeited estate ofSir William Johnson, near U.e Mohawk, and went into
private life. In 1794, when a new orgumttOO of t'.e navy look place, Cap
Uin Talbot was ■elected to the romrrand"of one of '.lie principal *b Ii<
superintended the construction of the frigate Cot HitUttOH, Which gained surh
laurels almost twenty renin later. In IT99, *h? was 1m- Big ship while on a
cruise in the West Indies, and Commodore Hull was Ins lieutenant. Tins
cruise was an important one in many res pec la. Talbot remained m active
service until September, 1801, when he fceagtwd Ins commission. Be passed
the remainder of In* days m the city of N-w York, when he marrii H
Pintard, his third wife. He died in New York city on the thirtieth of June,
1813, and was buried under Trinity church, where no monument mirks hil
resting-place.— See Life nf Commndore Talbot, by Henry T. Tuckerrnnn. Esq
I am indebted to Mr. Tuckerman for the privilege of copying tb«
■ I rl from n daguerreotype of an orijinnl painting by West is the po»
i -•■ »"idants in Kentucky.
e l i
SUPPLEMENT
was the almost demolition of the little American fleet under
Whipple, then lying i» the harbor. At about this time, the
British government resolved not to exchange any more pris-
oners taken from privateersmen. This had a powerful effect
upon the nautieal enterprise of the Americans, for soon a large
number of their best seamen were prisoners, and the number
of officers tit to manage vessels was very limited. In view of
these facta, and the efficient aid promised and actually given
by French fleets,* Congress paid but little attention to its ma-
rine, while, at the same time, the British Parliament authorized
the ministry to employ no less than eighty-five thousand men
in the navy. Yet the Americans were not wholly inactive.
In Junen the Trumbull, twenty eight guns, commanded
by Captain James Nicholson, the senior officer in the
navy, encountered the English letter of marque Watt, thirty-
four guns, Captain Coulthard, and engaged in a well-contested
battle for two hours and a half. The vessels were not more
than one hundred yards apart, and continually poured broad-
sides into each other. The Trumbull was completely disabled,
yet her antagonist withdrew without attempting to capture
her. The Trumbull lost thirty-nine killed and wounded. In
October following, the United States sloop-of-war Saratoga, sis-
teen guns, Captain Young, fell in with and captured a ship and
two brigs. One of these was called the Charming Molly. Cap-
tain Young ran along side of her, when Lieutenant Barney,*
at the head of fifty men, gallantly boarded her and made pris-
oners of her numerous crew. Barney was left in command
of his prize. The Saratoga soon afterward captured a few
* It was iu July of this year (1780) that a French fleet of twelve vessels
and thirty-tWO transports, bearing an army uf six thousand men, under Itu-
chambenu, arrived at Newport- This event is recorded on page 87.
t Joshua Burney WU horn in Baltimore, Maryland, Oil the sixth of July,
1759. He went to sea when a small boy, and at the age of fourteen yearn was
second mate of a vessel, and at sixteen was commander. After many ad-
ventures abroad, he arrived in the Chesapeake in October, 1775. The fol-
lowing June he was appointed a lieutenant in Uie United States Nary, and
was the first to unfurl the American flag in Maryland. He was a very active
iring tne whole war. He brought the first news of peace with Great
i the twelfth of March, 1783. Continuing in service, he was one of
Uic si* rommanders appointed under the act of 1793, hot be declined the
honor. He went to France with Monroe, and was the bearer of the Amer
to the National Convention. He entered Hi- French service in com-
mand of two fine frigate*- He resigned bia French commission in l*w>;, and
returned home. H* again entered the naval service of the United States in
. ! distinguished himself during the war that ensued. He died of a
lever «t Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on the first of December, 18IP, at
Uie age of fifty nine years.
other vessels, all of which were retaken, while on their way to
the Delaware, by the Intrepid, seventy-four guns, Captain Mob
loy. The Saratoga, it is supposed, soon foundered at sea, for
she and her crew were never heard of afterward.
At the close of 1780, Captain John Barry was appointed to
the command of the Alliance, and sailed from Boston in Feb-
ruary, 1781, with Colonel John Laurens as passenger for
France. On the way he captured the privateer Alert, and after
landing Mr. Laurens at L'Orient, he sailed on a cruise, with the
Marquis De La Fayette, forty guns, in company, bound to
America with stores. After capturing a few vessels, and part
ing company with its consort, the Alliance had a severe action
with an English sloop-of-war, sixteen guns, and a brig of four-
teen guns.b Captain Barry was wounded and car- t, u ,, gg,
ried below, and at the moment when the Alliance 1781
felt obliged to strike, a light breeze gave her an advantage,
and, pouring a broadside into her antagonists, she compelled
both the English vessels to haul down their colors. The prizes
were the Atalanta, one hundred and thirty men, and the Tre-
pasry, eighty men.
On the twenty-second of June, 1781, the Confederacy, Cap-
tain Harding, was captured by a large English vessel, while
convoying some merchantmen from the West Indies. At
about the same time, the Trumbull; Captain Nicholson,* with
a convoy of twenty-eight sail, lett the Delaware, and was soon
afterward captured by the Iris\ and General Monk, at the close
of a severe night battle, fought with a large part of the crew
(English prisoners) insubordinate. The whole action was car-
ried on by about forty men. On the sixth of September, a pri
vate cruiser, called the Congress, twenty guns, while eastward
of Charleston, captured the British sloop-of-war Savage, six-
teen guns, after a combat of an hour. The Savage was recap-
tured by an English frigate, and taken into Charleston. These
were the principal naval operations in 1781, not already men-
tioned elsewhere.
Early in 1782, the Deane, thirty two guns, Captain Samuel
Nicholson, went on a successful cruise, and among her many
prizes were three sloops of war, with an aggregate of forty-
four guns. During this year, Captain Barry, with the Alliance.
was actively employed, but does not appear to have had any
memorable engagements resulting in prizes. There were now
only two frigates left in the American marine, the Alliance and
the Hague. The command of the latter was given to Captain
John Mnnley. That gallant officer, who may be considered &s
the pioneer in the naval warfare of the colonists, cruised
among the West Indies, and, in the autumn of 1782, closed the
regular maritime operations of the United States by a suc-
cessful escape, after a long chase, from a vastly superior force.
rhe government vessels had very little employment after this,
for the news of peace came early in 1783.
£j S]s\s\ /v/> ^ record of maritime operations under the auspices of the
/several colonies, and on private account during the war, would
fill a volume.J In the foregoing rapid sketch of the naval war-
fare of the colonists, I have given only an outline of those of
the government cruisers, sufficient, however, for the reader to
form a general estimate of the value of the service of our little
marine during the struggle. The naval operations upon Lake
* James Nicholson was born on the eastern shore of Maryland in 17137. He
was in the naval engagement at the siege of Havana in 1 7(52. He entered the
naval service of his country in a Maryland vessel in 1775; in 1776 he was ap
pointed a captain by Congress, and, on the dismissal of Hopkins, he became
the senior officer in the navy. After his capture by the Irxt and Monk, he
was taken to England, and was nut exchanged until the close ofthe war. He
never went to sea again, but settled in Sew York, where lie held a civil ap
point men t under the general government He died September 2, 1804, leav-
ing three daughters, one of whom married the late Albert Gallatin.
f The Irit was formerly the United States ship Hancock, thirty-two guns,
captured by the Ra\n'tow, and now in the British service under another name
The HttnfOck was one ofthe heaviest ships built by order of Congress, while
the Trumbull was one ofthe smallest
X It is aasened l.v gOol Buthoril} that the number of vessels captured by
American cruisers during the war was eight hundred^ and three, and tint the
value of merchandise obtained amounted to over eleven millions nf dollars.
The British vessels in the West India trade suffered terribly from our pri
vnteers. Clarke, in bia Naval Hillary (L,61), says, Uiat of a fleet of sixty ves
fpIs from Ireland for the West Indies, thirty live were captured by A .
privateers. Our cruisers almost destroyed the British trade with Africa. At
the beginning nt~ the war, two hundred ships were employed in that trade ; at
■■ of 1777 only forty vessels were thus employed.
si IMPLEMENT.
6 1-1
Champlain in L776, have been narrated in the first volume. I
will close ihi- sketch by fm account of a brilliant exploit of the
Hyder Ally, fitted out hy the State of Pennsylvania, She « u
armed with sixteen lix-pounders, provided with a cnwofone
hundred and ten men, ami put in command of Lt< n
Joshua Barney." The chief duty assigned (0 tin' Hjd,r Ally,
was the expulsion *<t privateers from the Delaware. On the
eighth of .\j>nl. > the Hyder Ally and a large convoj >i
m were anchored off Cape May, when two
f-lups and b brig Approached. Thi nen Bed up the
■ ire, covered in their retreat by the Hyder Ally In
ipeedily ensued between the Hyder Ally and one of the
vessels, which proved to be the sloop-ofwar General a
eighteen guns (an American enns.-r formerly* ,, < Captain 1 1
In attempting to lutf" athwart the hawse of the enemy, the
Hyder Ally ran foul, and in this position, within pi
Easels fought desperately for half an hour, when the
Monk struck her coloi - Cooper, in his Xarat History I
Bays, 'This action has been justly deemed one of the most
brilliant that ever occurred under the American flag. It was
fought in the presence of a vastly superior force that was not
engaged, and the ship taken was in every essential reepi cl
superior to her conqueror." Both vessels arrived at Philadel-
phia a few hours after the action, bearing their respective de«d.
The old name was restored to the prize, and Barney made a
cruise in her to the West Indies.
Cooper (i., 247) gives the following list of the United States
cruisers in sen ice during the wur, with the fate of each:
Alliance, thirty-two guns, sold after the peace and converted
into an Indiaman. A portion of her wreck is still visible near
Philadelphia. Deane (Hague), thirty-two guns, taken by a Brit-
ish squadron near the Capes of the Chesapeake, before getting
to sea, 177$. Confederacy, thirty-two guns, taken by a ship-of-
theline off the Capes of Virginia. June 22, 1781. Hancock, thirty-
' two guns, taken in 1777 by the Rainbow, forty guns, and Victor,
sixteen guns. Flora, thirty-two guns, retook her prize. Ran-
dolph, thirty-two guns, blown up in action with the Yarmouth,
sixty-four guns, in 1778. Raleigh, thirty -two guns, taken by
the Experiment, fifty guns, and Unicorn, twenty-two gunB, 1778.
Washington, thirty-two guns, destroyed in the Delaware by the
British army, 1778, without getting to sea. Warren, thirty two
guns, burned in the Penobscot in 1779, to prevent her falling
into the enemy's hands. Queen of France, twenty-eight guns,
and Providence, twenty-eight guns, captured at Charleston,
1780. Trumbull twenty eight guns, taken by the Iris, thirty-
two guns, and General Monk, eighteen guns, 1781. Effingham,
twenty-eight guns, burned by the enemy iu the Delaware, 1778,
without getting to sea. Congress, twenty-eight guns, and
Montgomery, twenty-four guns, destroyed in the Hudson. 1777.
to prevent their falling into the enemy's hands, without getting
to sea Alfred, twenty-four guns, captured by the Ariadne and
Ceres in 1778. Columbus, twenty guns. Delaware, twenty-four
raptured by the British army in the Delaware in 1777.
Boston, twenty lour guns, captured at Charleston in 1780.
Hampden, fourteen guns. Reprisal, sixteen guns, foundered
at sea, 1778. Lexington, fourteen guns, taken by the British
cutter Alert, in the channel, 1778. Andrea Doria, fourteen guns,
burned iu the Delaware. 1777, to prevent her falling into the
enemy's hands. Cabot, sixteen guns, driven ashore by the
MUford, thirty-two guns, in 1777, and abandoned- Ranger,
eighteen guns, captured at Charleston by the British army,
17-n. Saratoga, sixteen guns, Inst at sea in 1780; never heard
of. Diligent, fourteen guns, burned in the Penobscot, 1778.
Gates, fourteen guns. Hornet, ten guns. Surprise, ten guns,
seized by the French government in 1777. Revenge, ten guns,
Bold in 1780. Providence, twelve guns, taken in the Penobscot
in 1779. Sachem, ten guns ; Wasp, eight guns; Independence,
ten guns ; Dolphin, ten guns, supposed to have been destroyed
in the Delaware by the enemy, or by the Americans to prevent
their falling into the enemy's hands. To these must be added
the following: Bonhomme Richard, forty guns, sunk after her
action with the Scrapie, forty-four guns, in 1779. Pallas, thirty-
two guns ; Vengeance, twelve guns ; Cerf eighteen guns, left
» Harney never lield a communion of captain from Cnn£r«aa during the
war, but §ucli was Ins commission from Pennsylvania wben be took command
.,1 the Hyder .Illy.
t Tli'ts vessel was formerly the American ■hip George Wotktneiort, CKp<
turn) by Admiral Arbutlmot, and placed in tlie king's service under a new
name. Sbe earned twenty nine -pounders, and bad a crew of DOC
anil thirty six men.
the service when the cruise with the Richard was ended. Ariel,
twenty guns, borrowed by the American commissioners hum
the Km- of Prance, and supposed to have been returned;
There vn re several more small cruisers, mounting from four
to ten guns; and it is belk-ved that Use the privateers, the most
of them fell Into the bands of more powerful and numerous
foes. The Due dr. Lauzun, the Luzerne, and the Washington,
may not be classed among the cruisers. Mr. Cooper says, in
it n mains only to say that the navy of the Rev-
olution, Like its army, was disbanded at the termination oi the
lly having nothing behind it but the recollections
of its services and sufferings."
Wiulfhoat Wabfahf.
Cupidity is often more powerful in its influence than patri-
otism. Every where these influences were antagonistic when
tli«> war nt the Revolution broke out Non Importation agree-
ments and the derangements of commerce made the country
barren of many luxuries, When the British were firmly n a1
ed in New York, and upon Long and Stnten Islands, they tempt-
ed the Americans with the gains to be derived from bartering
soil products for the finery of European looms and workshops.
A brisk business was soon established upon this basis ot ex-
change, and " London trading" as the operation was called,
assumed a dnngerous form, for it became a vehicle for the sup-
ply of the British army and navy here with the necessaries ot
life. From almost every inlet from New London to Shrews-
bury, light boats, freighted with provisions, darted across to the
islands, or to British vessels anchored in the channels. These
boats, similar to those used by whalers, were about thirty feet
in length, sharp and light, equipped with from four to twenty
oars, and well calculated for speed and silence. The trade be-
came so profitable, that honeet supplies did not meet the de-
mand, and many of these whale-boatmen became marauders.
They plundered from friend and foe, and both parties had
their representatives among them. Like the Cowboys and
Skinners, they frequently coalesced. Property was seized un-
der leeal sanction, confiscated, and the proceeds were divided
among them. So expert and successful were these boatmen,
that the same vessels were finally used for purposes purely
military, and the Bay of New York, and Long Island Sound,
were the scenes of many stirring adventures connected with
their warfare. Sometimes they were employed by compe
tent authority ; at other times they were privateers on a small
scale.
The first small-boat expedition of consequence was the one
mentioned on page 328, volume i., when Lord Stirling aud some
associates went in four boats and captured the British trans-
port Blue Mountain Valley, lying off Sandy IIook> b Jan. 33,
For this exploit they received the thanks of Congress. '■•■'■■
On the arrival of the British the following summer, Captains
A flam Hyler sndWni.Mexriner, of New Brunswick, New Jer-
sey, annoyed them so much, that an armed force was &< nt to
destroy their boats. New boats were immediately built, and
then these hold men commenced a regular system of hostility.
They cruised between Egg Harbor and Staten Island, and
every Tory fisherman was compelled to pay them enormous
tribute. Ilyler captured several small British vessels, and
often made unwelcome visits to Tories on Long Island He
carried off a Hessian major one night from Gowanus; Bur-
prised and took a sergeant's guard from Canarsie, and also car-
ried off Colonel Lott and his negroes from Flatlands, with, as
they supposed, two bags of guineas. The colonel was taken to
New Brunswick, where Hyler, on opening the bngs, discovered
the contents to he half pennies, belonging to fhe-chureb at
Flatlands. Hyler afterward, with two armed boats, captured
a British corvette in Cony Island Bay. They went softly along
side in the night, boarded her, and secured every man without
firing a shot. Placing their prisoners in their boats, they set
fire to the vessel, in which, unknown to Captain Hyler, were
forty thousand dollars in gold. After Lippincott, the refugee,
had murdered Huddy (see page 100) in 17-J. Hyler resolved
to seize him. With his men, equipped like a man of- war press
gang, he landed at Whitehall at nine in the evening, and pro-
ceeded to Lippincott's house in Broad Street The Tory was
absent, and Hyler's purpose was defeated. Leaving White-
hall, he boarded a sloop laden with forty hogsheads of rum, off
the Battery, secured the crew, landed her cargo at Elizabeth*
town, and then burned her. In some of these exploits Mar-
riner accompanied Hyler, and their names became a ten r to
6 1 6
SUPPLEMENT.
^t°om»" M^er'Z ht'etLge, seized him one fine
Bummer', right, and took him to New Brunswick^ Mnrnner
ed ^tnon Cortelyon, at his house helow Fort Hum.l
,', " MS,, and took him. with a silver tankard and
Mn.es. to New Brunswick. Cortelyon was released
ut the silver was never returned. These operations kept the
ovstsu. continual fear, and so numerous and bold became
^Connecticut whale-boatmen, that no vessels were consul
ered safe in the Sound unless well armed.
The capture of General Prescott, on Rhode Island by Col
Barton (see p. 643, vol. i.), belongs to the same kind ol «■
Sid the expeditions of Tallmadge mentioned on pages
U 628. might properly be classed in the same category. A
: v' weeks previous to the capture of Prescott, General Par-
•„ , „,,„ shinned near New Haven sent a dctac .men , un-
der Colonel Meigs, to destroy British stores collected at Sag
Harbor, a port on the south fork of Eastern Long Island be
ween Great Peconie and Gardiner's Bays. Meigs crossed the
Sound from Guilford, with one hundred and seventy men
m whale hosts, on the 23d. of May, 1777, having two armed
oC in company. They arrived at Southo d a, six c .clock
in the evening, and carried their boats almost eight miles that
Lht They 'lay concealed in the forest the next day and at
ev^ntag proceeded to the eastern portion of Peconit > Bay
where they re embarked. When within lour miles of Sag
Harbor ll concealed his boat, in the woods, and with one
hu died and thirty men marched to attack the Bn^guard
M.vM at two o'clock in the morning." The alarm soon
* nSr*' spread, and a schooner, armed with twelve cannons
onened a tire upon the patriots. It was returned with spirit,
and at the same ..me, the vessels in the harbor were set on
fire The Americans killed or captured the whole British force
destroyed all the shipping (twelve brigs and sloops) a hundred
.on of hay. a quantity of rum. and other stores and merchan-
dise. Colonel Meigs, with ninety prisoners arrived at Guil-
ford at two o'clock the next day, without the loss of a man.
„ Z I, ^r *is brilliant exploit Congress thanked h.m,l> and
1777. ' gave him an elegant sword.
Retahation followed the enterprise of Meigs, and the people,
on .sand and main, suffered much. At length nine Tones
cro ed the Sound in a whale-boat, from Lloyd's Neck, on a
dark night in May, to the Fairfield county coast, where Gen-
eral Si hman was stalioncd at his own house One of the To-
ies wa " carpenter who had been employed by the generaL
and iTnew the premises well. Leaving one to guard be boat,
lh« Proceeded to arrest the general. They forced an en^
Jan e [n.o liis house at midnight, seized him and his son and
hurrvm" them to the boat, crossed the Sound and placed them
:thye ha ids of Simcoe, at Oyster Bay. From thence they
Jones's Mansion.'
Lon- Island, lived the Honorable Thomas Jones, a Justice of
the Supreme Court of New York, and a Loyalist m high i .-
pute. He was selected as the victim. On the evening ol the
fourth of November, 1779, twenty five volunteers, under Cap-
tains Ilawley, Lockwood, and Jones, crossed the Sound 1,
Newneld (now Bridgeport) to Stony Brook near SmHhtown
and marched directly toward the house ot Judge Jones. 1 1m
remained conceal-
ed in the woods
one day, and the
following night, at
nine in the even
ing, were belbre
the stately man-
sion. The judge
was entertaining an
evening party, and
the young people
were engaged in
dancing when the
assailants knocked
at the door. Their
summons received no reply, and Captain Hawley broke open
the door, seized Judge Jones and a young man named Hew-
lett, whom they found standing in the passage, and hurried
them off before an alarm could be give... They lay concealed
in the woods the next day, and the following evening prison-
ers and captors arrived safely at Fairfield, except six ot the
patriots, who, loitering behind, were captured by pursuers.
Jud-e Jones was kindly entertained at the house ot General
Silliman, by his lady, until removed to Middletown. Ihe Al-
lowing May (1780) he was exchanged for General S.lhman, and
Mr. Hewlett for the general's sou.
Durin" 1780 and 1781 the whale-boat warfare was pursue!
along the shores of Long Island Sound with much violence,
and as both parties were engaged in plundering and smuggling,
the peaceful inhabitants suffered terribly. Murders became
frequent, and the Tories were stimulated to the commission
of acts of violence by the Board of Associated Loyalists, at
Lloyd's Neck. When that association was dissolved and its
influence had passed away, sanguinary scenes were less fre-
quent and in 1782 only occasionally an unprincipled freeboot-
er was found engaged in the business of a marauder. Many
stirring adventures, as well as tales of woe connected with
this warfare, are recorded, hut we can not afford space for
their rehearsal here. The clfrious reader will find lull details
in Onderdonk's Revolutionary Incidents of Long Island, vol-
ume i., pages 170-234 inclusive.
^I^^l
"ThfAmericans possessed no British prisoner of equal rank
with 4Tman to offer in exchange, but they soon procured
TC A Fort Neck (South Oyster Bay), on the south side o.
<° "I" '"" "-!r 'f „", | „ JeAtowe ;,,.ir™.., I lb.
;::;:';ll::-l;;;,;„:'(„:„.^e„i.i.o,-
at on, thousand florin, (about four hundred dollar8),and equal to three hund-
red and seventy five men. Oilier officers in proportion.
» This fine old mansion was the residence of D. R. Floyd Jones, Esq.,
when 1 visited it in 1851, and made the above sketch. It is a frame building,
and stands about three fourths of a mile from the water. Judge Jones called
it Two" Hall, in honor of Sir William Tryon. Over a door, opposite the
main entrance, hangs .pair of noble antlers, presented to the judge by Sn
William Johnson. They doubtless once belonged to a buck in the Mohawk
Valley The lar-e landed estate has remained in entail until the death of the
|„. Thomas Floyd Jones, Esq.. in Augu... 18SI. .1 having been in OO.ses.i0
i.l the family more than a century
and a ball". The original owner built
a substantial brick house there in
1695, where it remained until 1K17.
when it was removed. Many tale,
are recited of that haunted house ;
among others, that after the death of
the original owner, strange noise.
were heard there, and that a small
cular window, seen in the gable, cc
never be closed. Sashes, boards.and
even bricks and mortar placed in it.
were instantly removed by an invisi
hie power, equal lo that of the nip
, lpiritB ^four day! The sketch here given is from one done in pencil
,y William S. Mount, the eminent painter, when quite a lad. 11 IS It ill.,
possession of H.F Jon... E,... who,, residence is a l.tll.e.i.tw., r.l ,. Ir„-
... i, ■ The place ,s called Fort Ne, I. because remains of old 1. iJuu
,,„„ |,a,e alwuy, been visible there. Many arrow and spear bead, have
been. I in the neighborhood.
I The nunc, of the .is captives were George Lyman, James Ambler, Job,,
Wall. Charles German, Ebeu.t.r Chicl.es.er, and Henry C.i.hcer. Mr.
Amber died inl.un.inpoa. Vermont. ,nJi.ne..«:.S: W eJ in ...„ ..,.„.
M , on the twenty..,.'., of March, IMS, and Henry Chichester died
at Norwalk. Connecticut, ,n -BM
Ancient House.
S U P P L E M E N T.
g i ;
II.
Diplomacy.
Tiir Diplomacy of the United States during the war for In-
dependence is ttn intei
■ iv brilliant achievements by diplomatic art, but
because of the solid judgment and almost prophetic forecast
display* cil who conceived and
arranged the complicated plan, and those who were intrusts I
with its execution. It must be remembered that the Ami
mien who represented the revolted colonies had do beat
en track to follow, no traditionary canons to guide them.
Their position was a new one, hitherto unknown in the history
of nati' □ the American repreaentati
— of the hoary dynasties of Europe, the itv-h. free, rig-
orous principles of genuine Republicanism, unmixed with the
' i maxims of courts, were brought int.) con-
tact With the opinions and stately traditions of bur;- dcei
The task of the American diplomatist was consequently a dif-
ficult, though simple one, and he was compelled to be a polit-
ical inventor with scarcely an available model for a design.
It is known that the Congress of 1774 did not conten
a separation from the parent state, and hnd no foreign rela
tions to care for; but when, before the opening of the
Congress in May. 177"), hostilities had actually commenced in
New England, and the alternative offered was slavery 01 war,
the representatives of the people organized an army, appointed
a commander-in-chief, find soon began to reflect tip< n
fluence of the opinions of foreign nations. These thoughts fit
length found public expression, when, on the twenty-ninth of
November, 1775. Congress appointed Benjamin Harrison, l'r.
in, Thomas Johnson (the member who nominated Wash*
ingtou for commander-in-chief), John Dickenson, and John Jay,
a committee foi the purpose of carrying on foreign correspond-
ence, through friends
of America in Eu-
rope, and endeavor to
ascertain the \
fori i -mi governments
respecting American
This commit-
tee, though changed
tn persons, conducted
nil the foreign corre-
spondence of the Uni-
ted States until 1781,
when a" Department
of Fon
was established. On
the seventeenth of
April, 1777, Congress
i the name of
i Committee of
St cret Correspond-
tee of Foreign \i
fairs," and. at the
me, appointed
CCt/'iC
-Tl- Pi m
«raj born nt
Tbetford, En-
gland, in 17:17
He wm taught
llitbunowl*
stay-maker, but
tus let
simple corpore
al employment,
and lie took part
in public affaire.
He became ac-
quainted » ,ii.
Doctor Frank-
lin in England,
a and, by the ad-
rice of tlmt
statesman, lie
came to Amer
wn in 1774
Here he com
IMISEed tlie use
of Ilia pen in
fan ir of tlie in
Thorns luential papers called "The
Crisis,*' secretary to the committee, with a salary of seventy
dollars u month. It was a p respon-
sibility, and Ps ears ti have conducted the
: ly until he engaged in a quarrel with Silas Deane, ami
imprudently n ecrcts.
1" Ms I ongress appointed Silas Deane, of Con-
it a commercial and political agent of the United States
i" the French court, with Instructions to make the want* oi
the Aon ricans officially known to tlie Count De Vergennes, the
French Minister foi Foreign Affairs, and to
""■nt ol | the : struggling to
be itvl'. to cultivate friendly relations, Deane was also in
i to elicit the vi< ws of the French court n
alliance with the colonies, should they declare themselves in-
dependcnl oi Qreal Britain. Arthur Lee. who had been for
ecret correspondence w Ith members
n •--. and esp. cj illy with the S< en I Committee, wen
approached by Carron De Beaumarchais, aspects! agent of the
French government, almost simultaneously with the appoint-
ment of Dean.-. Beaumarchais informed Lee thai the king de-
■ -end two hundred thousand Louis d'ors, in arms, am-
munition, and ccret manner to the Americans, It
reed that the remittance should he made by way of
Francois, in thi mi ol Hortales, and all the
arrangi ■ . .ltt(.r
ward carried out were planned as early as April. 1776. To
ction a mercantile complex i . lantlry
i to be sent back in return. After Beaumarchais
be and Lee corresponded, partly in cipher.
mer as Roderiqtte Hortales «V Co, and the latter in the
name ol Mary Johnson. This arrangement was submitted t.>
- nd of May. The kin^ was pleased, and
immediately directed tlie royal treasurer to hold a million of
livres subject to the particular order of Verge nni - the M i
for Foreign Affairs. All the writing in the matter was done
by a son of Vergei 1 of fifteen, and the who!.- transne
tion was kept a profound secret Deane arrived in Paris in
July, and his interview with Vergennes was mutually satis
factory. The French court had perceived a good opportunity
to damage England, and had resolved to improve it It did
not desire war with her, and so Bourbon duplicity was em
ployed to its fullest extent The appointment of Deane ap-
pears to have been known in London before his arrival in Eu-
rope, and Lord Stormont, the British minister in Pans, watched
his movements with the keen eye of suspicion. Other spli i
were there, ami Vergennes took the enrliesl opportunity to cnu-
tion Deane concerning them, and advised him to be exceeding'
ly circumspect in all his words and actions.
In Aug i tifi I tlie unofficial arrangements of Lee
with the French government, by which, under the mask of
commercial business, it was to supply tlie Americans with all
they needed without any expectation of payment therefor. Beau
ly addressed a letter to the Secret Com
mittee oi Congress, in the name of Roderiqtte Hortales tf Co.,
which, disguised in commercial phrases, expressed the senti-
ments of the French court. He informed them that his house
had been established for the sole purpose <>t furnishing the
Americans with every thing needful — ■• even gold for the pay-
ment of troops." In another letter, he intimated that the King
of Spain was friendly to the Americans, and it was upon this
hint that Congress soon afterward appointed a commissiouei
to the Spanish court. In all these expressions of good will, .
dependence of tlie colonic*, ami In* "Crisis" sud I ■,■-•' (irt>
duced a powerf ■ 1 1 first an retarj oftlie
tea of Fon Iflce lie resigned wi Januirj
but rontiniird the i i .><• of liberty. In 1790 Paine v*.
ind, where lie prod " 1 Lights of Mnn." He went to Frame,
and taking pan in Tiie Revolution then ]"";;re"*in;:, Ill obtained a seat m the
Assembly, He offended the Jacobina, was impriaoned, snJ came
near being I that he wr'ile tlie most cousid.
I ■ H I . ■ I ■ ■ \-... ,. ,
i' a boose m Orov« Street, hTew York, on the eighth of June
lit the age of seventy two years. He \w boried on ins farm, at New Ro-
ettelle, which Hie ited to him for bia Re volm
William Cobbett bad IiU remains taken np ■ I
In November, 1839, the beautiful mat r delineated in the engrav.
to his memory, over Ins grave nenr New Roclielle, by las
i political and rel g t'pon it i* the simple inscription,
TtlOmut Peine, Author nf'l V,mm-.„ StUMt I be likenCM if Paine here given
is from a medallion in w»», when Paine w*a
h P riah 1798. It is pronounced by those wbo knew the original well to L*
a faithful likeness of the man.
r. i-
SUPPLEMENT.
and the promises of aid, F.enumarchais was the mouthpiece
'if the French court, ami to him, its secret agent, the one million
of lures, or about one hundred and eighty-five thousand dol-
lars, was given from the French treasury, to be sent to the
Americans as " gratuitous assistance from the free generosity
of the king." The sequel was vexatious.
When the resolution declaring the colonies independent
was fairly before Congress, the attention of that body was turn-
ed to the subject of foreign alliances. Opinions were more
various upon this topic than that of independence, many re-
garding it with favor, others with doubt, and some with the
most decided aversion. " A virgin state should possess the
a Marcb, virgin character," wrote Dr. Franklin to Arthur Lee, a
1777. "and not go about suitoring for alliances, but wait
with decent dignity for the application of others." This was
his opinion from the beginning, and those of like views thought
it more dignified to carry on the war to a close and establish
independence without foreign aid. and then let the commercial
advantages which alliances with the new state must offer to
the European governments, make them the suitors. Others
feared that alliances would entnng)e the states in European
politics, and make them parties, perhaps, to European wars.
But John Adams and a majority of Congress viewed the matter
differently, and counseled the adoption of measures for secur-
ing as early as possible the friendship, material aid, and, if
practicable, a political alliance with France. Spain, and Hol-
land, in particular. Acting upon this opinion of the majority,
Congress, on the twelfth of June, 1776, appointed John Dick-
enson, Dr. Franklin, John Adams, Benjamin Harrison, and Rob-
ert Morris a committee "to prepare a plan of treaties to be
proposed to foreign powers." Richard Henry Lee and James
Wilson were added to that committee in August, and on the
seventeenth of September, Congress adopted a plan, and ap-
pointed Dr. Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee commission-
Vergen.nes.'
<fcV.
-m *%ar£*
Signatures of the Commissioners.?
ers to proceed to France to negotiate a treaty of commerce,
and attempt to gain a recognition of the Independence of the
United States. They were instructed to ask for twenty or
thirty thousand muskets and bayonets, and a large supply of
ammunition and field-pieces, to be sent under a French con-
voy, not as gratuitous aid, but to be paid for by the United
States, the latter agreeing not to assist Great Britain in the
event of a war ensuing between France and that country as a
consequence cf such material aid. They were to insist, also,
that in the event of war, France should make no demonstra-
tions against English territory on the continent of America,
and that the trade of any other colony of Great Britain which
might fall into the hands of the French, should be entirely
free to the United States. A few weeks afterward, the com-
missioners received instructions to procure from the court of
France, either by purchase or loan, eight lineof-battle ships, of
sixty tour and seventy-four guns, well manned and equipped.
Deane was already in Paris, and Lee was in London. The
commissioners met on the twenty second of Decem-
ber^ and on the twenty-eighth they had their first au.
dience with the Count De Vergennes. They were politely re-
- Jburnatr o/ Congrcu, ii., L9&
t These I copied from :i manuscript letter from tlie commissioners to John
>OM, dated at ■' Pas*}, near Par:* [the residence of Dr. Franklin],
Dae ember 17, 1777"
ceived, and copies of their papers were sent to D'Antml.t 'ho
Spanish embassador at
Faris. About a fortnight
c Jan. 13, afterward,^ Mr.
177T- Gerard, secre-
tary to the Council of
State, read to the com-
missioners a paper Mail-
ed by the king himself,
in which, while he ex-
pressed great sympathy
for the Americans, he
refused openly to give
them material aid or ac-
knowledge their inde-
pendence. He secretly
made them a donation
from the royal excheq-
uer of about three hund-
red and seventy thousand dollars, and permitted the commis-
sioners to purchase such public supplies as they pleased, on
private account. All this was done under the aduce of Ver-
gennes, and of Turgot, the controller-general of France- Cau-
tion marked their movements, for they were unwilling to cast
down the gauntlet to England until assured of the real strength
of the revolted colonies, and the utter improbability of their
reconciliation with the mother country.
Disasters befell the arms of the United States during the au-
tumn of 1776, and Congress looked anxiously toward Eu-
rope for aid in the struggle. Commissioners to for- a Pet. 30.
eign courts were appointed.*! William Lee was 1776-
sent to Prussia
and Austria ;
Ralph Izard to
the Grand
Duchy of
Tuscany ;
and Arthur Lee (when Dr. Franklin declined the office) to
Spain. The commissioners at the French court were in-
structed to of-
fer France the
aid of the Uni-
ted States in
the conquest
oftheWeBt In-
dies, and like
aid was offer-
ed to Spain in
the subjuga-
tion of Portu-
gal. Nothing
of importance
was effected,
and France
alone aided the
United States dur-
ing 1777,t through
the agency of Beau-
marchais, in the
name of Rodcriqut
HoTtales *V Co., while
at the same time,
the king was giving the British embassador assurances that
government had no agency in the matter.
* Charles Gravier, Count De Vergennes, was bom at Dijon, France, on
the twenty-eiglith of December, 1717 His first diplomatic aervite was tint
of attache to Charigny, while on missions to Lisbon and Frankfort. In 1750
lie was appointed minister to tlie Electoral court of Trier. In 17."<5 be w;is
sent to Constantinople for tlie express purpose of exciting a war between lie
Porte and Russia. He wa9 afterward minister to Sweden, and when Louis
X V 1 ascended tbe throne iu 177-1, lie was called to the cabinet as minister
for foreign affairs, ami the king's confidential adviser. He remained in that
office vutil his death, wl.icn occurred on the thirteenth of February, 1787.
f Arti or Lee went to Berlin during the summer of 1777, and unoflicially
made overtures to the Prussian government. The court would not listen, be
. ; romise bad been made to (irc.it Britain not to interfere in the quar
rel. While there, Lee had his papers stolen from his room. The theft was
traced to the British minister, who, perceiving the police on the alert, caused
them to be returned to Lee's apartment unopened. The king was so in
censed, that when the British embassador called to make an explanation, ha
rel used lum audience.
| Luuis was born on the twenty-third of Marcb, 1754, and in 1770 married
Louis xvi.;
St* PPLEMENT.
r> 10
At the close of 1777 the future of the struggling colonies
grew brighter in both bemisj heres. The Burn
goyue with his whole army, to the unaided Americun
the world assurance i W-born nation,
and the character of the rebellion assumed the more dig
aspect of a successful revolution. The assurances that n rec-
onciliation between Great Britain and her colonies would
y take place, industriously circulated in diplomatic cir-
cles by English emissaries, were now regarded as fictions, for
not only the voire of the American Congress, but the known
acts of the people, emphatically declared their intention to
maintain their independence.* The commissioners embraced
this propitious moment to press with earnestness their suit
with France and Spain. They w< ifui, and on the
seventeenth ol December,* Mr. Gerard informed them
that flie king had determined to acknowledge the inde-
pendence of the United States, and to form an honorable alli-
ance with them. Treaties to this effect were Bigned on the
sixth of February following,*) on the pnrt of France by
Conrad Alexandre Gerard, and of the United States by
0 1778
Benjamin Franklin. Silas
Deane. and Arthur Lee.1
The terms ofth<
ies were honorable to
both parties, and the
United States then as-
sumed that dignified re-
lation to foreign powers
which they have ever
maintained.
At the beginning of
his mission. Dr. Franklin
was put in communica-
tion with the French
government, on the sub-
ject of supplies, through
Dr. Dubourg. That gen-
fX
tie man warned the com-
missioners to beware of
Beaumarchais, who was
a man of pleasure, and
an adventurer. Cireirn-
Btances afterward justi-
fied this warning. When,
toward the close of 1777,
Beaumarchais ,
ed the tendency of the
French government to-
ward an undisguised al-
liance with the United
States, he also perceived
that the buaine*.
ations of Roderigut Hor-
tales if Co- must close.
Dr. Franklin ;
Maria J ntoinette. of Austria. On the death of his grandfather, be
U.e throne of France in i774, at the age of twenty ye*re. TLe Count De
■- was made his minister for foreign nffjirs ; Turgot of the finances;
MaJesherbes became a counselor of state ; Sartine directed marine affair* ;
an.1 Uie old Count Haarepaa was made his prime minister. At Um
our war with Grest Britain, a revolutionary spirit was in powerful, though
suppressed, operation in France. It broke out in 1789, when the Bastilewaa
destroyed, and the authority of the king defied. Soon the reign of terror be-
gan, anc during that bloody era, the king and queen, and a Tail number of
noble?, were beheaded. Louis was amiable in private life, and, no doubt, was
. .Jesirousofsen.r !;- wag a weak man,
and entirely unfitted to brave the "storm which swept over his unhappy com.
try.
• fin the twenty- second of November, 1777, Congress inatrucled its repre-
sentatives abroid to declare that no reconciliation with Great Britain, incon-
. th the independence of the colonies, sno-ild tale place.
King of Spain refused 10 enter into any alliance. The extraordinary
letter oft.ouis tohim on this «m- -7. volume L, oftlus
work. The reader is invited to peruse it in connection with our present rec-
ord of the movements of the French government in the path of consummate
J This is from an excellent medallion likeness, made in the red clay of
He had power to fill his own puree to repletion, and he aaed
it. He * nl BB Bgi nt to America to demand li
full payment for all supplies shipped to the Secret Committee
!o!*f \ C».. in tin- Amphitrtte, Mercury, and Seine. Thn
amount claimed was about ceven hundred and thirty tin
dollars. The agent brought b litter from Silas Deane,
tin? that the claim was just.* Congress wa< perplexed, Theil
commisalonera had given tin Becrel I mi Ereque\it ns-
6urances that no return would be required for those supplies
Their treasury was scantily supplied, and the Continental bills
were rapidly depreciating. At length Congress paid the agent
of Beau mari-hm s twenty thousand dollars, and promised the
Oder at a future dny.c Franklin and Lee c March 33,
heard of this tinjust claim in time to address a let- 177K
ter to the Secret Committee, and send it with the treaties ot
alliance and commerce. Thej ndl a to allow fur-
ttlementa to be made by the commissioners themselves
Nothing was done in the mutter for several months, "hen the
commissioners asked the French government tor information
on the Bubject The king coolly denied all knowledge of the
house of Roderique Hortalu <V Co., and that any government
aid to the Americans had been allowed. He asserted that
Beaumarchais had been allowed to take supplies from the pub
lie arsenals, but on condition that they were to he replaced.
These falsehoods were intended lor the ears of the British
ministry, to conceal falsehoods previously uttered with all the
gravity of royal faith ! Congress dare not attempt either an
explanation or defense, forfear of offending his " most Cnnstian
majesty;" and, rather than compromise French honor, the Se-
cret Committee made drafts on the commissioners at Paris, in
favor of Beaumarchais, for almost four hundred thousand dol-
lars. These were ultimately paid. According to Beaumar-
chais's account, a balance was yet due him, and he continued
to press the payment until 1794, when it was discovered, for
the first time, that he had received from the now decapitated
king the million of livres given for the Americans in 1776. Thi.-*
sun. with the interest, was properly charged to him, and the
balance was paid from the treasury of the United States. And
yet his heirs were dissatisfied, and afterward actually applied
to Congress for more money.
The treaties between France and the United States were not
promulgated until March.d in order that the former
might recall its fishermen, withdraw its commerce, no-
tiy its colonies, and prepare for war. This accomplished, the
French embassador
in London informed
the British ministry
of the fact, and at
about the same time
Doctor Franklin and
his BBS
openly presented at
court by Vergennes.
Mr. Gerard, who had
been an active partic-
ipator in the negoti-
ations, was appoint-
ed minister plenipo-
tentiary to the United
St ites, and in April
sailed in the Lan-
guedoc, D'Ksl
flagship, in compa-
ny with Mr. Deane.
Psmj "i VtTl, when Dr. Franklm resided there. It b abogt half i!.-- ^c- ol
the original, A portrait of Franklin dmu be found among those of the signer*
of the Declaration of Independence, in the frontispiece toUie second volume
of tins work.
* Congress became dissatisfied with Deane. and he was recalled in the
snmrner of 1778. His statements were not satisfactory, and because he wa§
censured, he published an address, in which he boasted of having, without
funds, procured large supplies of military stores abroad for Hie u
United Slates, and otherwise lauded hi* own services. Paine, the secretary
0 affaire, replied to Deane, undrr the bead "f " Common Sense to
the public on Mr. Deane's affairs." Pajne imprudently revealed some of the
secrets of the earlier transactions of Arthur Lee and Beaiimarcbnis, which,
in ine opinion ol the French minister. Compromised the honor of hi* king.
That minister demanded of Congress a disavowal of the statements of P.iine
To quarrel with 'France then would, perhaps, have been fatal to the inde
pendence of the United States. Paine was dismissed from office (or, rather,
eo\to avoid the disgrace of dismissal), and Congress, by a formal res
olution in January, 1779, declared that the supplies sent by the French we u-
aolprtitmi, and that the king " did not preface his alliance with any supplies
S U P P L E M E N T.
s 1776.
Ihiy arrived at Philadelphia early in July." On the
thirteenth, a committee of Congress was appointed to
receive the French envoy. There being no traditionary rules
uf etiquette suitable for the occasion, the ceremonials which
took place on the sixth of August were entirely new* On the
twenty-first of October following, Dr. Franklin was appointed
by Congress minister plenipotentiary to the court ot Versailles
(as the French government was styled)-the first appomtment
of the kind bv the United States.
War between France and England was the immediate con-
sequence of the promulgation of the treaties, and the United
States confidently expected the co-operation of Spain with her
French ally and friend. But Charles the Third atlected indig-
nation because Louis had made so favorable a treaty, and re-
fused to join in any political or commercial alliance unless the
United States would relinquish all right to the navigation ot
the Mississippi, and, indeed, to the whole country west oi the
Alleghany Mountains. Doubtless the true cause of his coldness
toward the United States was his fear that a successful revo-
lution in North America might produce those similar results,
in his own provinces in South America and Mexico, which
have since taken place. Charles, however, oflered his medi-
ation between England and France. Great Britain atlected to
listen favorably to the proposition, and, in the mean while, an
agent was sent from London to confer with Dr. Franklin upon
terms of reconciliation between the parent state and the col-
onies. A dissolution of the tie which bound the United States
and France was the paramount object to be gained by Great
Britain and the French government observed the movement
with much uneasiness. The subject was brought before Con-
gress, and formed the staple of debate for a long time. No
satisfactory result was accomplished, and finally the British
government haughtily rejected the proposition of the United
states formally to acknowledge their independence as a basis
l„r reconciliation and peace. The offer of Charles of Spain to
mediate was also rejected, and in June. 1779, Spain joined
France and declared war against Great Britain. This event
gave the Americans much joy.
whatever .eat to America." This declaration gave entire vital*, Ic to
claim, of B..um.rcU.ia, and out of tenderne,. lor the honor of the king,
which was wrapped up in duplicity and falsehood, and for fear of offending an
,||, of doubtful integrity. Congress stooped to deception, and paid a licentious
"d'venlurer employed l.y tl.e French court, more than half a million of dol
"" ^etZung^ngUun. =r.h. ceremonial, on the occasion I.
from LymanM <£*— iT* «—,«■?■ ' ' "' "££5SZ,£
-erenionial established by Congress, the Honorable Richard Henry Lee,
F,„ one ol the delegale, from Virginia, and Ibe Honorable S.mue Adams,
E^: one of.be delegate, from Massacbu.e.U Bay. in a coach and .„ : p„,
elded by Congress, wa.ted upon Ibe minuter at his bouse 1 . a few minute.
He minister and the two delegates entered the coach, Mr. Lee placing him-
Z,( at the minister', left hand on the back seat. Mr. Adams occupying he
', nt J.. to master's chariot being behind, received hi, .ecre.ary The
Tm-e. being arrived at the State House in this city, the two member, of
ConlrTa. P cinV.hems.lv.. at to minis.er's left hand, a little belore one
S T n.luced him .o l„s chair in the Congre.s Chamber, .be preside,
r-nu.ress silting Tl.e mini.ler being .eated. he gave his credential, into
StS^rtn^^^ss
e.) themselves. In a moment u.e mmister sat down, and
giving a to, y , j ,|fe e„denl pronounced their
ThepresidentandlheCongressm n . ,' _,wer bein» ended, tl.e
Congress and to - "»^f ,£ ".? „,., aml ton to to Congre,., who al.o
;te^: r - and to m,n,,,er having bowed to the preside... and re
bowed ,n re r ^ 1](ime ,„ ,,,„ „me ,„.„„er ,„
:, C, g'-.s formed a semicircle on each .ideo. he president an . -
' ,., ih. nresident sitting nt one extremity of the circle at a .able upon
^IX a'^wo ..ep-.be minister -^^ — ~
fat ;„i. in nn arxn-cbitir upon tie same level with the Congress.
hundred BOtlern.n were admitted to th. audience, amoog whom were .lie
;...;,.,„ of to Supreme K,er„,,e Council "-<JJ^
„„. »..niliv. Council the Speaker and members of the House ol As.em
iZ "IZ".. wa", conduced with . decomin sui.ed to th. OCC«.,on,
•nd gave perfect .sli.fnrtion 10 the whole company
On the twenty sixth of September, 1779, Congress appointed
John Jay* full min-
ister to the court
of Madrid, to nego-
tiate treaties or am-
ity and commerce,
and to obtain loans
or subsidies. At
the same time, John
Adams, a rival can-
didate for the Span-
ish mission, was ap-
pointed minister to
the court of Great
Britain, to negotiate
a treaty of peace.
Mr. Jay sailed to-
ward the cose of
the year, but, being
driven to the West
Indies by a storm,
he did not reach
Cadiz until March
following. Spain not having acknowledged the independence
of the United States, at first refused to receive him as an
American minister, and he was for some time engaged with
Count Florida Blanca, the Spanish premier, in informal ne-
gotiations. In the mean while, M. Gerard was succeeded by
the Chevalier De Luzerne.b who came invested fc Kov _ 1779
with more ample powers, as well as limited au-
thority from Spain to negotiate with the United States con-
cerning territories and boundaries in America. The Spanish
court coveted possession of all the territory west of the Al-
leghanies, and the exclusive navigation of the Mississippi.
Luzerne was instructed to procure a definite expression lrom
Congress on this subject The matter was laid before Con-
gress, and on the seventeenth of September, 1780, a committee,
consisting of Messrs. Madison, Sullivan, and Duane, presented
an able document containing reasons for the claim of the
Americans to all the territory west of the Alleghanies which,
by the treaty of 1763, was conceded to Great Britain. Copies
of this paper were sent to the courts of France and Spain, and
formed the basis of negotiations. Mr. Jay, with all his ability,
could make no impression upon the Spanish court, though in-
defatigable in his endeavors to negotiate a loan. Not doubting
his success on that point, Congress drew upon Mr. Jay, at six
months, for considerable sums. Spain kept her purse-strings
closed, and it was only by the aid of Dr. Franklin that Mr. Jay
was able to meet the drafts at maturity, and preserve the credit
of the United States from injury in Europe. At length the
Spanish monarch promised small loans; and, finally, Mr. Jay
was informed that if he would yield to the terms of Spain re-
specting the navigation of the Mississippi, the required funds
* John Jay, a descendant of a Huguenot family, was born in the city ol
New York, on the twelfth of December, 17-15. He entered King's (now Co-
lumbia) College in 1760, and graduated in 1764 with the highest collegiate
honors. He was admitted to the bar in 1768, and in 1774 be married a daugh-
ter ol" William Livingston, afterward governor of New Jersey. He was ap-
pointed one of .he committee of fifty patriots in New York in 1774, and from
that time he was an active and zealous friend to .he cause of freedom in
America. He was a member of .he first Continental Congress, where bis
pen did good service in drawing up .tate papers of great moment. He wa.
also a member of the Provincial Congress of New York, and one of the most
active men in the Committee of Safely. He prepared the draft of the Con
stitution of New York in 1777, and wa. appointed the first chief justice under
it. In 1779 be went on a mission to Spaio, and was one of the parties in the
concluding arrangements for peace between the United States and Great
Britain. He relumed to Amer.ca in July, 1784, when he was elected secre-
tary for foreign affairs. He held that office until
the adoption of the Federal Constitution, of which
he was a warm friend. On the organisation ofthe
new government, Washington nominated him for
chief ju.tice of the United States. He held this
office until 1794, when he was appointed minister
to Great Britain. He relumed in 1795. and found
himself governor elect of the Stale of New York.
He wa. governor until
1801, when he retired
/ r r ^ from public lite to hi.
■ / ' V C^SKS »■ **' paternal estate at Bed-
/ ford, in West Chester
V _/ county, where he died
on th. .eventeenth of Mav. 1859, in the eighty fourth year of his age. Tho
signature here g.vea, together will, the post mark, 1 copied from his fraol to
a letter written in Philadelphia in 177&
S U P P I. E M E N T
651
would be furnished He promptly refused acquiescence, but
subsequently, under instructions Irom Congress, given in Feb-
ruary, 1781, he consented to yield the free navigation of the
Mississippi, ad high as the thirty first degree of latitudi I .
was so much short of what Spain asked, that the Di
remained at this point until 1782, when Mr. Jay was called to
Paris.
In September, 1778, a plan for s commercial treat) betv ei
Holland and the United States was unofficially proposed to
William Lee, by Van Berkel, pension oryoj Amsterdam It was
submitted to Congress. approved, ami, - i itt« r the nppuint-
inent of Jay and Adams, Henry I, aniens* whs commission! 1
minister plenipotentiary to the States General of Holland, to
negotiate a commercial treaty. Mr: did not sail for Europe un-
til in the summer ol 17-0. r]*lie vessel that bore him was cap-
tured by n British frigate near Newfoundland, Mr. Laurens
^r^
cast his papers overboard, but they were recovered by n sea-
man, and, with the bearer, were taken to London. After an ex-
amination before the Privy Council, Mr. Laurens was commit-
ted to the Tower on a charge of high treason, where he was
kept in close confinement more than a ycar.t He was finally
* Henrj Laurens, a descendant of a Huguenot family, was born in Charles-
ton in \~l\. At a proper age lie entered into mercantile business, and on
closing il witli bis partner in 1770, lie retired with a lar^e li-rtune. He went
to England in 1771, and there he warmly espoused the patriot <auae. He
returned lo Charleston in 177 I, and [.n-nded over the first Provmi nil Con
gret », held in that city in January, I77& He waa elected president "I" the
I <>f Safety, an office equivalent to that of governor. He was elected
a delegate lo the Continental Congress, and on the first of November, 1777,
waa appointed president of that body. He resigned the chair in 177S, and
the next year waa appointed minister to Holland. On his way the vessel
was captured . he waa sent to London, and was imprisoned more than a year
hi the Tower, He was cruelly deprived of pen and ink, and the converse
of friends. Twite he waa approached with offers of pardon and liberty , a lie
Would serve the mini«try Each offer was indignantly rejected by biffi H>
was at length liberated, and Lord Shelbame desired him to proceed to Ver-
sailles end assi-t in the negotiation* then making for peace. He joined the
commissioners, and signed the provisional treaty. His confinement in the
Tower injured his health, and, after Ins return to Charleston, it ,-
failed, until the eighth of December, 17''.', when he expired, near the close
of h.* sixty ninth year. His will concluded with Ibe following request, which
was complied with: "I solemnly enjoin it on my son as an Indiepeu table
duty, that, as soon as he conveniently can alter my decease, he cause mjr
body to be wrapped in twelve yards of tow cloth, and burned until it be en-
tirely consumed, and then, collecting my bones, deposit them wherever he
may think proper."
+ At this time his son, Colonel John Laurens, who was afterward killed on
the Combahee (see page 57), volume ii.), was at the court of France, a spe-
cial minister sent by Congress to solicit a loan of money and supplies. He
arrived there in the Alliance early in the spring of 1781. He immediately en.
tered upon the duties of his mission with all the ardor of his nature, and soon
became impatient of the delays which he. experienced on the part of the
French mini-try. In earnestly pressing bis suit with Vergennes one day,
that adroit diplomatist reminded hirn that perhaps he had forgntten loot he
was not delivering the orders of his commander n chief, but addressing the
l in I went to France to assist in the negotiations for
peace. Among his papers waa the plan for n treaty with BoK
I ui'i ; 11I-" -■■■ ■ ■] :i! i- iter- which disclosed the friendship of the
State* Genera] for the Americans. The British ministry were
irritated, ami the subsequent refusal of Holland t<> disclaim the
net of Van Berkel eaused Great Britain to declare war against
that republic. In the mean while, Mr. Adams, whose mission
to London was fruitless of Immediate results, had been ap-
pointed fi nmimi sinner to negotiate tor loans with the State.
General.* In December* he was made full minister,
with power tn negotiate a treaty of amity and com-
merce. In April lull.. win- lie presented to the States General
an argumentative memorial on tin- subject of a commercial
tn itj . and En August following, at the instance ol the French
court. Congress instructed him to propose a triple alliance be-
two □ 1 ranee, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and
d ted States, limited In its duration to the existing war
with Great Britain. Holland moved as slowly as Spain, and
(it the beginning of 1789 no reply had been given. Holland
had not acknowledged the Independence of the United States,
and Mr. Adams had not been officially received as a miniate]
fi. came impatient, and on the ninth of Januaryb he
demanded a categorical answer to his memorial and b l78B
the proposition for a triple alliance. His views were BUpportcd
by the merchants and manufacturers, and on the twenty-second
of April the independence of the United States was formally
ai knowledged by the States General, by the reception ol Mr
Adams tu i ml ai ador. A treaty of amity and commerce was
not concluded until October following.
While the attempts at negotiation with Spain and Holland
were in progress, the coalition known as the Armed Neutrality
(see note on page 468, volume ii.) was formed. Congress ap-
proved of the position taken by the Kmpress of Russia, and
toward the close of 1780. Francis Dana was appointed minister
to the court of St. Petersburgh, with instructions to conci de,
on bt half of the United States, the principles of the coalition,
and to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce. In the mean
while, Catharine had offered to mediate between Great Britain
and her Continental foes in arms. Great Britain accepted the
mediation, but France would not reply until the opinion of Un-
American Congress was obtained. Luzerne communicated
With that body in May, 1781. Congress assented, and appoint
ed Mr. Adams sole negotiator upon the subject. The French
court did not like the appointment, tor Mr, Adams could not
be molded to its will. A congress of ministers was proposed
to be held at Vienna. Mr. Adams went to Paris In July to con-
ault with Vergennes, when the question arose as to what would
be his relative position in that Congress. He claimed to be
there as the representative of an independent state. France
coincided in his views, but Great Britain haughtily demand-
ed a separation of France from the " revolted colonics" before
ould consent to negotiate. She would not allow tin-
United States to be treated as an independent power. The
views of Russia and other imperial courts were coincident
with those of Britain, and Mr. Adams therefore peremptorily
refused to attend the Congress at Vienna at all. The Congress
was not convened in consequence of this refusal, and that fact
was a clear annunciation that the United States had already
made r, drcp irnpr. — jnn upon the politics of Europe.
The capture afComwallis and his army in October, 1781,
convinced all parties In England of the folly of a further pros-
ecution nf the war. In March, 1782, Parliament resolved on
peace. Lord North resigned, the Marquis of Rockingham suc-
ceeded him in office, and Lord Shelburne and Mr. Fox were
minister of a monarch who hod every disposition to fnvor Ins-country. Lau-
rens withdrew to the opposite side of the room, end replied with empha.s.«,
" Favor, s.rl The reaped wliicli f owe to mj country will not admit the term.
Say that the obligation in mutual, and I cheerfully subscribe tn the obligation.
Bute* toe Jut argument 1 shall offer to your excellency, the aword win. h I
now wear in defense of France, a* well as my own country, unless the succor
I solii .t ii immediately accorded, f may he compelled, within a short time,
. tfnal France ai a British subject. ] must now inform your ex-el.
lenci t lii t my nest memorial will he presented to bis majesty in person."
Tim bold reply had great effect upon Vergennes, for the reconciliation of
tain and the United States he most dreaded. True tn his promise,
fjAUrena atti-iid--d at the audience-Chamber of the king the next day, and pre-
sented his memorial in person to his majesty. It was handed to Count Se-
gur. and on the following day Laurens wa« offli ISJly informed that the re.
quired aid should be given. The succor came, and in the autumn, hy the
assistance of French funds, and French soldiers and seamen, Cornwallia waa
captured, and tlie death blow of British j.r.w-r in America wai given.
" Three separate loans were finally effected, amounting in the aggregate lo
one million seven hundred thousand dollars.
652
made secretaries of state. Richard Oswald was immediately
sent to France to confer with Vergennes on the si bject of
peace After several interviews, he resigned the matter into
Z hands of Thomas Grenville, a son of the author o he
Stamp Act hv whom an informal agreement was made fat
a a,V should he conducted, having, so iar as the United
St c were concerned, the acknowledgment of their inde-
nendence as a oasis. While these negotiations were in prog-
res" Rockingham died, and was succeeded in ofhee by Lo.d
"helbume Grenville was recalled, and the negotiations were
ief .." he hands of Mr. Fitzherbert. On the twentyfitth of
My Parliament adopted a bill to enable the king to consent
SUPPLEMENT.
to the independence of the colonies, and the monarch signed
it though with reluctance. Richard Oswald was ™rned,ately
appointed, w„h full powers, to negotiate a treaty ot peace wh
;he United States. Great efforts had been made to induce
France and the United States to enter into separate treaties,
bUTh: Amerif n" —rs in Europe differed in respect to the
character of the French court. Franklin had great _fatth in U
integrity, and was desirous of deferring to its judgment. Adams
was « independent, and always assumed *•*"£*£
ity when suing for benefits. Jay coincided with Adams, ana
eh convinced that the French court desired to keep the Amor.
cans in a secondarv position. These conflicting opinions pre,
wed no serious difficulty, and Franklin and Jay prepared for
he work before them. Oswald did not show his author*, to
S the American commissioners on terms ot independ
ence hereupon Mr. Jay positively refused to have any thing
,0 do with the matter. He insisted that the recognition ot u-
JepenI nee should be preliminary to any treaty and ^tha
ESSo^ce^^^™^
nrely satisfactory, and he applied to the ministry for new n
structions Another commission was issued on the twenty
tt oft Ptember. and a day or two afterward Mr. Adams ar-
rived from the Hague and joined the commission.
White discussions with Mr. Oswald were progressing Mr
Jayre Turned negotiations with the Spanish court, through the
£as£atsiSKa.sst:.=
this fact confirmed the suspicions which Mr. Jay entertaineu
of Ga flic faith Still further to confirm this suspicion, a letter
^m Marbois, Charge d'Affaires from France to Congress, in
arrived from London and joined the commission. He opposed
the Loyalist claim, and as the American commissioners were
unanimous and immovable on this point, Mr. Oswald yielded.
On the thirtieth of November, 1783, preliminary articles were
ei-med by Richard Oswald on the part of England, and by John
Aaams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens or,
the part of the United States. The following were the chief
points of the treaty : The independence of the thirteen states
was unqualifiedly recognized: the Mississippi was made the
western boundary, and Canada and Nova Scotia the northern
and eastern boundaries of the territory of the new Republic :■.
the navigation of the St. Lawrence was abandoned to the En-
BliBh ; the navigation of the Mississippi was made tree to both
parties ; mutual rights to the Newfoundland fisheries were ad-
justed ; no impediments were allowed in the way of the >e-
covery of debts by bona fide creditors ; certain measures ot res-
titution of confiscated property to Loyalists was to be rccom-
mended by Congress to the several states ; and a general ces-
sation of hostilities, withdrawal of troops, and a restoration ot
public and private property.
These articles were agreed to and signed without the par-
ticipation or knowledge of the French court. Vergennes com-
plafned of this violation of pledged faith, but made aM«%.
Congress ratified the articles, and in April, 1783. David Hartley,
the agent who had sounded Dr. Franklin in 17,8 respecting a
reconciliation, was appointed by the court of London to adjust
with the commissioners, a definitive treaty of peace. Several
months were spent in discussions upon the various articles of
the preliminary treaty. They could not agree upon any alter
ations, and on the third of September, 1783, the prelim, ar,
articles were signed at Paris as a definitive treaty, by Franklin.
Adams, Jay, and David Hartley. The definitive treatie he-
tween Great Dritain, France, and Spain were signed at he
same time; that between Great Britain and Holland on the
preceding day. The American definitive treaty was ratified by
Congress on the fourteenth of January, 1784.
Many disputes arose between the United States and Great
Britain when the several states endeavored to conform to the
provisions of the treaty. On this account, Congress resolved
to send a minister plenipotentiary to the court of London, and
on the twenty-fourth of February, 1785. John Adams was ap-
pointed to that important office. Although the circumstance
was mortifying to British pride, yet he was received w,th cm-
dial respect, and it is said that the king remarked to him on
that occasion, « I was the last man in the kingdom, sir, to con-
sent to the independence of America; but now it A, HP"**'
shall be the last man in the world to sanction a wolation ot it
<%7l^r~^
claims or tne Am confidential secretary of
tl,„ knowledge of the commissioners. Mr. Jay ana mr. n
with D'Aranda ceased. Oswald
On the arrival of Mr. Adams, negotiations with Mr. Oswald
in.
The Confederation, ani> the Feoebai. Constitution.
The declaration of the representatives of the united Ico tomes
of North America, in General Congress assembled that these
colonies are. and of right ought to be, free and independent
tates " was but the initial act in the great work ot to.nd.ng
\ ,-,,,.' remlb,ie out of a dismembered portion of one of the
mi-Mest empires of the earth. It was an easy matter to d*
" r" h s«es free, bu, they well knew it would be a a orlous
task to mpport that declaration, and consummate the wort
hus boAin Already fleets were hovering upon our coasu,
and armies traversed our provinces, with the d,re purpose oi
ogling rebellion by fire and sword, and all the vast immi, ,es
of war At the very time the declaration was made a British
squid on was near our coast, bearing thousands of tared mer-
cenaries, some of them veterans from the vast armies of Fred^
Sc fte Great, all eager to win the laurels of glory or the gold
„ plunder in the exercise of their desolating profession-
Combined with these foes from without were the more re d-
ed foes within-fhose who, through principle or interest, ad
hered to the crown. They consisted chiefly of the lima, .he
ne serving, the ambitious, and the indolent, who feared Brit
h power courted its caresses, sought the preferments ,t could
bestow or loved ease better than freedom. Tins class wae
ne her small nor weak, and by its secret treacheries or open
,-,' "',:„,ce, it weakened the bond of the American Union, and
greatly strengthened the royal aim. „„„„,.
With such a great work before thrm_w,th such be.ctments
iD,h „y_by such dangers surrounded-it is no wonder .hat
areat doubt and anxiety, and dread pervaded the minds of
he peoPr»nd caused American legators to desire a more
angle bond of union than a Federal Congress and a I ral
S II P P I, E M E N T
653
army. The various state governments were in utter confu-
sion, ami in their practical operations they harmonized Id few
things, except In making provisions for the army ; an
this paramount claim was often so neglected by particular
the military movements. Royal
amenta in all the colonies had been overturned, and the
. in spontaneous assemblies, collected the bi I
mcnts together and formed provincial Congresses, in which
they vested local governmental powers. But these were per
n tin- Union, the free inhabitants of each of these states,
bonds, and fugitives trom Justice ex© pted, shall
Ltled to nil privileges and Immunities ol free citizens in
the several states; and the people of each state shall havi
and regress to and from any other state r""1 shall en-
privileges of trade and commerce
- ■mil- duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the inhab
it. mi- thereof respectiv. j ; rovided that such restrictions shut'
tend so inr as Co prevent the removal of property im-
ceived to be but broken reeds to depend upon in the great ported int.- any state to any other state, of which the owner is
the revolution yel to be performed; and the states- an Inhabitant; provided, slso, that no Imposition, duties, or re-
men of that dark hour, feeling the necessity ol a central power, Btriction shall be laid by any state on the property of the
regarded a confederation of the several states with a Federal United States or either of them.
ss as a controlling head, a measure essentinl to the per- If any person guilty of or charged with treason, l
petuity, not only of their efforts to become free, but of their other high misdemeanor, in any state, shall flee from Justice,
very existence
As early as July, 1775, Doctor Franklin submitted to the con-
sideration of Congress a sketch of articles of confederation be-
tween the colonies, limiting the duration of their vitality to the
time when reconciliation with Great Britain should take
or, in the event of the failure of that desirable result, to be per
and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon de-
mand of the governor or executive power ol the state front
which he tied, be delivered up and removed to the state having
jurisdiction ot his offense.
Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to
. ids. acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and
petual. At that time, Congress seemed to have no fixed plans magistrates of every other state.
for the future— the teeming present, with all its vast ami novi I
concerns, engrossed their whole attention ; and Doctor i rank-
lin's plan seems not to have been discussed at all in the Na-
tional Council. But when a declaration of independence was
oroposed, that idea alone suggested the necessity of a confed-
eration of the states to carry forwaid the work to a successful
consummation. Congress, therefore, on the eleventh of June,
1776. resolved that a committee should be appointed to pre-
pare, and properly digest, a form of confederation to be en-
tered into by the several states. The committee appointed
under the resolution consisted of one delegate from each state.*
Articles. For the more convenient management of the
general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annu-
ally appointed in such manner as the Legislature of each state
shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in No-
vember in -v.ry year, with a power reserved to each state to
recall its delegates or any of them, at any time within the year,
and to bi nd others in their stead for the remainder of the year.
No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two,
nor by more than seven members; and no person shall l»
capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any
.. ars; nor shall any pi rson, being R delegate, be
John Dickenson, of Pennsylvania, "as chosen chairman, and capable of holding any office under the 1 nited States, for which
through him the committee reported a draft of articles of con-
federation on the twelfth of July. Almost daily debates upon
the subject ensued until the twentieth of August, when the
report was laid aside, and was not taken up again for con-id
eration until the eighth of April, 1~?7. In the mean while,
several of the states had adopted constitutions for their re-
spective government, and Congress was practically acknowl-
edged the supreme head in all matters appertaining to the war,
public finances, &.c. It emitted bills of credit, or paper money,
appointed foreign ministers, and opened negotiations with
foreign governments.
he, or another lor his benefit, receives any Balary, fees, or
emoluments of any kind.
Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting ot
the states, and while they act as members of the committee
of the states.
In determining questions in the United States, in Conrress
assembled, each state shall have one vote.
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be im-
peached or questioned in any court or place out of Congn
and the members of Congress shall be protected in their per
sons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their
: eighth of April until the fifteenth of November going to and from and attendance on Congress, except for
following the subject was debated two or three times a week, treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
1,1','i - oral amendments were made. As the confederation Article 6. No state, without the consent of the United
ml h' I o a permanent hond of union, of course local interests States, in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or
lejdered prospectively. If the union ha.l ).• on design receive any embassy from, or enler int. y conference, agree-
ed to be temporary, to meet the exigencies arising from the menr, alliance, or treaty, with any king, prince, or state ; nor
state of war in which the colonies then were, local questions shall any person holding any office oi profit or trust under the
,rdly have had weight enough to have elicited debate ; United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolu-
but such was not the case, and of course the sagacious men ment, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king,
who were then in Congress looked beyond the present, and prince, or foreign state; nor shall the United States .n Con-
endeavored to legislate accordingly. From the seventh of gross assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
October until the fifteenth of November, the debates upon it No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, eonfeder-
were almosfdaily, and the conflicting interests of the several ation, or alliance whatevi > bi twe. n them wit! the consent
. rl. -iron'-ly brought into view bv the different speak- of the United States, in Congress assembled, spcciiying accu-
ers On that day the following draft, containing all of the rately the purposes for which the same la to be entered into
amendments, was laid before Congress, and after a spirited and bow long it shall continue,
debate was adopted ■ No state shall lay any imposts or duties which may inn rferi
Article 1 The style of this confederacy shall bo, "The with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the 1 nited
United -tales of \merica » States, in Congress assembled, with any king, prince, or state,
Article a Each suite retains its sovereignty, freedom, and in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress to
independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which the courts ol France and Spain. ... ,
is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United No vessel of war shall be kept up In tune of ponce by any
States in Congress assembled. state except such number only as shall be deemed no. , srary
ARTICLES "The said state, hereby severally enter into a by the United States, in Congress assembled, for ho d, I
«™ te«" of U . bdahlp * ith each other for their common such state or iLs trade -, nor shall any body of forces be kept
defuse the « « liberties, and their mutual and up by any state in time of peace, except such number only ..
"eneral' welfare Mndlng themselves to assist each other in the judgment of the United States, .. .Congress ambled
^aTn«tal7foce offered to. or attacks made upon them, or any shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary lor
rflem on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other the defense of such state ; but every state shall always keep
oitnem, onaccoumo. , b up a „,. 11 ngnlatod and disciplined millUa, sufficiently armed
^IrticleT'tt."' better to secure and perpetuate mutual and a, ,1 r, I >nd shall provide and have constantly ready
friend hip and intercourse among the people of the different for use. in public stores, a due number of field pieces and ten,,.
1 _ ' and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equi-
* Sm Journal*, ii-, 197. Tlie ■•ommittee oonst»ted of Mt";« BarUett, S.
M.ms, HopWas, St™, R. lM,v„,6»,o„, D,ckM»n, M'K«.n. Stoa. P S» ( ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ of ^
Nelson, Hewea, E Rutledge.nn-1 Gwinnett o o
g 5 1
SUPPLEMENT.
United States in Congress assembled, unless such state be act-
X mv S enerSes or shall have received cert™ adv.ee
f?rSu«onrbein6 for d by some nation ot mbans to ».
»ade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit
of a de to till the United States, in Congress assembled, can be
consulted nor shall any state grant commissions to any ah p
o „ ■ s ot war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it
.J „ declaration of war by the United States, ,n Congress
. nb ed, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the
, iccts thereof, against which war has been so declared, and
SS-S regulations as shall be established by the United
States,* Confess assembled, unless -oh state be tn.es ed by
oirates in which case vessels of war may he fitted out fol that
occasion "^ "»"« »° long «» the danger shall continue, or un-
I;;,;,,. United Stetes, in Congress assembled, shall determ.ne
"'Sole 7. When land forces are raised by any state for the
common defense, all officers of or under the rank ot colonel
I all be appointed by the Legislature of each state respect.ve-
y by whom such forces shall be raised, or Jn such fanner as
such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be Hied up by
the state which first made the appointment.
Abticle 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that
shall be incurred for the eommonftefense or genera iwelf* ,
and allowed b, the United States, in Congress U»U4 ^1
he defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be sup
uHed by the several states in proportion to the value oi all
nd wUhin each state granted to or surveyed or any person
„s such land and the buildings and improvements hereon sh 11
be estimated according to such mode as the United States, m
Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and ap-
P°The taxes for paying that proportion shall be kid and levied
by the authority and direction of the Legislatures **•«*■
Jral states, within the time agreed upon by the United States,
iD £S>" Thfuntd States, in Congress assembled, shall
hate ie sole and exclusive right and power of etermining on
ocace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth ar
ticlelof sending and receiving embaasadora-entenng into
" ties anl allifnces; provided that no treaty o commerce
.hall be made whereby the legislative power of the naP*?*™
;,ats shall be restrained from imposing such impost* and ,lu
ties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from
"molting exportation or importation of any spec.es of good
commodities whatsoever-of establishing rules lor deeding
allies what captures on land or water shall be legal, and
what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces m the
rTice of . .e United States shall be divided or appropr.ated-
ofgt'nting letters of marque and reprisal in »"- o^eace-
annointing courts for the trial of p.rac.es and felon.es con.
mh ed on the high seas, and establishing courts for reee.v.ng
"nd determining finally appeals in all cases of captures ; pro-
vil that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge
°fS Un^tesTcongress assembled, shall also be the
^^^:^^^^-~
question; ^f^^ZTSZZm the list of
to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons which
Congress shall judge sufficient, or, being present, shall reluse to
strike the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons
out of each state, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in
behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and the judgment and
sentence of the court, to be appointed in the manner before pre-
scribed, shall he final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties
shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to ap-
pear, or defend their claim or cause, the court shall neverthe-
less proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, wmch shall
in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence
and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Con-
gress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security
of the parties concerned ; provided that every commissioner,
before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be admmister-
ed by one of the judges of the Supreme or Superior Court of
the state, where the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to
hear and determine the matter in question, according to the
best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of re-
ward :" provided, also, that no state shall be deprived of terri-
tory for the benefit of the United States.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil, claim-
ed under different grants of two or more states, whose juris-
diction as they may respect such lands, and the states which
passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of
them bein» at the same time claimed to have originated ante-
cedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition
of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally
determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is before
prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdic-
tion between different states.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also have
the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy
and value of coin struck by their own author.ty. or by that ot
the respective states -fixing the standard of weights and
measures throughout the United States-regulat.ng the trade
and managing all affairs with the Indians not members of any
of the states; provided that the legislative right of any state
within its own limits be not infringed or violated-estal.hsh.ng
and regulating post-offices from one state to another through-
out all the United States, and exacting such postage on the pa-
pers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray
the expenses of the said office-appointing all officers of the
land forces in the service of the United States excepting reg,
mental officers-appointing all the officers of the naval forces,
and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the
United States-making rules for the government and regulation
of *e .Rid land and naval forces, and directing their operations.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have author-
ity to appoint a committee to sit in tta; recess of Congress to
be" denominated "a Committee of the States - and ^ . consls
of one dele-ate from each state; and to appoint such othe.
committees and civil officers as may be necessary for man-
agn™ he general affairs of the United States under theirdirec.
tion-to appoint one of their number to pres.de, prov.ded that
no ne son be allowed to serve in the office of president more
"ban one year in any term of three years-.o ascerta.n he
"cssa,7 sums of money to be raised for the service of tile
Un ed States, and to appropriate and apply the same for _de-
fraying the public expe„ses-to borrow money or emit Mia
„ the credit of the United States, transmitt.ng every half yea,
to he respective states an account of the sums of money so
borrowed or emitted- to build and equip a navy-to agree
bonowea or e , and to make requ.s.tions from
eMh state lor its quota. in prop clmU be bindmg.
V&SZZZ in "Ezztt^JSZZ
ation of circumstances judg p ope tt t a * ■ ^
SUPPLEMENT
, 5 a
■una; In which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and
equip, as many ..1 such extra number at
safeh spared. And the officer, .nd men so clothed, arm
cqntoped shall march to the place appointed, and -"»*'
time agreed on by the I nited Stat, i, in I
The United States, in Congress .asembled. shaU never en-
F marque and reprlaalmtmie
• ! tatt,an3 treat '
moSey.nor regulate the Trine thereof nor ««erudn to sum.
.,,,,1 expenses nee. - I *•*»« •»<» ""u"r'' ° "".
United StateTor any of them, nor emit bills, nor borr
on the credit of the United States, our appropriate money, nor
agree upon the number ol ,,- to be built or pur-
chased, or the number of land or sea tore. - t„ I ,- r.,:-.-d. n..r
appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or y.unl
suites assent to the same; shall a question on anj other
point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined
unless by the votes of a majority ...the United State*, m Con-
Kress assembled. ,
The Congress of the United States shall have power to ad
jonrn to any time within the year, aod to any place within the
United States, so that no period ol adjournment be for ,
duration than the space of six month. I and shall publish the
journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts there-
of relating to treaties, alliances, or military operafi,
their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nay. ol the
delegiteTof each state on any quest,.,,, shall be ..... r-d on the
journal when it is deaired b, any delegate i and the
of a state or any of them, at his or their request, shall be fur-
oUhed with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts
above excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the
TktIcleTo. The committee of the states, or an, rnine of
them, shall be authorized to execute, .n tl.e recess of Congress,
such of the powers of Congress as the United States, in Con-
; s assented, by the consent of nine states, shall from time
m time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no
power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of
l,,,..,, b, the article* of confederation, thevoiceof, °T «"
,„ „„■ Congreas of the United States assembled lareqmsite.
Aa.xtci.Ell. Canada, acceding to this confederation, and om-
mgtato measures of the United States, shal.be admitted ,,,....
and entitled to, all the advantages of this union; but no other
c7ony shall be admitted into the same, unless such adm.ss.on
^^^"oiCoTcredit emitted, moneys borrowed,
a„adebi contracted, by or under the authority o. Ingres*
before the assembling of the United State- in pursuance o the
present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a
charge against the United States, for payment and sab
whereof the said United States and the public faith are hereby
6" s'l^ery state shall abide by the decision of the
U^ted State", in Congress ass. mbled, on all questions which,
,.' ! , ..federation, an - '"'W ^rv
> , on shall he inviolably observed by. very
Ite and the union .ball be perpetual; nor shall any altera-
tion^ "nUna- h.T.-nft.-r h.- . le in any of them, unl.
dterati»bngreed tain a Congre*. of me United State*, I
be,,: L by «he LegWature of every state.
Confess directed these articles to be submitted to the Leg
islaturesof the sever,,, states, and, if approved of by fen, they
.v.,, advised to authorize their delegates .0 ratify the same ,„
Congress, by affixing their n:„.„- Hi.,, ....
After tie Articles of Confederation were adopted by Con-
MtWbc oftbemtob,
takers of the v«,
'fZ. .for action Th
Lon r qu .insthe se/eral Legi.lati.re., , fa ! approved
„f them to inLtct their delegate, in Congress to vote fo ,
, fi rinn of them which last act should he final and conclu-
1^ cTth w^iv„,..h..fN «
inner Lovell, and Francis Lightfoot Lee) was appointed to
^re the translation ot the Articles of Confederation ■„..,
^French language; and also to prepare and report an a, -
lire., to the people of Canada, urging them to become a por-
'"^^er w"companied the Articles of Confederation
wl en they were sent to the several State Leglstaturea, was in
the form ol „„ a f£l
nfo
ftoXgorof.rm.w«s rd on every ride. Foe. wifhou
and tra.tors within were every where sowing the la o
eenfa »tat. and uring everj effort to .under
mmon intere.1 Irepren nmon na.
,U.em Itw.
ngintere.t.01 end flncl stol -
h, and that the idea of sovereignty whicl :b 1 1
L inter, m. onfederation,
„., proposed '""""
Mive one, and ende I > « the,., that the plan pro-
posed wa. th, he.l whi, b could be adapted to the clrcum
i of all , ,. „
Notwithstanding there was a general feeling that muOtng
must be Bpeedily done, the State Legislature, were slow to
adopt the article. In the first place, thej did not seem to «•
eord with the] entimentaof the people,*, wtfortii
in the Declaration ol Independent . 1 in y things that
Declaration and I M , of Confederation were .Meatiy
., v ,, .nee The l,.r,„er was based upon declared right : til.
, was
based upon „ .uperintendi. , Prot *, '«, ,nab)e
right, of man; the latter rested upon the " "foe-
ag for the foundation of human gov-
,, ,,„„ „,. „, the laws of nature and of nature's God, written
upon the heart of man-the other resting upon the ba.1. ol
human institution., and prescriptive law. and colonial char-
ter.."* Again, the .y.tem of reprerentation proposed was
„bj, , tfonable, because each state was entitled to the
nice inCongrew, tever might be the difference in
population. But the most objectionable feature ol all Was, that
She question of the hmit, of the several state, .nd al i
whom was vested the control or possession ol .he crown
lands, was not only unadjusted, but wholly unnoticed. These
and other defects caused most of the states to hesitate, at first,
to adopt the article., ,.,,,1 several of them lor a long time ut-
terly refused to accept them.
On the twenty-second of June, 1778, Congress proceeded to
consider the objections of the states to the Article- „t < unl-.l
eration, and on the twenty-seventh of the same month, a lorm
of ratification was adopted and ordered to be engrossed upon
parchment, with a view that the same should be signed by
such delegate, as were Instructed so to do by their respective
'^On'theninth of July, the delegates of New Hampshire. Has
sachusotts, Rhode [si 1, Connecticut. New York. Pennsylva-
n,„. Virginia, and South Carolina signed the article.. I no
delegate. from New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland were aol
vet empowered to ratify and sign. Georgia and North Caro-
Una were not r. | t. I and the ratification ..I New York
„ ,. conditional that all the other Btate. should ratify. 1TM
,te.from North Carolina signed the articli a on the Wen
, , those of Georgia, on the twenty-fourth ol tiie
same month ; mow ol N, » Jereey.on the twenty-sixth of No
_cmbcr andthoseoi Delaware, on the twenty-second of ret>
ruary. and fifth of May. 1779. Maryland .till firmly refuaed to
ratify until the question of the conflicting claims ol fa I i
andol the separate states to the crown lands should be fully
adjusted This point was finally settled by cession, o the
claiming state, to the I nit. d State., of all the unsettled and un-
p, i,ted lend, for the benefit of the whole I .no... Tim
„ of the crown-land, to the U n originated the I.m-
,0,1 J -,-.,,,„ and the erection of the Northwestern lerntory
into a dietinct government similar to the existing state-.
a local Legialatu I it. own. The in.nperabl objection oi
Maryland having been removed bj the ., tflc - at ... this que.-
Bon l„r delegates signed the Articles of Confederation on th.
first'day of March. 1781, four years and four month- after th. v
were adopted by Congress! By this act of Maryland, they he-
- John Quinry Adan.i' JubMee I> '
t Tl„ Mlowinj »re tl,en.m~ olll,,- Jrltpw from tl.e .sveral .tale, .p
• tbe Article, of Crafcder.e
wOTfla«iM»iK,Jo.ialiB«rlhtt.Jol.a'VV«nt«nrUi,Jr.
«„„„■,„.,,„.;.•,.,,.. ba k.S I**" ( «Oerr,,rn»
,,Jra»loTell.S.mnelHoIteii.
, , V, Ellerj, H.or, M.i I ' I '""■
C ccu.R.,.-, Sh.rm.D.Suno.1 HnataXloa, 01.W Wolcott, r,.,..
HonuitT, Ainlrew Atiamit.
A>,„ Tork, Jams. Da..., Fcnci. Uwi., W.lh.m Due, 0.»».n-<n
Morn*.
SUPPLEMENT
C56
came the organic law of the union, and on the second of March,
Congress assembled under the new powers.
A;,v „,., k- ,,„•«■„„. .o Ih, final ratification of the Arttata
of Confederation. Congress made a new arrangement jn>e
machinery ol its civil government. A foreign bureau was es-
SSMM ta its functions to our present Department
,,l State, the I I ol -which was styled ftcrwarf of F°mgnAf-
fair,. A S, lal bureau was also established, and a Secre-
■' tary ot the Ireas-
ury, called Super-
intendent of Fi-
nance, was appoint-
ed. Secretaries of
War and Marine
were also appoint-
ed, and, under the
power of the Con-
federation, new en-
ergy was manifest-
ed in the manage-
ment of affairs.
Robert R. Living-
ston/ of New York,
was appointed the
fir6t Foreign Sec-
retary, and Robert
Morris, of Philadel-
phia, Superintend
front.
From that humble edifice went forth instructions which
id turned
ireign Office.*
ent of F inance.t Livingston had two under secretaries (Louis
H Morris, and Peter S. Duponceau), and two clerks (John
Stone, afterward governor of Maryland, and Henry Rcmsen,
of New York), to assist him. Reverend Mr. Tetard, ol Phlla-
delphia, was the translator. The office for the transaction ot
business was a building on the eastern side of South Sixth
Street (No 13), three stories in height, with only twelve feet
Neve Jertey, John Wither.poon, Nathaniel Scudder.
kc,i>„/™."«, Robert Morris, Daniel Roberdeao, Jon.than Bayard Smith,
William Chngan, Jo.eph Reed.
Ddatoare.Tboroa. M'Kean, John Dick.n.oo, Sicbola. Van Pike
Maryland, Jobo Hanson, Daniel Carroll.
Virginia, Richard Henry Lee. John Banister, Thoma. Adam., Jol.n
Mit-vif Francis Lichtioot Lee.
No * CaZ,,a John P.nn, Come,,,,. Harne... John Willi.o*.
Z.lh Carolina, Henry Lauren.. William Henry Drnylon, Jonathan Mat
the",, Richard How, Thoma. Hey ward, Jan.
Gro -in John Walton, Edward Telfair, Edward L.newortl.j.
^From an addres. delivered on the anmver.nry of one n, the ktmr, _«.►
.ties of Colombia College in 1831, by John W. Franc, M.D, of Nov, York,
I I," e .leaned the material, of the following brief not.ee of the pobhc hie o,
"'Robert TJiviopton, gre»t-gra„d.on of the fir., lord of the manor of Liv-
ing.ton. ™ bor the city of New York in TOT Be - eJuc.ttd
Kmg'. (Colombia) College, where he graduated in 1764 He .tudied i»
,ndt William Smith, the historian of New York, and became .lament in
hat protesion. He wa, an early opponent of British oppre.s.on, and took
an act ve part in politic, in hi. native city. Hi. .....r wa, .name to the
"... Mnn.gomer , who fell at Quebec, and .hi, circam.ttnc. Bred .he real
„ "one LMng.ton. He wa, a member oft.,. Congrea. .It, and wa.
I" of tie committee appo.nted to prepare the Decla n »"^P»^«;
Called home to attend to dutie. in .he Provincial Congrea, of n, su.tejie
wa. not pre.e,,t when that in.trument wa, adopted, nor when ,t wa, signed.
h"„1W the re.pon.ibl. statioo of Secretary lor Foreign Adair, fro,,, Jan-
1 „„„, K83, when, having been appointed Chancellor of.he S.a.e of
NewYok he resigned,. od wa. .acceded by Mr.Jay. He ... a warn,
Innorter of the Federal Con.ti.u.ion in .he convention of New 1 ark. a.
.™Ued at Poughkeep.ie in 1788, and .he ne.l year he adm,n„.ered he oatll
Tomce toG-ge Washington a, the ^7^^^^^
under the new charter. Mr. Jefferson appointed him minister to the court
'r, ; , ,en represented by the youthful Napoleon, the fir,, con.,,, oftbe
French Beiublic He performed In. dutie. with signal ability, and .c.
' ':.',.,, J of Louisiana from .he Freocb. By hi. enlightened p.,
of Robert Fulton in Hi. r.|™"» •» »'»lp<J" by .«••">, be cn„.
., ;, .„ inestimable benefit upon mankind. He died a Clermont ,n Co-
, . „„ il.e twentv-.ixlli "f February, 1810, in the sijtty-.ixtli year
H ::::'■' I-- ' Zl P, Franc, who knew „„,, intimately,
^ „ , M and common * -I •' '■"""'" '''""">'' °"""e "'" "h ""r
„, h" n nner.. pure and u,,„sb. ,11 hi, raor.lt. B» l,.-,.elact,nn. to .he poo
were niimerou. and 0OO.tt0t.U0t* In !,„ lift without reproach, v.etonoo,
"n^^VTCMr'Morri, aubmit.ed to Congr... . Plan for a National
„,„ w Hi 'a capital of four hundred thou.and dollar. Congre., approved
T, e- ,. offered to incorporate the .uh.criber. by .he name of ft. Prm-
L, L d.««or, of,,, ,: ,J KW i *., «•«« "'" '"
d I ,,:„„„.„> of all ..„e..d„„e., and debt, due *«£t**
,,„. hank, the fir,, „, the United Stat.-, wen. ,„,o ,ucce,,ful op, r
,,„,„ ,„ „,.. ,,„,,..,, 1781. II peatly girted in -be r»toranoo of,,,, ,-, ,t
„t, and wa, ofefacient service in the financial affair, of the
country during the remainder ol the war.
nun i. * iuu* ,>.... "
arrested the attention of European diplomaHsto,
their minds with astonish-
ment to the rising nation in
the West.
On the twentieth of June,
1782, the device for the pros- ..
ent great Seal of the United
States was adopted, as fol-
lows: /IrTMST-PalewayB of -
thirteen pieces, argent anil :
gules; a chief azure; lb''
escutcheon on the breast
of the American eagle dis-
played proper, holding in
his dexter talon an olive
branch, and in bis sinister a
bundle of thirteen arrows,
all proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto.
•' E pluribus Vuum." For the Crest-Over the head ot the ea-
gle which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or break
in»' through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars
forming a°constellation, argent, on an azure field. Reverse-
A pyramid, unfinished. In the zenith, an eye in a triangle,
surrounded with a glory, proper. Over the eye these words
"Ammil Orplis." On the base of the pyramid the numerical
letters MDCCLXXVL, and underneath the following motto.
" Novus Ordo Sectarian."]
The Federal Constitution.
It was early perceived that the Articles of Confederation
conferred powers upon Congress quite inadequate to the ob
iects of an effective national government. That body, nc
cording to the terms of those articles, possessed no power ft.
liquidate debts incurred during the war; J it had the privilege
only of recommending to the several states the payment there
of This recommendation was tardily complied wlth,§ and
Congress possessed no power to compel the states to obey its
mandates. To a great extent, the people lost all regard for the
authority of Congress, and the commercial affairs ot the coun
try became wretchedly deranged. In truth, every thing seem-
ed to be tending toward utter chaos soon after peace in 178J.
and the leading minds of the Revolution, in view of increasing
and magnified evils, and the glaring defects of the Articles ol
Confederation, were turned to a consideration of a plan for a
closer union of the states, and for a general government found
ed on the principles of the Declaration of Independence, from
which the confederation in question widely departed.
The sagacious mind of Washington perceived with intense
anxiety the tendency toward ruin of that fair fabric which his
prowess had helped to rear, and he took the initial step toward
the adoption of measures which finally resulted in the forma
tion of the present Constitution of the United States. W ash-
ington had contemplated a scheme for uniting the Potomac
with the Ohio, and throueh his influence the Legislatures ot
Virginia and Maryland were induced to send commissioners
to Alexandria, in March, 1785, to deliberate upon the subject
Durino their stay at Mount Vernon they devised another com
mission to establish a general tariff on imports, and to mature
other commercial regulations. This convention was held at
Annapolis, in September, 1786, but only five states were rep-
resented—Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
- This ., from a sketch in Wat.one J.i»u oj Philadtlpl.ia. Mr. Dupon
ceau informed Mr. Wauon that Mr. Living.ton occupied the front room in
the second .tnry. and hi, two under .ecrelane. an adjoining back room.
The two clerk, and the tran.lator occupied the only lower room.
1 Be. .'...one/, of Centre*, vii., 301. In a manu.cipt leer before me.
wrilt,-., la 1818, b, Tboma. Barritt, Esn., an eminent antiquary of Manches-
ter England addre, to In. .on in tl.i. country, ,. the following .tntement .
■ • My friend, Sir John Pre.lwich, Bart., told me be wa. the per.on who .ug
. idea of, coat of arm. for the American State, to an emhn.,ado,
,.!,,„, Adam,] from thence, winch they have .een Bt to pat upon some of
(bei, money.. It .- thi. be told me-party per pale ol thirteen ,t, „,e , white
,„1 red; the Chief of the escutcheon blue, signifying the protection of
Heaven over the .tale.. He .,,, ■ it wa, .000 afterward adopted „ the arm.
of the state,, and, to give it more con.eqnence, it «». placed upon the breast
"'J The'gener„;Sgov'ernmen., at the clo.e ofth. Revolution, wa, burdened
W1,l, -, Ibreign debt of eight n. >n. of dollar., and n domestic debt of about
BiiTt) millions due to the army and to other American cit.r.en..
Turing fourteen month,, only four bun I and .ijbtytwo thou.and
eieht hundred and ninety dollar, were paid into the public trcaaury; and the
n mtere.t wa. paid by a fresh loan from Holland
SO PPI.EMENT
657
New Yirk." Hie chief object of the convention was to con-
sult on the best metras of remedying the defect* of tin' I
government. The delegates met on the eleventh, and by n
unanimous vote choM John Dickinson chairman. After a lull
interchange of sentiments, they agreed that a committee should
be appointed to prepare a draft of a report to be made to the
Leinslatures of the several states then represent) ■!
The commit! I OO the fourteenth, that in i
i|Ut?ucH of the absence of delegates from a majority ol
it vru thought advisable to postpone further action ; and they
recommended the appointment of deputies by the several
states, to meet in convention, at Philadelphia, on the second
Monday in May following.
Thi* report was adopted, and transmitted to Congress. On
the twenty-first of February, the committee of that body, con-
Of Messrs. Dana. Varnum, S. M. Mit< hell, Smith, Cad-
ler, Irvine. N. Mitchell, Forrest, Grayson, Blount, Bull,
und Few. to whom the report of the commissioners was re-
ferred, reported thereon, and offered the following for con-
sideration :
'• Congress having had under consideration the letter of John
Dickinson, Esq., chairman of the commissioners who assem-
il Annapolis during the last year; also the procei
of the said commissioners, and entirely coinciding with them
as to the inefficiency of the Federal government, and the neces-
sity of devising such further provisions as shall render the
same adequate nces of the Union, do strongly rec-
ommend to the different Legislatures to send forward dele-
I meet the proposed convention, on the second Monday
U May next, at the city of Philadelphia."
The delegates for the State of New York thereupon laid be-
ictions which they had received from (heir
■ pursuance of the said instructions, moved
to postpone the further consideration of the report, in order to
take up the following proposition, viz. :
"That it be recommended to the states composing the Un-
ion, that a convention of representatives from the said states
t.vely be held at , on , for the purpose of
_• the Articles of Confederation and perpetual union be-
ihe United States of America, and reporting to the
States, in Congress assembled, and to the states respect-
-uch alterations and amendments of the said Articles of
:. ration as the representatives, met in such convention,
-hall judge proper and necessary, to render them adequate to
the preservation and support of the Union."
On taking the question, only three states voted in the affirm-
ative, and the resolution was negatived.
A motion was then made by the delegates for Massachusetts
lo postpone the further consideration of the report, in order
to take into consideration a motion which they read in their
place; this bein^ agreed to, the motion of the delegates for
Uaaaachnsetta was taken up, and, being amended, was agreed
to. as follows :
" Whereas, there is provision in the Articles of Confederation
and perpetual union for making alterations therein, by the as-
sent of a Congress of the United Stat- s, and of the Legisla-
al states; and whereas, experience hath
evinced that there are defects in the present Confederation, as
n to remedy which, several of the states, and particularly
tie of New York, by express instructions to the
□ Congress, have suggested a convention for the pur*
■ xpreased in the following resolution ; and such conven-
tion appearing to be the most probable means of establishing
in these states a firm national government:
■■ Resulccd, That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient
that on the second Monday in May next, a convention of del-
egates, who -i -l appointed by the several stal
held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of re-
\ ising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Congress
and the several Legislatures such alterations and pro1
therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed
by the states, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the
exigences of the government, and the preservation of the
Union."
This preamble and resolution were immediately transmitted
* The names of the members of the convention were a« follow* : ,\ i
Alexander Hamilton, Egbert Benson ; NetoJaiey, Abraham Clark, W
C. Houston, James Scbureman ; PeFtn/yhwiria, Tench f oxe ; Dclatoare,
George Re»d\ John Dickinson, Richard B»«-et; Virginia, Edmund Rnn
dulph, James Madison, Jun., Si. George Tucker.
II. T
to the several speakers of state legislative assemblies, and the)
re the representatives of the people in a
states of the confederacy. While u feeling pn railed gener
ally that something must be done to avert the threatened at)
archy, toward which governmental operations were tending,
great caution was observed in the delegation of powers and it.
instruction to those who should be appointed members of thr
proposed convention. However, in compliance with the rec
ommendation <>i Con - del tea we) chosen in the set
eral states for the purpose o i i the Articles of Confed
eration, and assembled in Philadelphia on the second Mondaj
in May, L787. All the states were represented except KhodY
Island ' Washington, who was a delegate from Virginia, was
i (resident of the convention. Able state-nun were bis
' -, and they entered earnestly upon their duties. They
had not proceeded far, however, before they perceived thai
the Articles of Confederation were so radically defective, and
their powers so inadequate to the n that.
instead of trying to amend the code of the old Coi
they went diligently at work to form a ww - ■ ■ ■ -i Ed-
mund Randolph submitted a series of resolutions on the twen-
ty ninth ol May, which embodied the plan of a new Constitu
t Ion [| I to form a general government consist-
ing of a Legislature, executive, and judiciary ; and a n
Hrmy and navy independent of the control ol 'lie several states.
It was t" have power to conduct war, establish peace, make
treaties ; to have the exclusive privilege of coining money, and
the supervision of all national transactions. Upon general
principles this plan was highly approved, but in that conven-
tion there were many ardent and pure patriots, who looked
upon the preservation of state sovereignty as essential, and re-
garded this proposed form of government as a radical infringe
ment upon those rights. They therefore violently opposed it.
Another plan was proposed by Mr. Paterson, a delegate from
New Jersey. It enlarged the power of Congress, but left it-
resources and supplies to be found through the medium of the
■ vernments. This plan had that serious defect of the
Articles of Confederation — a dependence of the general gov
ernment upon the several states for ita vitality. On the twelfth
ol September, the committee to "revise the Articles" submit
ted the following resolution to Congress, which was ad«>] :■ i
"Resolved unanimously. That the said report, with the reso-
lutions and letters accompanying the same, be transmitted to
the several Legislatures, in order to be submitted to a conven
tion of delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof, in
conformity to the resolves of the convention, made and pro-
vided in that case."
Such, in brief outline, is the history of the Confederation, and
of our Federal Constitution as it came from the skillful pen ol
Gouverneur Morrie.t a member of the convention. Sufficient
" The following are the name- of tin- dV-legates:
Yew It ■■■■;■■ ...■■<-, .!■ iin I-arigdon, John Picker.-. "■ 0 Iman, and
. Writ
JMattactrUtelU, Francis Dana, Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorlinm, Rufua
King, and Caleb Strong.
. Wlliam Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, nnd Oliver EDa-
■
Nets York, Robert Tatea, John Lansing, Jan., and Alexander Hamilton.
JVetaJferveVi David]] William Churchill Houston, William Pater
eon, John Keiloon, William Livingston, Abraham Clark. nnd Jonathan Dayton
tamo, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morns, George Clymer, .1 IP I
1 iiomas FiUsimona, James Wilson, Gouvemeur Morns, ami Ben;*,
min Franklin.
Dtlawat I !. Gunning Bedford, Jun., . >
Bassett, and Jacob Broom.
rut, JaiDM M Henry. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll,
John Frai Luther Martin.
rTrgini ■- Henry,]
Blair, Jan ■ '■' ■ ' ■ Patrick
Dtment as deputy, Jamra M'Clure was nom-
inated lo supply Uis place.
ycnA Cat rd Caswell. Alexander Hartm, William R.cliardsoc
Davie. Richard Dobbs Spaight, ai I ' Caswell having
reaigned, William Blount was appointed a d< ■ ■ ■ Willie Joaew
having also declined hi* B]
Carolina, John Rmledge. Charles Pincknej, Charles ColesworU.
Pinchoej, aod Tierce Butter.
Georgia, William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, George Wal-
i W Jliam Houston, and Nathan i
f Gouverneur Morris was born at Morrnania, near Harlem, New York, on
Brat of January, 1762, Very little ia known of bia tarty yearn, He
graduated at King's College m 1766, and in 1771 waa i u Lice law
[n 1775 he was a member of the Provincial Congress of New York, and was
one of the committee appointed U> draft, the Constitution of the State ol New
York. He waa chosen a delegate to the Continental Cortfn*M *n 1777, when
T
65 3
SUPPLEMENT.
as it has proved lor the nution in its wonderful growth, it
met with u host of opposers when it was submitted to the
whose pen and sword had been identified with Washington
during almost the whole war. He gave to its advocacy the
whole weight of his character and power of his genius, and.
aided by J»y and Madison, he scattered broadcast among the
people those able papers called 2'Ae Federalist. These, like
Paine's Crisis, stirred the masses, and soon eleven states, in
conventionsassernbledjgave it their support. It thus became
the organic law of the nation, and under its provisions George
VVashington.byanunanimous vote, was elected the first chief
magistrate of the nation, with John Adams as Vice-president
Washington was certified of his election on the fourteenth of
April, 1789, at Mount Vernon, and two days afterward he was
on his way toward New York, the chosen seat of the Federal
government. We have already had occasion to notice the
honors which attended him in his journey from Mount Vernon
to New York. It was like a triumphal procession. He arrived
there on the twenty-third of April,* and on the thirtieth
of the same month the oath of office was administered
to hira by Chancellor Livingston,* upon the balcony of the old
Federal Hall, in the presence of a vast concourse of gratified
..
people for their action. State rights, sectional interests,
radical democracy, all had numerous friends, and these
formed the phalanx of opposition ; and all the persuasive
eloquence of its advocates, with pen and speech, was need
ed to convince the people of its superiority to the Arti
cles of Confederation, and the necessity for its ratification.
Among ita ablest advocates was Alexander Hamilton,*
he was very at ti\ e. In 1781 lie was made assistant superintendent of finance
with Robert Home. In 1787 lie was a member of llie convention which
framed Uie Constitution of the United States. He was cliosen by his col-
leagues to arrange the amendments and other heterogeneous material into
the present perfect instrument of government. In 1799 he was appointed
minister to France, where he remained two years. He was elected United
States Senator in 1800, where his abilities and political sagacity made him one
of ita most usefui members. He died in IBIS, at the age of sixty- four years
Gouverneur Morris was a vigorous political writer. He had attentively stud
ied the antecedents or the American Revolution, and fully comprehended the
great springs of democratic action which produced its wonderful results. He
•egarded the trial and acquittal of John Peter Zenger (see page 680) as one oi
[fae most important ofthOK antecedents, and expressed the unqualifie
■ i trial was "the germ of American freedom— the morning star of that
liberty which subsequently revolnt ionized America."— See Addrtst of J. W.
Francis, M.D., on the fortieth Anniversary of the New York Historical Society
- Alexander Hamilton was born on the .eland of Nevis. Britiab West In
JiM, "ii Ibe eleventh of January, 1767, He was of Scottish descent by his
frencb by bia mother. He received a fair education, and in 1768 be
came « clerk to Nicholas Crnger. a merchant of St.Crcix. He devoted all
his leisure moments to study, and ■ produi tion of bia pen procured the co-
meral ol bil friends in sending him to New York to be thoroughly edu
cated. He was placed .n a grammar school in New Jersey, under the tuition
, l cr, WHO afterward became a distinguished officer of the Rev-
•lution. Be entered King's (Columbia) College in 1773, and at the age of
e.-enleon appeared u a speaker at public meetings. He wrote political
pamphlets In 1 77 I and l"r>, which gave him great reputation. The Revolu
lion now broke o <t, nnd he entered the military field n* an artillery captain.
In that capacity be fougbl (' White Plains, waa with bia company at Trenton
■ n J Princeton, and remained n. the Held until the first of March, 1777, when
The Federal IIall.f
citizens. That was the crowning act of the Revolution — then
constitutional republicanism, pure, vigorous, and abiding, was
first inaugurated upon earth.
IV.
British Prisons and Prison Ships.
Associations of intense horror are linked with the memory
and the records of the cruelties practiced and sufferings en
dured in the prisons and prison ships at New York, in which
thousands of captive patriots were from time to time incar
cerated during the war for Independence. Those who were
Washington appointed him his aid de-camp, with the rank of lieutenant col
One), Hewas Washington's chief secretary and confidential aid until 1781,
when, with the same rank, he obtained the command of a light corps. With
these he fought bravely at Yorktown, under La Fayette- He left the army,
and in 1782 was admitted to practice at the bar of the Supreme Court of New
York, and became a member of Congress. His pen was always busy upon
i. '! ' n;ii fiii' '■■ is. 1 iij* n he did ni'i. b, with othera [see page 364, r< Iqdh
I.), in preparing the people in favor of the Federal Constitution. His gTeat
financial knowledge caused Washington to choose him for his first Secretary
of the Treasury, and he was very useful to the president during Ins whole ad
ministration. In the winter of 1804 he became involved in a political dispute
With Colonel Aaron Burr, by whom he was challenged to mortal coinha'
They fought on the twelfth of July, at Weehnwken, on the west bank of the
Hudson, and Hamilton was mortally wounded. He was taken across the
river to the house of Mr. Bayard, near Greenwich Village, where lie expired
soon after the arrival of his wife and children. That widow of forty-eight
lived until the 9th day of November, 1854, an honored denhen of the
Federal metropolis. The American republic never hnd a truer friend nor
abler supporter than Alexander Hamilton. His country residence,! ailed Tnt
Grange, after the seat of his paternal grandfather in Scotland, is yet standing
on the bank of the Harlem River, near Fort Washington. On the lawn in
front of it is a group of thrifty elms, consisting of thirteen, which he planted
by his own hand, and named them after the several original thirteen states.
< gbt and comelv but one; that one is very crooked
* The Bible upon which Washington laid his band when this oath was ad
ministered was then, and is now, the property of St. John's Lodge %>f Free
masons. It is preserved as a most precious memento.
f This is a view of the old Federal Hall, which stood on the site of the
present Custom House in Wall Street, at the head of Broad Street. The
view is from Wall Street, looking toward Broadway. Upon the balcony seen
in front, the oath ofciflice was administered to Washington. It wna erected
at the beginning of the last century. Its npprr part projected over the side
walk, and formed an open arcade. Apartments in it were used ss jails, ua'jl
the erection of the " new jail," the provost prison of the Revolution.
SUPPLEMENT
6 :> '.I
made prisoners on land were confined in the foul jail* of the
city, while captive seamen, and sometimes soldiers too, were
kept for months in floating dungeons,
•* doomed to famirc, ..hackles, and despair,
Condemned to breatbe a foal, wlVcted air
In ticU* liulia, devoted wliile Utey lay—
-».ve funerab gloomed e*ch d*mal dai"."
I'HILU' Fbxnsau.*
We have before observed that the prisoners taken in the battle
near Brooklyn in August, and at Fort Washington in N
bar, I776,t almost four thousand in all, were contined in prisons
ii the city of New York. Probably more than a thousand pri-
vate citizens, arrested by the British on suspicion or positive
proof of their being active Whig*, were also made prisoners,
and at the close of the year, at least five thousand American
captives were in the power of the invaders. The only prisons
proper in the city were the " New Jail" and the "New Bride-
well." The former, entirely altered in appearance, is tl
eot Hall of Records in the Park, east of the City Hall ; the lat-
ter stood between the present City Hall and Broadway.
were quite insufficient, and the three epacious sugar-houses
then in the city, some of the Dissenting churches, Columbia
College, and the Hospital, were all used as prisons. The dis-
astrous effects of the great fire in September, the demands of
the British army for supplies, the indolent indifference of Sir
William Howe, and the cruel conduct of Cunningham, the
provost marshal, combined to produce intense suffering among
ttte prisoners.
Van Cortlandt's Suear-house, which stood at the northwest
corner of Trinity church-yard, corner of Thames nn<l I
- ; Rhine. ander's, on the corner of William and Duane
jhtbnrty'? Trinting-ink Manufactory ; and
the ni'
iieutlv
ical one on
S Street
(numbers 34
and 36), a few
feet eastward
of the Middle
Dutch church,
now the Post-
office, were the
most spacious
buildings in the
city, and an-
swered the pur-
poses of pris-
ons very well. Rhinclander's is the only one remain:
ene on Liberty Street having been demolished in Jam
and Van Cortlandt's during the summer of 185'Z The North
Dutch cburcl: - OB William Street, between Fulton
and Ann. was made to contain eight hundred prisoners, after
out the pews and using them for fuel. J and pi i
floor across from gallery to gallery. For about two months
V. hundred prisoners were huddled together in the Mid-
dle Dutch cnurcn (see page 62!>), when they were removed,
and it was converted into a riding-school, alter takinc out the
pews.$ The "Brick church," yet standing in the triai
m bad freiurnt ocras.on tn quote for epigrapbs, appropriate Mo-
rtice* feci, tbe terse rh< me* of FreneAu He wa» a aUunch Wing, and hi*
tween I'ark Row and Beekman and Nassau Streets, was used
for n prison a short time, when it, and the Presbyterian church
in Waii Street, ma Scotch church in Cedar Street, and the
Friend's Meeting house in Liberty Street, were converted into
hospitals. The French church in Pine Street, and a portion of
Van Cortlandt's Sugarhouse, were used as magazines for ord
nance and stores ; and the old City Hall (Federal Hal), page
juto a guard-house for the main guard of
. The latter had dungeons beneath it, wherein civil
officers, and afterward whale-boatmen and land marnudi :>\
confined. None of these buildings now remain except
the two Dutch churches and the " Brick church."
The ' New Jail" was made a provost prison, where Amrricar.
Van Cortlakdt's Sugar house.
<*/><^rv£*^_,
satires, aimed It the opponent* of tbe Revolution, were very popular. He
-as for someone a captive iq the Srorpion prison-slop, moored ia '
I -., and baa left a vivid poetic record of the sufleriogs of him
•elf and fellow captive*. He waa a wann supporter .if M r. Jefferson, and waa
for many year, an induslnona politjcal writer in favor Ol
party Mr Freneao'a remains are in In. family bonal ground a: r
Sew Jane*, where the body of hi. i aaerabla • ioow »a. placed at her death,
which occorred in 18,1. 1 am indebted to Dr. J. W. Frano. for the original
of the signet ure given above.
t ?ee pa^es 604-621.
t The mahogany pulpit waa carefully removed, sect to London, and placed
,n a i har-el there.
i The church was not rap.ired onUI 1T98, when ,t waa re dedicated to
Provost Jaii.-'
officers and the most eminent Whies who fell into the hands
of the Britiah were confined. Here was the theatre of ('un-
ninabam's hrutHl conduct toward the victims of his spite. The
prisoners were formally introduced to him, and th'ir name,
age, size, and rank were recorded. They were then confined
r to the equally loathsome tipper cham-
ber, when- tin- highest officials in captivity were so closely
crowded together, that when, at night, they laid down to sleep
upon the hard plank floor, they could change position only by
all turning over at once, at the words right— lift. Their food
was scanty and of the poorest kind, often that which Cunning
ham had exchanged at a profit for better food received from
their friends or the commissariat- Little delicacies bron -
friends of the captives seldom reached them, and the bruta:
Cunningham would sometimes devour or destroy such oner
in?s of affection, in the presence of his victims, to gratify his
cruel propensities. Thus for many months gentlemen of for
tune and education, who had lived in the enjoyment of tin- lux-
uries and refined pleasures of elegant social life, were doomed
to a miserable existence, embittered by the coarse insults of an
ignorant, drunken Irish master, or to a speedy death caused
by such treatment, the want of good food, and fresh air, and
innumerable other sufferings, the result, in a great measure, of
the criminal indifference (it may be commands) of Loring,
Sproat,and Lennox, commissaries of prisoners at various times.
Still greater cruelties were practiced upon the less conspicuous
prisoners, and many were hanged in the gloom of night, with
out trial or known cause for the foul murder.t And yet, in the
worship, by Reverend John Livingston, 1)1).. as chief officiating
clergyman. The bell "1m.Ii formerly hung in the tower is now in a
in Ninth Street, New York, where it may be heard every Sabbath.
" This waa a small alooe building, nearly square in form, and tbrrr
in height, erected in "the fields" in 1758. Its old wall, now form a part of
r'/creorrfr. The main entrance to the prison was on the south
It had two lobbies, w.Ui strong barricades between the elternal and .uleroai
t of the entrance was tbe room occupied by Cunningham,
and opposite was that of Sergeant O'Keefe, Ins deputy in office an! I
I. Kir waa at the bottom of the stairs leading 10 the .ecord and th.rd
, vest chamber on the second llo< ' officers
,esl rank, and w.i .rir/ro/r. The
lat. venerable John Pmta. I O'Ka «,! ■»•
tire Americana wera moving down Chatham to Paau day ol
the Itr.ush evacusl.nn. O Keen- thought it time for him to depart A lew
,,nv„ted ..fiarious crime., were yet in h.s custody. As
he wa. leaving, one of them inquired, •• Sergeant, what is to become ofua?"
• 1 . ., allgolothedevil."lnreplied.inanzer.a.h.thrrwil1ek.ysupo.
-:„nd him. •• Thank yon, sergeant," was the answer; « we have
had too much of your company ir. Una world to follow ;., , to the neat."
f During the whole time of the occupation of u *
r, «. .to.*) upon Uie brow of a hill, near the site of Burt..,/. Tl •
Chambers Street. It waa called Gallowa Hill, and overlooked the Press ,
Water Pond, and the little island car U.e junction of Center and Pearl
Streela, whereon for many years a powder house stood. From this c.rcum
stance, that portion of Pearl Street waa long called Magsnne Street. The
I ,.f American prisoners generally took place soon after midnight.
The victims were accompanied to the gallows by Cunningham and Ins depu
ty. with a guard of eight men, and mercilessly murdered by the cord. When
6G0
SUPPLEMENT.
presence of tli< known fact that British power administered by
military despotism waa the cause of these sufferings, that in-
famous tiniest rver, Hugh Game, who six months previously
was professedly a zealous patriot, dared to insult truth and
a N,n. sfi common honesty by publishing in his paper* false-
1T7';- hoods like this : "There are now five thousand pris-
oners in town, many of them half naked. Congress, desert-
ing the poor wretches, has sent them neither provisions nor
clothing, nor paid attention to their distress, or that of their
families. Their situation must have been doubly deplorable,
but for the humanity of the king's officers. Every possible atten-
tion has been given, considering their great numbers and nec-
essary confinement, to alleviate their distress arising from guilt,
sickness, and poverty."
The heart sickens at the recital of the sufferings of these
patriots, and we turn in disgust from the view which the pen
of faithful history reveals. Let us draw before it the vail of
forgetful neas, and, while contemplating the cruelties and woes
of that hour of the past, listen to the suggestions of Christian
charity, which observes that much of the general suffering was
the result of stern necessity, and that the cry of individual
wrongs, inflicted by Cunningham and his hirelings, did not
often reach the ears of the more humane officers of the British
army.
Next to the provost prison, the sugar-house in Liberty Street
was most noted
for the sufferings
of captive patri-
ots. It was a
dark stone build-
ing, five stories
in height, with
small deep win-
dows like port-
holes, giving it
the appearance
of a prison. Each
* story was di-
vided into two
apartments. A
large, barred
door opened up-
jn Liberty Street, and from another, on the southeast side, a
stair-way led to gloomy cellars, which were used as dungeons.
Around the whole building was a passage a few feet wide, and
rhere, day and night, British and Hessian sentinels patroled.
The whole was inclosed by a wooden fence nine feet in height.
Within this gloomy jail the healthy and the eick, white and
black, were indiscriminately thrust ; and there, during the Bum-
mer of 1777, many died from want of exercise, cleanliness, and
fresh air. *' In the suffocating heat of summer," says Dunlap,
" I saw every aperture of those strong walls filled with human
heads, face above face, seeking a portion of the external air."
At length, in July, 1777, a jail fever was created, and great
numbers died. During its prevalence the prisoners were
marched out in companies of twenty, to breathe the fresh air
for half an hour, while those within divided themselves into
parties of six each, and there alternately enjoyed the privilege
of standing ten minutes at the windows. They hnd no seats,
and their beds of straw were filled with vermin. They might
have exchanged this horrid tenement for the comfortable quar-
ters of a British soldier by enlisting in the king's service, but
very few would thus yield their principles. They each pre-
ferred to be among the dozen bodies which were daily carried
out in carta and cast into the ditches and morasses beyond the
city limits. Sheds, stables, and other outhouses received hund-
reds of prisoners, who suffered terribly from cold and hunger
during the winter succeeding their capture at Fort Washing-
ton. Few now live to recite their experience of this horrid
sacrifice to the demon of discord, and humanity would gladly
drop a tear upon this chapter of the dark record of man's
wrongs, and blot it out forever. Escapes, death, exchange of
prisoners, and a more humane policy, gradually thinned the
ranks of the sufferers in the city prisons, and when peace came.
flesh and blood were wanting, effigies were often suspended upon that gibbet ;
and for ik long tune a tolerably correct portrait of John Hancock might be
aeen dangling from the cross- beam.
• Tln« is from a sketi.h by Mr. William J. Davis, of New York, to whose
00Hrt*a> I am indebted fur a knowledge of many interesting relics of the
'< olden time" in the city.
SUGAKHOt'SE IN LIBERTY STREET."
few were left therein to come out and join in the general jubi
lee. Hundreds had left their brief records upon the walls and
beams (the initials of their names), which remained until these
prisons, were demolished.*
PlUSON-SHIPS.
The sufferings of American captives in British hulks were
greater even than those in the prisons on land. We have al-
ready alluded to the woes of those captured at Savannah and
Charleston ; we will now note briefly the condition of those
at New York.
The prison-ships were intended for seamen taken on the
ocean, yet some soldiers were confined in them. The first
vessels used for the purpose were the transports in which cat-
tle and other stores were brought by the British in 1776
These lay in Gravesend Bay, and there many of the prisoners
taken in the battle near Brooklyn were confined until the Brit-
ish took possession of New York, when they were removed to
prisons in the city, and the transports were anchored in the
Hudson and East Rivers. In 1778 the hulks of decaying ships
were moored in the Wallabout or Wallebocht, a sheltered
bay on the Long Island shore, where the present Navy Yard
is. There, in succession, the Whitby* Good Hope, Scorpion.
Prince of Wales, Falmouth, Hunter, Siromboli, and half a dozen
of less note were moored, and contained hundreds of Ameri
can seamen captured on the high seas.t The sufferings of
these captives were intense, and at the close of 1779 they set
fire to two of them, hoping to secure either liberty or death.
They felt it
" Better the greedy wave should swallow all.
Belter to meet the death conducting ball,
Better to sleep on ocean's oozy bed,
At once destroyed and numbered with the dead,
Than thus tn perish in the face ol day.
Where twice ten thousand deaths one death delay.
Freneau.
In 1780, the Jersey, originally a sixty-four gun ship (but, be-
cause unfit for service, was dismantled in 1776), was placed in
The jkksky
the Wallabout, and used as a prison-ship till the close of the
war, when she was left to decay on the spot where her victims
had suffered. Her companions were the Siromboli, Hunter,
and Scorpion, then used as hospitals. The latter was moored
in the Hudson, toward Paulus's Hook. The large number con-
fined in the Jersey, sometimes more than a thousand at a time,
and the terrible sufferings which occurred there, have made
her name pre-eminent, and her history a synonym for prison-
ships during the war. Her crew consisted of a captain, two
mates, cook, steward, and a dozen sailors. She had also a
guard of twelve old invalid marines, and about thirty soldiers.
* When the Liberty Street Sugar house was taken down, some of its tun
bers were converted into canes and other ohjects, by persons of antiquarian
taste. Among these was Mr. David Barker, a merchant of New York, wl>o
possessed a cane made of the wood. Toward the close of lfi.il, he commu
nicated, through acity paper, his desire to present the cane to a survivor oi
the sugar house prisoners, if one waa living. Several claimed the prize, all
of whom were undoubtedly prisoners there. In determining the award bj
lot, the precious relic fell to Levi Hanford, of Walton, Delaware county. New
York, who lived until Novem. 19th, 1S54, in the enjoyment of fair health and
vigor. He was confined in the sugar hjuse for seventeen months.
f The venerable Jeremiah Johnson, ex-mayor of Brooklyn, who died in
O, tuber, 1868, deposited in the Naval Lyceum a very valuable plan of the
Wallabout as it was in the Revolution, showing the position of the several
prison ships, the houses upon the shore, burial place of the victims, &c.
t Tins is from a sketch in RecofteetiotiM oftht Jertey trii^nihip, prepared
from the manuscript of Thomas Dring, a prisoner, by Albert G. Greene, E»q .
of Providence, Rhode Island. The t*nt seen upon the quarter-deck near tbe
atern, was used by the guard for a covering during hot weather. A flag staff
for signals was in the center. On the quarter deck waa a barricade, ten feet
in height, with a floor and limp holes on each side. The officern'cabin and the
Ittet > h for the niton were under the quarter deck.
SUPPLEMENT.
66 1
dratted Irorn Britidfa and Hessian corps lying on Long Island.
These were the jailers of the American captives, and n
instruments of great cruelty. Unwholesome food, foul air,
filth, and despondency soon produced diseases of the most ma-
lignant nature. Dysentery, small-pox, and prison fever were
the most prevalent, and, for want of good nurses and medical
attendants, they died by scores on the Jersey and the hospital
ships. The voice of human sympathy seldom reached t ;
of the captives, and despair was the hand-maid of contagion.
N'n systematic efforts for their relief were made, and, because
of the contagious character of the diseases, no person ever vis-
ited the hulks to bestow a cheering smile or a word of conso-
lation.* All was funeral gloom, and hope never whispered its
cheering promises there. When the crews of privateers were
no longer considered prisoners of war by the British (see page
350), the number of captives in confinement fearfully increased,
and Congress had no adequate equivalents to exchange. Pol-
icy, always heartless, forbade the exchange of healthy British
prisoners for emaciated Americans, and month after month the
hapless captives suffered, and then died.
The name and character of each prisoner were regtel
when he first came on board. He was then placed In the
hold, frequently with a thousand others, a large portion of them
covered with filthy rags, often swarming with, vermin. In
messes of six they received their daily food every morning,
whieh generally consisted of moldy biscuit filled with ■■■■
damaged peas, condemned beef and pork, sour flour and meal,
rancid butter, sometimes a little filthy suet, but never any rag-
etables. Their meat was boiled in a large copper kettle. Those
who had a little money, and managed to avoid robbery by the
British underlings, sometimes purchased bread, sugar, and
other niceties, which an old woman used to bring alongside
the hulk in a little boat! Every morning the prisoners brought
up their bedding to be aired, and, after washing the decks, they
were allowed to remain above till sunset, when they were or-
dered below with imprecations, and the savage cry, "Down,
rebels, down !" The hatches were then closed, and in serried
ranks they lay down to sleep, if possible, in the putrid air and
stifling heat, amid the sighs of the acutely distressed and the
groans of the dying. Each morning the harsh order came be-
low, " Rebels, turn nut your dead I" The dead were selected
from the living, each sewed in his blanket, if he had one, and
thus conveyed in a boat to the shore by his companions under
a guard, and hastily buried.
" By feeble hands their shallow graTea were made;
No stone- memorial o'er their corpses laid.
In barren sands, and far from home, they tie,
No friend to shed a tear when passing bj "
Freneai-.
Several times successful attempts at escape were made, and
these drew the cords of captivity closer, until the name of
11 Hell" for the Jersey was a proper synonym. Various minute
accounts of the sufferings of the prisoners have been publish-
ed, the substance of which, with other interesting matter con-
cerning the prisons and prison-ships at New York, may he
found in Onderdonk's Revolutionary Incident*, it., 207-250 in-
clusive.
So shallow were the graves of the dead on the shores of the
tVallabout, that while the ships were yet sending forth their
victims, the action of the waves and the drifting of the loose
sand often exposed the bones of those previously
Year after year this revolting exhibition might be seen, and yet
no steps were taken to preserve the remains of the martyred
.Feb 10, patriots, until 1803.* when Samuel L. Mitchill pre-
»803. ' sented a memorial to Congress, in behalf of the Tam-
many Society ol Now York, soliciting a tomb for the Martyrs.
This petition caused propositions for the erection ol
number of monuments, ordered by the Continental <
to be reared in memory of various revolutionary worthies.
The prayer of the petitioners was not granted, and no further
legislative action was had. The Tammany Society resumed
* Philip FreneM related a remarkable fact to his friend. Dr F<~
tan that while Northern and Southern men. nted to different climate*, were
crowded together during Ihe raje of the pestilence, many of whom bad nerer
been inoculated for small pox, at leaat aiaty or rerent> of them, now for the
6rst time exposed to the disease, escaped ]ts effect*.
f Thn wasacorpu-ent old woman known as » Dame Grant" SI
the 9hm weiy alternate day. Her boat waa rowed by two boy, -
..red what she brought m parrel*. w,th the price affixed. She at length be-
came a victim to the d.seasea of the hulk, and her death «M a great loss to
toe capti^ea.
deration of the subject in the winter ol 1807, appoint-
imittee, and on the thirteenth of April, leo?. die corn- r
f i Vault for the remains was laid, with Imposing cere-
monies upon land presented for the purpose by John Jackson,
■ isted on the southwestern rerge of the Navy Yard.
termination of Front Street, at Bad
lyn. Joseph D. Fay, Esq., delivered an el ^9 on
the occasion. On the twenty-sixth of May, 1806, a grand inner
al procession, foi York and
Brooklyn, marched to the finished vault, and there, En the pn a
-. tilled
with ret: rVallahoul were
placed in it * Doctor Benjamin Dewitt delivered a pathetic
funeral oration to the vast crowd, ' pathy
bedimuu unall wooden building was erected
over the vault, as an
ante-chamber, intended
to be temporary. In
front of it was placed
n wooden fence, with
posts, and upon
the bars were painted
the names of the oricin-
sJ thirteen states. The
uite-chamberyet(185Q)
nnd some of
the posts are yet there.
but the original design
■ -r been accom-
plished. Forty -four
years have elnp-
yet no enduring monu-
niii' 4-dt<-
the memory of those martyrs for freedom. Efforts toward
that end are now in progress. A committee has been appoint-
ed in Brooklyn, and it is to be hoped that a worthy memorial
will be speedily reared upon the spot.
V.
Board of War and Ordnance.
On the twelfth of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a com
mittee of five should be appointed " by the name of the Board
of War and Ordnance;" to have a secretary and one or mor-
On the following day. John Adam-, l: •• .-■ i Sherman
Benjamin Harrison, James Wilson, and Edward Rutled^-
were elected commissioners, and Richard Peters, secretary
The duties of the Board were to consist in obtaining and keep
ing an alphabetical register of all officers of the land forces in
the service of the United States, their rank and dates of com-
missions : nn exact account of all artillery and military stores
an account of the troop? in the respective colonies; to forward
all dispatches for Congress to the colonies and the armies; to
superintend the raising, fitting out, and dispatching all land
forces, under the general direction of Congress ; to have charge
of nil prisoners of war, and to keep correct copies, in books,
of all the correspondence and dispatches of the Board. The
secretary and clerks were required to take an oath of Si
. their duties. The salary of the secretary
was fixed at the rat gut hundred dollars n year : of the
clerks, two hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-six cents.
A seal was adopted soon after the organization of the Board,
of which the engraving on the next page is an exact copy. Ad-
ditions were made to the number of the commissioners, and
there were frequent changes in the administration of its affairs
Owing to the extent of the field ofwar.subordinate-bonrds were
authorized in February. 1778. These were to consist of th-
commanding officers of artillery in any division of the grand
army, the eldest colonel in the camp, and jineer.
who were to have the general supervision of the ordnance de-
* Tlie number of American prisoner* buried at the Wallahout i» not
known. At the time of the interment In ISO*, it " ■ -.re that.
eleven thntuand. Among the remain? gathered and deposited In the *nult at
the Nary Yard, are douli-; oWttt*, known to
ba»e been boned there. Of course, no distinct on could be made when Ih*
arena collected. They probably form a »ery small part of the gather-
ed re] , < of the mariyrt,
( Tli • '* a aketCB of the sntr chamber, taken from Hudson Arenue. Tl."
building i« «gbt feet square, and ten in height Up"" the enpoht, surmount
r,l i., id Mgle perched upon a globe, are long inscriptions, nil irrpkTs.nl
■ e OM npon the west side, which contains a hnef history of the id
termenL
662
SUPPLEMENT.
partment of the camp and field, under the commander-in-chief
of the dii
A new Board waa organized in November, 1777, consisting
of three persons not members of Congress, to sit in the place
t Feb., 1781.
f&&&9& :
Seal of the Board of War.
where Congress should be in session. This Board was com-
nosed of General Mifflin, and Colonels T. Pickering and Robert
II. Hiirrison. They were each to have a salary of two thou-
sand dollars a year. Mr. Harrison declined the service, and on
the twenty- seventh, General Gates, Colonel Joseph Trumbull,
and Richard Peters were elected commissioners. Gates was
appointed President of the Board, and at the same time he re-
tained his rank and pay of major general in the army. Col-
onel Pickering and Mr. Peiers, who were the " acting members
of the Board," received each a salary of four thousand dollars
a year. In October, 1778, another organization of the Board
took place. 'It consisted of two members of Congress, and
three persons not members, any three to constitute a quorum
lor business. The salary of the secretary, at that time, was
increased to two thousand dollars.
On the new organization of the civil government, under the
Articles of Confederation, Congress made another arrange-
ment, and resolved to elect a Secretary of War a
Richard Peters continued to discharge the duties
of the Board until October 30th, 1761, when General Lincoln
was elected Sccre-
s£T\. tary of War, with a
C*A^?s^ salary of five thou-
tl/C^&^f sand dollars a year.
•S Peters then resign-
' ed, and received
the thanks of Con-
gress for his in-
dustry and fidelity.
Lincoln held the office until the close of the war.
VI.
Signers of the Declaration of Independence.
It is a fact worthy of special record, and one which ought to
■xcitethe honest pride of every American, that not one of that
noble band who pledged life, fortune, and honor to the sup-
port of American independence, ever fell from his high moral
poaition before the world, or dimmed, by word or deed, that
brilliant page of history on which their names are written. In
the followiug brief sketches of their public career this fact is
illustrated. Correct portraits of forty-nine of the fifty six sign-
era will be found in the frontispiece to the second volume of
this work. The group in the center of the plate represents
the committee who prepared the Declaration, as arranged by
Trumbull in his celebrated picture of the event. I have ar-
ranged the sketches in the order of States as they appear in the
Journals of Congress.
New Hampshire.
Josiah Barilett waa born at Amesbury, Massachusetts, in No-
vember, 17*29. He studied the science of medicine, and com-
menced the practice of a physician at Kingston, in New Hamp-
shire. There he soon became a politician, was elected a mem-
ber of the Colonial Legislature, and was always found in oppo-
sition to measures of oppression, unmindful of the flatteries
and bribes of the chief mngistrnte. He was one of a Commit-
tee ot Safety in 1775, held the office of colonel of a militia regi-
ment, and, at the close of the year, waa elected to a 6eat in the
Continental Congress. He voted for independence, and was
the first to sign the Declaration, after John Hancock. He sub-
sequently filled the offices of Judge of Common Pleas and ot
the Supreme Court of his state, and in the convention to con-
sider the Federal Constitution, he took an active part in the
affirmative. He was elected first president, and then governor
of New Hampshire. He died May 19th, 1795, in the sixty-sixth
year of his age.
William Whipple was born at Kittery, in Maine, in 1730. He
was partially educated at a common school, and at an early age
went to sea. In 1759 he commenced business as a merchant
at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He was chosen a representa-
tive in the Provincial Congress of that state in 1775, and in
1776 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress.
In 1777 he was made a brigadier general of the New Hamp-
shire militia, and was active in calling out troops to oppose
Burgoyne. He was in the battles at Stillwater and Saratoga,
assisted in negotiations for the surrender of Burgoyne, and
was one of the officers who conducted the captive army to
Cambridge. He remained in active public service, and in 1782
was appointed a judge of the Superior Court of New Hamp-
shire. He died on the twenty-eighth of November, 1785, in
the fifty-fifth year of his age.
Matthew Thornton was born in Ireland in 1714. He came
to America, with his parents, at the age of three years. His
father first settled at Wiscasset, in Maine, but soon went to
Worcester, Massachusetts, where his son received an academic
education. He studied for, and became a physician, and in
1745 was appointed surgeon to the New Hampshire troops in
the expedition against Louisburg. He also held royal commis-
sions as justice of the peace and colonel of militia. He was
chosen a delegate for New Hampshire to the Continental Con-
gress in 1776, and during that year he was made chief justice
of the Court of Common Pleas of New Hampshire. He was
soon raised to the bench of the Superior Court. He died on
the twenty -fourth of June, 1803, while on a visit to his friends
in Massachusetts.
Massachusetts.
Samuel Adams was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the
twenty-second of September, 1722, He was educated for the
ministry at Harvard College, but, preferring politics to theolo-
gy, he never took orders. During the ten years of excitement
preceding the Revolution, Mr. Adams was a conspicuous leader
on the popular side. In the Continental Congress, where he
was a representative of his native state, he was one of tht
warmest advocates for independence. After he left Congress
he was very active in Massachusetts, especially in framing tht
State Constitution, under which he was chosen governor. He
was a man eminently fitted for the times in which he lived,
and he made a powerful impression upon the political features
of his generation. He died on the second of October, 1803, at
the age of eighty-one years.
John Adams was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, on the
thirteenth of October, 1735. He graduated at Harvard Uni-
versity, at the age of twenty years, and soon afterward com-
menced the prac-
tice of the law in
Boston. He was
brought promi-
nently into polit-
ical life by his de-
fense of Captain
Preston after the
" Boston Massa-
cre" in 1770, and
he was elected a
member of the
Massachusetts Legislature. He was elected to the Continental
Congress in 1774, where he was always a leading spirit. II«-
was sent on missions to England and Holland, and on his re
turn he assisted in framing a constitution for his state. He
assisted in negotiating peace with Great Britain, and was our
first minister to London. He was elected vice-president of
Hie United States in 1789, and president in 1797. He retired to
Quincy in 1801, and engaged but little in public life afterward.
He died on the fourth of July, 1826, at the age of ninety one
years.
John Hancock was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737
Adams's Residence at Quincy.
ST PPLEM E NT
■ l
He graduated at Harvard Cm ato mer-
cantile III-- with Ins uncle, a wealthy merchant of Boston, who
was childless, and adopted him as it son. II<- w&a successively
elected ■ selectman of] ad a member of the General
Court. 1 ery popular, and on the formation of the
Provincial Congress of bia state, he was elected itj pre
in 17;.". he n dent of the Got Ci ogress,
and in that capacity placed I t to the great
Declaration. Ill health compelled him to have Congress, but
imied of public lite. He assisted in forming i Consti-
tution for his native state, and served as governor under it from
! '7'i(. with the exception of one year. He died of the
gout on lite eighth of October, 1793, in the fifty-fifth year of his
age. His residence is delineated on page 507, volume i-
Robert Trial Paine was n native of Massachusetts, born in
1731. He graduated at Harvard College, Btudled theology, and
was a chaplain in the army, on the frontier, in 1758. He after-
ward turned his attention to the study of the law, ond became
a good practitioner. He was brought into public life by acting
for the attorney general in the trial of Captain Preston, which
case he managed with great ability. He was a delegate from
Massachusetts in the Continental Congress of 1774, and was
there again in 1776". Under the Massachusetts Constitution,
adopted in 1780, he was appointed attorney general. He held
that office until 17'.'t>, when he was elevated to the bench of the
Supreme Court of his state. He resigned in 1804, and was ap
pointed one of the state counselors. In the course of a 3
ne retired from public life. He died on the eleventh of May,
If 1-1. in the eighty-third year of his age.
Elbridge Gerry was born in Marblchead, Massachusetts, on
the seventeenth of July. 1744. He gradual* i at Harvard Col-
.ml prepared for commercial life, He was elect
ed to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1773; was chosen a
member of the Provincial Congress in 1774, and was soon aft-
rd sent a delegate to the Continental Congress. He held
1 front rank in that body on commercial and naval subjects,
and was a very useful committee-man. He was opposed to the
Federal Constitution, but yielded his opinion when it became
the organic law of the republic. He was appointed an envoy
to France in 1797, and was popular there. ^ lie was elected
nor of Massachusetts on his return, afterward was made
vice president of the Tinted States, and died in Washington
City, while holding that office, on the twenty-third of Novem-
ber, 1814.
Rhode Island.
Stephen Hopkins was born at Scituate (then a part of Provi-
dence), Rhode Island, on the seventh of March, 1707. He was
man. He was a member and speaker of the
Rhode Island Assembly, and in 17.:.1 was a member of a con-
vention of delegates from the several colonies held at Albany.
He wrote and acted against the unjust measures of the mother
country, long before the Revolution. He was a member of the
first Continental Congress in 1774, and was also a member in
1776. He left that body in 177^, and was subsequently a mem-
ber of the Legislator) state, where he was highly
esteemed. He died on the nineteenth of July, 1785, In the sev-
enty-eighth year of his age. His monument is delineated on
page 624, vol. i.
William EUery was bom at Newport, Rhode Island, on the
twenty-second of December. 1727. He graduated at Harvard
College in 1717, where he commenced the study and practice
of law in bis native town. He was an early opponent of Brit-
ish misrule, and having the confidence of his fellow- c:
is elected a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776,
He suffered much from the enemy during the war. He con-
tinued n member of Congress until 1785, at the same time hold-
in" the office of judge of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island.
He was made first collector of the port of Newport, under the
provisions of the Federal Constitution, which office he held
until his death on the fifteenth of February, 1820, in the ninety-
second year of his age.
Connecticut.
Roger Sherman was born at Newtown, neat Boston, on the
ainetecnth of April, 1721. He was bred a shoemaker, and fol-
lowed that business until his twenty-second year, when he
opened a small store and studied law. He was admitted to
the bar in 1754, and wns soon afterward elected a member of
the Connecticut Legislature. A few yenrs afterward, he was
appoint- 1 ; [geoftheO mwh in I soon elevated
bench ol the Si rt of I lonnecticut 0
I the Continent n L775, when
sal utility Hev ol the commit
tee appointed t«> draft the Declaration of In
cheerfully signed that Instrument Ho continued a membi ■
died on the twenty-third of July.
L793, in the seventy -second year of In
el Huntington was born in Windham, Connecticut, on
the second of July, 1733. He received only 8 common
tton, but, choosing the law fora profi ecamesi
nl that he WuS appointed kin l' ' attorney He was taion
raised to the bench ol the Superior Court. In 1770 he was
elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, and was chosen
■ dy in 1779. He aervi d
■ j. at different times, and was always acttvi in | ublli
life in his native state. He was appointed chief justice of Con-
necticut, elected llenteo he succeeded
1 Si pernor Griawold as chief magistrate. He died on the fifth
of January, 1796, in the sixty-fourth yesj oi His rest-
dence and tomb are delineated on pages 506, 607, vol. i.
am If'iliiams was born in Connecticut on the eighteenth
of Apni, L731, and graduated at Harvard College in 1751. He
nil ■ d thi ology, but abandoned it for the field of Mar-;, He
was the aid of bis cousin, who. with Hendrlck, was killed near
Lake George in 1755. Alter his return, he was chosen clerk
See he held almost fifty years. He was a
member of tho Connecticut Legislature for forty-five years.
He was a delegate in the Continental Congress in 1776", and
was a warm ad 01 ate ol Indi p< odi d< e. He 1 on the tw< 0
tieth of August. 1811, in the 1 year of his age. His
residence is delineated on page 603, vol. i.
Oliver It'vlcott was born in Connecticut in 1726. He grad-
uated nt Vale College in 1747. In 1774 he was elected a mem-
:.. 1 ol the Council of State, which office lie held until 1786
He was a member of the Continental Congress In 1776, and
was an active officer throughout the Revolution. lie was a
member of Congress until 1786, and was either in that body or
in the field the whole time. He was elected lieutenant gov-
ernor of bis state in 173l>, which office he held until >■■• 1 b .1
governor, ten years afterward. He died on the first of Decem-
ber, 17U7, in the seventy-second year of his age.
New York.
WUltam Floyd was born on Long Island on the seventeenth
of December, 1734. He was an early patriot, and being opulent
and popular, he was chosen to represent that section ol New
York 111 the Continental Congress of 1774. During the entire
war he was engaged in public life, and suffered much loss ol
property at the hands of the British, He moved to the bank*
of the Mohawk after the war. and there engaged in the delight
tul pursuit of agriculture. He died on the fourth of August,
1821, in th renth year of his age.
Philip Livingston was born in Albany, New York, on tho
of January, 1716. He grad-
il Yale College in 1737, and
Into mercantile busi-
- ■ ■--. York, whi re
he was eminently successful. He
was an alderman, and in L754 was a
nvention
at Albany. He waB a delegate in
Congress in 1776, and was one oft! 1
warmesl supporters of the Decla-
ration oi Independence. After the
a of the Constitution of his
state, I"' was a member of the Sen-
ate. He was also again elected
member o£ Congress, but death soon
,i. priv< 'i his country of his services
I!, dii 'I, while attendin
York, Pennsylvania, of dropsy in the
chest, on the twelfth ol June, 1778,
in the sixty-second year of his age.
■ Hill monument U) at York, Pennsylvania (Me ante, page 133), tnd brir«
tlie following inscription: " Sacred to lbs nemor] it the Honoral-le Phiiy
I. ■ ■ n, Who died June. IS, 1778, aged sixty three years, while attend-
in" the Congress of the United Suites at York, Prnnn) Ivnma, a* a delegnie
from the Stale of New York. Eminently distinguished for Ills talents and re;
- 4f*er»edly enjoved the confidence of his couDtry.and the I- ■
LxvXNOSTON'fl Mo\t
m N l AT YojtK *
SUPPLEMENT.
1 SsT—Ssp
n""'""" , ,,, ,„„.,i,.„ and commenced business
Mrned to Am, rica, Mid became an acfcve politician .He was
.,, , ,,, |, fate to the Continental Congress in 1775, and
'"' ' . . (,.vt.r.l years. He owned property on Long
, I:;;: „■;■;,■ V.rA.Toyed. He died on the thirtieth
', I ,„!„,, L803,in the ninetieth year of his age.
' , , u « M born in New York in 1726. He graduated
at W College in 1746. and then retired to the farm of his
ther in Lower West Chester, near Harlem. He took sides
wth the patriots when the war broke out, and was sent to he
ContinenLl Congress as a delegate in 1775. He was a member
m H76 and continued in office until 1777, when he was suc-
ceeded by his brother, Gonverneur Morris. He suffered much
Ztl frf property during the war. He died in January. 1798,
in the seventy-second year of his age-
New Jersey.
Richard Stockton was born near Princeton on the first ; ol
October 1730. He graduated at Princeton College in 1746.
££? lawwifl. Dayid Ogden, and rose rapidly to eminence^
Ue yisited Great Britain in 1767, where he became acquainted
th many distinguished men. He was an ardent patno , d
in 1776 was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress
In the autumn of that year, while returning from an oft,™
IwH, the Northern army, he was made prisoner, and was
. a ,„;,h mnrli cruelty His constitution became shattered
bet^:; "aTdrlfnking gradually hedied on the twen-
ty eighth of February. 1781, in the fifty-third year of h.a age.
HU residence is delineated on page 35 of this volume.
the fifth of February, 1732. He was educated at Ldinburgh,
. urtied divinity and was ordained a minister in the Scotch
Church He came to America, by invitation, in 1768, and was
maug, rated president of Princeton College, where he became
popular5 He was a warm patriot, and espoused the cause
of freedom with great energy. He was a delegate to the Con
, , rv, n„ess in 1776 and with pen and speech he ably
continued in Congress several years. His death occurred on
rnSmo^ov^ber.l794,.tmeBgeoBeven^oyea»8
Francis Hopkinoon was born in Pennsylvania in 1737. He
became distinguished in the profession of the law, and vvas aV
ways noted for his wit. He was a poet of considerable merit.
I I wrote several pamphlets on political subjects. He was a
delegate from New Jersey (his residence being at Bordentown ,
f„ he Continental Congress in 1776, and in 1780 tew.**
ed judge of admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania. In 1 JO
he was appointed district judge in the same state. He died
in May TO1, in the fifty-third year of his age For his poem
called The Battle of the Keg., see page 104 of this volume.
John r/ariwas born in New Jersey, at what precise times
nof recorded. He was a man of strong mind and decided prin-
ciples He was an agriculturist by profession, and was called
Broken ^constitution, Mr. Hart died in 1780, and was bnned
" SS2 ^ w.7bom a, Elizabethtown, New Jersey, on
x. fiff Vnf February 1726. He was a self-taught, strong-
SaCSLaSSTi- »a wUUng - Perform »vaS
of service. He became very popular, and in 1 ,76 h >» as elect
ed a delegate in the Continental Congress. He wa. active in
to public affairs of his state until his death, which OCC
sudcully in the month of June, 1794, at the age of sixty-eight
years.
Pennsylvania.
Robert Morri, was born in England in January W«
to this country while yet a child, and was educated in Th.la
delpna- He served an apprenticeship with a merchant, and
,„d v.n.-noa Ofnl. fri.nd, .ad cMloML Thl. monument ,. .r«l.a by hi.
,„nl»>, SU-pli" V«n Ben«el«et "
at twenty-one commenced busiuesa for himself. Remarkable
for energy, acuteness, and strict integrity, he was very success-
ful and possessed the entire confidence of the community.
He was elected a member of the Continental Congress ,n 1 , K,
and throughout the war was considered the ablest financier ,,,
the country. For a long time his individual credit was superior
to that of Congress itself. He lost an immense fortune, and
died in comparative poverty on the third of May, 1806, in the
seventy-third year of his age.
Benjamin Rush was born near Philadelphia on the twenty
fourth of December. 1745, O.8. He graduated at Princeton
College in 1760, commenced the study of medicine the next
year and in 1766 went to Edinburgh, where, two years alter
ward, he received the degree of M.D. He returned to Phlla-
delnhia in 1769. where he was elected professor of chemistrj
in the College of Pennsylvania. He was elected a member of
the Continental Congress in 1776, and from that period until
his death he took an active part in public affairs, politics sci-
ence and general literature. He stands in the highest rank ol
American physicians and philosophers. Dr. Rush died on the
nineteenth of April, 1813, in the seventieth year of his age.
Beniamin Franklin was born in Boston. Massachusetts, on
the seventeenth of January, 1706. He learned the business ol
Minting with his brother, and while yet a lad wrote many ex
cellent articles for publication. He left his brother at the age
of seventeen years, went to New York, and Irom thence to
Philadelphia, in search of employment. He settled in the latter
city, became acquainted with men of learning and science, and
finely went to London, where he worked at hi. trade for
some time He returned to Philadelphia iu 1732, and pursued
the profession of printer for many years with I"* "»-■
He was appointed clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1736.
nd the next year, postmaster. He commenced a popular
ma»azine in 1741. He waa very active in public affairs, and
was sent to England as agent for several of the colonies He
returned to America in 1775, and was immediately elected a
dele-ate in the Continental Congress. He was appointed com
missioner to the court of France in 1776, where he remained
several years in efficient service. He was the first minister to
that court, a„d assisted in negotiations for peace with Great
Britain. He returned to Philadelphia in 178=, when he was
elected president of Pennsylvania, and continued in office for
three years. He died on the seventeenth of April, 1790, in the
eighty-fifth year of his age. On his death, Congress ordered
a general public mourning throughout the United States.
John Morton was born in Delaware, of Swedish parents. »
,704 He took an active part in political affairs, and in 1 761
was elected a delegate from Pennsylvania to the "Stamp Acl
Confess.' which assembled in New York. He filled various
civil offices in Pennsylvania, and in 1774 was elected a menv
ber of the Continental Congress. He remained a member for
about three year, He was one of the committee which re-
ported the Articles of Confederation, and died soon after that
report was presented to Congress, in the fifty-third year ol his
^George Clymer was born in Philadelphia in 1739. Being left
an orphan, he was reared by a paternal uncle, who gave hta
a good education. He entered his uncle's counting-room to
prepare for the mercantile profession, but general science and
Hterature had more charms for him. He was a deeded pa-
rriot and in 1776 was elected to the Continental Congress. He
served several years in that body, and in 1781 was a member
of the Legislature of his native state. He was a revenue offi-
cer at the time of the •• Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania,
and there did efficient service in quieting the rebellion. His
last public duty was a mission to the Cherokees in 1,9b. He
died on the twenty-fourth of January, 1813, in the seventy
fourth year of his age. *
James Smith was born in Ireland, but would never give the
date of his birth. He was educated by Dr. Allison of Pbile,
delpbia. and studied law. He commenced professional life on
he' frontiers of Pennsylvania, where he had great influence.
In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress, where he
remained several years. He resumed his profession in 1,81
He relinquished practice in 1800, after a professional career of
about sixty years. He died in 1806, at the supposed age ol
^^^^wasborninlre.andinnie, Hecameto
America when a young man, with no fortune but good health
and Industry. He performed menial labor for some time, and
SUPPLEMENT.
then became a clerk io a let at Many yean
afterward, he marru d his . mployer*s widow, and became pos-
sessed of considerable property. He « I of the
the Stamp Art excit* rn< nl
Being an ardent Whig, he was elei ted to a seal In the Conti-
nental Congreu in 1776, Although he was not present to vote
on the resolution for independence, he gladly affixed his name
to the Declaration. He retired fi mi m n
year, and moved to the State of Delaware, wh<
the twenty third of February, 1781, in the sixty-fifth year of
his age.
James Wilson was born In Scotland in 1742. He waa thor-
oughly i Edinburgh, emigrated to America in 1766,
and became a tutor iu the Philadelphia College, where he stud-
ied law. He became Eminent in his profession, and in 1774
was chosen a member of the Provincial Congress of Pennsyl-
vania He waa elected to the Continental Congress En 177.7,
where he continued for several years. He was appointed an
i i e of the Supreme Court of the United Si
1789, and held that office until his death, which occum
the twent I August, 1798, in the fifty sixth year of his
age
George Ross was born nt Newcastle, Delaware, in 1730, and
»t the age of twenty-one years began tl I taw in
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, He was a memta r of the Pennsyl-
vania Assembly in 1768. In 1776 h a member of
the Continental Congress, advocated the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, and signed his name to the important document
He was very active in public lit"'1 until 1769, when death term.
i i is labors in July of that year, in the fiftieth year of his
age.
Dklawabb.
Qatar Rodney was born at Dover, Delaware, In 1730. He
was an active politician as early as L762. He was a Oil mber
of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, and in L768 was speaker of
the Assembly of his state. He was a fine writer, and hie pen
was actively employed in the cause of liberty. He waa a mem-
ber of the first Continental Congress, and remained in that
body until the close of L776, when he took the Held as briga-
dier of militia. He was chosen president of the state after the
adoption of a State Constitution. A cancer in the cheek finally
incapacitated him for business, his health rapidly failed, and
he died early in 178^. in the titty third year of his age.
George Read was born in Maryland in 1734, and was edu-
cated by Dr. Allison, in Philadelphia. He studied law, and
was admitted to the bar while yet a youth. He commenced
practice »t Newcastle. Delaware, and was soon afterward
. be I a member of the Btate Legislature. He was chosen a
delegate to the Continental Congress in 177-1. where lie remain-
ed for several years. He was president of the convention
which framed a State Constitution for Delaware. He was ap-
pointed an admiralty judge in 1782. In 1786, he W8 a mi mix I
of the first convention to revise the Articles of Confederation,
[n 1793 he was made chief justice of the Supreme Court of
Delaware, which office he held until his death, in the autumn
ol L79E in the siatty-fourth year of his age.
Thomas MKran was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania,
in 1734. He was educated by Dr. Allison, and entered a law
office at an early age. He was a member of the Stamp Act
Congress in 1765, and from that time he was active in public
affairs, always on the side of popular rights, He was chosen
a member of the Continental Congress for Delaware Iu 1774,
where he was a leader. Ho was a member fur the same state
in 1776, and voted for independence. He took an active part
in military affairs during the war, and after its close be was
called to till many important civil offices. He was president
of Congress in 1781. For twenty years he was chief jus tic ol
Pennsylvania, and in 1799 was elected governor of that state-
He retired from public life in 181% and died on the twenty-
fourth of June, 1817, in the eighty-fourth year of his age.
Makvi.and
Samuel Chase was born in Maryland on the seventeenth ot
April, 1741. He received a good classical education in Balti-
more, studied law, and commenced its practice in Annapolis.
He soon become a popular and distinguished man. In 1771 he
was chosen a member of the Continental Congress. He
re-elected in 1775, and remained a member of that body until
1778. In 1786 he moved lo Baltimore, and, two years after-
ward, was appointed chlel justice i I thi i i nal Courl i
. n afterward appoint ■ ■
[n L796 be was appointed a judge ol the Supreme
the i oiled States, which office he filled for fifteen
nineteenth of June, 1811, in the even
ti,< Hi year of b -
u n in born in Maryland in 174*2. lie was a law.
. , a earl] pati iot In 1774 he waa elect-
Con [reae, to which he w ■
chosen the following year, He remained a member of that
body until early in 1778, having, in the mean while, sigi ■
i ii i ii of Indent odi nc . and a I ted In the fi rmatlon ol
the Articli ■ ■■■ ration. He n t activt Id his ofl n
until 1783, when he v tin ele b d to Congress. Ha was
pri ii Washington resigned his commission,
1784 was elect. ,l j it. idem ol thai body, pro tempore. He died
at his residence acco, on the fifth ol ( I
forty fifth year of bis age.
William Paca was born in Hartford, Maryland, on the thirty-
first ofOctober, 1740. He was well educated bj Dr. Alll ion lo
the Philadelphia ad then studied law nt Annnpolis.
He soon became conspicuous, and in 1771 was elected n mem
her of the State Le rislature. He was a member of the Con-
tinental Congress In 1774, w cted in 177."), and ren
in that body until 1778, when be was appointed chief justice of
the State of Maryland. In |782 he was chosen governor of the
pi pulai He was appointed disti lei
for the State of Maryland in 1789, which office he held until his
death, which occurred En 1799, when he was in the sixtieth
year of his age.
Charles Carroll was born at Annapolis, Mnrylnnd, on the
twentieth of September, I7:s7. His fattier being n Roman
Catholic, he was sent to France to be educated. He returned
to Maryland in 1765, a finished scholar and gentleman, He
took an active part in public affairs, and was elected a membei
of the Continental Congress in July, 1776, and, with others,
signed the Declaration of Independence on the second of Au-
gust following. He retired from Congress in 1778, and, after
taking part in the councils of his native state, wns elected
United States Senator in 1789. He retired from public life in
1801, and lived in the enjoyment of accumulated honors and
social and domestic happiness, until November 14, 1835, when
I at the age of ninety-four years. Mr. Carroll was the
last Mirvivor of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence
Virginia.
. Wythe was born in Elizabeth county, Virginia, in
1726. His parents were wealthy, and as the law opened afii I
for distinction, he chose that as a profession. He was a mem-
ber of the Colonial Legislature of Virginia, and in 1775 was
elected a member ot the Continental Congress. Like other
signers of the great Declaration, Mr. Wythe suffered much
from foes, especially in loss of property. He was speaker ot
the Virginia House of Delegates in 1777, nnd the san
was appointed judge of the High Court of Chancery. He was
afterward appointed cbnncellor, and filled that office with dis-
tinction for more than twenty years. He died on the eighth
ol June, 1806, in the eighty first year of his age.
,/ Henry Lee was born in Westmoreland county, Vir-
Hi of January, 17:('J. lie was educated in
I □ ..■!■ ad, nnd soon aft' t Ins return, in 17.77, he was elected a
member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was elected
to the Continental Congress in 177-1, and in 1776 had the honor
to offer the resolution declaring the colonies free and inde-
pendent He whh a very active member of Concress during n
greater part of the war. He was appointed Tinted Stairs
tor under the Federal Constitution, which office he filled
with great ability. He died on the nineteenth of June, 1794, in
the sixty second year of his age. A notice of Mr. Lee's birth-
place may be found on pnge2l7 of this volume.
Thomas Jtfferton wns born at Shod well, Albemarle county,
Virginia, on the thirteenth of April, 1743. Ho was educated nt
Willi m and Mary College, from which be early graduated.
He studied law with George Wythe, nnd when a very voting
mrtn, was admitted to the bur. He was a member of the Vir
i jrfslature w tore the Revolution, where his talent* ns a
writer were appreciated. He was elected to the Contlm ntnl
Congress in 177.7, and in 1770 was one of the committee ap-
pointed to draw up the Declaration of Independence. 11J
health prevented his acceptance of an embassy to France, to
OGG
SUPPLEMENT.
,q lew ™w ^ BB pte„d.nt he
, ,, , „ ,! •„ 1;„... , ,d . ,r . s J ^fo^a, 0f July, ISiS.
with .good «P»'J»VH,J2IS5 was elected a member
3lege ol nor • di d on ,he fourth of January,
K"JS^of hta.se. His residence Ude.ine.ted
on page 315 of £fc wta» WestmorelMd, Virginia,
rrmm Ugh foot Le was born ^ ^ ^
on the fourteenth of October l(^ n ^ ^
until 1 .75, wnen u whcn he rctired to
remained^ memb f ^ ^ rf isy at about the
Ce timer SSZ death occurred in April, 1797, at the age
of sixty-three years. K„wi„-,on Virginia, on the tenth
of September, 173b, ana » England, where he
o^Turdrt;Vtnero,O1c'tober,1707,from the effects of pa-
ralysis, in the sixty-first year of his age.
tire from office the following year. He died in October, 1790,
°t;!;:;rWirrbSoh:ny:rKingston,KewJersey,in 1730, and
wafeduld at Princeton Coi.ege. He P«P-cd tor ™
Ule life, entered successfully upon that pursu.t, and at the age
of thi ry, located at Wilmington, North Carolina where he
soon accumulated a fortune. He was a member of to Coto
nial Legislature several consecutive years, and was elected to
Z Continental Congress in 1774. He continued - that bo. y
until 1779, when sickness compelled h.m to leave He died on
the tenth of November of that year, in the fifueth year of h,s
°SJoA« Penn was bom in Caroline county, Virginia, on the
sev nteenfh of May, 1741. His early education «■«*££
but a strong mind overcame many obstacles. He studied Jaw
with Edmund Pendleton, and commenced its practice in 17b
He w.nt to North Carolina in 1771, took a high posmon .at the
bar, and in 1775 was elected to a seat in the Con«*l Coo-
gress. He was an active member ot that body until 1779 when
te returned home. He retired from public life at the close of
the war, and died in September, 1788, in the forty-sixth year
of his age.
North Carolina.
^ an^e^~ed t study of law. He visited
North Carolina in 1751
and fixed his permanent
residence at Wilmington.
He represented that town
in the General Assembly
,n 1773. and the next year
was elected a member ot
the Continental Congress.
After affixing his nameto
the Declaration in 1776,
he resigned his seat, in
consequence of the em-
barrassments of his pn- (....[..ed a judge of
to Hi Burr, ot Wllmintton. t»i tl.i» »ketcJl.
South Caeolina.
Eduard BulUdge was born in Charleston in November 1749.
He was educated at Princeton, and studied law with his eUer
brother John. He completed his legal education in England,
and returned to America in 1773. In 1775 at the age of twen-
ty-five, he was elected to the Continental Congress Here
mled a member until the close of 1776 and was rwfccte Un
1779 He was made a prisoner at Charleston in 1 .80. Alter
nl release, he engaged in the duties of his profession until
,-,„. „.)„.„ i„. was elected governor of the state Hi lieaor
me twenty-third of January, 1800, in the fifty-first ye.r of his
^Thomas Heyward, Jun., was born in South Carolina in 174a
After receiving a thorough classical education, he commenced
the study of the law. He completed his legal edu ration in
England, and, returning to America, married and settled. He
was an early opponent of British oppression, and in 177o wa
elected a delegate to the Continental Congress. He left that
body in 1778, to fill . judicial seat in his native state He com-
matded a battalion of militia during the siege o Charleston ,.
1780, was made . prisoner, and was sent with "thereto St An
»ust ne He continued in public life as judge until 1798 w hen
he reured He died in March, 1809, in the sixty-fourth year
°CnoZ' Lynch, Jan., was born in South Carolina on the filth
of aZZ 1749. He was educated in England, and graduated
a Cambridge with honor. He studied law in London return-
ed home to 1772, and immediately took an active part in pol
itics He was appointed to the command of a company m a
I8* Carolina regiment in 1775 and was -on afterward e ,
,.d to a seat in the Continental Congress. His health tailed,
and soon after affixing his signature to the Declaration of lode-
pendence, he returne! home. With his wife, he sailed for the
West ind.es at the close of 1776. The vessel was never heard
"t£?MUU~ was born in South Carolina in 1743. He
gr^aed a, Cambridge. England, and returned to America in
H73 He was elected a member of the Council of Safety at
Charleston in 1775, and in 1776 was sent a delegate to the Con-
!l rlm-ess He was in Charleston when it was surren-
Lrdto theTritish in 1781. was made prisoner, and remained
f„ cap tivn7 more than a year. A large portion of his ample
h nlwYs melted away by the fires of the Revolution. He
w^eW " ««« political life until his death, which oc
rred onSthe first of January, 1789, in the forty-fourth year el
hia agf!.
Hooper's Residence.*
Georgia.
Buuon GvinneU was born in England in 1732 He was well
educated, and after being engaged in mercantile "«>»«'»'«•
native country for several years, he came to Amenc., settled
LSassassss: rfi
SL-jsrjsesstBssss
SUPPLEMENT.
667
office equivalent to that of governor. He had a quarrel with
General M'lntosh which resulted in a duel. Gwinn
mortally wounded, and his life ended at the age of forty six
years.
Lyman Hall was born in Connecticut in 1721. Hegradu '
at Yale College, studied medicine, and went to South Carolina
in IT,')-,'. He remoi ed to Georgia, and was practicing the pro-
fession of a physician when the Revolution broke out The
pariah of St John's elected him to a sent in the Coin ti
Congress in 1775. Georgia soon afterward joined the confed-
eration of revolted colonies, and Dr. Hall was elected a
delegate, with Gwinnett and Walton, lie. resided at the North
while the British held possession of Georgia, and all his prop-
erty was coiui^riited to the crown. He returned to his adopted
state in 178:2, and w the following year.
exercising the duties of his office for some time, he re.
tired from public life. He died in Burke county in 1764, in the
sixty-third year of his age.
George Walton was born in Frederick county, Virginia, in
1740. He was bred a mechanic, but on attaining his m
he went to Georgia and commenced the practice of the law.
He was elected a member of the Continental Congress in 1776,
and remained active in that body until near the close of 1778,
when he returned home. He was wounded and made pris-
oner at Savannnh when it was taken by Campbell. In 1 h
1779, he was elected governor of the state, and in 1780 was
again sent to Congress. He wbb again governor of <■
then chief justice, and in 1798 was a United States Bei
TVre he remained one year, and then retired. He died at
Augusta on the second of February, 1804, in the sixty-fourth
year of his age.
VII.
The Loyalists.
Th» Loyalists of the Revolution were of two kinds, active
and passive, ami these were again divided into two classes each,
the mercenary and the honest We have elsewhere observed
that when the Declaration of Independence was prom';
many influential men, who were fully alive to the importance
of demanding from Great Britain a redress of existing and in
creasing grievnni-es, were not prepared to renounce all alle-
md they adhered to the interests of the crown. These
formed a large class in every rank in society, and, being actu-
ated by conscientious motives, commnnd our thorough re-
spect Many of these took up arms for the king, remained
loyal throughout the contest, and suffered severely in exile
when the contest was ended. Others, for purposes of gain,
and some to Indulge in plunder and rapine under legal sanc-
tion, were active against the patriots, and their crimes were
charged upon the whole body of the Loyalists. The fiercest
animosities were engendered, and common justice was de-
throned. The Whigs, who suffered dreadfully at the hands of
marauding Tories, hated the very name of Loyalist and,
through the inch umentality of confiscation acta and other
measures, the innocent were often punished for the crimes of
the guilty. But when peace came, and animosities subsided,
bore sway, and much property was restored. Yet the
Claims of the British commissioners in negotiating the treaty
Reception of the Amebican Loyalists in England."
* Tbia is from an allegorical picture by Benjamin We^L. Religion and Jus-
tice are se«n extending the nianlie of BnUnma, while she herself is holding
out her arm ami shield U> receive the Loyalist*. Under the »hield is the
crown of Great Britain, surrounded by Loyalist*. The group ha* represent-
alivesofthe Law. the Church, and Government, with other people. An In
han chief extends one band toward Britannia, and with the other poind to
Widows and Orphans, rendered so by the war. In a cloud near Religion
and JuBtice id seen the Genii of Great Britain and America, in an Opening
gtory. binding up the broken/oject of the two countries, as emblematic of the
treaty of peace. At the head of the Loyalists, with a large wig, m ■
Willian Pepperell, one of their most efficient friends in England, and imme
diately behind him, with a scroll in his band, is Governor William Franklin,
of New Jersey, aon of Dr. Franklin, who remained loyal until the last. The
two figures on the right are Mr. West and bis wife, both natives of Pennsylv a
bis.
I have already noticed Governor Franklin (page s"W>, volume)., and p. 10,
velum" "•) S-» prisoner in Connecticut Among other pbCM where he was
in custody in tlist state wdji Wallingford, at the bouse of Doctor Jared Pot
ter, Where he *prnl bis time mostly in reading, walking in the garden, and
conversations with the family, to whom he became much attached. Franklin
and Joseph Galloway were among the most prominent of the loyal refuge- 1
who sought shelter in England.
CO
SUPPLEMENT.
of peace, to indemnity for the Loyalists by the United State, his father, and is justly entitled to the respect and venerator
government, could not be allowed, lor it was justly argued that of every American, as the only foster child of the republic
lurine the war flie Wh.gs had lost as much and more by the among us. At my earnest request. Cqlonel Mercer courteous y
machinations of the Toriee, as the latter had done by contisca-
consented to the publication of bis portrait in the Field-Book
The following brief sketch of his life is from the pen of an af-
fectionate friend :
Colonel Hugh Mercer was born at Fredericksburg, Virginia
tions and the consequences of exile.
It is estimated by Sabine" that at least twenty thousand Loy-
alists took up arms fur the king during the war. The first or-
ganizations were under Governors Dunmore and Martin ; and
besides those under Butler and Johnson, in New York, and
Colonel Ferguson, at King's Mountain, there were twenty nine
or thirty regiment., regularly officered and enrolled.t These
were disbanded at the close of the war, and some of the offi-
cers were transferred to the regular army and continued in
service for life. Others, less fortunate, went, with a host of
military and civil companions, into exile, the Northern ones
chiefly to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Southern
ones to the Bahamas, Florida, and the British West Indies.
Many also went to England, and for years they were importu-
nate petitioners to the government for relief. The officers gen-
erally received half pay.
Toward the close of 1T82, a committee of Parliament was
appointed to attend to the claims of the Loyalists. The result
of their 'investigations was to deny the claims of some who
had already received aid, and to allow more to others of
greater worth. By their decision in June, 1783, £43,515 per
annum were distributed among six hundred and eighty-seven
Loyalist pensioners. The claimants finally became so numer-
ous, that a permanent Board of Commissioners was appointed,
which continued for almost seven years. On the twenty fifth
of March, 1784, the number of claimants was two thousand and
sixty-three, and the amount of property claimed to have been
lost by them was £7,046,278, besides debts to the amount ot
£2,354,183. The commissioners continued their labors, re-
ported from time to time, and in 1790 Parliament settled the
whole matter by enactment It appears that on the final ad-
justment of claims nearly fifteen millions of dollars were dis- .
tributed among the Loyalists, " an unparalleled instance of Mary College during its palmiest days, while under the charge
magnanimity and justice in a nation which had expended of Bishop Madison. For a long series of years he was colonel
, r_..-j-_ j -_j .!„._„ iil;™.nrjnll»™intlipw»r"1 of the militia of his native county (Spottsylvama), and tot
For five consccu
in July. 1776. His mother was Isabella Gordon. She sur
vived her martyred husband about ten years, and during that
time made an indelible impression of her own excellence upon
the character of her son. He was educated at William and
nearly one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars in the war.
A minute account of the Loyalists, their aggressions, suffer-
ings, claims, and indemnities, may be found in the Historical
Essay prefixed to Sabine's biographical sketches of the Amer-
ican 1 ./alists.
VIII.
The Foster child of the Republic.
On the fifth of April, 1777, the Continental Congress, after
twenty years he was an active magistrate,
rive years Colonel Mercer represented his district in the Vir
ginia Legislature, when, preferring the sweets of domestic lid
to.the honors and turmoils of office, he declined a re election.
He was soon afterward elected president of the Branch Bank
of Virginia, located at Fredericksburg, which station he has
continued to fill until the present time. Through life Colonel
Mercer has enjoyed good health, and has ever been distinguish
reaving toTreet appropriate monnment. to the memory of ed for energetic and methodical business habits He .is now
Generals Warren and Mebceb, the first in Boston, and the in the seventy-seventh year of hi. age; and at the 'Sentry Box,
"in Fredericksburg, Virginia, also resolved "That the his estate near Fredericksburg, he >™^«**"£~*£
eldest son of General Warren, and the youngest son of General of the few remaining specimen, of "Virginia gentleman of th.
Mercer, be educated from this time at the expense of the old school.
United States."^ The monuments have never been erected,
but the promises to the living were faithfully performed. The
" youngest son of General Mercer" was born about eix month,
after the father made his will|| and joined the army of patriots.
He is the last sur\ ivor of his father's family, which
consisted of four .on. and a daughter.
IX.
and was only five months old when the hero fell in battle at
Princeton. That .on yet survive., bears the honored name of
* See The American Lnyaliili, <J-e-, by Lorenzo Sabine, page 68.
f The following are the names of many of tliese corps, preserved by Sa
nine, page oO. The King's Rangers; the Royal Fi
Hanger. j the New York Volunleers; the King'. American iveg,
menu the Prince of Wales's American Volunteers; tl.e Maryland Loyalists;
n. Lancey'a battalion*; the second American Regiment; the King'" Ban.
rem, Carolina; the South Carolina Royalists ; the North Carolina Highland
.1 ; the King's Amen, an Dragoon, ; the Lsiyal American Reg.ment;
U.e Amer.can Legion ; the New Jersey Volunteers ; tl.e British Legion ; the
Loyal Forester.; IhoTlri.nge Rangers; the Pennsylvania Loyalists; the
.:,,! r.oneers; the North Carolina Volunteers; the Georg. a Loyal
isu; the West Chester Volunteers. To these may be added (he Newport
... ; the Loyal Sew Englanders; the Associated Loyalist.; Went-
ironlr. Volunteer.: Johnson's Royal Greens, and seventeen companies of
M, under Colonel Archibald Hamilton of New York.
( Uolphua. 4 See J.mrW.. ..; . ns.
|| This signature of General Mercer I copied from his will, which is dated
February fi, I17B; about eleven mouths previous to his death.
Autographs of Washington's Life Guard.
Since the publication of the account of Washing-
ton's Life Guard, (see page 688, volume i-1 I have
received from Schuyler Colfax, Esq., grandson ol
General Colfax (who was the commander of the
Guard during the last years of the war), an interest
ing document, containing the signatures of the mem
bers of the eorps in February, 1783. These were appended t<-
an order nccepted by the commander, to pay to Melancthon
Smith, <t Co. the amount of one month's pay, which that firm
had advanced with the understanding that they were to Weil
for reimbursement until the corps was paid by Congress. Col
'hie Americans; the fax'8 acceptance was as follows: "Accepted to pay when re
ceivod from the paymaster general." It appears by the amount
set opposite each man', signature or " mark" (for several ol
them, it will be observed, could only make their mark), that
the pay of officer, and privates was as follows, per month : the
commander and his lieutenant, twenty-six dollars and sixty
cents each; sergeants, ten dollars each; corporals and drum-
mers, seven dollars and thirty cents each; drum-major (Diah
Manning), nine dollars; and privates, six dollars and sixty
cents each. I have grouped the autographs as closely as pos-
sible, so as to economize .pace. 1 am also indebted to Mr. Col-
fax for tho following brief sketch of the public life of the " enp
tain commandant:"
M'PPLEMEN 1
6G9
General William Colfax was born in Connecticut about 176U tokens of li. t .rd, his family yet possesses a ail
At the age of seventeen years he whs commissioned a beaten- ver stock buckle, set with paste brillianta. Colfax v.
ant in the Continental army. He was soon afterward selected surrender of Cornwallis, and at t:
tin Commandant of the Commanderin- Pompt.n. New J. r
ington became much attached to Colfax, cousin of General Philip Schuyler. He was commissioned by
D shared his tent and table with him. Among many Governor Howell, in 1793, general and commandcr-m
.jHVSi TNk
41
\
* C
vV
'SO
-
x %
(5 7 0
SUPPLEMENT.
the militia of New Jersey. He was a presidential elector in of Bergen county, which office he held until his death, which
L796 He was commissioned brigadier general of the Jersey occurred in 1838, at the age of seventy-eight years. He was
Blues in 1810, and was active during the earlier periods of the buried with military honors,
war of 1812. He was appointed a judge of the Common Pleas
J ^^^
$1 w i
SUPPLEMENT
G71
Continental Lottery-
On tin i* first i 1776, the Continent.-* i I
solved "That ;i nun of money be I y of lottery for
Dg the expenses of the next campaign, the lottery to be
drawn in Philadelphia."* A committee was appointed to ar-
range the same, and on the eighteenth reported the following
scheme :
To constat of 100.000 tickets, each divided into four billeU,
and to be drawn in four classes.
First Class, at $10 each binet=$l,000.0O0. Prizes: 1 of
$10,000 ; 2 of $5000 ; 30 of $1000 ; 400 of $500 ; 20,000 of $20.
Carried to the fourth class, $200,000.
Second Class, at $20 each billet=$2,000,000. Prizes : 1 of
$00,000; 2 of $10,000; 10 of $5000; 100 of $1000; 820 of $500;
20,000 of $30. Carried to the fourth class, $500,000.
Third Clam, at $30 each billet=$3,000,000. Prizes: 1 of
$30.000 ; 1 of $20.000 ; 2 of $15,000 ; 2 of $10,000 ; 10 of $5000 ;
$1000; 1000 of $500; 2000 of $40. Carried to the fourth
class, $iKX>,000.
Fourth Class, at $40 each billet= $4,000,000- Prizes: 1
of $50,000: 2 of $25,000; 2 of $10,000; 10 of $5000; 100 of
$1000; 200 of $500 ; 1000 of $300 ; 15,000 of $200 ; 20,000 of
$50. Brought from the first three classes, $1,600,000. Total,
$5,000,000.
This lottery was intended to raise a sum of money c n loan,
bearing an annual Interest of four per « Ql , which, with the
■ Mima arising from deductions of fifteen per cent, uj
amount of each class, making in the aggregate one hundred
and five thousand dollars, was to be applied to the public use
The drawer of more than the minimum prize in each class
was to receive either a Treasury Bank-note, payable in five
d innnal Interest at four per cent
emption of such billets in the next succeeding class. This
whs optional with the adventurers. Those who should noi
call for their prizes within six weeks after the end of the draw-
ing were considered adventurers in the next succeeding class.
Seven managers were appointed, who were authorized to em-
ploy agents in the different states to sell the tickets. The first
drawing was decided to be made at Philadelphia on the ttret
of March, 1777, but purchasers were comparatively few and
tardy, and the drawing was postponed from time to time.
Various impedimenta continually presented themselves, and
the plan, which promised such success at the begini-
pears to have been a failure. Many purchasers of tick* i
losers ; and this, like Borne other financial schemes of the Rev-
olution, was productive of much hard feeling toward the Fed-
eral government The adventurers in the Continental Lot-
tery have long since passed away, and very few of the tickets
are left. The one here counterfeited was presented to me by
Mr. George W. Pettis, of Providence, Rhode Island.
^ J^ **. fJ9^J^ .*. -*-
^ j*k -Sk>0k -** >«* -*v^
mMWI&*Mm
CLASS the
m
.cJSWlV HIS TICKET entitles the Bearer to receive %
'f T f fuch. Prize as maybe drawn againft it* Nura- *
%e^/"' ber, according to a Refolution of CONGRESS, \
palled at Philadelphia, November 18, ^7^^a^^^n\
N.
XI.
The English Stamps.
annexed engraving represents one of the famous gov*
^^^ ernment stamps, manufac-
tured for the American mar-
ket :n 1765. The impression
was made upon dark blue
paper, similar in appearance
to that commonly known as
tobacco paper, to which was
lp of tin
foil, represented by the light
oblong in the engraving. The
ends of the foil were passed
through the parchment or
paper to which the stamp
was to be attached, flattened
on the opposite side, and a
piece of paper, with the rough
device and number of the
n the following cut, pasted over it to secure it
__^_ The device of the stamp was a double
Tudor rose, Inclosed by the Royal
Gart -r. Above thin wss a crown, and
below was named the money value of
the sump. The specimen here given
was a shilling stamp.
The idea of producing a revenue by
the sale of stamps and stamped paper
n America was promulgated almost
stamp, seen
forty years before its final develop-
' -a-naU, ii., 411
ment in legislative enactment in 1765. Sir William Keith ad-
vised the policy as early as 1728. In 1739 the London mer-
chants advised the ministry to adopt the measure, and public
writers from time to time suggested various schemes predi-
cated upon the same idea. In 1750, Douglas, in his work on
British America, recommended the levying of a stamp duty
upon all legal writings and instruments. Dr. Franklin regard-
ed the plan favorably ; and Governor Pharpc, of Maryland,
was confident, in 17.">4. that Parliament would speedily make a
for raising money by means of stamp duties, Lieuten-
ant-governor Delancey spoke in favor of it in the New York
Assembly in 1755, and the following year, Governor Shirley,
of Ma.apuchupctts, urged Parliament to adopt a Stamp Tax.
The British pn measure in 17,'>7, and It was con-
fidently stated that at lca?t three hundred thousand dollars an-
nually might thus be drawn from the colonies, without the tax
. felt. But William Pitt would not listen to the
recommendation, for, like Walpole twenty -five years before,
he preferred to draw money into the treasury by the exer-
cise of a liberal commercial policy toward the Americans.
Notwithstanding public opinion in England appeared to be de»
cidedly favorable to the measure, it was not proposed by the
ministry until 1764. It became a law in 1765, and was repeal-
ed in 176G. Had not ministers been deceived by the repre-
sentations of the stupid and selfish royal governors in America,
it probably would never have been enacted. Those men were
frequently too indolent or indifferent to make themselves ac-
quainted with the real temper of the people. Regarding the
mass as equally servile as their flatterers, they readily rom
mended that fatal measure which proved the spark that light-
ed the flames of Revolution, and severed forever the political
connection between Great Britain and thirteen of her Ameri-
can coli
G72
SUPPLEMENT.
XII.
The Stamp Act.
Whereas, by an act made in the last session ofParUament,
aeveralduUes were granted, continued, and appropriated to-
vard defraying Ik. exp, fee* ol defending, |M( »» -J
lhe British colonies and plantations in America; and
whereas it is just and necessary that provision be made for
raising a further revenue within your majesty's dominions in
Imerica toward defraying the said expenses; we, your maj-
, Biy's most dutiful mid loyal subjects, the Commons ol Oreat
Britain in Parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to
giv, grant unto your majesty the several rates and duties
hereinafter mentioned , and do humbly beseech your majesty
llial it may be enacted, and be it enacted by the king's most ex-
cellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords
sjurilual and temporal, and commons, in this present Parlia-
ment assembled, and by the authority of the same, that from
and alter the first day of Novembar.one thousand seven hund-
red and sixty-five, there shall be raised, levied, collected, and
paid unto his majesty, bis heirs, and successors, throughout
the colonies and plantations in America, which now are, or
hereafter may be, under the dominion of his majesty, his heirs
and successors :
1 . For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any declaration, plea, replication, rejoinder, demurrer,
or other pleading, or any copy thereof, in any court of law
within the British colonies and plantations in America, a
stamp duty of three pence.
2. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any special bail, and appearance upon such bail in any
such court, a stamp duty of two shillings.
3. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which may be engrossed, written, or print-
ed, any petition, bill, answer, claim, plea, replication, rejoinder,
demurrer, or other pleading, in any court of chancery or equity
within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of one
shilling and six pence.
4 For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any copy of any petition, bill, answer claim, plea, rep-
lication, rejoinder, demurrer, or other pleading in any such
court, a stamp duty of three pence.
5 For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or Piece of paper, on winch shall be engrossed, written, or
printed any monition, libel, answer, allegation, inventory, or
renunciation in ecclesiastical matters, in any court of probate,
court of the ordinary, or other court exercising ecclesiastical
jurisdiction within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp
duty of one shilling.
6 For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any copy of any will (other than the probate thereof),
monition, libel, answer, allegation, inventory, or renunciation
in ecclesiastical matters, in any such court, a stamp duty ol
six pence. , . .
7 For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed any donation, presentation, collation or institution, of
or to any benefice, or any writ or instrument for the like pur-
pose or any register, entry, testimonial, or certificate of any
degree taken in any university, academy, college, or seminary
nnearnmg within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp
duty of two pounds.
c" For overs skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece or paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any monition, libel, claim, answer, allegation, inform-
ation httc'r of request, execution, renunciation, inventory, or
other pleading, in any admiralty court within the said colonies
and plantations, a stamp duty of one dulling.
Q For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which any copy of any such monition, li-
bel, claim, answer, allegation, information, letter ol request,
execution, renunciation, inventory, or other pleading shall be
, ■ issed, written, or printed, a stamp duty of ax pi m t.
10 For every Bkinorpiece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any appeal, writ of error, writ of dower, ad quod dam-
num, certiorari, statute merchant, statute staple, attestation,
or certificate, by any officer, or exemplification of any record
or proceeding, in any court whatsoever, within the said colo-
,,„ 9 and plantations (except appeals, writs of error, certiorari,
attestations, certificates, and exemplifications, for, or relating
to the removal of any proceedings from before a single justice
of the peace), a stamp duty otten shillings.
11. For every skin or piece ol vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any writ of covenant for levying fines, writ of entry for
suffering a common recovery, or attachment issuing out of, or
returnable into, any court within the said colonies and planta-
tions, a stamp duty of/ire shillings.
12. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any judgment, decree, sentence, or dismission, or any
record of nisi prius or postea, in any court within the said col-
onies and plantations, a stamp duty of/our shillings.
13 For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed any affidavit, common bail, or appearance, interroga-
s'ltion, rule, order or warrant of any court, or any
r polestatem, capias subpoena, summons, compulsory
citation, commission, recognizance, or any other writ, rrocess,
or mandate, issuing out of, or returnable into, any court, or
any office belonging thereto, or any other proceeding therein
whatsoever, or any copy thereof, or of any record not herein
before charged, within the said colonies and plantations (ex-
cept warrants relating to criminal matters, and proceedings
thereon, or relating thereto), a stamp duty of one shilling.
14 For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any note or bill of lading, which shall be signed for any
kind of goods, wares, or merchandise, to be exported Irom, or
any cocket or clearance granted within the said colonies and
plantations, a stamp duty of four pence.
15 For everv skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed letters of mart or commission for private ships ol war.
within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty or rtoen-
til shillings. .
16 For everv skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any grant, appointment, or admission of, or to. any pub-
lic beneficial office or employment, for the space or one year, or
any lesser time, or or above twenty pounds pa annum sterling
money, in salary, fees, and perquisites, within the said colonics
and plantations (except commissions and appointments of offi-
cers or the armv, navy, ordnance, or militia, or judges, and ol
justices or the peace), a stamp duty or ten shillings.
IT For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece or paper, on which any grant, or any liberty, privi-
lege or franchise, under the seal or sign-manual of any gov-
ernor proprietor, or public officer, alone, or in conjunction with
any other person or persons, or with any council, or any conn-
ed'and assembly, or any exemplification of the same, shall be
engrossed, written, or printed, within the said colonies and
plantations, a stamp duty or six pounds.
IS For every skin or piece or vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece or paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any license for retailing of spirituous liquors to be
granted to any person who shall take out the same, within the
said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty o( twenty shillings.
19 For everv skin or piece or vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece or paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
n',,,,1. anv license for retailing of wine, to be granted to any
„ersoh who shall not take out a license for retailing orspintu-
ous liquors, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp
duty of four pounds.
20 For everv skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
,,r niece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any license tor retailing ofw,ne, to be Itranted" any
person who shall take out a license for retailing of spirituous
Honors, within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp dun
of three pounds. , , „,
21 For everv skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
minted any probate of will, letters of administration, or of
• , arTanship for any estate above the value of twenty pound.
: , ,,,o. w„l„i, the British colonies and plantation.
SUPPLEMENT.
C 7 3
upon the continent of America, the islands belonging thereto,
and ihe Bermuda and Bahama islands, a stamp duty of jive
shillings.
22. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such probate, letters of administration or of guard-
ianship, within all other parts of the British dominions m
America, a stamp duty of ten shillings.
23. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any bond for securing the payment of any sum of
money, not exceeding the sum often pounds sterling money,
within the British colonies and plantations upon the continent
of America, the islands belonging thereto, and the Bermuda
and Bahama islands, a stamp duty of six pence.
24- For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment. 01
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any bond for securing the payment of any sum of
money above ten pounds, and not exceeding twenty pounds
sterling money, within such colonies, plantations, and Islands,
a stamp duty of one ski
25. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any bond for securing the payment of any sum of
money atiove twenty pounds, and not exceeding forty pounds
sterling money, within such colonies, plantations, and islands,
a stamp duty of one shilling and six pence.
20. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any order or warrant for surveying or setting out any
quantity of land, not exceeding one hundred acres, issued by
any governor, proprietor, or any public officer, alone, or in con-
junction with any other person or persons, or with any coun-
cil, or any council and assembly, within the British colonies
and plantations in America, a stamp duty of six pence.
2T. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such order or warrantor surveying or setting out
any quantity of land above one hundred, and not exceeding two
hundred acres, within the said colonies and plantations, a
stamp duty of one shi'ting.
28. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such order or warrant for surveying or setting out
any quantity of land above two hundred, and not exceeding
three hundred and twenty acres, and in proportion for every
such order or warrant for surveying or setting out every other
three hundred and twenty acres, within the said colonies and
plantations, a stamp duty of one shilling and six pence.
29. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any original grant, or any deed, mesne conveyance, or
other instrument whatsoever, by which any quantity of land,
not exceeding one hundred acres, shall be granted, conveyed,
or assigned, within the British colonies and plantations upon
the continent of America, the islands belonging thereto, and
the Bermuda and Bahama islands (except leases for ar
not exceeding the term of twenty-one years), a stamp duty of
one shilling and six pence.
30. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such original grant, or any such deed, mesne con-
veyance, or other instrument whatsoever, by which any quan-
t ity of land above one hundred, and not exceeding two hundred
ceres, shall be granted, conveyed, or assigned, within such
colonies, plantations, and islands, a stamp duty of two shil-
lings.
31. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such original grant, or any such deed, mesne con-
veyance, or other instrument whatsoever, by which any quan-
tity of land above two hundred, and not exceeding three hund-
red and twenty acres, shall be granted, conveyed, or assigned,
end in proportion for every such grant, deed, mesne convey-
ance, or other instrument, granting, conveying, or assigning,
every other three hundred and twenty acres, within such colo-
nies, plantations, and islands, a stamp duty of two shillings
and six pence.
32. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or cbeet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
II. n
printed, any such original grant, or any such deed, mesne con-
veyance, or oth.r instrument whatsoever, by which any quan-
tity of land, not exceeding one hundred acres, shall be granted,
conveyed, or assigned, within all other parts of the British do-
minions in America, a stamp duty of thrte shillings.
skin or piece of vellum or parchment, i i
ttr puce of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such original grant, or any such deed, mesne con-
. <t Other instrument whatsoever, by which any quan-
tity of land above one hundred, and not exceeding two hundred
acres, shall be granted, convi within the same
parts of the said dominions, a stamp duty of four shillings.
34. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such original grant, or any BUCh deed, mesne con-
veyance, or other instrument whatsoever, by which any quan-
tity of land above two hundred, and not exceeding three hund-
red and twenty acres, shall be granted, conveyed, or assigned,
and in proportion fur every such grant, deed, mesne convey-
ance, or other instrument, granting, conveying, or assigning,
every Other three hundred and twenty acres, within tk
parts of the said dominions, a stamp duty of Jive shillings.
35. For e\ery skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
', any grant, appointment, or admission, of or to any
beneficial office or employment, not herein before charged,
i lie value of twenty pounds per annum sterling money,
in salary, fees, and perquisites, or any exemplification of the
same, within the British colonies and plantations upon the
continent of America, the islands belonging therein, and the
Bermuda and Bahama islands (except commissions of officers
of the army, navy, ordnance, or militia, and of justices of the
peace), a stamp duty of four pounds.
3G. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any such grant, appointment, or admission, of or to
any such public beneficial office or employment* or any exem
plification of the same, within all other parts of the British do-
minions in America, a stamp duty of six pounds.
37. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any indenture, lease, conveyance, contract, stipula-
tion, bill of sale, charter party, protest, articles of apprentice-
ship or covenant (except for the hire of servants not apprentices,
and also except such other matters as herein before charged),
within the British colonies and plantations in America, a stamp
duty of tiro shillings anil sit pence.
::- Pot every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which any warrant or order for auditing
any public accounts, beneficial warrant, order, grant, or certifi-
cate, under any public seal, or under the seal or sign-manual
of any governor, proprietor, or public officer, alone, or in con-
junction with any person or persons, or with any council, or
any council and assembly, not herein before charged, or any
passport or let-pass, surrender of office, or policy of assurance,
shall be engrossed, written, or printed, within the said colonies
and plantations (except warrants or orders for the sen-ice of the
army, navy, ordnance, or militia, and grants of offices under
twenty pounds per annum, in salary, fees, and perquisites . I
stamp duty of/ire shillings.
39. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any notarial act, bond, deed, letter of attorney, procu-
ration, mortgage, release, or other obligatory" instrument, not
herein before charged, within the said colonies and plantations,
a stamp duty of tiro shillings and three pence.
40. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
printed, any register, entry, or enrollment of any grant, deed,
or other instrument whatsoever, herein before charged, within
the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of three pence.
41. For every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or shi i it
or piece of paper, on which shall be engrossed, written, or
any register, entry, or enrollment of any grant, deed,
or other instrument whatsoever, not herein before cbi
Within the said colonies and plantations, a stamp duty of ru-o
shillings.
42. And for and upon every pack of playing-cards, and al!
dice, which shall be sold or used within the said colonies and
plantations, the several Btamp duties following (that is to say)
V
6 74
SUPPLEMENT.
the same common ancestors ; that we, whose forefathers pai-
43 For every pack of such cards, one shiU.ng. «• *£J , „ lllc „bcrt,es, and the Uonstltnuou.
■ 44 v ! >"■ '"'-"" ""'"' •'" "T'"8 hltt and von "ojustry boast of, and who have carefully conveyed the
1 And for and upon ev. rs pap. 1 eaUed a nompJUer, and you so ' guaranteed by the plighted fa,th of
; ' , ewsnaoer containing pubUc news or ocenrrences, same fair .. h. r lance to , u . g ^ ^.^ gov_
Ml .nts as are hereinafter mentioned, the respecuve du« heir ^ ^ by ^^ our a„d properdin
ties following (that is to saj ,iw.;r nower thev may, with the greatest facility, enslave you.
"'.„ ,,r ,.v,.rv s„,.„ pamphlet and paper contained ma half ^^^fSJ.^ now the object of universal attention :
,„ ., . or an, lesser piece of paper, which shall be so printed, a The ™™ hMome senous. T„1S unhappy country
. „„p dutj .Tone half penny for every prin ted cop thereof it ha s at g ssed, Dut aoused and misrepresented ;
• - For 'every such pamphlet and paper (being larger than has not oury ' > and posterily, to your interest,
nai a sheet, and not exceeding one whole sheet), which shall and he <' <> « ° ° £ ^ BrU,sh empire, ,eads us to ad-
be primed, a stamp duty of one penny for every printed copy £££«£££ .^^ subJec, Jta.tt-,0- -
ior every pampMet and paper being ,a^^^
t steels in folio, which shall be so printed, a duty after the sent Jhrt we claim au „iat ine8limable on,
",;.":;„„, shilling for every sheet of any kind of paper whteh the Engi, h .C^titut™,. J, „ essential t0 Engl,sh liberty
shall he contained in one printed copy thereof. oltriai JJ > conjernned unheard, or punished for supposed
*S For every advertisement to be -tamed many^ gazette ^~£E*£ an opportunity of making his defense.
„. wspaper, or other paper, or any pamphlet whteh shall otie^ ^ ^ ^ Lcgisla.ure of Great Britain is not author-
nrinted a dutv of two shillings. . . . Constitution, to establish a religion Iraught » mi
P 50 For every almanac, or calendar, for any one particular .zed by t he Con tuution ^ ^ ^.^ form cf
year' or fo any time less than a year, which shall be written sangum ry and ™P»»* ■ be These righl8 we as
or printed on one side only of any one sheet, skin, or pie e ol gm rnmem, ,n any q ^^ ^ |tey are
paper, parchment, or vellum, within the said colon.es and plant- wel a ou^ dee n dly and fla „„,„ elated
ations a stamp duty of Wo pence, "r'e „„t tta proprietors of the soil of Great Dr.tain lords of
51 For every other almanac or calendar, for any one part.c- Ar e not tne pr I ^ ^ ^^ their
n,a year, which shall be written or printed within the said . o wn p rope rt, ^ ^.^ disposal rf ^
cln'ies and plantations, a stamp duty of /our pence. ""mirnher o "men whatever? You know they will not. Why
52 And fo? every almanac or calendar, written or printed ,n or nun abe o ™^ ^ soll of Ameriea less lords of their
,h"safd colonies and plantations, to serve for -veral^ ™ a^u'^f yours ' or why should they submit it
duties to the same amount respectively shall be paid for cv er y P™^™? of your Parllament, or of any other Parliament
t. ^cvery skin or piece of vellum or pafm ent^heet ^£^^—£3^ ^ "
or niece of paper, on which any instrument, proceeding, or mention ol lues ^ ^ ^ ^
other matte/or'thing aforesaid, shall be »,«»«« ££££ £fS royal pice shou.d enjoy less liberty
nrinted within the said colonies and plantations, m any oiner tnousai hundred miles distant from it?
Hit English language, a stamp duty of double the amount '^^^*^lnihcn!ltinn on such distinctions, and
of the respective duties before charged thereon. «« ,e their propnely. And yet, however
51. And there shall be also paid, in the said colome , and Wemen « , suchdlscr,minations are, the Parliament
plantations, a dnty of six pence for every ""ǣȣ \' ',' r, ,ey have a right to bind us in all cases, without exeep-
'any sum not exceeding fifty pounds sterling money, wtash asser the, ^n g ^ ^ ^ (hcy may take d „fi
shall be given, paid, contracted, or agreed for, with, or n rela- .on ^' ler d jn what manner they please; that WO
5™ , to. an, clerk or apprentice, which shall he put or placed to our prop r.y w he for ^ ^ ^ d
or with any master or mistress, to learn any Possum, Md£ JJI-"^, tBan they vouchsafe to permit. Such decla-
or employment. II. And also a duty ofone shilling tor e^ r, J«^.~ c0,^„ler as here8ieB in English polities and which
twenty shillings, in any sum exceeding fifty pound which ^'lons ^ ^ ofour iiroperl than the in-
shall be given, paid, contracted, or agreed for, w ith, cr in rela an ^ ^ f, c,„ dlvesl kings of sceptres which the law s
tion to, any such clerk or apprent.ee. d d tne voice 0f the people have placed in their
55 Finally, the produce of all the aforementioned duties shall o ^the
be paid into his majesty's treasury and th ere M m rese- hands ^ ^ ^ ^ war_a WM rendered gtonons
,o ne used from time to time by the Parliament, for the pnrpo« ; im . of a m,n,ster t0 whose efforts the
of defraying the expenses necessary for the defense, protection, b> h ^ .^ fanie . ^ lhe conc
oi atirci> nt(i «."«- •»«!•" — -
and security of the said colon.es and plantations
XIII.
State Papers put forth by T.tE_r,KsT Continental
Congress, in 1774.
To the People of Great Britain.*
WHEN a nation, led to greatness by the hand of liberty, and
possessed of all the glory that heroism, munificence, and in-
British Empire owes its safety and its fame ; at the conclusion
o, « which was succeeded by an inglor.ous peace, form-
ed under he auspices ofa minister of principles and of a fami.y
unfriendly to the Protestant cause, and inimical to liberty : we
sa it tins period, and under the infiuence of that man. a plan
for enslaving your fellow-subjects in Ameriea was concerted.
and has ever%ince been pertinaciously earry.ng into ^u , -
Prior to this era you were content wuh dm .n f ™ « ^h
possessed of all the glory that heroism, mum icence f am .m- • ■ Qur comrncrce. You restrained our trade
nam.y can bestow, descends to the ungrateful task of lorg I e. t . JwoulJ conduce t0 VOur emoluments, i ou
chains for her friends and children, and. instead of giving snp- -' r y B0Tereignt, over the sea. You named
port to freedom, turns advocate for slavery and oppress,,,,, exercised n ^^ our meIchandiae sh„u,d
fhere is reason to suspect she has ceased to be virtuous, or ££££, w„h whom alone we should trade . and though
been extremely negligent in the appointment of her rulers. be reslricllons Were grievous, we nevertheless d d
in almost every age,,,, repeab .1 He. m l.m, and ... • w as to m,r parent W 0
wars, as well civil as foreign, aga.nst many am power 1u 1 • '"1( ^ bounil by ,nc strongcst „es, a,„, were tappj In
tions, against the open assaults ofencm.es, and the more flan ,nstrurnental to your prosperity and your grand, or.
geroJs treachery of friends, have the inhabitants of your ,s.a . 1 , ,n, . ~l nms,^s to witness our loyalty and at ■
■our great and glorions ancestors, maintained thou mdepend w all u n y y ^^ ^^ emp!re;
ence, and transmuted .be rights of men and the blessings of ^""^''J,^ ^ a(U a„ „„, slr,nc,n nr,hls vast continent
liberty to you. their posterity. • ... nfl|[,d ollr common enemy' did we not
Be not surpns, ,,. then fore, that we, who are descended ..,„„ ^"J^™^ nnd meet disrase and death, to promote
"7; ^TTT the success of British arms in foreign climates? did yon no.
. tdoptod Oetotar II, mi.-'".™', "f Cmgnn, vol. 1., p- 3». «■» ^^ u3 for our zeal| and evcn reimburse us large sums ol
,%.,. » niun by Joliu Juy Set page 63, vol. h.
SUPPLEMENT.
G 7 -j
money, which you confessed we had advanced beyond our pro-
portion, and lur beyond our abtlitli a Sfou did
To what causrs. then, are we to attribute the sodden i
of treatment, and that system of slaver) which was prepared
lor us at the restoration of pi
Before WO had recovered from the distresses which ever at-
ir, an Bttampl was made li> drain tins country o|
money by the oppressive sump Act. Paint, glass, am) other
commodities, which you would not permit us to pur. !
other nations, were taxed . nay, although no wine is made In
■ '.i ihr British state, you prohibited ourpro-
curing it of foreigners without paying a tax, imposed by your
Parliament, on all we imported. These ami many other Impo-
sitions were laid upon us most unjustly and unconstitutional-
ly, for the express purpose of raising a revenue. In order to
silence complaint, it was, indeed, provided that this (avenue
should be expended in America, for its protection and defense.
These exactions, however, can receive no justification from a
pretended aecessit] of protecting and defending us; ihey are
lavishly squandered on court favorites and ministerial depend-
ants, generally avowed enemies fo America, and employing
themselves by partial representations to traduce and embroil
the colonies. For the new ssarj support of government lure
we ever were and ever shall be ready to proi ide. And when-
ever the exigencies of the state maj require it, we shall, as we
have heretofore done, cheerfully contribute our full proportion
of men and money. To enforce this unconstitutional and un-
just scheme of taxation, every fence that the wisdom of our
British ancestors had carefully erect* d against arbitrary power
has been violently thrown down rn America, and the inestlma-
;ht of trial by jury taken away in cases that much both
life and property It was ordained that, whenever offenses
should be committed in the colonies against particular acts,
imposing various duties and restrictions upon trade, the pros-
ecutor might hring his action for penalties in the courts of ad-
miralty ; by which means the subject lost the advantage of be-
ing tried by an honest uninfluenced jury of the vicinage, and
was subjected to the sad necessity of being judged by a Blngle
man, a creature of the crown, and according to the course of a
1 .w which exempts the prosecutor from the trouble of proving
ins accusation, and obliges the defendant either to evince his
innocence or suffer. To give this new judiciary the greater im-
portance, and as if with design to protect false accusers, it is
further provided, that the judge's certificate of there having
been probable causrs of seizure and prosecution shall protect
tite prosecutors from actions at common law for recovery of
damages
By the course of our laws, offenses committed in such of the
British dominions in winch courts are established and justice
duly and regularly administered, shall be there tried by a jury
of the vicinage There the offenders and the witnesses are
known, and the degree of credibility to be given to their testi-
mony can be ascertained.
In all these colonies, justice is regularly and impartially ad-
ministered,and yet, by the construction of some, and the direc-
tion of other acts of Parliament, offenders are to be taken by
force, together with all such persons as may be pointed out as
witnesses, and carried to England, there to be tried in a distant
hud by a jurv of strangers, and subject to all the disadvantages
that result from want of friends, want of witnesses, and want
of money
When the design of raising a revenue, from the duties im-
posed on the importation of tea in America, had in a great
measure been rendered abortive, by our ceasing to import that
commodity, a scheme was concerted by the ministry with the
Basi India Company, and an act passed enabling and encour-
aging them to transport and vend it in the colonies. Aware of
the danger of giving success t<> this insidious maneuver, and
of permuting a precedent of taxation thus to be established
among us, various methods were adopted to elude the stroke
The people of Boston, then ruled by a governor whom, as well
as his predecessor *:r Prancls Bernard, all America considers
as her enemy, were exceedingly embarrassed Theshlpswbich
had arrived with the tea were, by his management, prevented
from returning The duties would have been paid, the c irgoi
landed and exposed to sale . a governor's influence would have
procured and protected many purchasers. While the tov n
was suspended by deliberations on this important sul
tea was destroyed. Even supposing a trespass was thereby
committed, and the proprietors of the tea entitled to damages,
rtn of law were open, and judges, appointed by tha
crown, presided In them. The East India Company, howi v-
er, did not think proper to commence an> suits, nor did they
i ven demand satisfaction, either from individuals or from ton
community in general. The ministry, it set ens, off! I0II3 made
Che case their own, and the great council of the nation descend-
ed to intermeddle with a dispute about private property. Di-
vers paper--. Letters, and other nnauthenticated ex parti evi-
dence, w : iei the persons w ho destroy-
ed the tea pie of Boston, were called upon to answer
the complaint. The ministry, incensed by to ippointed
in a favorite sch* di ti rmlm d to recur from the little
arts of finesse [o open force and unmanly violence. The port
of Boston was blocked np by a fleet, and an army placed in the
town. Their trade was to be suspended, and thousands re-
duced to the necessity of gaining subsistence from charity, till
they should submit to pass ler the yoke, and consent to he-
come slaves, by eon less 1 ni: the omnipoti 1 1 Parliament, and
acquiescing in whatevi r disposition they might think proper to
make of their lives and property.
Let justice and humanity cease to be the boast of your na-
tion! Consult your history, examine your records of former
transactions . nay, turn to the annals of the many arbitrary
states and kin- [on rround you, and show us a
instance of men being condemned to suffer fbr Imputed crimes,
unheard, utimiestioned, and without even the speemus formal-
ity of a trial , and that, too, by taws made express!] tor the
purpose, and which bad no existence at the time of the fact
committed. If it be difficult to reconcile these proceedings to
the genius an I temper of your laws and Constitution, the task
will become more arduous when we call Upon our ministerial
enemies to justify not only condemning men untried and by
hearsay, but involving the innocent in one common punish-
ment with the guilty, and for the acts of thirty or forty, to bring
poverty, distress, and calamity on thirty thousand souls, and
those not your enemies, but your friends, brethren, and fellow-
subjects
It would be so lion to us if the catalogue of Amer-
ican oppressions ended here. It gives us pain to be reduced to
the necessity of reminding you that, under the confidence re-
posed m the faith of government, pledged in a royal charter
from the British sovereign, the forefathers of the present inhab-
itants of Massachusetts Bay left their former habitations, and
established that great, flourishing, and loyal colony. Without
incurring or being charged with a forfeiture of thcir'right, with-
out being heard, without being tried, and without justice bj an
act of Parliament their charter is destroyed, their liberties rio-
lated. their Constitution and form of government changed ; and
all th,s upon 110 better pretense than because in one of their
towns a trespass was committed upon some merchandise said
to belong to one of the companies, and because the ministry
were of opinion that such high political regulations were nec-
essary to due subordination and obedience to their mandates.
Nor are these the only capita! grievances under which we
labor: we might tell of dissolute, weak, and wicked governors
having been set over us , of Legislatures I ided Un
asserting the rights of British subjects . of needy and ignorant
dependants on great nun ad\ anci d to the seats of justice, and
to other places of trust and importance , of hard restrictions on
commerce, and a great variety of lesser evils, the recollection
ol which is almost lost under the pressure and weight of great-
er and more poignant calamities
.Now mark the progression of the ministerial plan for en-
slaving us.
Well aware that such hardy attempts to take our property
from us, to deprive- us of that valuable right of trial by jurj , to
seize our persons and carry cs for trial to Great Britain, to
blockade our ports, to destroy our charters, and change our
form ofgovemmi at, would occasion, and bad alreadj occasion-
ed, great discontent In the colonies, which might produce op-
position to these measures, an act was passe. l to protect, in-
demnify, and screen from punishment, such as might !
even of murder, in endeavoring to carry their oppn SSive edicts
into 1 Kecution . and by another act the dominion of Canada is
to be so extended, modeled, and governed, as thai b) being dis-
united from us, detached from our interests, by civil as well as
religious prejudices, that by their numbers daily bw< lllng with
Catholic emigrants from Europe, and by their devotion to ad-
■ 1 01 so friendly to their religion, they might become
r i,i. and on occasion, be fit instruments in tie:
I
SUPPLEMENT.
Muds of power to reduce the ancient, free Protestant copies
forbear comptaining ol it &°°lu°* hel ,k,plonng
peradded to •>" - <™"^ 'u teS ^uced «* ■»»» En"
the unhappy condition to »M > proclamation,
' ""'""n! t a. coTn y. They an now the subjects of an ar-
"er consent to establish m that country a religion that has
£L d your island in Mood, and Aspersed impiety, bigotry
fjon, murder, and rebellion, through every part of the
|; being a true state of facts, let us beseech you to consid-
"id^rr mSryrty the powers of Britain, and the aid
, f ouTRoman Catholic neighbors, should be able to carry he
uTr, resume, also, that your commerce will be somewhat di-
minished However, suppose you should prove victorious in
™h« condition will you then be ! What advantages or what
laurels will you reap from such a conquest'
May not a ministry with the same arnues enslave you It
r,av be said you will cease to pay them ; but remember the
Tads rom America, the wealth, and. we may add, the men,
rJriZlarlv the Roman Catholics of this vast continent,
wi Uh n be in the povver of your enemies ; nor will you have
Tn reason" expect that, after making slaves of us many
among-" "ould refuse to assist in reducing you to the same
"Tnoftreat this as chimerical. Know that in less than half
a century the quit-rents reserved to the crown, from the num-
berless grants of this vast continent, will pour large s reams
of wealth into the royal coffers ; and if to this be added the
nower of tax ng America at pleasure, the crown w,U be ren-
tedindependent of you for supplies, and will possess more
reasurethan may be necessary to purchase the remains o lib-
erty in your island, in a word, take care that you do not fall
'^e^v^te^^ch^ue.muchjustice.andmucb
nublic spirt in the English nation. To that justice we now
appeal You have been told that we are seditious, impatient
^government, and desirous of independency. Be assured that
lie are not facts, but calumnies. Perm,, us to be as .ree as
v urselves, and w'e shall ever esteem a union with yon « b
nnr neatest glory and our greatest happiness ; we shall ever
be read? o contribute all in our power to the welfare of the
emo re, we shail consider your enem.es as «/»»-•"*
"Turn terest as our own. But if you are determined that our
rnSers shall wantonly sport with the rights ol mankind-if
neuher The voice of justice, the dictates of the law, the princ,-
p of the Constitution, nor the suggestions of humanity, can
restrain your hands from shedding human blood ,n such an
Imp ions cause, we must tell you that we will never submit to
bXwcrs of wood or drawers of water for any ministry or na-
"^"he same s.tuat.on that we were a. the Cose of
the last war, and our former harmony will be restored.
But lest the same supineness, and the same inattention o
our common interest, which you have for severe! years ^shown
i continue, we think it prudent to anticipate the conse
T/the destruction of the trade of Boston, the ministry have
endeavored to induce submission to their measures The ike
fate may befall us all. We will endeavor, therefore to 1,
without trade, and recur, for subsistence, to the fertility and
bounty of our native soil, which will afford us all the necessa-
ry ,, and some of the conveniences, of life. We have suspend-
I, „„,,nrtalion from Great Britain and Ireland ; and in less
than a year's time, unless our grievances should be redressed,
« , shall discontinue our exports to those kingdoms and to the
West Indies.
1, is with the utmost regret, however, that we find ourselves
compelled, by the overruling principles of self-preservation, to
do -asures detrimental in their consequences to number.
of our fellow-subjects in Great Britain and Ireland. ISut «e
ho, "lb a the magnanimity and just.ee of the British nation
WU furnish a Parliament of such wisdom, independence, and
pubbc spirit, as may save the violated rights ol the who .em-
pire from the dev.ces of w.cked ministers and ev I ounselors,
whether in or out of office ; and thereby restore that harmony.
.endsh.p, and fraternal aflect.on, between all the inhabitants
of his majesty's k.ngdoms and territo*a, so ardently wished
for bv everv true and honest American.
The Congress then resumed the cons.deration of the memo-
rial to the inhabitants of the British colonies, and the same
be.ng debated by paragraphs and amended, was approved, and
is as falitiw s :
To the Inhabitants of the severe Anglo-American
Colonies.*
We. the delegates appointed by the good people of these
colonies to meet at Philadelphia in September last for the
Purposes ment.oned by our respective constituents have in
Lrsuanee of the trust reposed in us, assembled, and taktn
?™ most serious consideration, the important matters re-
ommended to the Congress. Our resolutions thereupon w ill
Therewith communicated to you. But as the situation of
nublic affairs grows daily more and more alarming ; and as „
Pma' be more satisfactory to you to be informed by us ,n a col-
"ect.ve body, than in any other manner, of those sentiments
ha have be'en approved, upon a full and free discussion, by-
he representatives of so great a part of America we esteem
ourselves obl.ged to add tins address to these resolutions.
"never, case of opposition by a people to their rulers, or of
one s ate to another duty to Almighty God, the creator o ah
™u.re9 that a true and impartial judgment be formed o f the
measures leading to such opposition, and of the caus.
whtch Tt has be™ provoked or can in any degree be justified
ha n ther affect on on one hand, nor resentment on the
other bring perm.tted to give a wrong bias to reason ,t may
be en'ab e/,o take a dispassionate view of all circumstances
L to settle the public conduct on the solid foundations of
WFro°: "unsTlsThus tempered arise the surest hopes of the
divine favor, the firmest encouragement of the.part.es engaged
and.hc strongest recommendation of.he.r cause to the rest of
'"win minds deeply impressed by a sense of these truths, we
have dUi«ntIy, deliberately, and calmly .nqu.red into and con-
snW those exertions, both of the legislative and executive
nower of Great Britain, which have excited so much uneasi-
ness n America, and have with equal fidelity and attention
considered the conduct of the colon.es. Vpon the whole we
find ourselves reduced to the disagreeable alternative ol bring
Sit and betraying the innocent, or of speaking out and ccn-
suing those we wish to revere. In making our choice of these
distressing difficulties, we prefer the course dictated by hon-
esty and a regard for the welfare of our country.
Soon after the conclusion of the late war, there commenced
a memorable change in the treatment of these colonies By a
statu" made in the fourth year of the present reign, a time of
„r™,n,l neace alleging "the expediency of new provisions
Snd reguu't ns for extending the commerce between Great
BrUainand his majesty's dominions In America, and Ihene-
cessi y or raising a revenue in the said dominions, for defray-
„g t e expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the
sam" the commons of Great Britain undertook to give and
g t'-.o h.s majesty many rates and duties to he paidm these
colonies. To enforce the observance of this act, H prescr bes
a grea number of severe penalties and forfeitures ; and in two
Ss makes a remarkable distinction between^ sublet
in Great Br.ta.n and those in Amenca. By the one^the .pen
alties and forfeitures incurred there are to be ■■«»*•■ £J
of the king's courts of record at Westminster, or in the court
o xcte Sec ,„ Scotiand ; and by the o.her the pe-t.es a„
forfe.tures incurred here are to be recovered In jmy court of
record, or in any court of adm.ralty or v.ce-admiraltv , at the
election of the informer or prosecutor.
. Adopfd October 51, VU.-Jcr^l. of C^.„, vol. i., p. 43. Tl.i,
»»» trrilten by William Lirilijiton, of M" J""?-
SUPPLEMENT.
The inhabitants of these colonies, confiding in the jusl
Great Britain, were scarcely allowed sufficient time to receive
and consider (his act, before another, well known by thi
of the Stamp Act, and passed m the fifth year of this red
! their whole attention, ily this statute, the British
Parliament exercised in the most explicit manner a power of
us, and extending the jurisdiction of courts of admiralty
and"vicc-admiralty in the colonies to matters arising within
v ofa county, and directed the numerous penalties and
forfeitures thereby inflicted to be recovered in the said courts.
hi the same year a tax was imposed Upon us by an art
Shins several new lees in the customs. In the next
year the Stamp Act was repealed, not because it was founded
in an erroneous principle, but, as the repealing act rentes, be-
mtinnance thereof would be attended with many
inconveniences, and might be productive of i
greatly detrimental to the commercial interest of Great Brit-
ain."
In the same year, and by a subsequent act, it was declared,
"that ins majesty in Parliament, of right, had power to bind
the people of these colonies by statutes in all cases whatso-
ever." In the same year another art was passed for imposing
rates and duties payable in these colonies. In this statute, the
grani Lug, " humbly
besought Ins majesty that it might be enacted," &c. But from
a declaration in the preamble, that the rates and duties were
"in lieu of" several others granted by the statute first bi fore
mentioned for raising a revenue, and from some other expres-
' appears that these duties were intended for that pur-
pose.
In the next year £1767) an act was made "to enable his
majesty to put the customs and other duties m America under
the management of commissioners," dfce., and the king thi n
upon erected the present expensive board of commissioners,
for the express purpose of carrying into execution the several
acts relating to the revenue and trade in America.
After the repeal of the Stamp Act, having again r
ourselves to our ancient unsuspicious affections for the parent
tnd anxious to avoid any controversy with her, in hopes
Lvorshle alteration in sentiments and measures toward
us, we did not press our objections against the above-mentioned
statutes made subsequent to that repeal.
Administration, attributing to trilling causes a conduct that
really proceeded from Generous motives, were encouraged m
to make a bolder experiment on the pa-
tience of America.
By a statute commonly called the Glass, Paper, and Tea Act,
made fifteen months after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the com-
mons of Great Britain resumed their former language, and
again undertook to " give and trrant rates and duties to be paid
in these colonies," for the express purpose of "raising a rev-
enue to defray the charges of the administration of justice, the
support of civil government, and defending the king's
on this continent. The penalties and forfeitures in-
1 under this statute are to be recovered in the same man-
ner with those mentioned in the foregoing acts.
To this statute, so naturally tending to disturb the tranquil
lity then universal throughout the colonies. Parliament, in the
same session, added another no less extraordinary.
Ever since the making the present peace a standing army
bas been kept in these colonies. From respect for the mother
country, the innovation was not only tolerated, but the provin-
ces generally made provision for supplying the
troops.
The Assembly of the province of New York having
an act of this kind, but differing in some articles from the di-
ri ctlons of the act of Parliament made in the fifth year of this
reign, the Mouse of Representatives in that colony was prohib-
ited. DJ a statute made in the last session mentioned, from
making any bill, order, resolution, or vote, i tt Bpl far adjourn-
ing or choosing a speaker, until provision should be made by
the said Assembly for tarnishing the troops within that prov-
ince not only with aU such necessaries as were required by
the statute which they were charged with disobeying, but also
with those required by two other subsequent statutes, which
were declared to be in force until the twenty-fourth day of
March, 1769.
These statutes of the year 1767 revived the apprehensions
and discontents that had entirely subsided on the repeal ofthe
ip Act j and, amid the just fears and jealousies thereby
i. d, a statute was made in tho next year i "' - i o - ■
h courts if admiralty and vice-admiralty on
ei, expressly tor the i nd of more effectually recovering ol tl
penalties and forfeitures inflicted by acts ol Parlianu m (rami
for the purposi ofralsing a revenue in America. £ .-. 1 ..
tendency of these statutes is to subvert the right ol
oa\ ing . - [Blation, by rendering assemblies use less
.by taking the money of i
■ their consent , the right of trial by jury, by Bill Si I
mg in their places trials in admiralty and vice-admlralt)
courts, where singlo judges preside, holding their commie
.luring pleasure, and unduly to influence the* ■ ■ iDUTIOn
law by rendering the judges thereof totally dependent on the
crown for their salaries.
The statutes, not to mention many othei • ex-
ceptionable, compared one with another, will be found not
onlj to ibrm a regular system in which i great
m also a pertinacious adherence to thai sj l
these colonies, that arc not, and from l<
stances can not be, reprea nu dint] I mmons, to
the uncontrollable and unlimited power ol Parliament, in vio-
lation of their undoubted rights and Liberties, In contempt of
their hum i tied supplications.
ear equally astonishing and unjusti-
fiable, when it is considered how unpro\
any behaviorof these colonies. From theirfirst settlement, their
bitterest enemies m ver fixed on any of them anj charge of dis-
loyally to their sovereign or disaffection to their mother coun-
try- In the wars she has earned on they have ex< rted them-
selves, whenevi r required, in giving her assistance, an
d her services which she has publicly ackni •■-. [i dgi d to
|.. extremely important. Their fidelity, duty, and us. fl i
during the last war were frequently and affectionately con
cd by his late majesty and thi present king.
The n proaches ol those who are most unfriendly to the I
dom of America arc principally leveled against the province of
Massachusetts Baj . but with what little reason will appear by
the following declarations ofa person, the truth ol w I
dence in their favor will not be questioned. Governor Bernard
thus addresses the two Ileuses of Assembly in his Bp & i OD
tiie'jnii ufAj.nl, 1762: "The unanimity and dispatch with
winch you have complied with the requisitions of bis majesty
require my particular acknowledgment, and it gives me addi-
tional pleasure to observe that you have tin rem acted undi r no
other influence than a due sense of your duty, both as mi m-
bi rs ofa gi nera] empire and as the body of a particular prov-
ince."
In another speech, on the 27th of May in the same J i ar, he
says, •• Whatevi r shall be the event ofthe war, it must tn n i
small satisfaction to us that this province huh contributed us
full share to the support of it. Every thing that hath been re-
quired Ol ; complied with ; and the exi cutii n ol the
powers committed tome for raising the provincial troops hath
been as lull and complete as the grant of them, Nevei
were regiments so easily levied, so well composed and so
in the held as they have been this year: the e n
.,, to be animated with the spirit Ol thi '
and to vie with them in their readiness to serve to ■
king."
Such was the conduct of the people of the Massachusetts
Bay during the last war. As to their behavior before thai pe-
r.n;«t ii , | ure been forgot In Great Britain that nor
i evi ry occasion they had constantly and chi
tb the frequent royal requisitions, but thai
\ Igorous efforts Nova Scotia was subdued in 1710, and
i ourg in 1745.
Foreign quarrels being ended, and the domestic dlstui
that qmekiy succeeded on account of the Stsj
quieted by Its repeal, the Assen, I IS Bsy
transmitted an •humble address of thanks to the king and di-
vers noblemen, and soon after pas
pensation to the sufferers in the disorder occasioned by that
u l
These circumstances, and the following extracts from Gov-
ernor Bernards biters, in 1768, 10 the Earl of Shclburne, Sec-
retary ol early show with what grateful tendi
they strove i" bury in oblivion the unhappy occasion ofthe
late discords, and with what respectful deference they .
ored to escape other subjects of future controversy. "The
' says the governor, "from the time of opening the
G78
SUPPLEMENT.
8ess,on to «. day. -as shown a deposition to avoid ai, dis »re J-.- rr^^™-^t^^^
Z with mo, every .lung having passed with as much good «*« ^ Parliament,'- then declar. ■ that « ins
" ,„ 1S I could desire, exec,,, only their continuing to act in agamsl ^ as cv,dently tending t0 create an-
„ . the king, remonstrating to the Secretary ot Mate ^'^ ombi„atlons, t0 excite an unjustifiable opposition
: J.; ing a separate agent. It is the W%£«£l ^" st.tutional "» of *■"»—*" ""1, ^ ! n *
^novation, without any willfulness of my own, "^'n*u"a ludds „ ,, ls tne king-. pleasure thai, as soon as the General
™ w make this remonstrance at a time when 1 have a fa.r adds it & )c nrescriDed by the charter,
^TShaving in ail other business nothing hut good to say £^J«S ^ „_ of Bepresentatives in njs
of the proceedings of the House." maiestv's name, to rescind the resolutions winch gav e birth to
! have act,,! in all tilings, even in ^"P°"£?£ u.ectu a lett er from the speaker, and to declare their disap-
wUn temper and moderation ; they have avoided "me sub- "o c;™ of ^,,5 d,ssent t0 lhat rash and hasty proceeding."
„ S ol «spute, and have laid a foundation for removing some probation « an ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ „„„ hls
"T&K "£udent and proper vtse of this letter majesty, reasonable expectation, it is the king's pleasure t,
7;'::";* =^v- and n^^ °<-
"is pZinl ^"ifh purpose considerable steps have been
made bv the House of Representatives.
"Vindication of the province of Massachusetts Bay con
you should immediately dissolve them.
Tins letter being laid beiore the House, and the resolution
not being rescinded, according to order the Assembly was dis-
solved! A letter of a similar nature was settto .other gorera.
"^n^oroftheWovinceofMassachusetts^c™- -owe*. ~--~vrawing the conduct of the rep
tained in these letters will have greater force .fit be consider- on, 10 p Mas3acnUsetts Bay to be rescinded also; and
^t^^^^r^^^^^t^Z the Houses of Representatives in other colonies refus.ng to
year.
ed .hat they were wr,u„, -,,» -- he Houses of Representatives in other colonies retusin
given to the colonies by the statutes passed m the preceding asscmblies were dissolved.
These mandates spoke a language to which the ears 01 En-
glish subjects had for several generations been stranger,. 1 he
naure of assemblies implies a power and right tfMtatti
but these commands, proscribing the exercise of judgment on
the propriety of the requisitions made, left to the assemblies
myP.ie election between dictated submission and threatened
punishment : a punishment, too, founded on no other act than
pumsuiircui. "■ f _i„~.. nf nirrceim: in ne-
?„'lhis Place it seems proper to take notice of the insinua-
tion of oneof those statutes, that the interference ot Parl.a-
In. was necessary to provide for -defraying the charges of
ie "au^ni—'of J Jtice, the support of civil government,
ma^ch provision as by their -■;--— hes, the
J ^provision as by their respecrtve assembUes, the pu ----™— CTen m slaves, of agreeing in pe
best lUd-es on such occasions, was thought expedient an ress of grievances that equally affect all.
sma Me to their several circumstances ; respecting the last, it titions fcrredress J .^.^ of ,he town orBos,o„
""'known to all men the leas, acquainted with American The ho, tie an J .„ ,„, same year, though that
affair that the co.onies were established, and i^«£ °°™ '^province in which it is situated, and all the colonies
peatedlv made them compensations for the "*»""»£ £~£J '» send to this continent vast quantities of tea an
strenuous efforts which, consulting their zeal rather than their Company ^ ^ ^ by a ^^ ^ m
strength, they had cheerfully incurred. attacked the liberties of America, and which,
Severe as the acts of Parliament before mentioned are, ye ular manner »"_ ,omes had resoiTed not to
,be conduct of administration hath be, equally injurious and here re,_the ™^™°^ Carol,„a was stored and not
■"K^EKW ™ many new institu. ^^^Sl^ffStX^^
SS^^^^S=X^-"Sa5 ^^Governor Hutchinson wouid not sufler it
the tribute, or, rather, the plunder, of conquered Provinces to be »*™J«- transactions arriving in Great
By an order of the king, the authority oi the commandor-in- On " »l - ™ spirted town last mentioned was singled
chief, and under him of the brigadier-generals, in time of B tarn, the pubhc p dctermined the province it bc-
neace is rendered supreme in all civil governments in Amer- out for destr „„.„„ „f p„
,ca and thus an uncontrollable military power is vested in of-
ficers not known to the Constitutions ofthese colonies
A arge body of troops, and a considerable armament of ships
of war, have been sent to assist in taking their money without
^Exp'ensTe'and oppressive offices have been multiplied and
the acts of corruption industriously practiced to divide and de-
stroy
tone's'to should partake of its fate. In the last session of Par-
iamem therefore, were passed the acts for shutting up the
„rt o B ton, indemnifying the murderers of the inhabitants
o? Massachusetts Bay, and changing their chartered constitu-
tion of government. To enforoe these acts, that province is
a^ain invaded by a fleet and army.
CTo mention these outrageous proceedings is sufficient to ex
p,ain them. For though it is pretended the province of Mas-
"The judges of the admiralty and ^admiralty eo=e s«huse«s Bay has heen *^^ZZr IZ
empowered to receive their salaries and fees from the effects Britain ^et, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ tQ t)]e power assumed ,,y
to be condemned by themselves. Parliament " No step, however, has been taken against any
The commissioners of the customs are -*""""»*"* «, newest This artful conduct conceals several designs It
ope, and enter houses without the authority ot any en ,1 ma,- of the ret* 1 ^ ofMtt8sachusetts Bay will be irri-
istrate, founded on legal information. » «1 action lhat Inay displease the rest of
Judges of courts of common law have been made entirely de- ated I mtc ^. some ^ of Great
pendent on the crown for their commissions and salaries. A he ^comment o y of ^ jmprud(,„t and exas.
court has been established at Rhode Island for the purpose 0. » aHprove the n unfeexamplcd paciflc temper of that
king colonists ,0 England .0 be tried. Humble and reason- «ra "^^^ ,hi3 , of IBB p|„n, it is hoped the
aole petitions from the representatives of the people have b "^ %J\e sa far intimidated as .0 desert ..,, -,r
frequently treated with contempt, and assembUes have been J^^;;'^,.,,,,, ,n a common cause, and that thus disunited
repeatedly and arbitrarily dissolved. subdued.
From some few instances it will sufficiently appear on what all ma be sub —(r rnea8ure ha9 been p„r-
pr,,e„>es of justice those dissolutions have been •»«• , '' ',he ,„„ of pUatnent las. mentioned, an act was
I he tranquillity of.be colonies having been again ds_turbed sued. . l „u. Ternme„, of Quebec, by which act
a, ha. bee, mentioned, hy tne statutes of the year 1,6,. ^ be £%£*£*£, rel,„,on, instead of being tolerated, as
Earl „f Hillsborough, Secretary of State, in a ^ letter to Gov nor the 1 Boman^ _g eslaW,shcd- and the people
Bernard, dated April 2M, 1768, censures the 'P^P"0" ttoe a« d^edof. rlghUO an assembly, trials by jury, and
of the House of Representatives for « resolving upon a meas there 1
S U P PL E ME! N'T.
6 ; 9
the English laws in civil cases arc abolished, and instead
thereof the French laws are established, in direct violation or
his majesty's promise by his royal proclamation, under the
faith of which many English subjects settled in thai province .
and the limns of thai province arc extended bo
hend those vast regions that lie adjoining to the nortb
westerly boundaries ol these colonies.
The authors of this arbitrary enactment flatter thei
that tiie inhabitants, deprive)! of liberty and artiullj provoked
against those of mi other religion, will be proper instruments
for assisting in the oppression of such as differ from them in
modes of government and faith
Prom the detail Ol farts h< rt m In-fore recited, as well as from
nutheniic Intel] . ived, it is clear, beyond a doubt, that
lution is formed and now carrying into executio
tmguish the freedom of these colonies, by subjecting Ihem to a
despotic government.
At this unhappy period we have been authorized and di-
rected to meet and consult (needier tor the Wi Ifan ol <>ur com-
mon country. We accepted the important trust with diffi-
dence, but have endeavored to discharge it with integrity.
Though the state ol' these colonies would certainly justify
other measures than we have advised, ; et weight) n
determined us to prefer those which we nave adopted. In
the first place, it appeared to us a conduct becoming the
character these colonies have ever sustained, to perform, even
in tin- midst of the unnatural distresses and immediate daubers
which surround them, every act of loyalty, and therefore we
were induced once more to offer to his majesty the petitions
of his faithful and oppressed subjects in America. Secondly ,
regarding with the tender affection which we knew to be so uni-
versal among our countrymen, the people of the kingdom from
which we derive our origin, we could not forbear to regulate
our si. . tation ol receiving full conviction that the
colonists are equally dear to them. Between these | I
and that body subsists the social band, which we ardently wish
may never be dissolved, and which can not be dissolved, until
their minds shall become indisputably hostile, or their inatten-
tion shall permit those who are thus hostile to persist in pros-
ecuting, With the powers of the realm, the destructive measures
already operating against the colonists, and in either case shall
reduce the latter to such a situation that they shall be compelled
to renounce every regard but that of self-preservation. Not-
withstanding the violence with which affairs have been impel-
led, they have not yet reached that fatal point. We do not in-
cline to accelerate their motion, already alarmingly rapid . we
have chosen n method of opposition that does not preclude a
hearty reconciliation with our fellow-citizens on the other side
of the Atlantic. We deeply deplore the urgent necessity that
presses us to an immediate interruption of commerce that may
prove injurious to them. We trust they wdl acquit us of any
unkind intentions toward them, by reflecting that we are driven
by the hands of violence into unexperienced and unex]
public convulsions, and that we are contending for freedom,
so often for by our ancestors.
The | and will soon have an opportunity of de-
claring their sentimei rning our cause. In their piety,
generosity, and good sense, we repose high confidence,
not, upon a review of past events, be persuaded that they, thi
defenders of true religion, and the asserters of the ri
mankind, will take part against their affectionate Prol
brethren in the colonies, in favor of our open and their own
secret enemies, whose intr > ral years past, have
been wholly exercised m sapping the foundations of civil and
religious liberty.
Another reason that engaged us to prefer the comnn I
mode of opposition arose from an assurance that the modi Will
prove efficacious if it be persisted in with fidelity and virtue,
and that your conduct will be influenced by these- laudable
principles can not be doubted. Your own salvation and that
of your posterity now depends upon yourselves. Yon
already shown that you entertain a proper sense of the bless-
ings you are striving to retain. Ag mporary incon-
veniences you may suffer from a sloppago of trade, you will
weigh in the opposite balance the endless miseries you and
your descendants must endure from an established arbitrary
power. You will not fomet the honor of your country, that
must, from your behavior, take its title, in the estimation of
the world, to glory or to shame ; and you will, with the deep-
est attention, reflect that if the peaceable mode of opposition
mended by us be broken and rend< n is your
cruel and haughty ministerial enemies, from a contemptuous
i of your firmness, insolently predict will lie ih< i i
you must inevitable be reduced to choose either a moi
It, or a final, ruinous, and inlhmoil
Motives thus cogent, arising from the eraergt ncj of your un-
I iust excite your utmost diligence and real
i mi. i &< ,i,. measun 9
it wi think ourw Ives bound in
duty to observe to you, thai the schei against tlfcse
colonies have be. ■!! b ndu ted as t.> render it prudent that
you should extend your views to mournful events, and be, in
ail respects, prepan .1 fbrei erj contingency. Above all things,
rnestlj entreat you, with devotion of spirit, penitence of
heart, and amendment of life, to bumble yourselves, and im-
'. ■ favor of Almighty God : and we fervent!)
divine goodness to take you into his gracious proti
Address to the Inhabitants or the Province of
Q BBEC*
Friend* and Fellow-subjects :
We, the delegates ofthecolonl s.,1 \. v. Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts Bay, Rhode island and Pn ns, Con-
ut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the coi
of Newcastle, Kent, and Susst \ on Delaware. Maryland, Vir-
ginia, North Carolina, deputed by the inhabitant I
1 1 to represent them in a general i 'ongress at Philadel-
phia, in the province of Pennsylvania, to consult togelhi rcon
the best methods to obtain redress ol our afflict ing
grievances, having accordingly assembled, and taken into our
most serious consideration the state of public affairs on tins
continent, have thought proper to address your province, as a
member therein deeply int. r. bu d.
When the fortune of war, after a gallant and glorious resist-
ed incorporated you with lite body of English subjects,
we rejoiced in the truly valuable addition, both on our own and
your account, expecting, as courage and generosity are natu-
rally united, our brave enemies would become our hearty
friends, and that the Divine Being would bless to you i .
pensations of his overruling providence, by securing to you
and your latest posterity tlie inestimable advantages' of a free
English constitution of government, which u is the prh
of all English subjects to enjoy.
These hopes were confirmed by the king's proclamation. Is-
sued in the year 1763, plighting the public faith for your full
enjoyment of those advantages.
Little did we imagine that any succeeding ministers would
. and cruelly abuse the royal authority as in
Withhold from you the fruition of the irrevocable rights to
Which you were thus justly entitled.
Hut since we have lived to see the unexpected time when
ministers of this flagitious temper have dared to violate the
most sacred compacts and obligations, and as you, educated
under another form of government, have artfully been kept
from discovering the unspeakable worth of that form you are
n a undoul tedlj ntitled to, we esteem it our duty, for the
[nailer mentioned, to explain to you some
Ol ElS most important branches.
" In every human society," says the celebrated Marquis Bec-
caria, " there La an i flbrt c intinually tending to confer on one
part the height of power ami happiness, and to reduce the oth-
er to the extreme of weakm as and mis. ry. The intent of good
laws is to oppose this effort, and to diffuse their influence uni-
versally and equally."
Rulers stimulated by this pernicious "effort. " and subjects
animated by the just "intent of opposing good laws against
it," have occasioned thai vast variety of events that fill the his-
tories of so many nations. All these histories demonstrate
the truth of this simple position, that to live by the will of one
man, or set of men, is the production of misery to all men.
On the st. in! foundation of tins principle, Englishmen rean d
up the fabric of their Constitution with such a strength, as for
ages to defy time, tyranny, treachery, internal and foreign
wars; and, as an illustrious author+ of your nation, hereafter
mentioned, observes, " They gave the |H-oplc of their colonies
• Adopt* 1 1 October Mill, 1"1 — ^K""i?' "( CoHgrmt, vol Up- ts Tint
vu written by John Dickenson. Peter Porce, Jv-'j., of WaehfagtOl] I It] .
hiis * printi"] roi>y af tin* Jinininb of UtSl I I ■■■ bleb,
in th*e lim.v ' > RT Rodney, one of the member*, the rathemhlp
of these several itAte pnjK-rs u thiu given. * U uU-kquieu.
G80
SUPPLEMENT.
lng a ■"""^S^TiS »' consequence, of being ruled by
ch0se„ **-*2,3* apl>r0Ve, not by .he edicts of men
laws which thej tnenwei . ^ bulwark sur.
over whom they M ™, "property, so thai no portion, of
ra"*«S"J«^ ** "wo full and
it can legally be taken iro ^^ .f an(J
fre0 ^ro'^veThem for 1-tc -rvfces. and precisely direct
SUTL1n«uenTedof this right extends .tin farther. If money is
Thv rmVrs who have in any manner oppressed the peo-
wantedby rulcrswnoud>eii ' e redressed,
po.nt.ng suchhX thou, h roper.'' Such is the precarious
nsd,ct,on as shal be hou htpr P ^ ^ ^ ^.^
Tta" - nd as mmister^are empowered, a. far as they
SSKSi-S annuel,, all or-m dependent upon
and removable at the pleasure ofa mimste r. Bes des .not her
late statute, made without your consent, ^ »*>"*£/ ™"
the impositions of excise, the horror of ^ fre« »tales; ' ™
subjects in the books of their law And in th
peers of h.s vicinage, who, from £~ .-,- -/-—^ and
sonably be ««•-*»££ ' " a™ a Bur trie] and full in-
the charactere^ J^^SSb,. as many of the people
ouiry, face o face, in open ^ oaih agajnst
£23SsHH£S5
themselves. of the person.
ernment, he ma), by Mrtue ot tni e , d
rents, and not by ■W^-^JCS. and their business,
5ES2JS,3E£S » aUweU-reguiated states
byTn„eeniaTnght"v: LTntention regards the freedom of the
Pr ' -Xortaneeof tins consist, besides the =,
part ot our mild ^s'™ °^ and classes Gf men, defends
now striving by force of arm < > « £* from ^
we are with one mind resolved never to resig
"These are the rights you are enttUed ». »d ought a, this
ed firmly stipulated for your enjoyment of tt it ia
1 human could secure */^°£g£g£.Z
Wicked men, tt was secure,, , hefim,. A« thejl ^ ^^
^-:;rmmisrwnoSprete„dr be your benefac,^
The words of the statute arc, "that those laws shall » ■
2 z;,ey « ^^a^ats^
i:,^^ "f K^nd. aJ^hs benefit Ld adv™.^;;
commended In the said statute, and eaid to have been eenst
out ££K p^S, 'of mating ro^and erecting and
piling them up in another! Unhappy **££££■
onlv injured, but insulted. Nay, more ! V ilh such a super
"ative contempt of your understanding and spirit has a, inso-
en, m n.stry presumed to think of you, our respectable ellow-
™s] adding to the information we h»™ ££*£
firmlv to persuade themselves that your gratitude for he mju
"at you with less cruelty than they have us, who are oi
rtiB sinip blood with themselves.
WhatwouM your countryman, the immortal Montesmneu
Jell to auch a plan of domination as ha; .bee,, framed for
^;=ntt^frr^,::=r,em
Ln, the ooinion each person has of his safely, in oroer u,
EEESS=
laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner
Aprly these decisive max.ms, sanctified oy in i
MI'PLEMEN T.
6'8 1
the wit of men to promote their freedom and prosperity. But,
scorning to be illuded by a tinseled outside, and exert
natural sagacity oTFrenchmen, examine the specious device,
and you will find it, to use an expression of holy writ, "a
whited sepulchre" lor burying your lives, liberty, and prop-
erty
Your judges and your Legislative Council, as it is called,
are dependent on your governor, and he is dependent on the
servant of the crown in threat Britain. The tegislalivi
utive, ain! judging powers are all moved by the nods ol
later. Privileges and linniumiie.s last no longer than his
smiles. When he frowns, their feeble tonus dissolve. Such
a treacherous ingenuity has been exerted in drawing up the
code lately offered to you, that ever) sentence beginning
a benevolent pretension concludes with a destructive power;
and the substance of the whole, divested of its smooth words,
is, that the crown and Us ministers shall be as absolute
throughout your extended province as the despots of Asia or
Africa. What can protect your property from taxing edicts,
and the rapacity of necessitous and cruel masters ! your per-
sona from Uttrcs-de-cachet, jails, dungeons, and oppn
services' your lives and general liberty from arbitrary and
unfeeling rulers ? We defy you, 'listing your view upon every
side, to discover a single circumstance promising from any
quarter the faintest hope of liberty to you or your posterity,
but from an enure adoption into the union of these colonies.
What advice would the truly great man before mentioned,
that advocate of freedom and humanity, give you, were he now
living, and knew- that we, your numerous and powerful neigh-
bors, animated by a just love of our invaded rights, and united
by the indissoluble bands Of affection and interest, called upon
you by every obligation of regard for yourselves and your chil-
dren, as we now do, to join us in our righteous contest, to
make common cause with us therein and lake a noble chance
for emerging from a humiliating subjection under governors,
intendants, and military tyrants, into the firm rank and condi-
tion of English freemen, whose custom it is, derived from their
ancestors, to make those tremble who dare to think of making
them miserable T
Would not this be the purport of his address T " Seize the
opportunity presented to you by Providence itself. You have
been conquered into liberty, if you act as you ought. This
work is not of man. You are a small people compared to
those who, with open arms, invite you into a fellowship. A
moment's reflection should convince you which will be most
for your interest and happiness, to have all the rest of North
America your unalterable friends, or your inveterate enemies.
The injuries of Boston have roused and associated every col-
ony from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Your province is the only
link wanting to complete the bright and strong chain of union.
Nature has joined your country' to theirs. Do you join your
political interests. For their own saxes, they never will de-
sert or betray you. Be assured that the happiness of a people
inevitably depends on their liberty and their spirit to assert il
The value and extent of the advantages tendered to you arc
immense. Heaven grant you may not discover them to bo
blessings after they have bid you an eternal adieu."
We are too well acquainted with the liberality of sentiment
distinguishing your nation, to Imagine that difference of relig-
ion will prejudice you against a hearty amity with us. You
know that the transcendent nature of freedom elevates those
who unite in her cause above all such low-minded infirmities.
The Swiss cantons furnish a memorable proof of this truth.
Their union is composed of Roman Catholic and Protestant
states, living in the utmost concord and peace with one an-
other, and thereby enabled, ever since they bravely vindicated
their freedom, to defy and defeat every tyrant that has invaded
them.
Should there be any among you, as there generally are in all
societies, who prefer the favors of ministers and their own pri-
vate interests to the welfare of their country, the temper of
such selfish persons will render them incredibly active in op-
posing all public-spirited measures, from an expectation of be-
ing well rewarded for their sordid industry by their superiors ;
but we doubt not you will be upon your guard against such
men, and not sacrifice the liberty and happiness of the whole
Canadian people and their posterity to gratify the avarice and
ambition of individuals.
We do not ask you, by this address, to commence acta of
hostility against our common sovereign. We only invite you
Li consult your own glory and welfare, and not to suffer your*
or Intimidated by infamous minisb
lar as to become the Instruments of tin ir cruelty and despot*
ism, but tu unite with us in one social compact, formed on the
g«' 1 1. toils principles of equal liUTty, and cemented by :- ..
ige of beneficial and endearmg offices as to render n per-
petual. In order to complete tins highly-desirable union, we
submit it to your consideration, whether it may not be expe-
dient for you to meet together in your several towns and dis-
tricts, and elect deputies who, afterward meeting hi a Provin-
cial Congress, may choose delegates to represent your province
in the Continental Congress to be held at Philadelphia on the
tenth daj of May, 1775
In this present Congress, beginning on the fifth of the last
month, and continued to this day, it has been with universal
pleasure, and a unanimous vote, resolved that we should con-
sidi r the violation of your rights, by the ad for altering th
government of your province, as a violation of our own, and
i should be invited to accede to our confederation,
which has no other objects than the perfect security of the nat-
ural and civil rights of all the constituent to. rubers, according
to their respective circumstances, and the preservation ol o
lasting and happy connection with Great Britain on th<
tary and constitutional principles hereinbefore mentioned. For
effecting these purposes, we have addressed an humble and
tition to Ins majesty, praying relief of our and
grievances, and have associated to stop all importations from
Great Britain and Ireland, alter the lirst daj of December, anil
all exportations to those kingdoms and the West Indies, after
the tenth day of next September, unless the said grievances are
redressed.
That Almighty find may incline your minds to approve our
equitable and ueo isarj measures, to add yourselves to us, to
put your fate, whenever you suffer injuries n Inch yon are de-
termined to oppose, not on the small influence of your single
province, but on the consolidated powers of North America,
and may grant to our joint exertions an event as happy as our
cause is just, is the fervent prayer of us, your sincere and af-
fectionate friends and fellow -subjects.
By order of the Congress,
Henry Middleton, President.
Petition of Congress to the King.*
To the King's most excellent Majesty :
. gracious Sovereign, — We, your majesty's faithful
subjects, of the colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts
Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of New-
castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, and South Carolina, m behalf of ourselves and
the inhabitants of these colonies, who have di puted us to rep-
ri sen! them in general Congress, by this our humble petition
beg Leave to lay our grievances before the throne.
A standing army has been kept in ihesc colonies ever since
the conclusion of the late war, without the consent of out As-
semblies ; and this army, with a considerable naval armament,
has been employed to enforce the collection of taxi 9,
The authority of the commander-in-chief, and under him the
r general, has. in time of peace, been rt ndi red supreme
in all the civil governments of America.
The commander-in-chief of all your majesty's forces in
North America has, in time of peace, been appointed governor
of a colony.
The charges of usual officers have been greatly Incn
and new, expensive, and oppressive offices have been multi-
plied.
The judges of admiralty and vice-admiralty courts arc em-
powered to receive their salaries and tees from the effects con-
demned by themselves.
The officers of the customs are empowered to break open
and enter houses without the authority of any civil magistrate,
founded on legal information.
The judges of courts of common law have been made entire-
ndent on one part of the Legislature for their salarit I,
u for the duration of their commissions.
Counselors, holding their commissions during pleasure, ex-
ercise legislative authority.
• Adopted October 36th, 1174 Journal* of GM0r#M, vol. i., p. S3. Tb.li
was drawn up by John Adams, and corrected by J-jLu Dickeoaoo.
r,*2
SUPPLEMENT.
Humble and reasonable petitions, from the representatives
nftheneonle have been fruitless.
The a''L. of the peo„lo have been discountenanced and
governor; have been instructed to prevent the payment o< the
8"Ss?mblies have been repeatedly and injuriously dissolved.
Commerce has been burdened with many useless and op-
nrsev^acrof Parliament, made in the tourth, flflh,
sixth, seventh, and eighth years of your majesty's reign du-
; re imposed on us for the purpose of raising a revenue ;
and the powers of admiralty and vice-adtmralty courts are ex-
unded beyond theirancient limits, whereby our property >s
Sen from us without our consent, the trial by jury in many
c ml eases is abolished, enormous forfeitures are incurred for
slieht offenses, vexatious informers are exempted from paying
damages to which they are justly liable, and oppressive securi-
ly^s required from owners before they are allowed to defend
thBothSHouses of Parliament have resolved that colonists
may be tried in England for offenses alleged to have been
committed in America, by virtue of a statute passed in the
thirty-fifth year of Henry the Eighth, and in consequence there-
of attempts have been made to enforce that statute.
A statute was passed in the twelfth year of your majesty s
rei.ni directing that persons charged with committing any of-
fenle therein described, in any place out of the realm, may be
indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within
the realm, whereby inhabitants of these colonies may, in sun-
dry cases by that statute made capital, be deprived of a trial by
their peers of the vicinage.
In the last session of Parliament, an act was passed for
blocking up the harbor of Boston ; another, empowering the
-overnor of the Massachusetts Bay to send persons indicted
for murder in that province to another colony, or even to Great
Britain, for trial, whereby such offenders may escape legal
punishment ; a third for altering the chartered constitution of
government in that province; and a fourth or altering he
limits or Quebec, abolishing the English and restoring the
French laws, whereby great numbers of British Frenchmen
are subjected to the latter, and establishing an absolute govern-
ment and the Roman Catholic religion throughout those vast
regions that border on the westerly and northerly boundaries
of the free, Protestant, English settlements; and a fifth for the
better providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in
his majesty's service in North America. .,.,,._
To a sovereign who glories in the name of Britain, the bare
recital of these acts must, we presume, justify the loyal sub-
jects who fly to the foot of his throne and implore his clemen-
cv for protection against them. .
' From this destructive system of colony administration, auopt-
ed since the conclusion ofthe last war, have flowed those dis-
tresses, dangers, fears, and jealousies that overwhelm your
majesty's dutiful colonists with affliction ; and we defy our
most subtile and inveterate enemies to trace the unhappy differ-
ences between Great Britain and these colonies from an earlier
period, or from other causes, than we have assigned
Had they proceeded on our part from a restless levity of tem-
per unjust impulses of ambition, or artful suggestions oi se-
ditious persons, we should merit the opprobrious terms fre-
nuently bestowed upon us by those we revere. But, so far
I; ""promoting innovations, we have only opposed them and
can be charged with no offense unless it be one to receive in-
juries, and be sensible of them.
Had our Creator been pleased to give us existence in a land
of slavery, the sense of our condition might have been miti-
gated by ignorance and habit. But, thanks be to his adorabl
goodness, we were born the heirs offreedom, and everenjoyed
our right under the auspices of your royal ancestors, whose
folly* was seated on the throne to rescue and secure a pious
and gallant nation from the popery and despotism of a super-
stitious and inexorable tyrant. Your majesty, we are confi-
dent justly rejoices that your title to the crown is thus found
ed on tLVe of your people to liberty ; and, therefore, we
doubt not hut your royal wisdom must approve the "ensiMity
,r,at teaches your subjects anxiously to guard the blessing
they received from divine. Providence, and thereby to prove
the performance of that compact which elevated the illustri-
ous house of Brunswick to the imperial dignity it now pos-
sess s.
The apprehension of being degraded into a stale of servitude
from the pre-eminent rank of English freemen, while our minds
retain the strongest love of liberty, and clearly foresee the mis-
eries preparing for us and our posterity, excites emotions in
our breasts which, though we can not describe, we should not
wish to conceal. Feeling as men, and thinking as subjects in
the manner we do, silence would be disloyalty. By giving tins
faithful information, we do all in our power to promote tile
great objects of your royal cares, the tranquillity of your gov-
ernment and the welfare of your people.
Duty to your majesty, and regard for the preservation of our-
selves and our posterity, the primary obligations of nature and
society, command us to entreat your royal attention ; and, as
your majesty enjoys the signal distinction of reigning over
freemen, we apprehend the language of freemen can not be
displeasing. Your royal indignation, we hope, will rather fall
on those designing and dangerous men, who, daringly inter-
posing themselves between your royal person and your faith-
ful subjects, and for several years past incessantly employed to
dissolve the bonds of society, by abusing your majesty s au-
thority, misrepresenting your American subjects, and prosc-
eul.ng the most desperate and irritating projects of oppression,
have at length compelled us, by the force of accumulated inju-
ries, too severe to be any longer tolerable, to disturb your maj-
esty's repose by our complaints.
These sentiments are extorted from hearts that much more
willingly would bleed in your majesty's service. Y et so
greatly have we been misrepresented, that a necessity has
been alleged of taking away our property from us without our
consent, " to defray the charge of the administration of justice,
the support of civil government, and the defense, protection,
and security of the colonies." But we beg leave to assure
your majesty that such provision has been and wUl be made
for defraying the first two articles as has been and shall be
judged, by the Legislatures of the several colonics just and
suitable to their respective circumstances; and, for the de-
fense, protection, and security ofthe colonies, their militia f
properly regulated, as they earnestly desire may immediati 1,
be done, would be fully sufficient, at least in times of peace:
and in case of war, your faithful colonists will be ready and
willing as they ever have been, when constitutionally re-
quircdTto demonstrate their loyalty to your majesty, by exert-
ing their most strenuous efforts in granting supplies and rais-
imUrces. Yielding to no British subjects in affectionate at-
tachment to your majesty's person, family, and government
v too dearly prize the privilege of expressing that attaehmen
by those proofs that are honorable to the prince who receive,
then, and to the people who give them, ever to resign it to an>
body of men upon earth.
Had we been permitted to enjoy in quiet the inheritance left
us by our forefathers, we should at this time have been peace-
ably cheerfully, and usefully employed in recommending our-
selves bv everv testimony of devotion to your majesty, and of
veneration to the state from which we derive our orig n But
though now exposed to unexpected and unnatural scenes o
distress by a contention with that nation in whose parentt
guidance, on all important affairs, we have hitherto, with filial
reverence, constantly trusted, and therefore can derive no in-
struction in our present unhappy and perplexing circum-
stances from any former experience, yet we ^tlMtthepu-
rity of our intention and the integrity of our conduct will just
ify us at that grand tribunal before which all mankind must
submit to judgment. .
We ask but for peace, liberty, and safety. We wish not a
diminution ofthe prerogative, nor do we solicit the grant of
any new right in our favor. Your royal authority over us, and
our connection with Great Britain, we shall always carefu.ly
and zealously endeavor to support and maintain.
Filled with sentiments of duty to your majesty, and of •mo-
tion to our parent state, deeply impressed by our education,
and strongl/confirmed by our reason, and anxious to ev.
the sincerity of these dispositions, we present this petition
only to obtain redress of grievances and relief from fa a id
jealousies asioned bv.be system or statutes and reg ul, .ns.
adopted since the close ofthe late war, for raising a «™U.e.n
M, .erica; extending the powers of courts of admiralty and
v ^.admiralty; trying persons in Great Britain *»<*»•
alleged to be committed in America, affecting the province of
Massaehnsetts Bay i and altering the government and extend-
"gthoUmCofQuebec; .7 the abohtion of which system the
S 1 PPLEM K NT.
683
harmony between Great Britain and these colonics, so
sary to the happint as ol both, and so ardently desired by tin;
latter, and the usual Intercourses b ill be mmediatt Ij n
In the magnanimity and justice of your majesty and Parlia-
ment, we confide for a redress of our other grievances, trust-
it, when the causes of our apprehensions are n
our future conduct will prove us not unworthy of the
we havi Hied, in our happier days, to enjoj ; for,
appealing to ttr.it Being who a archi . s thoroughly the hearts
of his creatures, we solemnly profess that our councils have
been influenced by no other motives than a dread of impending
destruction.
Permit us.'thcn, most gracious sovereign, in the name of all
your faithful people in America, with the utmost humility, to
ii the bonoi of
ion our enemies are undermining , (or your glory, which can
be advanced only by rendering your subjects happy, and keep-
n united; for the interests ofyoui
on an adherence to tin- principles ih.it < ntltrom d il .
safety and welfare of your kingdoms and dominions, threat-
ened with almost unavoidable dangers and distress*
your majesty, as the loving father of your whole people,
nccted by the same bonds of law-, loyalty, faith, and blood,
though dwelling in various countries, will not suffer the trans-
cendent relation formed by these ties to be further violated,
in uncertain expectation of effects that, if attained, never can
compensate for the calamities through which they must be
gamed.
We, therefore, most earnestly beseech your majesty that
your royal authority and Interposition may be used tor our re-
lief, and that a gracious answi r maj be given to this petition.
That your majesty may en
and glorious reign, over loyal and bapps subjects, and that
- i nd mi - maj inherit your prosperity and dom
till time Bhall be no mure, is, and always will be. our si
and fervent prayer.
XIV.
Yankee Doodle.
In the first volume, I have twice referred to our national air.
Doodle. The following facts in relation to its origin
may interest the literary antiquarian. The air Nancy Paw-
son), as well as the style of words, antedates the American
Revolution by at least a century and a quarter. A song, com-
posed in derision of Cromwell by a loyal poet, commenced with
" Nankey Doodle came to town,
Riding on a pony.
With a feather in his hat,
Upon a macaroni."
A "doodle*1 is defined In the old English dictionaries to he
"a sorry, trifling fellow," and the term was applied to Crom-
well in that sense. A "macaroni" was a knot on which I he
feather was fastened. In oem accompanying a
caricature of William Pitt in 1766, in which he appears on
stilts, the follow mi' wi
" Stamp Act ' ledlable! dat is de Job, sir ;
Dat is in de Stiltman'a nob, sir.
To be America's nabob, sir.
Doodle, OOOdll
Long before our Revolution, the air was known in New En-
gland as *' Lydia Fisher's Jig ;" and among other words was
this verse:
" Lucy Locket lost her pocket,
Lydia Fisher found it ,
Not a bit of money in it .
binding round it.''
A snrjreon in the British army at Albany, in 1T55, composed
a song to that air. in derision of the uncouth appearance of the
New England troops assembled there, and called it uYankey"
instead of " Nankey Doodle." The air was popular as martial
music ; and when, in 1768, British troops arrived in Boston
harbor, "the Vankey Doodle tune." says a writer at that time,
"was the capital piece in the band of music" at Castle Will-
iam. The change in the spelling of Yankey was not made un-
lil aft) r the Revolution. Trumbull, in his M'Fingnl, u i
j orthography W Uile the British wen y< i in Bo u i
.: amMd ol W ' ambndge in 1775, some
■ ng piece, In derision ol " In
New England people. Tins is the original Yankee Doodk
Song of the k< volution :
1. " Father and I went down to camp.
Along with Captain Goodwin,
Wbt i« nun and hoys
Aa thick as hasty -puddtn*.
«. "i igton
Upon a slapping stallion,
il ing orders to his men
ess there was a million.
■ :i the feathers o
Ook'd so tunialjimi,
I wanted pockiiy to get,
To g] mixna.
4. " And then they had a svaampm gun,
As large as log of maple.
On a dt uced little cart—
A load for father's cattle.
d. " And every time they find It off,
It took a horn of powder .
It made a noise like father's gun,
Only a nation louder.
C. " I went as near to it myself
As Jacob's underpinning
And fhther went as near again—
I thought the </<K< < was in him.
7. "Cousin Simon grew so bold,
I thought he would have cocked :t ;
It Beared me so, l shrinked ofT,
And hung by lather's DQCkct.
8. "And Captain Davis had a gun,
lie land a clapp'd hla hand on*t,
And stuck a erooked atabbing-iruu
Upon the little end on't.
g •* \u.j thi re I see a pumpkin shell
As big as mother's basin,
me ih< .■■ touched ii off
They scamper'd like the nation.
10. " And there 1 see a little keg,
Its if ada were mad.- ol leather ■
They knocked upon 't w ith little
ill the folks together.
U, " And then they'd f! ft away likefun,
And play on cornstalk fiddl
Ami some had nofl n lood,
All wound about their middli 9
12. "The troopers, ton. would callop up
And tire right in out faces .
It scared mc almost hall to death
To see them run such races.
13. "Old Uncle Sam - hangs
Some pancakes and some onions,
For 'lasses cakes, to carry home
To give his wife and young ones.
11. "I see another snarl of men
ring graves, they told me,
So tartiat long, so tarnat deep,
TU. j 'tended tie \ Bhould bold me.
15. " It scared me so. I hooked it off,
Nor slept, as I remember,
Nor turned about till I cot bom
Locked up in mother's chan
684
SUPPLEMENT.
XV.
Bcbgoyne's Captive Officers.
The following are the names of the com missioned officers,
English and Hessian, captured with Burgoyne at Saratoga. I
copied them from the original paroles of honor, signed by them
at Cambridge (see pp. 593, vol. i. and 344, vol. ii.), and now in
possession of J. Wingate Thornton, Esq., of Boston :
English. — J. Burgoyne, Lieutenant General. W. Phillip?,
Major General. James Hamilton, Brigadier General. Lieuten-
ant-colonels— Lord Balcarras, J. Lind, Nicholas Sutherland,
John Anstruther (see pace 55, volume i.). John Hill. Majors
— Balcarras, G. Forbes, George Foster, William Agnew, Henry
Harnage (see page 55, volume i.), John Holmes, Jun. Captains
— Thomas Hosmer, Ellis Walker, artillery, William Cotton,
J. W. Heman, Noah Simpson, Nicholas Alward Vigors, John
Carter, James Sheldon, W. Lindsay, Neill MacLean. Alexan-
der Baillie, George Swetterham, J. Hollinson, Francis Wemyss,
Robert W. Winchester, William Maxwell, Paul Banks, James
Lovell, J. Farmer, George Petrie, Thomas Kirkman, George
Brodie, Stephen Strangway, K. Master, H. Pelmor, of grena-
diers, William Ferguson, George Coote, A. Jameson, James
England, J. D. Alcock, Henry Marr, Thomas Blomefield,
George Marlay, Earle Hawker, Alexander Campbell (messen-
ger to Sir H. Clinton, see page 79, volume i), John Shrimp-
ton, H. Sothurn, Thomas Anburey, the author. Lieutenants—
William Cox, David Davids, and James Hudden, of artillery,
James Dunbar, William P. Smith, William Houghton, Will-
iam Collier, H. T. Thomson, Bright Nodder, Robert Storday,
James Battersby, W. Houghton, Edward Townsend Jones,
grenadiers, Hamilton Maxwell, W. Digby, Charles Williams,
Sewall Mauusell, grenadiers, William Mure, Thomas Steel,
grenadiers, Napier, Anson Nutt, Archibald Fife, George Raw-
don, John M'Neill, James Murray, George Vincent, James Kim-
mis, W. Prince, Joseph Stroetly, J. Sleet, grenadiers, John Gas-
kell, Richard Norman, W. R. Gilbert, Richard Croft, Robert
Dobsou, W. Charlton, Cliften Wheat, Charles Torrians, W.
Fitherston, John Hepburn, George Edward Shlagel, William
Douglas, B. Innes, Robert Burnet, John Blackwood, John Dal-
gleish, Torphuhen, Weston Alcock, Richard Brown, R. Steele,
Charles Williams, William Doyle, Thomas Bibby, George Cof-
fee, Charles Johnston, Charles Earle, John Ferguson, W.
Campbell, Thomas Reed, Thomas Storey, T. Poe, Henry Bald-
win, A. French, Bernard G. Ward, John Rotton, Abraham
Banbury, C. J. Jones, Arthur Blackwell, William Wilkinson,
Connolly Coane, Low'n Mathews, Gonville Bromhead. En-
signs—Heury May, W. Hovey, Thomas Deane, Thomas Or-
chard, James Moon, Robert Grier, Cooper, Richard Bate-
man, E. F. Merida, William Noble, M. Burroughs, G. Stephens,
John Percey, Richard James, H. Blacker, George Henway,
James Porver. Surgeons— G. Wylde, William Burke, M. Ca-
hill, W. Pemberton, Samuel Sone, Leonard DorrFen, Alexander
Moodie. Surgeons' Mates — Alexander Melville, William Brown,
A. B. Carroll, Charles Watson, Colin MacLasty, Joseph Alder.
Adjutants — Isaac Fielding, J. Dalladine. Assistant Adjutant-
general — Bt. Kingston, mentioned on page 78, vol. i. Chap-
lains — Richard Montagne Money, Andrew Browne, Charlus
Morgan, R. Higginbotham, Edward Brudenell, mentioned on
page 67, volume i. Commissary-general — Jonathan Clarke.
Assistant Commissaries — J. Rosseau, Andrew Foster, L. Cro-
manteau, Nathaniel Collyer, John Powell of Beer, John M'Ken-
zie. Quarter master General— William Paxton. Assistant Quar-
termaster— George Vallarucry. Deputy-paymaster General —
David Geddes. Acting Physician — Sind Wood. Mates of Gen-
eral Hospital— Richard Woodthorp, John Park. Aid-decamps—
Charles Green, R, R. Wilford, Robert Hoakslyn. Wagon-
master General— P. O'Donnell. Philip Skene (see page 138, vol-
ume i.). " a poor follower of the British army :" such was the
expression which Skene appended to his signature.
Hessians.— Major-general — Re\deae\. Brigadier-generals
Specht, W. R. De Gall, mentioned on page 50, volume i.
Lieutenant- colonel— Leutz. Majors— Von Lucke, Von Mengen,
Ehrencrook, Von Passern. Brigade Major— H. U. Clevo (see
page 345 of this volume). Captains— J. Willoc, De Scblagen-
teuffel. De Lohneysen, C. A. Alers, J. G. P. Arene, Morgcn-
stern, Bartling, Harbord, Girsewald, Lutzow, C L. Schottelius,
F. De Germann, Scheel, Schacten, Pausch, Trott. Lieutenants
— Borneman, Ulig, Trott, Rudolphe, De Meyer. Steuffel, C. G.
S. Wlutersmith, Helraeke, Curt von Healer, Meyer, Counradi,
Von Dobencck, Peterson, Mosrach, Von Unger, Feichel, Rein-
king, W. Hoger, Morgenstein, BurgsdorflT, Brandes, Meijern,
Craunn J. Meyer, Augustus Passet, Milkau, Ole Kop, D'Ameris,
J. S. Kettner, A. H. Du Roi, Unger, G. P, S. Crus, J. F. Pfliiger,
J. G. H. Gladcn, G. T. Fricke, C. F. Rohn, P. W. L. Rheneuis,
M. Von Butlar, Von Lindau, Von Eschwege, Von Bischhau-
sen, Von Trott, Count Von Pickler, Sartorius, lieutenant and
quarter master, F. V. Geyling, W. Dufais, C. D. Spangenberg.
ETisigns — Baudel, Enrich, Bode, Slieborn, Bernewitz, Ulmen-
stein, E. Grimpe, Von Richterslerben, Von Weykers, Heerwa-
gen, cnsig7i and adjutant. Chaplains — Voegel, Milius, Kobli1,
Theobald. Surgeons — Schroeder, Prall, Bouse, J. H. Kunze.
Poellniz, deputy adjutant-general. J. D. Gerlach (see page 345
of this volume), quarter ■master general. A. Edmunetone (see
page 345 of this volume), aid-decamp and secretary to Reideeel.
Languemeyer, secretary. T. F. Heildebach, sergeant major.
Auditors— Schmidt, Zinck, A. H. B&hr.
XVI.
The following poem was written by Major Andre after the
attack of Wayne upon a block-house, near Bull's Ferry (see
page 622), in 1780. The last canto was published in Riving-
ton's Gazette, on the day when Andre was captured at Tarry-
town. I copied this from an original copy in the handwriting
of Andrd himself; and 1 have made a fee simile of the last
stanza as it appears in that copy. It is written upon small
folio paper, and under the endorsement of Andr6 himself are
the following lines :
" When the epic strain was sung.
The poet by the neck was hung;
Anil to liia cost he finds too lale,
The dung-bom tribe decides his late."
COW CHASE— By Major Andre.
El'aabethtown, Aug. 1; 1780.
Canto 1.
To drive the kine one summer's morn,
The tanner took his way,
The calf shall rue that is unborn
The jumbling of that day.
And Wayne descending steers shall know.
And tauntingly deride,
And call to mind, in ev'ry low,
The tanning of his hide.
Vet Bergen cows still ruminate
Unconscious in the stall,
What mighty means were used to get,
And lose them after all.
For many heroes bold and brave
From New Bridge and Tapaan,
And those that drink Passaic's wave,
And those that eat soupaan.
And sons of distant Delaware,
And still remoter Shannon,
And Major Lee with horses rare,
And Proctor with his cannon.
All wondrous proud in arms they came—
What hero could refuse,
To tread the rugged path to fame,
Who had a pair of shoes ?
At six the host, with sweating buff,
Arrived at Freedom's Pole.
When Wayne, who thought he'd time enough,
Thus speechified the whole:
" O ye whom glory doth unite,
Who Freedom's cause espouse,
Whether the wing that's doomed to fight.
Or that to drive the cows ;
Ere yet you tempt your further way,
Or into action come,
Hear, soldiers, what I have to say,
And take a pint of rum.
SUPPLEMENT.
685
Intemp'rrtte valor then will string
Each nervous nrm Ihe better,
So nil the land shall 10 1 sing.
And read the gen'ral's letter.
Know that some paltry refugees,
Whom I've a mind to fi^ht
Are playing h — 1 among the trees
That grow on yonder height.
Their fort and blockhouse we'll level,
And deal a horrid slaughter ;
We'll drive the scoundrels to the devil,
And ravish wife and daughter.
I under cover of th' attack,
Whilst you are all at blows,
From English Neighborhood and Tinack
Will drive away the cows.
For well you know the latter is
The serious operation,
And fighting with the refugees
Is only demonstration."
His daring words from nil the crowd
Such great applause did gain.
That every man declared aloud
For serious work with Wayne.
Then from the cask of rum once more
They took a beady gill,
When one and all they loudly swore
They'd fight upon the hill.
But here — the muse has not a strain
Befitting such great deeds,
Hurra, they cried, hurra for Wayne !
And, shouting— did their needs.
Canto 2
Near his meridian pomp, the sun
Had journey'd from the horizon,
When fierce the dusky tribe mov'd on,
Of heroes drunk as poison.
The sounds confused of boasting oaths.
Re-echoed through the wood,
Some vow'd to sleep in dead men's
And some to swim in blood, [clothes,
At Irvine's nod, 'twas fine to see
The left prepared to fight.
The while the drovers, Wayne and Lee,
Drew off upon the right
Which Irvine 'twas Fame don't relate,
Nor can the Muse assist her.
Whether 'twas he that cocks a hat,
Or he that gives a glister.
For greatly one was signalized,
That fought at Chestnut Hill,
And Canada immortalized
The vender of the pill.
Yet the attendance upon Proctor
They both might have to boast of;
For there was business for the doctor,
And hats to be disposed of.
Let none uncandidly infer
That Stirling wanted spunk.
The self made peer had sure been there,
But that the peer was drunk.
But turn we to the Hudson's banks,
Where stood tbe modest train,
With purpose firm, though slender ranks,
Nor car'd a pin for Wayne.
For then the unrelenting hand
! fury drove,
And tore from cv'ry eenial band
Of friendship and of love.
And some within a dungeon's gloom,
By mock tribunals laid,
bed long a cruel doom.
Impending o'er their heads.
Hern one bewails: n brother's fate,
There one a sire demands,
Cut off. alas ! before their date,
By ignominious hands.
And silvcr'd grandsires here appear'd
In deep distress serene.
Of reverend manners that declared
The better days they'd seen.
Oh I curs'd rebellion, these are thine.
Thine are these tales of woe ;
Shall nt thy dire insatiate shrine
Blood never cease to flow?
And now the foe began to lead
His forces to tb' attack ;
Balls whistling unto balls sneered,
And make the block-house crack.
No shot could pass, if yon will take
Yhe gcn'rals word for true ;
But 'tis a d— hie mistake,
For cv'ry 6hot went through.
The firmer a= the rebels pressed,
The loyal heroes stand;
Virtue had nerv'd each honest breast.
And Industry each hand.
In* valor's phrensy, Hamilton
Rode like a soldier big.
And secretary Harrison,
With pen stuck in his wig.
But lest chieftain Washington
Should mourn them in the mumps.l
The fate of Withrington to shun.
They fought behind the stump.?.
But ah ! Thnddeus Posset why
Should thy poor soul elope 1
And why should Titus Hooper die,
Ah ! die — without a rope t
Apostate Murphy, thou to whom
Fair Shela ne'er was cruel;
In death shatt hear her mourn thy doom,
Och I would ye die, my jewel 1
Thee, Nathan Pumpkin, I lament,
Of melancholy fnte.
The cray goose, stolen as he went
In his heart's blood was wet
Now as the freht was further fought,
And balls began to thicken.
The fray assum'd, the gcn'rals thought
The eoler of a licking.
Yet ondismny'd the chiefs command,
And, to redeem the day.
Cry. "Soldiers, charge!" they hear, they
They turn and run away. (stand.
Canto 3.
Not a_l delichta the bloody spear,
Or horrid din of battle,
* Vide Lee'e trial.
f A disorder prevalent in tbe rebel lin
There are, I'm sure, who'd like to hear
A word about the rattle.
The chief whom we beheld of late.
Near S
At Yan Van Poop's unconscious ant
Ot Irvine's hearty banging.
While valiant Lee. with courage wild,
Most bravely did oppose
The tears of women ami of child,
Who begg'd he'd leave the cows.
But Wayne, of sympathizing heart
Required a n
Not all the blessings could Impart
Of battle or of beet
For now a prey to female charms.
His soul took more delight in
A lovely Hamadryad's' arms.
Than cow driving or fight i
A nymph, the refugees had drove
Far from her native tree.
Just hftppen'd to be on the move.
When up came Wayne and Lee.
She in mad Anthony's fierce eye
The hero saw portray'd.
And, all in tears, she took him by
— the bridle of his jade.
Hear, said the nymph, O great command
No human lamentations, [er,
The trees you see them cutting yonder
Are all my near relations.
And I, forlorn, implore thine aid
To free the sacred grove :
So shall thy prowess be repaid
With an immortal's love.
Now some, to prove she was a goddess !
Said this enchanting fair,
Had late retired from the Bodies,]
In all the pomp of war.
That drums and merry fifes had play'd
To honor her retreat
And Cunningham himself ronvey'd
The lady through the street.
Great Wayne, by soft compassion swny'd
To no inquiry stoops,
But takes the fair, afflicted maid
Right into Yan Van Poop's.
So Roman Anthony, they say,
-iced th' imperial banner,
And for a gipsy lost a day,
Like Anthony the banner,
The Hamadryad had but half
Received redress from Wayne,
When drums and colors, cow 'and calf.
Came down the road amain.
All in a cloud of dust were seen,
Tbe sheep, the horse, the goat
The gentle heifer, ass obscene ;
The yearling and the shoot.
And pack horses with fowls came by,
Befeathered on each side,
• a deity ofths wnods.
| A cant ■ppellation furen nmnng the soldiery tn
Hi- corpi tii^i bis Hie ItOBOr to guard In* mHjefllr'e
person. t
686
Like Pegasus, the horse that I
And other poets ride.
Sublime upon the stirrups rose
The mighty Lee behind,
And drove the terror-smitten cows,
Like chatf before the wind.
But sudden see tho woods above
Pour down another corps,
All helter skelter in a drove,
Like that I sung before.
Irvine and terror in the van,
Came flying all abroad,
And cannon, colors, horse, and man,
Run tumbling to the road.
Still as he fled, 'twas Irvine's cry,
And his example too,
" Hun on, my merry men all — for why ?"
The shot will not go through.*
' Fire refugees ('tis true) were found
Stiff on the block -bouse floor,
But then 'tift thought the shot went round,
And in at tbe bark door.
SUPPLEMENT.
As when two kennels in the street,
Swell'd with a recent rain,
In gushing streams together meet,
And seek the neighboring drain,
So meet these dung-born tribes in one,
As swift in their career,
And so to New Bridge they ran on—
But all the cows got clear.
Poor Parson Caldwell, all in wonder,
Saw the returning train,
And mourn'd to Wayne the lack of plun-
For them to steal again. [der,
For 'twas his right to seize the spoil, and
To share with each commander,
As he had done at Staten Island
With frost-bit Alexander.
In his dismay, the frantic priest
Began to grow prophetic,
You had 6wore, to see his lab'ring breast,
He'd taken an emetic.
" I view a future day," said he,
" Brighter than this day dark is,
And you shall see what you shall see,
1 1 l 1 na i one pretty marquis ,
And he shall come to Paulus* Hook,
And great achievements think on,
And make a bow and take a look,
Like Satan over Lincoln.
And all the land around shall glory
To see the Frenchman caper,
And pretty Susan teli the story
In the next Chatham paper.*
This solemn prophecy, of course,
Gave all much consolation.
Except to Wayne, who lost his horse
Upon the great occasion.
His horse that carried all his prog,
His military speeches,
His corn-stalk whisky for his grog-
Blue stockings and brown breeches.
And now I've closed my epic Btraln,
I tremble as I show it.
Lest this same warrio-drover, Wayne,
Should ever catch the poet.
%a^co
^f^y^^i^<^r^y
^**r~, J^—X^ atfto^gfc e^fe^
"J/^u/
INDEX.
Aaron', Little, Mohawk chief, eares the lives of Dunlop and
In-; daughter, l., 269,
Abatts, military term, explained, j . 58.
Abdot, Benjamin, Drum-major, plays the dead-march at the
■ \ ndrd, i.. 771.
I . . ms, at Norridgewock Falls, i., 191,
Abbri ftOMBiE, Jam] , Gei British . al Fort George, In
1758; Brilliant Expedition under, i. 112. At Sabl i
Point, i., 115 u Pii onderoga, i , l 18 . defeated . returns to
England in 1759, i., 119. Biograph U 119
Abbrcbombie, Col I British . si the Battle of Bunker Hill,
in 1775, i , 542. Death of, i . 546.
Abercrombib, Lieutenant-colonel Britlsli , at Petersburg, in
the Skirmish n< it, in I781,ii.,544. At Philadelphia i
ii.,57, 137. Al \ orktown with CornwalUs in 1781, ii., 314.
Afula. See Abyla.
Abraham, Little, Mohawk chief, I., 234, 235. His Die
256
Abrah : . described, i.. 187, 204
Battle of the, in 1759, I., 1-7. 168. Arnold and his tn ■
the. In 1775, i . 196. See Quebec.
fern, in America, England's tirst step toward, in
1.. 453, 154,
■. one of the Pillars of Hercules, i
iy. Military, at West Point, 11 . L38. See Military Acad-
or Nw i Scotia, Governor Argall makes conquest of,
m 1613, ii., 351.
Ackland, Major, at the Rattle of Stillwater, in 1777, i., 50.
Wounded, I., 64. Wilkinson saves him from death, i., 67.
Account of him and Ins heroic wife, i.,4 85-6(3 Killed in
a duel, i.,68. Picture of bis room al Bemis's Height
Ackland, Ladt Harriet, wife of Major, heroism of, i., 45,
r. Generous and kind treatment ■ i. i a l Dear-
born, i., 67. Tributes to, by Burgoyne, i . 67; and by Mrs.
Perez Morton, i., 68. Second marriage of, i .. 68,
; on Lrnold, i., 605. On Anna Brewster, i., I !
oppressive, of Parliament, i., 156, 157, 454, 155, 518 .
Against Blasphemy, ii., 191: set B Mutiny, ii.,
584: se^. Mutiny. Navigation, Li .
Queber, 1., 505, 506; Stamp see Stamp Act. Toleration:
m ,r Vermont, apparently treasonable, in 17* >,
i., 168 see V\ rmont.
Adair, Robert, of Maryland, Son of Liberty, ii.. 194.
, John and Sami bl, opposed by Galloway and Duane,
IL, 63, 64. Galloway's im tary ti iute to Samuel, i
An vms, .1 1 hi s (President), on the Boston Committee I i
the quartering of British troops there, in 1768, i., 478
Bernard's ofler of a bribe, 1., 479. Engaged in I te cast i I
dn Preston, in 1770, i., 491,492. Succeeds Jami ■
the Massachusetts House of Representatives, in 17: I,
On the Boston Committee of Correspondence, in 177 1, i., 513.
i the firsi Continental i ongress, in 1774, i., 511 ;
ii., b'J. Mis remark on the Character of the I ii
ii., Q ', I ontributor to Whig Journals, i., 513.
On the ( lommittee ol < ongress, on
lental Bills, in 1775, i., 317.
D< iaratii f Independi nee, In 177;'., ii., 70, 71. On the
Sub-- ■ ,71, His Account of Jefferson's ap-
pointmenl to write the ]■■ .,71. seconds
Lee's motion for Ind< pent
Howi ■ ' ( lonference, in 1776, ii., & - I
Letter of Thanks to Washington, in 177ij, I., 584,
N Ltio i.ii Treaties, in 1776, ii . 648.
Naval Affaire, in 1775, i.. 037.
\\ .i . , rto ' immlssion, in 1775, i., 5fi3.
His views ol N itional Uliam i svt ith France, Spain, and Hoi
land, li.,648. Member ofthe Board of War, in 1776, li.,661
Signer of the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, ii., 79, 80.
Succeeds Silas ■ >mmissioner al l
in 1777, i . 85. Minister to Great Britain, in 1779,
Effects loans from Holland, m 1780, ii ,651 Minister to
Holland, ii., 651. Refuses to a ongn - s
at Vienna, in 1781, ii.,651 His be iring, at the i n m > i
ii., 652. Minister Plenipotentiary to London, in 1783 Ge
III 's remark to, on Uneri tan Independi nee, <
president of the Unit I States, in 178 I, ii . 6 8, 662. His
Correspondence with Jefferson, respeci klenburg
Resolutions, ii., 116. Biogi i nicalSkei
gized by Abbe Raynal, ii., B2. Portrait of, ii 1
Autograph of, ii., 80. Picture of bis house, li.,( -
Adams, John Quincy, his Jubilee Discourse quoted, II., 655.
il i oph y's political . if., 143. 11m
■ a in stau . in Hall, ii., 66.
h a Histor) ol 0 laga Count] . I
. Sami i l (brother ol John), on tbi Be ton i ommittee
to resist the quartering of British troops (here, in 1766
1 ■ Govi r Bernard, in 1768, i., 477-
179. . ; , 193 Mi mber Df the Boston < ommit-
tee of Co i 177-1, r», 125 . P es at a
■ iston Pori Bill, In 1774, i., 507,
\\ ith Hancock, at Lexington and Woburn, in 177.'', i
523. Outlawed by Gage, I , 537.
: ' longrcss, i., 511 . II., 59
Hi-, eloquent ret "k on Liberty, Li., 64. On the Comi
ticlcs of Confederation, in 1771 ..• 1 lee
taration of J in 1776, il . 79, B0, Ilia part at
the reception oi M. Gerard, in 1778, ii., 650. Hi- iuci to
ward H 3, ii., 130; Mrs. Merc) Warren's
,131, 132. La) 8 the corner-at I the
Boston Stat* Sou 16] Biog hl< aJ Ski I b of, ii . 662
. ■ Raynal, ii., 62. Portraits of, i , 510 ii
graph of, i . 5 10 , ii., 80. Pictun ut bis
A, da ms, ( oloncl, killed at tlir Battle of Stillwater, in 177"
\imm-, Major, I omm ssarlal ol Prisoners ai Elizabethtown
under the superintend! ace of, I., 327.
Adams, Mrs., wife ot John, her tribute to General Warren,
i . 584.
. the cannon so called, ami the "Hancock," in the top
ofthe Bunker Hill Monument, i.,559. The "Adams" burst
m firing a salute, i., 559.
Addresses, of
Edmonds, .1. W., at Newburgh, in 1850, i . 667.
Merchants of London, to the King, In 1775, I., 586.
Mullni to Washington, in 1783, ii 63 i, I 8
Monell, J. J., at Newburgh, in 1850, I., 667.
Newburgh, i., 67 I, 675
Parliament, and the Mayor and Livery of London, to the
King, ii
Tories, to the P :ople ol Tryon County, in 1777, i.. 250.
Washington, to bit ■ ifficers, at Newburgh,!., 677,678 . and
to t 33, ii., 635.
Addressors to Huti bin ion, n i anl ttions of, i., 51S.
Admiral in the American Navy, rank of, in 1776, il . <:,,L-
l bi l ongress, in 1779, ii
Salai ■ rsol tin . ii., 631 ■ ol I 637, * ; -
Board of i I 63" 638.— Board of, in Mas-
sachusetts, in I77.r>, ii., 637.
Advertisement, by British officers at Philadelphia, En 177- |j ,
ro I countci ted, gn ■ s Notes, a) the i i Ice
ofthe paper per ream, if., 630.
Expedition of John I., and of Prince Henry ofPortu-
gal, to. i.. 17.
Secri '. sent to Canada, in 177 1. by the Boston Commit-
l ol I orrespondence, I., 122, Secret agents ol Great Brit-
ain, travel es,in 1761, i., 459.
Aii.Ntv, . ral, nt
Brandywine, in 1777, H., 113.
Danbury, In 1777. i . 102, 403; II., 113.
German-town, in 1777, ii., 112; Killed, ii., 113, 169.
Head ol Elk, ' I
tphical Sketch of, il . 112, 113. Autograph of, ii., 113.
Picture ol bis Hi ad-quarters, i., -1113.
■ , Sami EL, ii., 63
orttitwn: dee Xrm-importiit >
i M 11; and
251 . State of, In Lower \ irginia,
North Carolina, In 1848, ii
Aillou, i nsti navigator, lands near
the mouth ol the i River, in South Carolina, in
la sell Hi. in as
slai es, .
Magazine, I., 766.
: t of, al Morristown, in 1780, i.,310.
E M - oi of, i , 300, 801. In-
irated, in 1686, 302 Di scribed by Kalm, In 1749, I.,
Convi ntion at, In 1754, i , 303 , list of
< ommissioners, i . 363. its Import tn< i diu ag the Revolu-
tion, i . ■' 'i Pii ' ' I ■' <■■' ral Schuyler's mansion at , as-
. i ol the house, i . 804.
Albemarle County, North Carolina, territory of, ii., 353, 354.
688
INDEX.
Albemarle Sound: Sebastian Cabot explores the coast north of,
[.,27.
A.LBERTSON, Thomas, Lieutenant-commandant in the Amer-
ican Navy in 1776, n . 638.
Alden, l> habod, t olonel, killed by Indians at Cherry Valley,
in 1778, 1-. 268
Alden, John, passenger in the May Flower, i., 659. Sub-
scribes the compact of the Pilgrim Fathers, L, 437, 438, 459
Alden. Timothy, Rev., his Collection of American Epitaphs,
ii., 328.
Alden. Captain, horsewhips General Prrscott, i., 603, Pie-
ture and account of the Alden Tavern. L, 603.
Alexander, Abraham, Chairman ofthe Mecklenburg Com-
mittee, in 1777. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 411. Autograph
of, it., 413.
Alexander, Adam, Charles, Ezra, Hezekiah, and John
M'Kni i i, members ofthe Mecklenburg Committee, ii., 412.
Autographs of, ii-. 413.
Alexander, Charles, Captain in the American Navy in
1776, ii., 638.
Alexander, Elijah, brother of Abraham ; his longevity.
Biographical Sketch of, ii., 411.
Alexander, .Iamks lather of Lord Stirling, first Recorder of
Perth Amboy, ii.. 11.
Alexander, Robert, Secretary ofthe Baltimore Committee
on Non-intercourse, in 1774, ii., 186. Son of Liberty, i'.,
104- On the Baltimore Committee of Correspondence, ii.,
186.
Alexander, Samuel, Captain, at Augusta, ii., 512.
Alexander, William : see Stirling, Lord.
Alexander, W. J., of Charlotte, North Carolina, ii., 393.
Alexander, Sagamore ofthe Wampanoags, i., 658.
Alexander's Lake, or Mashapang, legend ut, i., 595.
Alexandria, Virginia, ii.. 207, 208. Colonial Governors con-
vene at. in 1755, ii., 271. Museum and Revolutionary relics
at, ii.. 207
Allamance River, ii.,3SR. Battle on the. in 1771, ii.. 368-370.
Alleghany Mountains, territories west ofthe, claimed by Spain,
ii., 650.
Allegiance, (laths of: see Oaths.
Allen, Ethan, Colonel, Expedition of, to
Ticonderoga, in 1775, i., 121-123, 153. Interview between
hini and Delaplaee ; his order to surrender obeyed ; his
disagreement with Arnold, i., 125.
St. Johns; preparations to oppose Carleton. in 1775, i.,
154. He and Warner appear before the New York As-
sembly, i., 155.
Montreal, in 1775. i., 179. Captured, and treated with
cruelty by Prescott, i., 180. Anecdote of him and Col-
onel M'Claghrey, i.. 735. Taken to England in chains,
i . L80, 735. Exchanged in 1778, i., 735. Historical
error concerning him corrected, i , 733.
His Letters to Congress, on the difficulties in Vermont, i.,
168. Visits Wyoming, in 1787, i., 375. Anecdote of him
and Rivington, :., 508. Biographical Sketch of; autograph
of, i., 180, Grave of ; pietureof the tomb of, i., 161.
Allen, Hugh, Aid to Colonel Charles Lewis ; mortally
wounded at Point Pleasant, in 1774, ii., 282.
Allen, Ira (General), brother of Ethan, L, 168. Biographical
Sketch of, i., 161.
Allen, William, Rev. Dr., his American Biographical and
Historical Dictionary, quoted or cited, i., 56, 153, 209, 4U5,
594,644; ii., 12.
Allen, Lieutenant-colonel, of New Jersey, ii., 530.
Allen, Lieutenant, sent by Colonel Jameson to Arnold, in
charge of Andre, i., 756, 757.
Allen, Rev. Mr., of Pittslield, his bellicose ardor, i., 396.
Allen Family, massacred by Indians, i., 100.
Allerton, Isaac and John, signers ofthe Pilgrim Covenant,
i., 437. Autograph of Isaac, i., 438.
Alliance, Triple, between France, Holland, and the United
States, ii., 651. National Alliances, Franklin's letter to
Arthur Lee, on, in 1777 ; difference of views on, in Amer-
ica, ii., 648.
Allino. CHAUNCT, sees Major Campbell buried, i., 423.
Allison, Patrick, Rev., of Baltimore, Son of Liberty, ii.,
194. Chaplain in the Continental Army, ii., 187.
Allison, Mr., the author's interview with, at Haverstraw, i.,
752.
Almanac, BickerstafTs, the Frontispiece of, explained, i., 486.
Cruikshanks, ii.. 158.
Almon's Remembrancer, cited, ii., 639.
Alsop, John, of New York. Relegate to the first Continental
Congress, in 1774, i.. 363 ; ii., 59, 587.
ON, William. Colonel, of Charleston, ii., 479.
ALTHOUSE, Captain I British), at the battle of Spencer's Ordi-
nary, in 1781, ii . 258.
Amboy, New Jersey, General Mercer in command at, in 1776,
ii.. 594.
Amboy Bay, Admiral Howe anchors his fleet in, in 1778, i., 647.
America, visited bj Northmen, before its discovery by Colum-
bus, i . 634. Early opinions respecting, i., 19. Discovery
of. by Columbus, in 1492, i , 25. John Cabot's voyage to, in
1497. i.. 27 ; tie the true discoverer of, i., 29.
American Association, Articles of, adopted and circulated, in
1774, n., 02, 03. Regarded with public favor, ii., 04, 5S7.
Amerigo Vespucci : see Vbspucct.
Amherst, Jeffrey, Lord, L, 119, 130, Commander-in-chief
ofthe British forces in America, i., 119, 2h7. skill, bravery,
and ability of, i., 126. Portrait and autograph of, i., 213.
Amidas, Philip, explores (lie coast of Carolina, in 1584, under
Raleigh, ii., 243,
Ammunition carried out of Boston by patriots, in 1775, i., 522.
Captured by patriots, in 1775, off Boston Harbor, i., 57(1. Of
the American army at Bunker Hill, exhausted, i., 545. Re-
moved from the Magazine at Williamsburg, in 1775, ii., 297.
Supply of, from Africa, in 1775, i., 571.
Anbury, Thomas, British officer, in Burgoyne's army; his
Travels in America, ii., 315, 340, 315, 346.
Ancram, Major, Speech of, at the siege of Fort Schuyler, i
248, 249.
Anderson, Alexander. Dr.. earliest wood-engraver in Amer-
ica, i., 513; ii., 155. His anecdote of Cunningham and the
patriotic woman, ii., 633.
Anderson, James, of Maryland, Son of Liberty, ii., 194.
Anderson, John, the assumed name of Major Andre, i., 714.
Anderson, Major, of Maryland, killed at the Battle of Guil-
ford, in 1781, ii., 406.
Anderson, Captain, in a Skirmish with Colonel Boyd, near
Augusta, in 1779, ii., 506.
Anderson, Mr., Editor of the New York *l Constitutional
Gazette," i., 513.
Andre, John, Captain, afterward Major; Aid to Sir Henry
Clinton, i., 743. Removes from the house of Dr. Franklin a
portrait of him, in 1777, ii., 104. A friend and correspond-
ent of Mrs. Arnold, i,, 714. Fictitious letter of, to Colonel
Sheldon, i., 715. First interview of, with Arnold, i., 710,
720. Clinton's instructions to, i., 718. Papers received by,
from Arnold, i., 721. Pass given to, by Arnold, i., 723. Smith
refuses to take him to the ship Vulture, i., 723. Dresses as
a citizen ; crosses the Hudson, i., 724. Arrested, i., 726.
Letters of, to Washington, L, 727, 757. Place of his cap-
ture, i., 753. Ordered to West Point, i., 729. Account of
the capture of, i., 753-755. Conveyed to North Castle, i.,
756 ; to North Salem, i., 757 ; and to West Point and Tap-
pan, i., 758. His captors, i., 753, 773, 774.
Trial, sentence, and execution of, i., 765-768, 771. Efforts
to save him, i., 768 ; and to exchange him for Arnold, i., 769.
His request to be shot, i., 770. His composure of mind, i.,
771. Place of his death and burial, i., 772. His remains
removed to England, in 1831, i., 773. Monument to, in West-
minster Abbey, i., 767,773. His Will ; his three sisters;
his brother knighted, i.,767. His watch; his Commission,
L, 7ii7.
Biographical Sketch of, i.. 765. Portraits of, i., 705. 771.
Specimen of his handwriting, ii., 674. II is poem, the "( ow
Chace," ii.. t'pT'J-074. Present at the Misebian/.a; hisdescrip-
tion of it, ii., 97; the chief part of the decorations of it, paint-
ed by him, ii., 100. His humorous- verses on the duel between
Howe and Gadsden, ii., 523. His quarters at Philadelphia,
ii., 104.
Andre, Lieutenant, brother of Major, his part at the Mischi-
anza, ii., 99.
Andrew, Alexander, servant of General Agnew ; his ac-
count of his master's death, ii., 112, 1 13.
Andros, Sir Edmund, Governor-general ; arrival of, at Bos-
ton, i„, 420; 434. His unpopularity, i., 420. Empowered to
take away their charters from the colonies, i., 451. Tyran-
ny of, i., 434. Arrested, and sent to England lor trial, i.,
435, 451.
Governor of Virginia, in 1692; recalled, in 1698; succeed-
ed by Nicholson, ii., 265.
Andrus, Major, of Maryland, at the battle of Camden, in 1780,
ii., 468.
A ndrustown, destroyed by Indians under Brant, in 1778, i.,255.
Anecdotes :
Allen and Rivington, i., 508.
Arnold and a Prisoner, ii., 339, 340. And Coon, i., 409.
Arnold, Mrs., and Washington, i., 726.
Bailey, Mother, i., 617.
Balfour (Colonel) and Mrs. Elliot, ii., 550.
Barre and Manning, ii., 497.
Bennington, the battle of, i., 308.
Boy and British Grenadier, n., 617.
Braddock and Washington, ii.. 272, 273.
Calvert and his Protestant servants, Ii., 191.
Coon and Arnold, i., 409.
Cornwallis and the Widow Brevard, ii., 412. And Colonel
Tilghman, ii., 223.
Cruger (Colonel) and Eddins, ii., 487.
Daddy Hall ami Paymaster Dexter, i., 631.
Duponceau and Mr. Huntington, ii., 107.
Dutch Magistrate and Yankee Peddler, i., 292.
Dutchman, The, and the Hay-rake, i., 390.
Dyer (Colonel) in the satire of " Lawyers and Bull-frogs,"
i., 347.
Eddins and Colonel Cruger, ii., 487.
Elliot, Mrs., and Colonel Balfour, ii., 550.
Ferguson, Mrs., it., 145.
Ferguson, Captain, and Colonel Horry, ii., 4S0.
Finch, Mrs., and Mrs. Jenkins, at Forty Fort, i., 362.
Fitzgerald, Colonel John, ii., 32.
i \ i > i; x .
689
Folgi r i Imothj I and General Preseott, i.. 603.
1 ord Judge and t Lionel Hamilton, I . 315.
For man, Mr , and Colonel Stone, I., 229.
Frenchman, M\simous, ami < < I'mn-rcss, i.,
i Iday, Mr., and Colonel Maxwell, ii., 462
George EH., Statue of, li., 595 Portrait of, Ii. 392.
Gist, Mr , ami Indian Messenger, ii., 266.
Goffe and a Fencing-master, i.. 419.
Greei and a Portrali afi ■■ I : I . I
Grenadier, British, captured by a boy, li . 617.
Grenville, George, nicknamed " Gentle Shepherd}" i . 462.
Hall Daddj and Paymaster Dexter, i., 631,
Hamilton Colonel I Jnd ■<■ lord, i., 315.
Hamilton, Ninian it . 11., 366.
Hamilton, Mr, at Danbury, i . 193
Hard] [Governor) and President Monroe, ii., 233.
Harper (I olonel] and Indian Peter, i., 237.
Harrison, Benjamin, IL, 236.
Hendrick (Mohawk Sachem) andSirAVilliaTiiJuhnsi.il, I
106.
Henry (Patrick) and Hook, ii., 231.
Holcomb (Luther and General Tryon, i., 403.
Hook and Patrick Henry, II., 234.
Horry (Colonel) and Captain Ferguson, ii., 4S0.
Huntington, Mr., and Duponceau, ii., II .
Indian Chief and Washington at Fori Dnquesne, 11., 273.
Indian Messenger and Mr. Gist, ii . 266
Indian, Old, and Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, i., 338.
Indian Peter and ■ olonel Harper, L, 237.
Israel, Mrs Hannah .1 . Ii., 179.
Jackson (President) and Lieutenant Randolph, ii., 221.
Johnson (Sir William and Mohawk Sachem, [., 106.
Johnson (Sir William) and Servant Girl, i., 287,
La Fayette and Washington's dintng-hall, I., G66
Larvej . James, i . 727.
Manning and Barrel ii . 197
Marmn and a young British Officer, ii., 565.
Maurepas, i lount, i . 69 1.
Maxwell I < 'olonel} and Mr. Friday, ii.. !*■_>.
Meeker (Timothj and a Standing Vrmy, 1., 3-J.r».
Measer (Boy) and General Tryon, ii . 371.
Monroe (President) and Goi ernor (lardy, ii., 233.
Montague I Ldmiral) and Pitts, i., 499.
Morgan, Spj . ii., 3(J5.
Mother Bailey . i.. til7.
Negro Hostler and a Goat, ii.. 335.
North (Lord) and Sir N W. Wraxall, ii.. 322
niis (James, Jr.) and the Clerk, i.. 493
Payne, Mrs., ami Washington, ii., 207.
Peters (Judge) rind Washington, ii., 3l'3.
Pitts and Admiral Montague, i . 499.
Preseott (General) and Timothy Folger, i., 603.
Preseott, I Colonel, at Bunk< r Hill, L, 54]
Preston (Senator] and an Old I, adv. ii., 426.
Putnam, General, after the Battle i>t" Bunker Ildl, i., 5 '.7.
Raleigh (Sir Walter] and Ins Servant, ii., 244.
Rambo (Mauritz) and a Wounded Deer, ii., 124.
Randolph ; Lieutenant I and President Jackson, ii., 2C1
Rlvington and Ethan Allen, i.. 508.
Robinson (Speaker and Washington, ii., 275.
Scotchman, The, and Hell-gate, i., 682.
Speculating Daughter and the Author, i., 730.
Stamp Act, in South Carolina, ii., 541.
Steuben (Baron) and FishkUl Landing, i., 693.
Mmih' i 'ol i' mid Mr Forman, i., 229.
Tarletonand Little Rebels, ii., 394.
Tarleton and two American Ladies, ii.. 136.
Tennent (Rev. Gilbert), his Sermons^ ii., 159.
Tilghman [Colonel) and Cornwallis, ii., 223,
Tryon and boj Messer, II., 371.
Washington, and Mrs Arnold,! ,726. And Braddock, Ii.,
272, 273. And Indian t bief at Fort Duquesne, ii., 273.
And Judge Peters, ii., 303. And Mrs. Payne, II., 207.
And Speaker Robinson, ii., 275. JIis dining-hal
Whitall Mrs.. || . 85
Widow Brevard and Cornwallis, ii., 412.
Wraxall, Sir N. w . concerning Lord North, ii., 322.
Yankee Doodle and Chevy i base, i . 526.
Yankee Peddler ami Dutch Magistrate, i . 292.
Annapolis, Maryland, described, ii., I*-1- Early history of, I! ,
189. Historical associations of, ii., 197, Colonial Govern-
ors convened at, In 1755, It., 271. Revolutionary movements
at, in 1765, it., 193 Tea di alroyed at, in 1774, ii., 195. Mil-
itary displays at, In l>i and 1783, II., 196. Washington at,
in IT*:!, n , 196 Washington resigns his c ission at, il .
197,635 Continental Congress meets at, In 1783, ■ . 196,
634. Convention at, in 1786, n , 656 ; names ol the members
of the Convention, ii., 197
Picture of the State House at, ii., 196. Portraits in the
Senate Chamber at, ii., 197.
An-na-ta-kau-les, the Indian name given to Washington, i.,
277.
Ann j wan, one of King I'd dip's chief captains ; his sign man-
ual, i., 659,
Anne Arundel County, Maryland, ii., 101 -
II. 2
Anstbuthbr, .John, Colonel, at the battle of Stillwater, in
1777, I., :.:>. i apt u red, 11., 672.
hy, Mr., Ins residence near Ni "port, I., 651.
Anthony's Vow see v -i nth
Antilles, The, i isiti d by Imerigo \ espuccl, in ! 199, I . 28
Antiochus Epiphanbs, triumphal procession of, described
by Montfcucon, 11., 201.
Antiquii ■
Church at Jamestown, ii., 241.
Dighton Rock, inscription on, I., 634.
Pocahontas's Wash-basin, ii., 347.
Runic Inscription on Orkney Isles, I., 635.
stone i emetery, on Rainslbrd Island, i . 634.
Stone Wall at salients. North Carolina, 11., U'J.
Tombstone at Jamestown, li., 242,
Tower al N< w port, i., 633.
tism in the State of New York. i.. 391,
\ n kkttb, Makia. of Austria see Mabi ^ ANT01MBTTE.
Anvil !!<> fc, mar Hanging Rock, picture of, ii., 155
Apollo Room, at Williamsburg, Virginia, II
Appomatox River, ii., 337, 347.
A'/iiut Creek, Virginia, ii., 216.
At/ititnrrk. or Rhode island, granted to Clarke and Coddington,
bj Mi. mi moh, i . 638.
ia, Count d\ Spanish Embassador al Paris, II ,646,65?
tBBi phnot, Mabbiott, Admiral, commands the British
squadron on the coast of America, in 1780, [.,655 Meei
the Prencb fleel at the ■ ntrance of tin- Chesapeake, in 1781
li.,334. Invades Charleston, ii . 556, 558.643. Gives warn-
ing to Arnold, ii., 230, Portrait of, ii., 51 0
Abi rdai b, John, b Quaker, Governor of the Carolinas, In
1695, ii., 355, i I His policy, ii
Abckbb, Aid to General Wayne, al Stony Point, L, 7 17. 749,
a, S n mi •>, residt nee of, i., 7t">3.
ircher3* Hill, Virginia, Pocahoni rs1 • VI Lsh-basln Dear; II., 347.
Abden, Richard i>.. and Lieutenant Thon v , i . 708
Argall, Samuel, Governor, sails with a fleel to Maine, In
1613, to protect the fisheries; makes conquest of Acadia;
enters New Vork Bay, and compels the Dutch there to ac-
knowledge the supremacy of England, ii ,251. Keeps Poca-
hontas as a hostage, u., 'J is. Succeed* \ « ardlcy, as Gover-
nor of Virginia, in 1617, ii., 241, 251.
oyal, of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley appeals
to. iii I6i6, ii.. 255.
0 rLE, bis opinion as to the breadth of the Atlantic Ocean,
i . 20.
Arkansas, explored by Pe Soto, in 1540, i.. 31.
Arlington, Earl of, ins right to Virginia lor thirty-one years,
ii., 254, 265. Assigns Ins interest to Lord Culpepper, ii.,265.
Arlington House, seat'ofG. W. P. Cuslls, ii., 206.
Armand, Chahles, Marquis de la Rouarie (Colonel, afterward
General), it., 261. With La Fayette In New Jersey, In 1777.
u., 260. Captures Baremoro,>in 1779, if., 624. With Gales
in the South, In 1780, il.,'463. II is opi n of Gates, 11., 469.
In the battle near Jamestow n Island, In 1781, 11., 269. Auto-
graph ami Biographical Sketch of, ii 260
Armed Neutrality ot European states, account of the, n., 4fi>,
651.
Armonica, musical instrument, invented by I*r. Franklin, 11.,
104
manufacture of, by .Americans, In 1774, 1., 586. Seized
by Sons of Liberty at New Vork, in 1775, li ,587,
AbhSTBONO, EDWARD, member of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, li., 171.
Abmstbonq, Jami P., Reverend, receives from Washington
bis letter to the ladles ol Trenton, in 1789,11 ,39, Biograph-
ical Sketch Of, II.. 40. Crave ot', i/i.
Abmstbonq, John, General, of Pennsylvania, at the Battle ol
Brandy wine, in 1777 , stationed at l'yle'.s lord during tli
battle, ii., 17s
Charleston, in 1776, ii., no. 547.
German town, in 1777. ii., II 9, 1 10, 169
Autograph and Biographical Sketch of, il . 109. lift.
Abmstbonq, John, Colonel, ins expedition to Wyoming, In
17s(, ,., 373.
Abmstbonq, John, Major, son of General John, I >'■' I; ii.,
1 in. Author of the Newhurgh Addresses,' fM 61, 674,. Wasb
[ngton's opinion of thi i iri of, i., 674, 879. Portrait, Au-
tograph, and Biographical Sketch ofj I., 674.
Abmstbonq, Mark, Captain, at
Fori Ninety-six ; killed at the siege, In 1781, II., 168
Quinby's < ret k Bridge, al the battle, in 1781, II * I
Ston\ Point, in command, in 1779, |., 743.
In the Southern campaign under Greene, in 1781, II., 396,
401. Watches Rawdon while Lee attacks Fort Granby, 11.,
182, 483. lutograph of, II., 397.
Abmstbonq, Major [British), at the battle of Spencer's Ordi-
nary, in 1781, II., 257.
1 1 mi/, British, at
Bemis's Heights ; its position at the battle, in 1777, 1., 51,
Boston, i , 521 : Its officers, i, 521 . increase of, In i*7.-,
i "'ii' i i of, I., 537 . Inset uritj of, in 1776, i .
580 ; lis effei tive force on evacuating the city . t . 562.
Bunker Hill : encampment on the bill, F., 530 ; its condition
after the battle, In 177."). i., 571.
Charlotteville ; its march to, in 1778, ii., 345.
x
(-.Ill)
INDEX.
Fort Ontario , takes the fort, in 1757, i., 210.
Fort Washington , captures the fort, in 1776, ii., 14.
Hudson River, under Clinton, in 1777, i., 733.
Newport, under Clinton and Percy, in 1776, i ,641.
New ifork ; its departure for, in 1770, i., 5^2 ; its arrival
at, in 1770, ii., 607 ; evacuation of the city by, in 1783,
ii., 639
North Carolina, under Cornwallis, in 1781, ii . 39(1.
Quebec . Royal Highland Regiment, how raised, i., 159.
Saratoga ; humiliating nview of it there, i., 81.
Stillwater; its condition after the battle, in 1777, i., 57;
its melancholy condition alter the second battle, i., 73;
deserters from it, i., 75.
Proposed increase of it by employing foreign troops, i.. 588.
Irs removal from America, and its dispersion, in 1782, ii.,
347.
Army, Continental, organized in 1775, i., 316, 503. Command-
er-in-chief appointed, i., 563. Return of the, made by Gates,
in July, 1775, i., 565. At
Hi iins's Heights ; its condition, in 1777, i., 47.
Boston, under Washington, in 1775, i., 563; punishments
adopted, i.,565 , Washington's "General Order," i.,565 ,
organized by him, in 1775 ; its condition at the close of
1775, i., 565'.
' Camhndge, under General Ward, in 1775, i., 534 ; under
Washington, in 1770, i , 577, 578, 586.
Canada ; its retreat from, in 1775, i., 172.
Champlain; its condition there, under Schuyler, in 1775,
i.. 155 ; and in 1777, i.. 39.
Charleston, under Lincoln, in 1778, ii., 552.
Cohoes ; position of the, in 1777, i., 41.
Cowpens, in 1781, ii., 433.
Delaware River; weaknessof the, when crossing the river,
in 1770. ii.. 17
Guilford Court House, in 1781, ii., 400.
Hudson Highlands, its march toward the, in 1777, !., 786.
Long Island, after the battle, in 1776, ii., 607.
Middlebrook ; its encampment, in 1777, i., 779.
Mornstown, with small-pox, in 1777, i., 3u7 ; encamped, in
1779, 1780, i.. 309 ; its sufferings from the severity of the
winter, in 1780, i„ 310.
Moses's Creek, attacked by Indians, i., 101.
Newburgh, cantonment, in 1780, i., 071, 672; discontents
of. in 1783. i.. 073, 074 : ii., 631 ; proceedings in relation
td iinevances, i., 674-679.
New Jersey, n-treat across, in 1776, ii.. 15.
New York, in 1781, ii., 303 ; enters the city after its evac-
uation by the British, in 1783, ii., 633.
North Carolina ; its partial organization there, in 1780, ii.,
47d ; its reorganization under Greene, in 1780, ii-, 390.
Ph ladflplia . reorganized by Washington, in 1776, ii., 18 ;
its distress from scarcity of clothing, in 1780, ii., 105;
mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, in 1783, ii., 631.
Point Levi, in 1775. i., 195.
Quebec, with small-pox. in 1770, i., 202.
Rocky Hill, New Jersey, Washington's Farewell Address
to. ii.. 632.
Smith's Clove, encamped, in 1779, L, 781.
Stillwater, after the battle, in 1777. i., 101.
Tappan, encamped, in 1786, i ,713.
Valley Forge, in 1778, ii.. 128 ; sufferings of, ii., 129, 130.
Virginia, marches from the Hudson to, in 1781, i., 781.
Williamsburg, Virginia, encamped, in 1781, ii., 210, 262
Number of soldiers furnished by each State during the Revo-
lution, ii.,631. Discontent in ihe, i.,673. Sufferings of the,
in 1778, i., 705.
Army, French, at
Iloston, embarked for the West Indies, in 1782, ii., 323.
Hudson River, in 1781, i.,656 ; joins the Continental Army
there, in 17s2, ii., 323.
Newport, enramped. in 1780, i.. 655; a burden to the
Americans, i., 656.
Providence, encamped, in 1782, i.,623, 624.
Virginia, in 1779, i., 781.
Williamsburg, encamped, after the capture of Yorktown, in
1781, ii., 323.
Arm;/ Hospital established by Congress, in 1775, i., 568.
kRKOLD, Benedict, his birth-place, i.. 6nj, 710. His early
years, i., 605, 7 1 u. Ringleader in mischief, £., 605. Attempts
lo commit a murder; his duel with a young Frenchman : his
mother; her letter to him, i.. 605. An apothecary, i . 710
A druggist and bookseller at New Haven, in 1703-1707, i .
422,710. Picture of his house there, i., 421. Captain of the
Governor's Guards there, in 1775, i., 421. The day after the
battle of Lexington In- raises a company to march to Cam-
bridge, E.. 121. Demands and obtains from the Select-men
of the town 111'- keys of the powder-house, i . 122. Marches
to Cambr.dge ; is joned on the way by Putnam . takes pos*
session of Governor 1 diver's house at Cambridge . conspicu-
ous among the revolutionists, i , 422. Marr.es Margaret
Mansfield, in 1775, i., 429.
.loins Albii. at ( astleton, in 1775, i., 121. Disputes with
Allen as ti> rank, i., 124. 125. In the expeditions again Si Si
John's, m I77.'t. his preparations to oppose General Carle-
ton, on Lalce Champlain, i. 154. Place of h s first naval bal
lie , wounded ii Isle Auz Noi.x, I., 162. His bravery in the
Congress galley, i., 104, 105. Retreats to Crown Point, i,,
165. His expedition to Canada, in 17 75, i., ]90. His troops
on the Plains of Abraham, i., 190. His knowledge of Que-
bec, i., 195. His summons lo M'Lcan, at Quebec, to surren-
der,!.,196. His junction with Montgnmen , his quarrel with
Rrown and Hauchet. i., 197. His operations after Mont-
gomery's death, i., 199. Wounded, i., 199. Promoted to the
rank of Brigadier-general, at Quebec, i.,201. His attempt
to release American prisoners taken at the Cedars, i., 208.
Overlooked in the appointment of general otliccrs, in 1777,
ii., 35. In the expedition to Danbury, in 1777, i., 402. At
Ridgefield, i., 408. His bravery ; his narrow escape after
shooting the Tory, Coon, i . 409. Congress presents to him
a horse, in consideration of his valor, i. 4 10. Recommended
by Washington, i., 136. At Fort Dayton , his proclamation ,
describes St. Leger's character, i.. 251. Anecdote of him
and General Schuyler, i., 41. Returns from Fort Schuyler to
Stillwater, i., 252.
At the Battle of Stillwater, i..5I, 52. Testimony of histo-
rians concerning him, i., 55. Letter of Colonel Varick re-
specting the conduct of, at Stillwater, i., 56. His rupture
with Gates ; desires to join Washington, i., 56. His impet-
uosity, i., 61, 63. Wounded, i . 61, 63.
At'Philadelphia, in 1778; appointed Military Governor of
the city, i., 709, 715. Proposes to leave the army and enter
the navy, i., 709. Marries his second wife, Margaret Ship-
pen, daughter of a Tory, i., 430, 710; her friendship with
Andre, i., 712. His house, ii., 95. His extravagant style
of living ; pecuniary embarrassments; fraudulent dealings,
i„ 709, 710. Charged with malfeasance ; tried by a Court-
martial ; reprimanded hy the Commander-in-chief, i., 711.
Indignities offered to him by the people ; his schemes to re-
lieve himself from his pecuniary embarrassments, i., 711.
His application to M. Luzerne for a loan, i., 712.
Deceives Washington, and obtains the command at West
Point, in 1780, i., 712. Correspondence and proposed inter-
view of, with Andre, i, 715. His letter to Washington;
his conference with Smiih. i.. 716. His correspondence with
Robinson, i., 717. His first interview with Andre, i., 719
Applies to La Fayette for the names of American spies, i.,
715. Arrives at Smith's house; supplies Andre with im-
portant papers, i.. 720-724. His Pass given to Andre, i.,
723. Weakens the chain across the Hudson, i., 706. At-
tempts to surrender West Point to the enemy, i., 435. Dis-
concerted by La Fayette, i., 717. Deceives Washington
again, i., 718. His composure in presence of his Aids, i.
725. His flight to the enemy, i., 726. His passage to the
ship Vulture, i., 727. Place from which he escaped to the
ship, i., 70S. Effect of his departure on his wife, i . 726.
His letters from the Vulture, imploring Washington to pro-
tect Mrs Arnold and her infant, i., 728.
Ogden's proposition to receive him in exchange for Andre,
i., 769. His letter to Washington respecting Andre, i., 769.
Champe's attempt to abduct him, i., 775,777. His quarters
in Broadway, New York, i., 777. Colonel Brown's predic-
tion of the treason of, i., 280. Held in contempt by British
officers, i., 777.
Colonel in the British army, with the brevet rank of Brig,
adier, i., 710. His expedition to Virginia, in 1780, 1781, ii.,
227, 228. Commits depredations, ii., 229, 230, 339, 340.
Takes possession of Richmond, ii., 229. His head-quarters
at Portsmouth, ii., 230. Defeat of the plan to capture him,
ii., 334. Takes chief command of the army on the death of
Phillips, ii., 341. Joined by Cornwallis, in 1781 ; sends
Simcoe to the Nottaway and Mehernn rivers, ii., 341. His
expedition against New London, in 1781, i., 610; ii., 307.
His landing-place there, i., Oil His infamy, i., 612. His
dispatch to Sir Henry Clinton, i., 613.
At St. John's, New Brunswick, engaged in trade, from
1786 to 1793. i., 7 in. His I rands , is hung in eiliny by a mob,
in 1792, i., 716. In the West Indies, in 1794; at London,
where he dies, in 1801, i., 711. Singular coincidence con-
nected with his death, i., 754. Account of his wives and
children, i., 429, 710. Acrostic on, i., 605.
Picture of the building occupied by, at Bemis's Heights, i.,
46, 47. Portrait of, i., 710. Autograph of, i., 723. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, i., 710.
Arnold, Hannah, Mrs., her piety ; her letter to her son Ben-
edict. i.. 605.
Arnold, Hannah, sister of Benedict, her account of the ev.l
influence of his wife, i., 728.
Arnold, James Robertson, General, son of Benedict, Bio-
graphical notice of, i., 726.
Arnold, Margaret. Mrs., first wife of the traitor; her crave,
i., 429. Margaret, second wife, i,, 710. Her friendship with
Andre, i., 712. Her parting with her husband al West
Point, [., 712. Her distress, described by Hamilton ; Opin-
ions concerning her case, i., 728.
Arnold. Oliver, of Norwich, cousin of the traitor; acrostic
by, i . 005, 000 Anecdote of him and -loci Harlow, j., 606.
Arnold, Rhodes, Lieutenant m the American navy in 1775,
ii.. 638.
Arnnlifs P«th. at West Point, i., 727.
Arnold's Willow, at West Point, picture of, i., 708.
A.RROWSMITH, Thomas, Captain, in Bradstreet's expedition,
i., 215.
INDEX.
69]
Artillery Company of Boston ; their cannons, " ITnncork" and
"Adams," i.. 559.
n j.l. riiptuin, killed in the Battle of (Awn's Island, in
1776, ii., 33S
. Captain, son »<r sir Charles, case of, U , 160, 161. Set
at liberty by order ol . 100.
. Lady, mother oi Captain, her Letter to Washington,
ii.. 160
Ashbirton, Lord, his treaty with Daniel Webster, i . 167.
\viibv, Captain, captured at Augusta, n., 510
Ashe, John, General, il . 31 er of the North
i .irniin.i ( lommittee of I orrespondence, li, 373, In i
sedition agalnal the Regulators, in 1771, ii.. 360. Tied and
whipped by Regulators, ii., 370. Demolishes Fort Johnson,
in 1775, 11., 375 With Lincoln, in 1779. ii . 553 At Brier
Creek, in 1779, n . S06, 507. At Eutaw Springs, in 1781,
ii., 494. Autograph and Biographical sketch of, Li., 508
AsHB, Sahi BL, Member ot' the .North Carolina Provincial
( ouncil, ii., 376.
\siit. Mrs . anecdote of lier and < -»lnin 1 Tarleton, ii., 436.
Aspikwall, Mr, persecution of, i
pin* Rruer, New fi r» y, ii., 13, 20, 25, 26, 27.
Assemblies, dissolution of, I., 4*3, 4'JH.
I nbtjf. For Colonial, Provincial, and
i.. i .. see the nami -■ ot l 'olonies, Provinces, and .states.
Assistance, Writs of, issued in 1762, i .
Association, Arntricun, ii.. 519, 587 . Art des Of Ihl
upon, m Congress, in 1771. n.,62. Eulogized by Abbe Ray-
nal, ii.. 88. Associati i Loyalists, i.. 522 . n .. 627
Associations, Non-importation ; see Xon-importalton.
Athenatse : s 1 usr.
Atkinson, Theodore, of New Hampshire, i , 303.
Atlantis, Plato's account of, i . 19.
Atlee. Colonel, al the Battle of Long Island, in 1776,
6(i*2. 603. Captured, li., 604.
Attawauhoop, son ofUncas, his signature, i . 597.
Attucks, Crispi s, noter at Boston, shot by a soldier, in 1770,
i.. 490. Funeral of, I., 491.
AttatabongHTA, Louis, Colonel, Oneida chief, at the Battle
of Klock'a Field, i , 281
AUBBBTEDIL, M. HiLLiAiiD d\ his Story of Seymour and his
... 17s.
[muty, Rev. Dr., supporter of Episcopacy in America, iM
460.
Ai' hmtty. Robert. Judge of the Vice-admiralty Court; on
the Committee or Inquiry respecting the Gaspee, i ,630. His
letters to Whately. I., 494. Autograph of. i., G30.
A r ■ h mi rv. Miss, bride of ' aptain Montresor . honored at the
Mischianza, ii . 98, 100.
Augusta, Georgia, panoramic beauty of. ii., 503. Local his-
tory of, II., 504. Occupied by the British in 177'.'. ii
Siege of, in 1780, iL, 511. Proposed monument at, in honor
ot the Georgia Signers of the Declaration: of Independi ace,
n . 513.
Aurora Borealis, seen by the author at Montreal, in 1848, t .
170.
Austin, Ann. Quakeress, comes from Barbadoes to America,
i.. 450.
Aisris. DAVID, Rev., plants elms at New Haven, i.. 428
urt in measures for the evacuation
of Boston, In 1776, I., 581.
Austin, Colonel, burns buildings at White Plains, in 1770,
li .('.17.
Austria, William Lee sent as Commissioner from tin
- to, in 1776, il., 648. Archduchess of, li., 104.
Autographs :
Abraham. Little, i.. 256.
Adams. I
Adams, Samuel, i , 510; ii.
BO
Agnew, Linus, il . 113.
Alexander. Abraham. Adam
Charles, Ezra, Hezekiah.
and John M . Li., 413.
Alexander. William
Stirling, ii., 146, 60S, 603.
Allen. Ethan, i . 180
183,
Amherst. Lord, i . 2)3.
Anderson, John andn . I .
714.
Andre. Major John. Li., 674.
Annawan. Captain, i-. 659.
Armand. Charles, n . 260.
Armstrong, General John, ii.,
109.
Armstrong. Major John, i .
674.
Armstrong, Captain Mark.
ii., 397.
Arnold, Benedict. L, 723.
Ashe. General John, ii., 508.
Attawaunood, i., 597.
Auchmutv. Robert, i., 630.
Avery. Waightstiil, ii., 413
Cache. Sarah, ii., 106.
Baltimore, C, ii.. 100.
Harlow. Joel. I . 405
. Joshua, ii., 6-14.
Barrett. ' lol lami I, L, .'.25.
Barry, John, ".. 641.
Barry, Richard, n-, 413.
BartlVtt. Joslah. ii . s"
Barton. William, i . 643.
Battin, John, n . 691.
Bauman. S . i . 722
Beers, Nathan, i . 43] .
Berdt. Eslhi r de, II.,
Berkeley, Sir William, ii..
253.
i . 23.
Bland, Theodoric, Jun.. ii.,
174.
Boone, Daniel, ii.. 285.
Braddork. General, II., 971.
Bradford, John.
Bradford, William, i . 438.
Brant. Joseph, i - 256.
Braxton. Carter. It., 61.
Bretthauer, ii., S3.
Brevard, Ephraon, II., -113.
Brewster, William, I., 138.
Brov* n. John, ii., 637.
Brubach, ii., 23.
Buford, Colonel Abraham, ii,
458.
Autosrraphs :
Buncombe, Edward, ii.. 4C9.'
Burgoyne, General, I., 79.
Burke, Goveraor Thomas, 11 .
571
Burnet. Robert, i ■ ' -
Butler. John, ).. 965; ii..
118
Butler. Walter, l . 270.
Butler, Zebulon, I., 355.
Cadwaladi r. Lambert, li.,
690.
■
Carleton, sir Guy, Li
t larllsle, U., 144.
Carrington, Edward, ii.. 39^.
Carroll, i tiarles. of Carroll-
ton. ii . BO
( aswell, Richard, ii., 3S0.
< :hase, Samuel, it., 61.
ChastellUX, Marquis dc, ii..
3l C.
Clajon, William, ii , 469.
( lark. Abraham. ,80
Clarke, Alured, ii., 534.
( larke, George it . li !87
Cleaveland, Benjamin, ii.,
428.
1 rederic, ii.. 345.
Clinton, George, ii., 032.
Clinton, Sir Henry, ii-, 144
Clinton, James. 680
Clymer, George, ii-, 81.
Cochran, Catharine, i . 933.
(olden. Cadwallader, ii.,581
Colden, Maria, i . 683
Colfax, William, i., 688
Columbus, ( Jhristopher, i,
is.
Conway, Thomas, ii., 131.
Comwallis, Lord. It., .117.
Cortlandt, Philip Van. i ,738.
Craig, James BL, ii . 574.
Craii, James, ii . 34.
Crosby, Enoch,
Dale. Richard, IL, 642.
Daniel, i.. 956.
Davidson, John, ii., 413.
Davidson, General William,
ii.. 304.
Da ■ William R.. ti . 118
Deane. Silas, I -
De Berdt. Esther, ii . 106.
De Horn-. General, ii.. 630.
Declaration of Independence,
Signers of the, ii., 80, 81.
De Kalh. ii.. 461.
De Peyster, captain A , ii ,
428.
Dibble, Joseph, i- 406.
Dickinson, John, L, 476.
i ndorfT, Jacob, i , 293.
s, Henry, II., 413.
Drarhde. li., 21
Do ' londray, li., 179.
Dunmore, II . 279.
Du Ponceau, ii., 102.
Duportail, I., 704
Edi n, William, li., 144.
Edmoiistone, Archibald, ii.,
345.
Eliot. John, i., 660.
Ellery, William
Eppes, Francis, ii., 237.
Erskine, Sir William, ii.
616.
Estalng, i "unt d\ i., 646.
Fairfax, Edmund, ii., 367.
Ferguson, Adam, ii,, 143.
Few, i olonel is , I!
piniej . Samuel, :i 519.
r I ' . ii., 23.
Fitzgerald, colonel John. ii.
39
Fleck, ii .23. g
Flennikin. John. ii.. 413?
I, William, u., 80.
i oaVd, John, 11., 413.
Fobbe. ii.,23.
Forbes, General John, ii.
275.
Ford, John, ii., 413.
Franklin, Benjamin,
648
Franklin, J., I.. 317.
Franks, David S., i. 725.
Freneau. Philip, ii . 659.
Fuhrcr. t'*ri Fried , li., 93
■ : stopher,
512
General Thomas, 1..
573.
i eph, ii. 04.
Gamble. William, i . 317
( isnsevoort, Peter, i . 240
i, Beverlej , I . 732.
Gates, llorutio, I., 78
418.
ill.. II., 652.
Gerard, Conrad Alexandre
ii . 640
D
Gerry, Ell ridge, I BO
l eb, i 688
■
Gist Mon
Clover. John.
Gookin. Dan i I BC
Goymes, Benjamin, t,, 668.
ii., 93.
n Will am. ii., 413.
i irasse, ' fcunl de, il
Nathaniel, II . 380.
GllStaVUS \rno!il i. i ,711.
Gwinnct, Button, U ,81,
I bam, Joseph, li., 590
Hall, Lj man. ii . HI
on, Alexander, I
Hamilton, Elizabeth, il . 21
Hancock, John. II . 60
Hans : see Kan. ■
Harm tt, < Cornelius, il
Harrington, Jon
Harris. James, ii., 413
Hams. Robert, il., 1 13
Harrison. Heiijamm. 11., sl
Hart, John, ii , 80.
Harvey. John. If., 373.
Hasell. James, ii., 373.
Hawks, John,
Hazcn. Moses, li . 171
Heath, William, ii., 614
Hendrick, Great, i . 256.
Hendrick, Little, I., 256.
Henry. Patrick, n . 233.
in Officers, cantor
Trenton, II., 23.
Hewes, <; R T., I., 501
H- n , -. Joseph, LI., 81
iii\ ward, Thomas, Jr . II
81.
.80.
Hopkins. Bsek, li.. 038.
Hopkins, Stephen,! I
Kl.
Hopkinson. Francis, ii., 80
Horsm.'Hiilen. Hanie!
Houstoun, Governor J., ii .
523.
Howard. John E . II . 433.
Howe. Robert, ii . 593
Howe. William. II., 608.
1 18
Humphreys. Hav .1. |
Huntington, Samuel
Hutchinson, Btisha, I., 452
Hutchinson, Thomas, [.,468
Irwin. Robert. II., 413.
I/nnt. Ralph, n.. 648.
1 1 . 67 1 .
Jackson. Fames, II.. 534.
Jensen, Sail] .
.lav. John, n . G ''
n. Martha, ii.. 236
■ .ii. Thomas, ii., 75, f I
237.
Johnson. Sir John,
Johnson. Sir William, l.,2l !
I., 418.
1 1 urid, It., 165.
Kali.. Baron de, il . 461
Kanadagoa, <»r Hans,
Keller, ii . 93
Kennon. Will. am. ii., 413.
Kenton. Simon, n., 288.
Kincn. II . 2:<
King Phihp. i . 650.
Kinnison, David, i . 400.
Klelnschmit, If., 23
Knapp, Usual, I ' -"
92
I X D E X.
A utographs :
Knox, Henry, |.,6M; it., 633.
Knyphausen, ii., 6IU.
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, i.,
701.
La Payette, li., 118.
Lamb, John, ii., ~
Landais, \'< ter, ii ,641.
La Radiere, i . 7W
Laurens, Henry, li., 651.
Lee, Arthur, ii . 648.
Lee, Charles; ii., 16.
Lee, Francis L., ii., 81.
Lee, Henry, ii., 385.
Lee. Richard Henry, ii . 81.
Leech, Joseph, ii., 369.
Leisler, Jacob, ii., 579.
Lewis, Andrew, ii., 331.
Lewis. Francis, ii., 80.
Life Guard of Washington,
ii., 669.
Lillington, Alexander, ii..
381.
Lincoln, Benjamin, ii., 527.
Livingston, Henry P., i.,688.
Livingston, Philip, ii., 80.
Livingston, Robert R., ii.,
656.
Livingston, William, i., 330.
Locke, John, ii., 354.
Loudoun, Lord, ii., 273.
Luzerne, ii., 633.
Lynch, Thomas, Jun., ii.. 81.
M'Dougall, Alexander, i.,740.
M'Intdsh, Lachlin, ii., 522.
M Sean, Thomas, ii.. 81.
M'Neil, Hector, ii., 640.
Malmedy, Colonel, ii.. 404.
Malthaus, J. J., ii., 22.
Manlej , John, ii., 640.
Marbois, Francis, ii., 478.
Martin, Joseph, ii., 382.
Mason, George, ii.. 215.
Mather. Cotton, i-, 562.
Maxwell, William, ii., 152.
Mecklenburg Committee, ii.,
413.
Mercer, General Hugh, ii.,
668.
Mercer, Colonel Hugh, ii.,
668.
Middleton, Arthur, ii., 81.
Mifflin. Thomas, ii., 635.
Moller, ii., 23.
Montgomery, Richard, i..
200.
Moore, Colonel James, ii.,
378.
Moore, Maurice, ii., 366.
Morgan, Daniel, ii., 431.
Morgan, John, ii., 33.
Morris, Gouverneur, ii., 658.
Morris, Lewis, ii., 80.
Morris, Robert, ii., SO.
Morrison, Neill, li., 413.
Morton, John, ii., 60.
Motte, Rebecca, ii., 479.
Moultrie, William, ii., 545.
Muhlenberg, Generai Peter,
ii., 177.
Munashum, i , 659.
Munson, Eneas, i., 430.
Murray, John (Earl oi' Dun-
more), ii., 279.
Nash, Abner, ii., 469.
Ni ale, Christopher, ii., 369.
Nelson, Thomas, Jun., n.,
81.
Nicholson, James, ii., 614.
Nicola, Lewis, i., 672.
Noailles, Viscount dc, ii.,
316.
North, General, ii., 136.
< tgden, Aanoi. i.. 70S.
Oliver. Peter, i . 630
i iswald, Bleazer, h , 151.
Otis, James, !.. 492.
i iwaneko, i., 597.
Paca, William, ii.. 80.
Paine, Roberl Treat, ii., 80.
Paine, Thomas, h., 647.
Parsons, Samuel II., i., 742.
Patton, Benjamin, ii., 413-
i Iharles Wilson, ii.,
203
1' mi. John, ii., 80.
Penn, William, ii., 50.
Person. Thomas, ii , 383
Petere, Richard, ii., 662.
Pfifer, John, ii., 413.
Phillip, King, [., 659.
Phillips, John, i.. 452.
Phillips, William, ii., 340.
Pickens, Andrew, ii., 511.
Pickering. Timothy, i., 374.
Piel, ii., 23.
Pilgrim Fathers, i.. 43*.
Pinckney, C. C, ii., 557.
Pincknev, Thomas, ii., 552.
Polk, Thomas, n„ 413.
Polk, William, ii., 494.
Poor, Enoch, ii., 123.
Prescott. William, ii., 614.
Prince, Thomas, i., 438.
Proctor, Thomas, ii., 109.
Pulaski, Casimir, ii., 529.
Putnam, Israel, ii., 600.
Randolph, Peyton, ii., 61.
Read, George, ii., 81.
Reed, Esther, ii., 106.
Reed, Joseph, ii., 145.
Reese, David, ii., 413.
Rice, Isaac, i., 122.
Riedcsel, Baroness, i., 558.
Rispess. Thomas, ii., 375.
Ritzema, ii.. 616.
Rivington, James, ii., 591.
Robinson, Beverly, i., 709,
Rodney, Cjesar, ii., 81.
Romans, B., i., 703.
Ross, George, ii., 81.
Rossct, Lewis Ilenrv de, ii.,
375.
Rosset, Moses John de, ii.,
362.
Rudolph. John, ii., 496.
Rush, Benjamin, ii., 81.
Rutherford. Griffith, ii., 391.
Rutledge, Edward, ii.. 81.
Rutledge, John, ii., 547.
Si t lair, Arthur, i., 132.
Scammell, Alexander, ii.,309.
ScherTer. F., ii., 23.
Schroeder. ii., 23.
Schuyler. Philip, i., 38.
Scott, Charles, ii., 147.
Scott, John Morm. ii., 599.
Sears, Isaac, ii.. 591.
Shelby, Colonel Isaac, ii.,
128
Sheldon, Elisha, i.. 715.
Sherman, Roger, ii., 80.
Simcoe, Colonel, ii., 646.
Small wood, William. ii.,407.
Smith, Abraham, ii., 3G7.
Smith, James, ii.. 81.
Smith, Joshua II.. i.. 724.
Smith. Samuel, ii., 90.
Smyth, Frederic, i., 630.
Southworth, ('., i., 438.
Southworth, Thomas, i., 438.
Standish, Mvles. i„ 438.
Stark, John, i., 394.
Stedingi, A. C, ii.,23.
Steuben, Baron de, ii., 135.
Stevens, Ebene/.er, ii., 310.
Stevens, Edward, ii., 329.
Stirling, Lord, ii., 146.
Stockton, Richard, ii., 80.
Stone, Thomas, ii., 80.
Stuyvesant, Petrus, if., 577.
Sullivan, John, i., 272.
Sumner, Jethro, ii., 491.
Sumter, Thomas, ii., 445.
Symonds, Thomas, ii., 317.
'i' dbot, Silas, ii., 643.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, ii.,
627.
Tarlcton, Banasire. ii., 401.
Taj lor, George, ii., 81.
TevejHluL'aues, or Little lien-
«irnk, i., 256.
Thomson, Charles, ii., 61
Thornton. Matthew, ii., so.
Tirryahasara, i., 256.
Trescott. Lemuel, ii.. 628.
Trumbull, Jonathan, i., 601.
Trvon. Wilham. n., 361.
Tyler, John, ii , 238.
I nkos, [., 597.
Van Corttandt, Philip,!., 738.
A utographs :
Van Hanstein, J. A., Li., 23.
Van Hobe, ii.. 23.
Van Loewenstein, ii., 23.
Van Zengen, ii., 23.
Varick, Richard, i., 725.
Varnum, James M., ii., 86.
Vaughan, John, i., 736.
Villefranche, i., 721.
Wallace. J. S., L, 736.
Walton, George, ii., 81.
Wanton. Joseph, l , 630.
Warren, Joseph, i., 548.
Washington, George, i.T 696 ;
ii., 146". 470, 634.
Washington, Martha, ii., 634
Washington, William A., ii.
435.
Waterbery, David, ii., 626.
Wayne, Anthony, i., 747.
Wesson, James, ii., 152.
Whipple, William, IL, Hi.
Willelt, Colonel Marmus. i.,
244.
Williams, Otho II., ii.. 396
Williams, Roger, i.. 623.
Williams, William, ii . Bi
Wrilson, James, jj . 8 I
Wrmkoop, Gitty, i . 683.
Winslow, Edward, t., 438.
Winslow, J., i.. 438.
Winston, Joseph, ii., 427.
Witherspoon. John, ii.. 80.
Woedtke, Baron de, ii., 123.
Wolcott, Oliver, ii., 60.
Wonekompawhan. i.. 659
Woodford, William, ii., 157.
Woodhull, Nathaniel, ii., 603,
Woosier, David, i., 408.
Wythe, George, ii., 81-
Vorke, ii., 308.
Aux Noix : see Isle Aux Noix.
Avalon, Newfoundland, Lord Baltimore the lord and proprietor
of, in 1621, ii., 189.
Avery, John, Jun., Son of Liberty, i.. 466
Avery, Waightstill, member of the North Carolina Pro-
vincial Council, ii., 376. Member of the Mecklenburg Com-
mittee ; Autograph of. ii., 412, 413.
Aylmar, Lord, Governor of Canada, his monument to Wolfr,
i., 188, 189.
Ayscue, Sir George, sails with a fleet to James River, to en-
force the claims of Cromwell, ii.. 253.
Azore Islands, Discovery of the, i., 18, 20.
Aztecs, Notice of the, i., 10.
Babcock, Luke, Reverend, ii.. 626.
Bache, Sarah, Mrs., daughter of Dr Benjamin Franklin, ii.,
43, 104. Her patriotism and benevolence in relieving the
Continental soldiers, during their distress, in 1 TWO. ii.. 100.
Visited by Chastellu\. ii., 106. Her letter to her father, on
the depredations by the British at Philadelphia, ii., 104. Por-
trait and Autograph of, ii., 106.
Bachns's History of X, u- England, i., 622.
Bacon, Andrew, his bravery at Quintan's Bridge, in 1778, ii..
139.
Bacon, Nathaniel, leader of the Virginia planters, in 1670,
ii . 253, 255. Adventures of. with Indians, and with Govern-
or Berkeley, ii.. 254, 255. Death of, ii., 256. Biograplm :aJ
Notice of, ii., 255.
Bacon, Roger, his knowledge of gunpowder, i., 634.
Bacon, Mr., his cottage opposite Jamestown Island, ii., 240,
241.
Bacon, Mr., his log-house near Hillsborough; notice of him
and his family, ii., 352.
Badge of Military Mint conferred by Washington, ii., 628, 629.
Bahama Indians, Account of, on the visit of Columbus, m 1402,
i., 25, 26.
Bahama Islands. Commodore Hopkins's exploits at the, ii., 638,
Bailey, Anna, " Mother Bailey," i., 617, 618.
Bailey, Elijah, Captain, his escape from Fort Griswold, i.,
617.
Bailey, J., manufacturer of Washington's war-sword. L, 690;
ii.. 202.
Bailey, Colonel, at the Battle of Stillwater, in 1777, i., 50, 51.
Bailey* & Records of Patriotism* i , 519.
Baird. Sir James, General Woodhull smitten by. with bis
broadsword, ii , 605. In the Expedition against Savannah.
in 1778, ii., 526.
Baker, Amos, of Lincoln, i.. 554.
Baker, Remember, joins Warner at Crown Point, i . 153. 15-1.
Baker, Colonel, at the siege of Augusta, ii., 511. Companion
of Colonel Harden, ii., 565.
Baker, his cabin on the Ohio ; murdrr of Logan's family there.
ii., 283.
Baker, Mr., of Crown Point, i . 151.
Bakery, The, at Ticonderoga, picture of. i., 128.
Balcarras, Earl of, at the Battle of Stillwater, in 1777, L,
44. 50.
BALCH, HezEKIah, J.. Reverend. im-mbiT of tin- Mickbnbur^
Committee, ii., 412.
Baldwin, Edenezer. his It-tier to the President of Vale Col-
lege, i., 771.
Baldwin, J , Lieutenant-commandant in the American navy
in 1770. ii.. 038.
Baldwin, Captain, of Brookfuhl, Engineer, constructs mili-
tary works at Boston, i., 593.
I! L i mm n, Colonel, in comma ml al t'harlrston in 17H. n , 4M7.
568. Anecdote of him and Mrs. Elliot. II., 550. His cruelt)
to Colonel Hayne, ii., .*">'!>.
Ball, Mary, daughter of Colonel, inarms Augustine Wash-
ington ; mother of General * teorge Washington, ii., 220.
Ball at Baltimore in 1770. n.. 187. At Now Windsor In 1777.
i.. 683.
Bu.i.iorT, Stephen, Commissioner to Wyoming, i.. 375.
Bai.manno, Mrs., her poems ijiioicd. ii., 82.
Baltimore, Lord: sec Calvert.
I mm: \.
Baltimore, Maryland, Captain John Smith eats main
itorical association - i
184. Patriotism ol', al the time of tbe Revolution, II . 186.
Treatment of Loyalists at, h., 187. Meeting ol Congress at,
in 1776, ii.. S3, 187. Vis ted by a 1776, ii., 187.
. 197 Kurt M' Henry bombarded l>> the
British, in 1814, ii., 182, 165 Bouse, ii., 167.
. i - 1. Battle Monument, rt., 16
B3, 185. Maryland Historical I lo'a Museum;
Female College, ii., 185, 186. Case of longevity at,
Population of, in 1850, ii., 184.
M nisti r at the i fourl
James, u.. 417. Corrected, L, 658. Cited or quoted, I , 448,
I . ii ,48, 19, :' 172,438.
ttank, \ ■■ ■■ d States In 1781, ii., 656
Banks, Commodore, driven from Boston Harbor In 1770. i..
-
Banner, of Columbus, L, 25. British, Endlcott ems out of it
the red cross in 1634, ii . 53 "i Pulaski, ii., 185, 186. Of
- Life Guard, L, 688.
Baptistry, The old tower al Newport supposed I
Baptists, Heai y Ones imposed upon, in Virginia In 1676, li.,214.
Barbada< 2] I. Planters from the, m
I ear River in 1665, U., 353.
Harder. Francis, Colonel, Biographical Sketch of, i.. 324.
ii ■
Barber, J. W., his Historical Collections, 1., 225, '.i:i3, 411,
413, 114, 118, 119, 120, 423, 429, 133, 595, 601, SI
Barbei;. Captain, i., 144. 586.
Babbhoke, Colonel, Tory marauder, ii., 624.
Babpield, ' aptain, 1 orj .. 563.
Ba&kbb, David, ol New fork, account of his cane, ii., 61 0.
itARKEB.'l'iiMM is, subscribing witness to the < barter of Penn-
sylvania, ii . M)
H !, Topography of, I., 646
BT, Mrs., her mansion al Rocky Mount, it., 451, I i5
■ ■- . A.BTBI r, i i plon s tta n 1584
under Raleigh, ii., 243.
Barlow, Joel, his Colum i 104 lm edote of
bim and Oliver Arnold, t., 606, 60" Portrait, Auto
Biographical Sketch of, i., 4m. 405
Barker, Major, at the Battle ol Hul bardton In 1777, l . ] 16.
■-. Benjamin, delegate from Maryland to the i otonial
Convention at Albany in 1754. L,
Barnes, William, Llentenant in the American navy in 1776,
ii., 636
Barney, Joshua, Lieutenant in the United States navy in
1781, ii., 636 * ipl i ii . ins braycry and • cpl i ts, ii . 644,
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 644.
Barney, Trumpet* r. sounds the alarm at Spencer's ' irdlnary ,
3
tin, at Quebec in 177.'>. l. 198.
!ar»i m, ii- I- . ' i ,'i.i:ii. his "Spy Unmasked," L, 690,
!. I*. T.. of New York, his valuable collection of por-
traits, ii.. 61
Barnwell, Captain, his expedition against the Southern In-
dians in 177"J. ii.. 356.
Baron, John, Lieutenant, killed at the Battle of Concord, i.,
530.
Ba&bas, Admiral, Count de, succeeds Ternay in the French
at Newport in 1781, i., 656; II., 304. Sends an expe-
dition against the Tories at Lloyd's Neck in 1781, ii 6!
. dispatches to 1 rnin D Gi asse, ii.,
304. 305. Prevented from meeting Washington at Wethers-
field, i. 436. Portrait of, li., 305.
Bab.be, Sir Henry, Captain, brother of Colonel Isaac, cap-
■ - n ngs in 1781, ii., 49*
Barre. Isaac, Colonel, Men ment, advocate of the
• il of tbe Mam: i icl in 1 765, L, 471. The town of Bos
ton orders a [all-length | ortrail of him for Faneull Hall, i ,
47.*t. Predicts the result of the Stamp Act . warns the peo-
ple, i i ipposea severe measures toward Ami rii a,
. 182, 505. Denounces tin- Canada Hill m 1771, i. 156.
Voles fur the Boston Pon Bill, and thus displi
pie of Boston, i., 503. His opinion of sending flei
armies against the Colonies In 1775, 1., 587. His tion in
Parliament respecting the dispatches of Howe and Shu
in 1776, 1., 590 knecdote of him and Lord Germain, L, tj.
Portrait and Biographical Sketch of, i., 463. See J own b.
. Hill, La Fayette at, In 1778, Ii., 116, 122. Picture
of his '. ii., 116. Topograph] of, U., 123. Old
church and school-house at, it., 116.
Barrett, Jambs, Colonel, Patriot military stores at concord
under the charge of; at thi Battle of Lexington in 1775, i ,
525. At the Council of War held by General Ward in 177."),
-.. 534. Autograph and Biographical Sketch of, 1., 525. Pic-
tore of his house, i.. 526.
Barrett, Jambs, Major, grandson of Colonel James, patriot-
ism of, in lus boyhood, I., 551.
Barrett, Nathan. Captain, at the nattle of Concord, i.. 527.
Barrett. Prbscott, of I oncord, i., 5 !6, 527.
Barrington. Major, Aid t'» Genera] Prescott, captured near
Newport in 1777, i., 645.
Bahritt. Thomas, Antiquary, his letter t<> Ins sun. [n 1618, on
i it of \rnts of the United Si
Barron, James, Commodore in iiie. United States Navy;
cruises 111 i , ,rs Lord Dartmoul .
^ to Governor Bdon, ii., 547. Dad with Commodore
Barry, John, rapt am In the United States Nav; li |
I 18 His exploits, il . 038, 641, 644. Portrait, Auto
Biographical Sketch oi. li., 641.
Barry, Richard, member of the Mecklenburg num...
Autograph of, il., i ;
Bartlett, John, M.D., Physician and Surgeon General, ii.,
Dartlett, Josiah, of New Hampshire, on tin N
mil tee of Congress in 1775 On thi Commits
Slgni r "i the I declaration
ol Independence, il.,662. Portrait of, il . frontispiece. Au-
tograph of, .. & Biographies
r, John it., son of * toloncl w iUiam, i . 644.
.. William, Colonel, his exploit in capturing Gi
Prescott in 1777, i.. tin. (ill. Congress presents to him a
sword, i.,645. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical
of, l,i
Barton, Colonel (British), aurprlsed by Sullivan and Ogdi
■
■■ Ridge, Picture of the house occupied by Genera Li
at, ii.. 16.
. Mr., of Fredericksburg, ins address on the characti r
ol the mother of Washington, ii., 221.
Bassbtt, Colonel, Mr. Custls dies al the house of, 11., 323.
Kej of the; presented t<> Washington by La Payette;
preserved at Mount Vernon, ii., 209. Model of the bu
|j . 209
ft '.i in; i . i\ m. i*i i ncampment at the mouth of the, i .
Batteries, American Floating, in 177;., Picture, description, and
blstorj of, 1., 575
Batten, John, ol New Fork, Autograph, Portrait, and Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ii.. 621, 022,
Batteau, Picture of b
Battle-grounds and I
Ulamance River, Ei., 309, 371, 388.
Barren Hill, ii., 123.
Bonus's Heights, 1., 45, 4" see Stillwater.
Bennington, i., 395, 390 see i:> rtai ngton.
Bladi Qsburg, ii., 199.
Blood) Run, I . 94
nine Licks see Blue Licks.
Boston, i . 566.
Brandywine, ii., 171, 172, ISO.
Breed's Hill, L, 540, 543: see Bunker h
Brewton's Hill, near Savannah, il., 520.
Hner ( Ireek s< e Brit r ' 'reek.
Brooklyn : see Brooklyn.
Hunker Hill. I . 57 1 s< * Bunker Hill.
< lamden, il., 166 si b i amdt n.
Charleston, IL, 559 Bee * harleston.
(lurry Valley i see Cherry VaUt
■
Concord, I . 526, 527 see * oncord.
( tonewawan, i., 274
Cowan's Ford, I., 392: see Cowan's Ford.
i ow pens, ii., 430 : see ( owpt ns.
i Hi iu S] i ngs -• - / ...■ iio Springs.
Flab Dam i ord see Fish Dam Ford.
Fishing ('reek, see Fishing Creek.
Fort Anne, i., 141 see J •
Fort Duquesne, il . 272 see Fori Duquesne.
Fort ECeyser, L, 280,
Fort M'Henry see Balti
Fort Necessity see Fort Necessity.
Fort Niagara see Niagara.
Fort Ninety-six, ii., 165
Fort Schuyler, [., 240, 249 see Fort Si to
1 'ori Stanwix see Fort St -
Fort Washington see Fort Washington.
Germantown, il . [10 see Germantown.
( rroal Bridge see Great Bi
Guilford Court Hous- [I (05 BO GuUj
Houst .
Gwyn's bland see Gwyn*s Island.
Hancock's Bridge, II
Hanging Kock see Hanging Rock.
Harlem Heights see
Haw, ii.. 387 see Hau
Hni.kiricslliil.il.. 470,473: see Hohkirk's Hi ■
Hubbard ton, I., 144, 146 see Huboardton.
Jamestou a see '
Johnston a, i . 290
■
King's Mountain, li . 423: see King's Mountain,
Klock's Field, i . 281.
Lake Champlaln, L, 115, 162-164: see Lake Champlaht.
Lake George, i . n^ see X
Lexington, i., 524 : set l • i
Little Beardstown, i.. 276.
Long Island, ii. . 003.
Milford Hill, i.. 423 see i.f I I HUL
Minisink, 1., 670 see ffin
694
INDEX.
see Monmouth.
Mohawk Valley, i . Ml.
Monmouth, II., 150, 156, 159
Monocasy island, i . 356
Montmorenci: aee Montmorenci.
Montreal aeeihrntreal ,,..,„„
Moore's Creek Bridge Bee Moore'sCreek bridge.
Musgro\ e's Mill see Musgrove s MM.
\, « Dorlach, i., 294.
Newport see Newport.
North Point : see Baltimore.
Oriskany, i . 245 : see Oriskany.
Oswego see Oswego.
Pequot Hill, see Pequot Hill.
Petersburg, ii., 338, 339 see Petersburg.
Pickaway Plains, ii., 282.
Plains ot Abraham, i., 187.
Platlsburgtl : see Plattsburgli.
Point Pleasant : see Point Pleasant.
Port Royal Island, ii., 553.
Princeton, ii., 29, 34: see Princeton.
Quaker Hill, i., 657 : see Quaker Hill.
Quebec : see Quebec.
Queenstown, i., 226.
Quimby's Creek Bridge, ii., 567, 568.
Quinton's Hridge, ii., 138.
Ramsour's Mills, ii., 391.
Ked Bank : see Red Bank.
Richmond, ii., 229.
Ridgefield, i., 409.
Rocky Mount, ii.. 452 : see Rocky Mount.
Sabbath Dav Point, 1., 115.
Saratoga, i , 77, 78 : see Stillwater.
Savannah, Li., 530.
Schoharie . see Schoharie.
Shantock Point : see Shantoch Point.
Spencer's Ordinary, ii., 25S : see Spencers Ordinary.
Springfield, i., 322 see Springfield.
St. John's : see SI. John's.
Stillwater, i., 53: see Stillwater.
Stono Ferry, ii., 555.
Thames : see Thames.
Ticonderoga, i., 118, 127: see Ticonderog,..
Trenton, ii., 21.
Van Schaick's Mills, i., 391.
Wateree Ford, ii., 454.
Waxhaw, n., 458.
Westbridge, i., 423.
White Plains, ii., 616, 618: see White Plains.
Windmill Point : see Windmill Point.
Wyoming: see Wyoming
Yorklown, ii., 309, 312.
Bauffefs Point. View at, li., 614.
Bauman. Sebastian, Major, Copy of Artillery Orders by. (bund
in Andre's stocking, i., 721. Reporls on the condition ol
West Point; at Yorklown in 1781; Postmaster at New
York, ii., 310. Autograph of, i., 722.
Bmme, Colonel, his dispatch to Burgoyne in 17(7, l.. 391.
His fora'ing expedition to Benninglon ; Indian allies ; skirm-
ish near^Cambridge, i., 392. The enemy's movements lo op-
pose him, i., 391. ..
Baxter, Colonel, at Fort Washington m 1 , ,6, n„ 620.
Bavard, Samuel, Captain, on the Committee on Fortifications
at West Point in 1775. i., 703.
Bavard William, or New York, on the Committee to oppose
the Stamp Act, i., 464. Delegate to the Colonial Congress
in 1765, i., 465.
Bavlies, cited, i., 437. ,
Bavlor, Colonel, ii., 13, 34. Massacre of his corps at Old
Tappan, i., 764.
Beach, Mrs., converts the leaden statue of George III. into
bullets, u., 595.
Beacon Hill, Boston, Description ol, and orthe beacon there in
1635, i., 451.
Beacons. Construction of, ii., 602.
Beale, William, of Ninety-six, his adventures with Cun-
ningham, u., 486.
Bean HiLLER, Colonel Durkee, i., 345, 600.
Bear Indians, at Little Falls, l , 258.
Binrd's Town, reconnoitered by Lieutenant Boyd in 1779. i..
276.
Beaslt, Captain, with a British fleet, ofTNew London, i., 610.
Beattv, Captain, at tin- battle of Cowpens in 1781, ii., 433.
Killed :n llnhkirk's Hill, ii., 474.
BEAUHARNOIS, Governor of Canada. opposes Governor Burnet,
i., 210.
Beaujeu, Captain de, killed at the Battle of Fort Duqtiesnc in
it:;,, u., 'jT-j.
Beaumakchais, Carbon de, Special Agent of the French Gov-
ernment in 1776. ii.. 617. His conference and correspond-
ence with Arthur Lee, 1., 86 ; ii . 647. Character of. u., 649.
Writings ni". i , B6. Biographical sketch of, i., 86.
Beaumont, Mr., herald at the Miachianza, II., 01).
Beckwith, General (British), Enormities committed by, at
Hampton in 1813, ii., 326.
Bl rait. Tory. Ii:s boast and castigatiun, i., 278.
170. His conduct at the
Bedell, Colonel, at St. John's, i.,
Cedars in 1776, i., 207.
Bedlow, William, Captain, on the Committee on Fortifica-
tions at West Point in 1775. i.. 703.
Bee Lieutenant-governor of Soutli Carolina, n., 55J.
BEEKMAN, HENBY, of New York, ii., 597.
Beekman, JAMES, and James W .. o New \ork ii., 609. I i. -
ture of the Beekman House ; Howe's head-quarters, ll.,
ol'-
Beeman. Captain, Tory, I., 525.
Beers Nathan, Paymaster in Scammel's regiment at York-
town, i., 431. Autograph Of,*. .
Beers, Mr., murdered al New Haven, l., 425, 662.
Beetles, (ear occasioned by, i., 574, 661.
Belcher, Governor, presents Ins library lo the College of New
Jersey, ii., 37. Grave of, i., 326.
Belden, Mr., of Norwalk. i., 414.
Belesis. John: see Bolingbroke.
Uelknat, Mr., corrected, i . 658. Cited, i„ 111 ; u , 191.
Bell Liberia, in the Stale House at Philadelphia; us luslory,
ii ' 66 Church bell of St. Regis, i., 210. (Lurch bells ol
Christ Chnrch, Philadelphia, ii., 44.
Belleville, South Carolina, the residence ol ( buries Thomson,
Bellomont, Earl, Governor of New York, ii.,579. The child-
wife of, ii., 588. .
Bell's Mills, Deep River, Lord Cornwallis at. in 1(81, il., 41)0.
Beloeil Mountain, Picture and description ofthe, i., 1,1.
Beman, Nathan, Allen's guide at Ticonderoga, l., 124.
Bonus's Heights, origin ol' the name ; topography ol ; view
from ; head-quarters of Revolutionary olhrers at, i., 4j. 4.1.
Willard's Mountain ; fortifications ; preparations for the bat-
tle at, i., 49. American Army at, m 1777, i., 55. Sec SriH-
Benedi'ct, Eli, one of the guides of the British to Danbury
in 1777, i., 402, 407.
Benjamin, Park, quoted, 1-, 214.
Bennet, Rufus, i., 366. ,,.,.. ., ■ ,„„
Bennet, Zida, of Wyoming, and his Indian wife, i., JbS.
Bennet Family, Account of the, i., 370.
Bennington, Vermont, i„ 45. Colonel Baume's expedition to.
in 1777, i , 392. Battle of, i., 396-308. Description ol the
battle-ground, i., 391, 392, 396, 397. Map of Bennington
Heights, i„ 395.
Bens, in. Egbert, first Attorney General of the State ot New
York, i., 387. . _
Benson, Robert, Secretary ofthe New \ork Provincial ( on-
gress in 1775, ii., 587.
Benson, Captain, of Maryland, at the Rattle ol llubkirk s Hill,
ii., 472. Wounded at the siege of Fort Ninety-six, Ii., 488 ;
and at Nelson's Ferry, ii., 500.
Benson's Memoirs, cited, i.. 385.
Bentalon, Captain, of Baltimore, ii., 186.
Bentlv, Captain, American Naval Commander, i., 656.
Berkeley, Norborne : see Botetoi irt.
Berkeley, Sir William, Governor of Virginia, ii., 240, 335.
Succeeds Wyatt in 1641, ii., 253. His residence, ii., 21"
Elected Governor bv the people, ii, 254. Refuses permission
to the people to arm themselves against hostile Indians . pro-
claims Bacon, the people's leader, a traitor ; compelled to
penult the people to arm themselves , driven Ircnu James-
town, ii., 255. Returns to Middle Plantation alter Bacon's
death; his vengeance and tyranny ; recalled to England ; his
death, ii., 256. Lord Berkeley's opinion ol' the cause ol the
death ol', ii., 256. Autograph and Biographical Sketch ol, i.,
253, 254.
Berkeley, Lord: see Botetourt.
Bermuda Islands, li., 251. The Puritans, or Plymouth send
Indian slaves to the, in 1676, i., 663.
Bernaldez. his account ol the birth of Columbus, i., 18.
Bernard, Sir Francis, Governor of Massachusetts, opposes
Writs of Assistance.!.. 459. Suspected ol lavormglhc Mam],
Art, i. ,466. His peremptory conduct, i., 474. 477. Alarmed .
attempts to bribe patriots, i.. 478, 479. Proclamation ol. to
tli,' ueiillemen assembled at Faneuil Hall, in 1768, i.,40. His
baronetcy, i., 483. The Assemblv of Massachusetts petition
for his removal in 1769, I., 463 Departure of, lo England ,
Biographical Sketch of, i., 484.
Bernard, Nathaniel, Master ofthe sloop Liberty, i , 478.
Berrian, William, Reverend, his History, of Trimly Church,
New York, ii., 613.
Berrien, John, on the Committee on Fortifications at West
Point in 1775, i., 703.
Berry, Chief Justice, reprimanded by Tryon. ii.. 363.
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Moravian settlement at. ii. 176, 16 i
La Fayette wounded, receives kind attentions ai.jn 1777. ii ,
176. Nuns of. present aba -r to Pulaski in I77is. i,. 337 ;
ii., 185, Account of tin- settlement, by Chastellux, In I7sj,
ii., 185.
Betts, Frederick, J . at the dedication of the Hasbrouck
House, I.. 667.
Betts, Si ephen, Captain, Ins skirmish with Tryona troops
at Grammon's Hill in 1770, i., 414.
Bettys, Joseph ("Jo,- Bettys"), Tory, attempts to abduct
pron nt Whig citizens, i., 300. Biographical sketch of, i ,
164, 163.
l \ DE x.
695
Beverly Dock, from which Arnold escaped, i , 708. View at,
i . 729
Bevier, Louis, Huguenot, m Ulster County, New York, L.
Bible. Dr.' , burn! bj Cornwall is, ii ,400 Durant's,
brought troui Europe m 1662, ii., 353 Copj of the, u
Washington at his inauguration, ,658 S i William John-
son's, i . 236 General Herkimer's, i 261 The copy used
in administering the Oath ol Allegiance at Vallej Forge, ii.,
1 16 The thirtj -fifth Psalm, read at the opening ol the first
Continental I longress, il . 62, Words from the, on Liberty
Bell,
I ihn Jay, President ol the , H
sident of the, i., 725.
. 186
Biddle, Edward, of Pennsylvania, Delegate to the first Con-
tinental i longress In 1774, ii . 53, 59.
Biodle, Nicholas, Captain in the American Navy in 1T?.'>.
ii.. 638. Ihs exploits; Portrait of, II., 639. Biographical
Sketch of, i
Bidttle's Tower, at Niagara I
1 •<, Captain, burnt alive at Wintermoot's Port, i., 357.
Bier, Washington's, Picture of, ii., 208
Bigblow, Major, in Arnold's Canada Expedition, in 1".">, L,
192.
Big Swamp. Hist uric assin i mon of, L. lXi.
BM—
Boston Port. i. 504; il., 280 Proclaiming Martial Law, i.,
Canada, i . 156, 157.
Conciliatory, 1., 520 ; ii., 143. Prohibiting trade with the
Cotouii's. in ITT.'i, i . 588.
Billenger, Colonel, captured at Fort Schuyler, i .. 248.
Btllerica, Tarring and feathering of a citizen at, 1775, 1., 522.
Billings, Edw lkd, Quaker, his interest in the province of
New Jersej i
Billings, Captain, kill. d b; i i eer, at Monistown, in
- . . 312
■'port, or BUlinge's Point, Capture of, bj the British in
1777, u.. 86, LOO
Billimgton, John, signer ol the Pilgrim Covenant, L, 437.
. bouse of, < lonferenceol thei lommittee with
Lord How.- at, in 1776,1., 609; ii ,608. Pii ture ol the house,
ii.,609
il i redit, issued al New Fork in - i issued
by Congress in 1775, i., 316, 317, 318, 534. Bills drawn on
Franklin and Jay, bj Congress, in 1780, I., 655. Fac Blmile
of a Massachusetts Treasury Note, i., 534. %
Bills. Parliamt til i v see Biu,
Bingley, Lord, father of Burgoyne, i . 37.
Binning, Ben i imin, of Maryland, son of Liberty, ii., 194.
JilOgr : hes :
Abercrombie, General James,
, 110
Adams, John, ii., 662.
V ims, Samui I, ii - 662
Agnew, General James, ii.,
112, 113
Alexander, Ibraham, ii., 111.
Alexander, El |ah, li., III.
Alexander, William (Lord
Stirling), ii-, 601.
Allen, Ethan, L, 180.
Mien. Ira. i.. 161.
Andre, Major John, i
Armand, Charles, li . 260.
Armstrong, Reverend James
F.. n.. 40
Armstrong, General Ji
109, 110.
Armstrong, Major John, L.
674
Arnold, Benedict, i
Arnold. James R . i
Ashe, Genera] John,
Bacon. Nathaniel, u . 255.
. i olonel Francis, I.,
3-24.
Barlow. I ... . 104
Barnes nhua, It.,
644.
Barn*, Colonel Isaac, i , 163
Barrett, I ol i James, I.,
5-23.
B irry, < foptaln John
Bartlett, loe i
Barton. Colonel William, (..
643.
Battin, John, ii.. 621, 622,
Beaumarchals, Carron de, 1.,
-..
Berkeley, Nurborne. li., 263.
Berkeley. Sir William, I.,
253, 254
Bernard, Sir Francis, L, 184
Bettys. Joseph, i., 164, 165.
Bland, Thcodortc, ii., 174. I
Boone, Da
Bouquet, Henry, ii . -,vi
Bradford, William, Pilgrim,
i,ni.
Bradford, William, Printer,
i i '
Bradstreet, Colonel, i., 215.
Brainerd, Re\ erend I to id, i ..
■
Brant, Joseph, i . 256.
Braxton, i barter, i! 666
Brevard, l'r. Ephraim, if.,
412.
Brown. Colonel, I., 280.
Burgoyne, General, L, 37.
Burke, Edmund, L, 503.
Burke, Thomas, ii., 57 I .
Burnet, Major Robert, I ,686
Butler, Colonel John, i . 285.
Butler, Colomi Zebulon, i .
355.
CadwaUader, General John,
n . 19.
Caldwell, Reverend James,
i . 326.
ii. Earl of, IL, 194, 195.
i ■ ■■ ii. Lord William, n .
544.
Campbi 11, < "ion. i William,
ii.. 126.
i, Sir Guy, i . 181.
Carrhu I idward,
ii . 3 fe
Carroll. Charles, IL, 665.
Carver, John, L, 444
i aswell. Governor Richard,
179.
Champa, John, I
Samuel, li., 61
CbasteUux, Marquis de, li.,
3 r
Chew, Benjamin, II., 106
church. Benjamin, I., 66!
i llark, Abraham, li . 66 1
Clarke, George it.. IL, 287.
cal Sketches:
Clinton. Charles, I
Clinton, George, Li . 632
Clinton, Sir limn
Clinton. James, i , 272,
Clymer, Georg I., 664.
Cochran, Dr., L, 221
i n John, ii . 193
. 6
Columbus, » Christopher, i .
18, 19
i lonnolly, John, ii., 291
Cooke. Governor Nicholas,
i . B25
. Lnthon; v . ii., 354.
. John Singleton, il.,
142.
i lomwallis, Lord, Ii
Cratk, It . il . 34
i Iresap, < tolonel, II., 284.
I rosby, Eno b, i . 690
Cruger, > olonel, ii., 184
I ui gham, Robert, ii., 443.
< Instine, < lounl de, ii., 311.
Dagget, Naphthali, i . 424.
Dale, Richard, il . 642.
Dandridge, Martha, ii , 634
Davidson, < reneral William,
ii.. 392, 393, 407.
I »:i'. ie, u illiam Knhardson,
ii., 41-. US
Da; ton. Colonel Ellas, L, 323.
Dean, James, i., 273.
1 1. mi . siias. i . 85.
De Fli I., 749.
I ie ' Irasse, » ount, it., 305.
De KaJb. Baron, II . 461.
Delance) , Etlenne, ii., 624.
Delancey, General Oliver, ii.,
624.
Dnnson. < olonel Nathan, i..
361.
D'Estaing, Count, i . 646
Dickinson, John, i , 476.
l lickinson, Philemon, ii., 13
Dooly, t lolonel John, 11., 506.
Drayton, William 11 ., n ,443
Duche, Reverend Mr., ii < !
Dumas, ' ount, li., 31 1
Dunmore, Lord. IL, 332.
Durkee. Colonel. L, 345, 600
i i ri. Samuel, n .
Eliot, Reverend John. L, 659.
EUery, William, ii., 663
Estaing, < ount d\ i B 16
Gem ral James, ii ,22.
Fanning, Edmund, ii., 368.
i tugeres, Mrs , 1., 698 699
Ferguson, Major Patrick, ii.,
128
Fleury, < loloni i de, I., 749.
Floyd, William, i, I
I orbi s, < ieneralJohn, il ,273,
Ford. William, n I
Franklin, Benjamin. II , 66 I
Franklin. William, 11., 11.
FreUnghuysen, Frederick,)!.,
li.
Fry, coioii''i Joshua, II . 269.
■ ii. Christopher, li.,
542.
Gage, General Thomas, i..
573.
Gallowa) . Joseph, ii , 63.
< lanse1 rt, I lolonel Peter,!.,
240
■ neral, ii., 463.
George III . i . 157, 158
Gerry, Blbridge, II., 0
Gibbon. Edward, I., 519.
Gibson, ' ieneral John, ii.,
284.
Girty, Simon, Li., 293.
G 1st, Morde ai I
Gookin, Danl<
i, Duke of, I., 182.
Graham, George, il., 420.
Graham, Joseph, II., 392.
Grasse, < ount de, 11., 305
Gravler, ' Charles, il., 648.
ii. William, n . 149.
i lolonel ( hristopher,
II . 88
G General Nathaniel,
GrenviUe, George, i., 460.
I . Richard, I., 546
Gwinnet, Button, 11.,
li tm, Joseph, ii.. 520
Hall. L\ in. in, 11 64
Hamilton, Alexander, li 658
, John, ii-. 662
Hand. General, i , 27 i
Harnett, * 'ornelius, ii . 376
Harrison, Benjamin,
Hart, John, ii., 664.
Harvey, John, li., 373.
Haj ne, Colonel Isaac, li.,568
Hazen, Moses, ii., 174
Heath, General William, ii .
i i i
Hendriek, I., 106.
Henry, Patrick, if . !
Hewes, G. R. 1
Hewes, Joseph, II ,666
il< j n ard. Thomas, Jun., ii .
61 Q
Holt, John, ii . 328.
Hoopi r, Willis
Hopkins, Stephen, II., 663.
i [opk "i ion, ! i ini Is, ii., 66 I
Howard, Colonel lolm K . n
433.
How.-, i ■■ I , i.. 119
Howe, Richard Carl ,ii ,6V 8
Howe, Robert i General I, if
523.
Howe, Sir William, li., 608.
Howell. Governor Richard,
n . 39
Hudson. Henry, 1 , 300.
Hull, Major, i.. 55.
Humphrey a, I ol t. i., 420.
Huntington, Benjamin, i.,600
Huntington, Jabez, L, 607.
Huntington, Jedediah, i , 599,
600.
Huntington, Samuel, ii.,663
Huntington, Zachariah, i .
607.
Husband, Herman, it., 372
Isabella Ol I aside and Leon.
i.,22.
Jackson, Governor James, ii ,
533.
.ia\ , John, ii.. 050.
Jeflerson, Thomas, il., 665.
Jenkins, Samuel, 11., 215.
Jenner, Edward, L, 307.
Johnson, John, L, 285.
tohn on, >ir William,!. ,232.
287.
Jones. Reverend David, ii.,
165, 166
Jones, < laptain John Paul, it ,
642
j ,,. Mrs , , -s
Kulh, Baron de, il . 161.
Kenton, Simon, ii . ■' 9
Kinnison, Dai id, I . 500.
Kirkland, Samuel, I., 234.
252.
Knapp, Usual, I , 687.
Knox, Henry, II., 632.
Knyphausen, General, 1., 321.
, izkOtThaddeus,l.,48
Kype, Ruloffde, ii., 597.
La Fayette, Marquis de, ii ,
11H.
Lamb. John. II., '<^'k
Langdou, Co\< rnor. i . 3lJ3
Laiifdon, Rev. rend Samuel.
i.. 569.
i hut, John. i.. Ti'.'i.
Laurens, Henry, li., 651.
i ■ .. . lohn, IL, 572.
Lauzun, Due de, I., 002.
I | | Mother Ann," L, 3S3
i,, e, Arthur, i - i
],, i , General < barles, ii., 16,
17.
I., , . ITaneiM Lintittbot, ii..
Lee, Henry, ii., 385.
Lee, Richard Henry, ii.,665
Lelsler, Jacob, I
Lew is, Andrew, il., 331.
Lewis, I leldlng, 11., 221.
Lew is. Francis, li., ! M
LilUngton, John Alexander.
U., 379, 360.
i.ih;
ixdex.
Biographical Sketches :
Lincoln, Benjamin, Li., 527.
Livingston, < olonel Henry,
i . 729
Livingston, n< nrj \ ,i „ 365
Livingston, Philip, t:.. 663
Livingston, Robert II., ii.,
665
Livingston. Governor Will-
iam, i ,330.
Lo ske, John, ii . 154
Logan (Mingo chief), ii., 107,
283, ■ B i
Lynch,Thomas,Jun., ii . 666.
.*]'< lurr, Captain John, ii.,
1 57 .
M'l >ougall, Alexander, i ,7 10.
M'Intosh, Lachlin, ii., 522.
M Ki'iin, Thomas, m . 665.
Maham, 1 lolonel Hezekiah,
ii., 501.
Marion, General Francis, ii.,
477. 478.
Martin, Governor, ii . 382.
.Maxwell, General William.
ii., 152.
Mercer, General, ii.. 30.
Mercer, Colonel Hugh, ii . 30.
Middleton, Arthur, ii . 666.
Mifflin, General Thomas, ii .
635.
Miner, Charles, i . 340.
"Molly," Captain, ii., J55,
156.
Monckton, Colonel, ii., )',:
Montcalm, Marquis de,i .188.
Montgomery, Richard, i ,200.
Montour, Catharine, i.. :ij7
Morgan, General Daniel, ii .
431.
Morgan, Dr. John, ii., 33.
Morris. Gouverneur, ii., 657,
658.
Morns, Lewis, n . 664
Morris, Robert, ii., 004.
Morton, John, ii., 664.
Motte, Mrs. Jacob, ii., 479
Moultrie, General William,
ii., 545.
Muhlenberg, General, ii., 177.
Munson, Dr., i., 308.
Murphy, Timothy, i., 02, 267.
Nash, Governor Abner, ii..
409.
Nash, General Francis, ii.,
114.
Nelson, Governor, ii., 302.
666.
Nicholson, James, ii., 044.
Nixon, General, i . 76.
North, Lord, L, 483.
North, General W., ii., 130.
Ogden, Colonel Aaron, i., 768.
Oglethorpe, General James.
n . 515.
Oliver, Judge Peter, i., 506.
Oswald, Colonel, ii., 151.
Otis, James, i., 492, 493
Paca, William, ii., 1%, 665.
Paine, Robert Treat, n , 603
Paine. Thomas, n . 047.
Parsons, General Samuel II.
i . 742.
Peale, Charles W . ii., 203.
Penn. John, ii., 666.
Penn. William, ii . 47.
Phillips. General, ii.. 310.
Phillis [Wheattej 's slave), i .
556, 557.
Pickens, Andrew, ii., 511.
Pickering. Timothy, i . 371
Pinckney Charles C, ii.,55'
Pinckney, Thomas, ii., 552
Pitt, William, ii . 142, 143.
Pocahontas, ii., 248.
Polk, t lolonel Thomas, ii
ill. 418.
Polk. Colonel William, ii
494.
Poor. General, ii . 122, 123.
Pratt, < haries(Earl),il , 194,
195
Prescott, Colonel William,
ii.. Mi
Pulaski, Count, ii., 529.
Putnam, Israel, ii.,
Queen Esther, i . 357, 358.
Quincy, Josiah, i . 198
Raleigh, Sir Walter, II., 245
Randolph. Peyton, ii , 00.
Rawdon, Lord, ii., 471.
Read, George, ii . 665.
Reed, Esther, ii., loo.
Reed, Joseph, ii., I4.">.
Rees, James, ii.. 107.
Rej colds, Governor, li., 517.
R ice, Naae. i., 122.
Richardson, Colonel Richard,
ii.. 444,
Rittennouse, Dr. David, II.,
36.
Rivington, James, ii., 590,
591.
Robinson, Beverly, i., 709;
ii , 275.
Rochambeau, Count de, ii.,
321.
Rodney. Caesar, ii.. 00.*).
Rogers, Major, i., 1 16.
Ross, George, ii., 665.
Rumforri, Count, i., 591.
I; usli, [ifiijamm, n . 004.
Rutherford, General, ii., 391.
Rutledge, Edward, ii., 666.
Rutledge, Judge John, ii.,.1 10.
St. Clair, General Ariliur. i ,
132.
St. Veran, Joseph de, L, 188.
Scammel, Alexander, ii., 309
Schuyler, Ph lip, i., 38.
Scott, General Charles, ii .
147.
Scott, General John Morin,
ii., 599
Seabury (Bishop), ii., 591.
Sears, Captain Isaac, ii , 591 .
Sevier, Colonel John, ii., 407.
Shelby, Colonel Isaac, ii.,
425.
Sherman. Roger, ii.., 663.
Shippen, Dr, William, ii., 34.
Short, Thomas, i.. 01-.
Small wood, i leneral, ii., 467.
Smith. Adam. >., 517.
Smith, Claudius, i., 77S.
Smith, James, n . 664.
Smith. Captain John, ii., 247.
Smith, Joshua II., i., 753.
Smith, Colonel Michael, ii.,
585.
Smith, Samuel, ii., 89.
Spencer, General Joseph, i.,
566, 648.
Standish, Myles, L, 445.
Stark, General John, L, 391
Stephen, General Adam, ii ,
1114.
Steuben, Baron, ii.. 136, 137.
Stevens, Colonel Erx m ser,
ii., 310.
Stevens. General Edward,
ii., 329,330.
Stockton, Richard, ii., 664.
Stone, Thomas, ii., 665.
Stuart. John, ii , 441.
Mm . esant, General, i., 272.
Sumner. General, ii., 491.
Sumter, General, ii , 445.
Talbot, Captain, ii.. 643.
Tallmadge, Major Benjamin.
n , 027.
Tarleton, General, ii., 401.
Taylor, George, ii.. 664.
Teiinent, Reverend Gilbert,
ii., 159.
Tennent, Reverend William.
Ii., 159.
Thomas. General, i„ 202
'riiuinp-.Mii. Major 1 1 ounl
Rumtord). i . 591.
Thomson. l harlea, ii ,60, 61
Thomson, Colonel William,
ii , in
Thornton, Matthew, ii ,00-2.
Trumbull, John. I., 401.
Trumbull, Jonathan, i.. 003.
Tryon, Governor, ii . 361.
Van Cortlandt, General Phil-
ip, i . 738
Varick, Colonel Richard, i.,
725
Biographical Sketches :
Yarnum, General James, ii.,
86.
Vergennes, Count de, ii., 648
Vespucci, Amerigo, I., 28,
Wads worth, General Peleg,
i., 594.
Walton, George, it., 667.
Wanton, Governor Joseph,
i , 628.
Ward, Artemas, i., 190.
Warner, i Colonel Seth, i , l >3.
Warren. James, i., 494.
Warren, Dr. Joseph, i , 548.
Warren. Mrs Mercy, i., 464.
Washington family, ii., 217-
219.
Washington, Mrs. Martha,
ii.. 634.
Washington, William A , ii.,
435.
Wayne, Anthony, i., 7FY
Weedon, General. IL, 170.
Whipple, General, ii., 662.
White Eves. Captain, it.. 44
Whitefield, Reverend George,
i., 336.
Wilkes, John, i., 520.
Wilkinson, Colonel James,
i., 84.
Willett, Colonel, i , 244.
Williams. David, i., 773.
Williams. Edwin, i , 6U8.
Williams. Ephraim, i . 107.
Williams, James, ii., 426.
Williams, Joseph, i. 0HN.
609
Williams, Otho H., ii , 396.
Williams, Roger. i.. 623.
Williams, William, i., 603 ;
ii., 663.
\\ ilson, James, ii., 665.
Wilson, Robert, ii., 318.
Winn, William, ii., 452.
Winslow, Edward, i , 445.
Winston. Major Joseph, ii .
427
Witherspoon, John, ii.. 663.
Woedtke, Baron de, n ,
123.
Wolcott, Oliver, ii., 603.
Wolfe. General, i.. 188
Woodford, General, ii., 157.
Woodhull, General, ii., 005.
Wooster, General. )., 408.
Wythe, George, ii., 665.
Yest, Francois, i , 175.
Zane, Elizabeth, ii., 292.
Zinzendorf, Count, i., 342.
BIRCH, Harvey, ihe Spy in Cooper's "Tale of the Neutral
Ground," i., 690, 691. See Crosby, Enoch.
Bird, Lieutenant-colonel, killed in the Battle of Germantown
in 1777, ii., 112.
Bi eds all, Daniel, one of the founders of Peekskill, i , 737.
Picture of the "Birdsall House," i., 737, 738.
Birmingham Meeting House, Picture and associations of the,
ii., 169.
Bishop. Description of the print published in 1769, entitled
"An Attempt to land a Bishop in America," i.. 459. 460.
Carleton's attempt to seduce the Roman Catholic Bishop of
Quebec, i., 158
Black Beard, the famous pirate, ii., 356.
Black Mountain, near Lake George, i., 114.
Black-stock's, Battle at, in 1780, ii., 446.
Blackstone, Nathaniel, Royal Governor of Maryland, be-
fore 1720, ii., 193.
Blackstose, William, first while settler of Rhode Island, i ,
622
Bladen, Thomas, Proprietary Governor of Maryland, Ii., 193
Bladevsburg, Maryland, ii., 198. Place o! resort for duelists,
ii., 199. Battle of, in 1814, ii., 199,
Bladgelv, Samuel, Captain in Bradstreet's expedition, i ,
215.
Blair, John, Counselor of Slate, in Virginia, in 1776. ii . 30 I
Blair's Mill, a post at, in 17b0, established by Comwallis, u .
419.
Blake, Joseph, Governor of South Carolina, ii., 356, 539.
Blake's History of Putnam County, i . 3h4.
Blanca, Florida, Count. Spanish Premier, ii., 468, 650. His
negotiations with John Jay, ii., 650.
Bland, Richard, of Virginia, opposes Patrick Henry's five
resolutions in 1765, ii., 273 Delegate to the first Continent-
al congress in 1774, ii., 60, 281 On the Virginia Commit
tees of Vigilance and Safety, n.. 279, 299.
Bland, Theodoric, Jun., Colonel, ii.,34. Member of the Vir-
ginia House of Burgesses ; opposes taxation, i ,461. At the
Battle of Brandy wine, in 1777. ii , 169, 174, 175. Superin-
tends the march of British captives in 1781, ii., 345, his
kindness to them, ii., 346. Member of the Virginia Consti-
tutional Convention in 1788, ii., 232. Autograph and Bio-
graphical Sketch of. ii., 174.
Blandford, Virginia, its early history, ancient church, ami
cemetery, ii , 336.
Blasphemy* punishable with death, in Maryland, in 1649, ii ,
191.
Bleecker, Anne Eliza, Mrs., her sufferings nt Albany, i.,
698. Her poems quoted, i.. 699
Block House at Fort Plain, Picture and description of the, i ,
262.
Block Island, Admiral Arbutlmot ofT, in 1781, i , 436
Bloemart, Samuel, Dutch Patroon, settles on the Delaware,
ii.,45, 577.
Bloody Brook% Lathrop's company butchered at, i , 662.
Bloody Defile, near Fort Edward, I., 111.
Bloody Pond) or Fake Siiinipmk, i , 731.
Bloody Hun, Picture and tragedy of, i., 94.
Bloody Scout, Account of the, ii . 447, 486,
Blount, Major, al the Battle ofEutaw Springs, il . 494.
Blue Licks, Daniel Boono at. in 1778, It., 285. Battle of. m
1782, ii . 295
Board of Trade and Plantations, In 1696, i., 453.
Boafdof War: sec War, Board oj
BOARD! iv. S . .Inn . of Mnr\ land. Son of Liberty, n., 194.
Bobadilla, h's cruel treatment of Columbus, i.} 2G.
Bok' », Professor, quoted, i , 299,
INDEX.
697
Fort Payette, in 1779, L, 748.
i 17-1,
u . 315.
. 3.11.
Savannah, in 1779, ii., 530,
531.
Yorktown, in 1781, LI., 311
Bolisgbrokk. I.onl, elopes to America with ihe daughter of
Baron Hompasch; his propert) in New Jersey,
Boll in ... Colo as at Fort Henry mi 1728, II.,
Bollim;. Mrs , . i Petersburg, hei mansion tbi head quarters
oi Phillips and Arnold In i - Phillips dies at the
bouse oC in 1781 , ii., 340. Picture or tb< ountof
the family, bj l hastellux, ii., 338. Her son marries a de-
ltas, ii., 33'J.
Boiling Ftimtiy, of Virginia, descended from Po
246
in, John, of Marvland, Son of Liberty, ii., 194.
fj History of West Ckater, i., 737, 753 ; 11., 88, 616, 617,
623, 626.
Bombardments:
Baltimore, in 1814, U., 182,
Boston, in 1773, 1., 571 ; in
1776, i , 577.
Bristol, Rhode Island, in
177:., i„ 640.
Charleston, in l>
Bonapaktl, Joseph, Ex-King of Spain, ins mansion, park
and grounds al Bordentown, New Jersi y, ii., 14.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, his opinion oftbe Declaration of In-
dependence, ii., 82 ; and of a free press, ii., 254. Hie
notes of tlir Bant of lustria, ii., 630. i ounl Segui
paints him to Moscow in 1812, U., 117. A copy of Ins book
on Egypt in the library of ihe Athena-uni al Pro\ Idi
631.
Bonner, Lieutenant-colonel, of Pennsylvania, killed al llic
Ban nth, hi 1778, u.. 1 JJ, 159.
Boone, Daniel, Colonel, i .. 264 - ii , 285. His (bit, II . 285,
286 His daughter raptured by Indians, and rescued, in
1775, n . 285-887 At ihe Battle of Blue Licks in 1782
h lied in toe battle, IL, 295. Portrait, Autograph, and
Biographical Sketcb of, li., 285, 286.
Boone, William, Governor of South Carolina, Disputes of the
people wild, n., 541.
Boote. IIknjamin, opposes the Mecklenburg Resolutions ; ar-
rested, li., 415.
Borden, .Joseph, of New Jersey, delegate to the l
Congress In 1765, L, 465. Early settler ol Bordentown, ii.,
12. Mis bouse burned by tbe British, ii., 13.
Bordentown*, New Jerw >, situation, name, and historical asso-
ciations of, ii.. 12, 13. Hessians under Donop at, ii., 12, 13.
The mansion of Joseph Bonaparte at, ii . 13.
Bmrdi.ev, William, of Maryland. Son ol Liberty, ii., 194.
Bordlev. Painter, Ins full-length portraits of Samuel Chase
and William Paca, ii., 197.
Borne's Letter* from Paris, i.. £6.
BOSCAWBH, Admiral, sails from Halifax in 1758, t., 119.
■ ■. EN, Captain, at Ihe Misehiaii/.a. U - 9 I.
Boss, Colonel, with ins Hessian regiment, at the Battle of Guil-
ford in 1781, ii., 403, 104
Boston, Massachusetts, Origin and names of, i., 1-15. View of.
from Dorchester Heights, L, 911. SetUemenl of; ancient
map ot the harbor ol. in 1667, i., 446. Topography of, l.,512,
513, 551, 561, 966, 574. First settlers of. I . 447-450. First
fort, beacon on Beacon Hill; Dora- column, i ,451, First
act of oppression by Parliament, in 1688, i , 153, 154. First
open n sistanci . I ., 159
Arrival of Stamps, in 1765; popular tumult, L, 466-469.
Destruction of Liberty Tree, i., 467. Attach on Hutchinson's
House, i . 168. Non-importation Associations, i., li I
peal let : popular rejoicings, i., 473. Province
House , liberality of Hancock and < His, |., 173, 474. Seizure
of the sloop " Liberty ;" public meeting at Faneul) Hall in
l on vent ion, i . 179, 480
Arrival of British troops in 1768; popular indignation;
Associations, I., 180, 481. Meeting held bj Daughters of
Libert) . arrival of Gem ral Gage ; dissolution ol Assemblies,
i , 483. "Ms assaulted, i . 487. Patriot ism of women and
murder ol the boj Snyder ; riot, i., iKs. 489. British
laoops attacked by a mob; Auucks,Gray, and Caldwell shot ;
■ trial of Captain Preston, t., 490-492. Hutchinson, Governor;
indent i temblii a asserted, I., 193
Tea ships. Red ption of, in 177.1. I., 498-498. Boston " Tea
Party." i., 499 Port Bill, i.. 503, 907, 518: Arrival of Gen-
eral Gage in 1771 . excitement produced bj the Port Bill, I.,
507 The port closed in 1774. i.,511 ; consequenl distress
0[ n,, 'i Provisions and other relief fur
nished from Norwich, i . 999 from Savannah, [., 911, ii.,
510 . from Schoharie and London, i.,511. Courts ol Justice
suspended, i . 512 State of affairs . spirit ol the press, i .
513. Fortification ol " Boston Neck," tiyGagc; the peopli 's
Committee ol • orrespondence, i. 513.
British troops arrive al froi New York, and
Quebec, in 177 1. i . 521. Patriots assemble, alter the Battle
of Lexington, Patriot Ann) organized by General Ward
in 1775. i.. 190,534. Gace and the Select -men, interview >.i
Gage's perfidy, I . 535. Preparations to blockade the city, i .
538 Population of. in 1775. i.. 371. Scarcity ol provisions
among the British troops . many of Ihe people have the citj
m 1775. i . 571,57-2 Women take awaj with them silver
spoons and money quilted in their garments, i . 579
iiege of, in 1776, i , 577. Map of, with us environs, in
1776, i.. 506, Plan of nttark, i., 57*". Bombardment
81. Evacuation of, i . 982. Americans
i the evacuation, I., 984
. i ■ iatloi i i ■
Fortifications, I., 991, 992, Town-meet ine, relative lo the
Declaration of Independence, in 1776, ll.,69\ Burgoyne and
captive troops at, in 1777, i , 993.
Boston newspapers, In 1774 News-Letter; Post, i., 513.
Journal oi the Times, I., 480. Gazette and Counir) Journal.
, its Gazette and Boston Post Boy and
Advi rtisi r , Massachusetts Spj . I
- Boston : irce, performi d Ibi Lti
ment of the British at Boston, to ridicule Washington and
■
Botetourt, Baron ue (Norborne Berkeley), n, 353. Suc-
r "i \ irginis In 1768, II., 263,
267, 2i i of, ii - 278. Bis purchase of New Jer-
sey, ii 16, 578 n ii opinion ofth ■ ol his
r, >ir William, ii . 256 Death of, in 1774, II . 279.
Statue of, at Williamsburg, \ irginia, li , 278, Biographical
Sketch of, II., 263.
Botta. CHARLES, corrected. |., 201, 542 His remarks on the
character of the lirsi Continental Congress, II ,60. Hloopin-
: , 134. Quoted or cited, I., 50,56,
B0, 159; n., 33.
Boi ck, V . ■ C, Governor of V w 't ork, I.. 62.
i | . r, , dent of Congress in 11 B2 at the fu-
neral Dl nd Mr. Caldwell, i ,327. His Lifeol Will-
iam Tennent, ii., 161. Picture of ins vault at Elizabeth-
town,
i lu< bee, i.. 166.
Boundary Lha between the I mied Stales and Canada, in 1842,
i . 11 :
U rook. New Jersey, i.. 331.
.ii the Battle of Ton Duqui
I?.--, ii . -:7 1. Disperses Indians besieging Detroii in ''■< i.
u., -j-] j Sketch of, n . 'J-l
. VVar-feasl on the, in 1777. i . 159, 160.
■■ Bom ■ i hi Prefo nder < ihorles Edward, li., 378.
Bowooin, James, 1., »>r>7 . Delegate to the flrsi * ontinental
rcss in 1774, i.,511. Member of the Boston Committee
of Corn k., 513.
Bow en, Elijah, Lieutenant in the United States Navy in
1777, n ,i 36
Bow BH, EPHRAIM, Colonel, in the r'\|»-t!iinui ajrainsl the t las-
pee ; ins account of the affair, i . 629,030.
Dohex, William, captured by 'lurks in 1724. | I
Bowes, Commodore, s< izes powder at Savannah, II., 520. At
Fort Tdnyn, ii., 924.
Bowen H Ptenofthe Brandvume haltle-<;rouud,ii..
His, 171.
Bowler, Metcalf, Delegate to the Colonial Congress in
1765, i . 165.
Bow man. Joseph, captain, surprises Cahokia, if., 269, 290.
B i of heart of oak presented to John Dickson, i., 477.
Boyd, Adam, his newspaper, ii., 366
Boyd, John, killed at toe Battle ol King's Mountain in 1760,
.
Boyd, John. M.D.. member of the Baltimore Committee of
Correspondence, li., 186.
Boyd. Colonel, Loyalist, head of the Toriesof South Carolina.
ii., 1 1 Killed at Kettle Creel
Boyd. Captain, his vigilance in relation to Smith and Andre,
i., 754. In the expedition to Pi tersburg, li :::;"
Boyd, I town captured and
beheaded, i . 276
Boyd, Sergeant, deserter from the British army . his fate, i •
■
Boyer, President of ETayti, carried to Norfolk among I rench
prisoners, m I7'.t7 , his gratitude to M ling, i . 607.
Boyle, Robert, edits the Boston News-Letter
Patriotism of, In the Revolution, i . 296, is-, 189, 512.
■ ire "i b British grenadier bj an American boy, ii., 617.
Deputation of, lo Gi neral Gagi . i . 488.
Bosrak, Connecticut. Origin Ol the name. |., 601.
Biiaudock, Enw Aim. General, arrives al Alexandria, Virginia,
in 1795; unfortunate expedition of, to Fori Duqueene, ii.,
271. Death of; shot bi one of his own men^ " - -"-• 273-
Anecdote of him and Washington, li . 272. Autograph of,
it.. "J7I
Bradford. ANDREW, son of Colonel \\ illiain , printer at Phil-
adelphia, U., 52.
Bradford, Johw, pilgrim, Autograph of, i . 438
Bradford, Thomas, I • olonel William. II
ord, William, Governor of Plymouth t oionj signs
ihe Pilgrim Covenant, i., 437. Autograph ot. i . 438. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, i ,444
ord, William, Governor of Rhode Island, his house
burned bj Admiral Wallace In 1775, i . 640
Bradford, William, Colonel, proprietor of the Pennsylvania
journs ' bes the New Vork Gazette In 17-ji.,
i! Sketch oi, ii., 52
Bradley, Phike is, < 'aptain, 1., 424
Bradstrbet, John, toionei. takes Fort Prontenac In 1758,
[.,21'e \t ' i". Al Ticonderoga, i, 119. Bio-
graphical sketch Of, l . 215.
INDEX.
G98
Brady. Captain, one of the party that arrested John Franklin
Bb^w°Ber« i% > ounl of the American encampment
Bl" Preaches ai Freehold, ii . 153. Biographical Sketch of,
!!;:;S'";:;:!;;::,;;;i:;::,'i;^h.n^QSee.car1eton's attempt
R^NfwiLuiM.'persecutedhy Puritans, I., 449.
BrIndon, ScottuApriest, discovers the island of St. Brandon,
Brandon, Captain, in thebattleat ^''"''^''"V'tooo-
tie, n., 178. ..
1,-rai'ililirint' I Vet described, 11, lb,, rioio
Bran* Iohn.sou of Joseph . British oflieer in thewar ol 1812,
Brant, Joseph, Iniiian Sarhem : at the Cellars in 1776, L, ,207.
At Cherry Valley, attempts to en. oil the settlement, in
1777 , is deceived by boys, i, -
1"
244. Captures
, 511.
Fort Schuyler, the siege ol.
Vroomanat, in 1781, i.. 282.
German Flats, in 1778, i., 255.
Klock's Field, in 1780, I., 281.
Minisii.k, in 1779, i., 609, 670.
Oghkwaga.in 1777, i., 237, 238. _a_39
Oneida Lake, with Butler, in li(7,
Springfield, in 1778, i., 266.
Western New York, m 1,,9, i., 2,4.
ll,s hnmani.v. ,.. 269, 27<i. 270. Challenged by Mean, ..,
200, 270. Saves Major Wood, supposing him to be a broth-
er Free Mason, i., 671. His house and farm, i., 261. Not
present at the invasion of Wyoming; the port ( jmpbe" cof-
fered, i., 354. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical sketch
Brant, Molly, sister of the Sachem; marries Sir William
Johnson, >., 287. .
Brant's Rock, Picture and description of. ., ..i, ,.
Brat ton, Captain, in the skirmish at Mobley's Meeting House,
ii 453. At the Battle of Rocky Mount,".., 452, 45J.
Bratton Martha, Mrs., her courage and firmness. n„ 453.
Br"™ n Carter of Virginia, member of the \ irgmia Com-
n mlee of Safety in 1776, il., 299. Signer of the leclara
of Independence , Autograph and Biographical Sketch ol, ....
Brazil- see Cabot, Sebastian; and Vespucci
Breed; Hill i.. 530, 538, 539. 558, 559. Redoubt on. i., 540.
Map of the action on, i., 543. Monument to W arren on, ..,
BR5ELR?eCoS'r/ounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, I.,
Bretaone Marquis de. with Greene at Guilford, ii., 400.
Ebetthau'er II '"sian Lieutenant, captured at Trenton , Au-
BreVaTd.dV' E,2,,RAt„, author of the Mecklenburg Deelara-
B ton of independence, and Constitution f Government, u.,
5R^s^R:w.Lm\^.:444ns the Pilgrim Covenant,
Brewer's' rtc^'Pdgnm'rclic, Picture and description of, i„
Brewton. Rebecca: see Motte.
Brewton's Hill, Battle of, in 1. .8, n., 52j, 520.
Breyman, Colonel, at
Bemis's Heights ml,, 1,1., 50, 51
Bennington in 1777, i., 394, 39,.
Ticonderoga in 1777, i., 132, 135.
Bribery, attempted, of Patriots, i., 479
Reed, n . 145. , .
niMikTTis (olotu-1, at Stillwater in l/i ', 1-. •>"- „ , ',
""^"loloncl "at Boston, before the Battle of Bunker 11,11
i.. 534
i death of, i., 64.
Attempted, of Joseph
Bruises .
Elizabeth River. Picture of,
ii.,327.
Floating, at Ticonderoga, l.,
1 29
Gee's, Picture of. ii , 319.
Hancock's, ii., 139.
K s. New York, 11 , 588
623.
Mayo's, over James River
n .232. _
n.u^^Mar'bemessde.'bcr medallion likeness of Washing-
con and La Fayette, ii., 206.
Hrur Creek. Battle of. in 1779. n., 50,. 508.
Brier Hill. Nev, Jersey, li„ 151.
, I,, r General, Rank of, in the American army, in IWb, n.,
638
Brindley, Mr., Residence of, i., 651.
Quimby's Creek, ii., 567.
Quintan's, ii., 138.
Rugeley's Mill, South Caro
Una, ii., 460.
Sleep) Hollow Creek, i., ,59.
Stonv Brook, ii., 31.
Suspension, al Niagara, i ,
2S8.
Trenton, n, 26
Worth's Mill, ii . 31.
Brinton Mansion, on the Brandywme, ii„ 180.
BrTscoe, Lieutenant (British), ai the Mischianza, fc., 99.
Bristol, illu.de Island. b( arded by Wallace u. 1..S, i.,640.
lliirut by Rrescolt in 1778. i, 645,
Britain, limit see Greai Britain.
British Army: see Army, British!
Ilrdtsll Chums to territories in America, II.. Joo.
British ! mis, rs captured in 1775 ; the crews taken lo \\ at, r
BnMG^mment caricatured, in 1775. i., 158. See Parha-
mini.
British Parliament . see Parliament
British Prisons : see Prisons . Pnson-g*i»s.
British Troovs . see Army ; Fleet; Officers.
IIu'tteiudge, Richard; signer of & Pilgrim Covenant, i.,
Bro'apwater, Charles, Captain, account of his slave, Sam-
B^w'NewYort city. View at the 6.,,. of ii.. 592.
Br," ". sir Isa ac. General, ,.. 55. Death, and monument ol.
BRO»,r,ELD, Major, New Jersey Loyalist, in command a. For.
Griswold, on the death ol Montgomery. I., 612. Murders
«£E«#$&*S Place where the British crossed, in
1770, it.. 616. - oa
Rronzino, his portrait of Ammgo Vespucci, »., s».
B™t New\ork, settled by WaHooiis ... 02; ,.5,,
Topography and fortifications of, n., bOO. F rs white child
born at. ii., 577. Battle near, in 1 , ,6. 11., 601-606.
Brooks, John, Colonel, attbe Battles of
Bemis's Heights, in 1777, 1., 50, 54, 60, .4.
Bunker Hill, in 1775, i.. 539, 541.
Concord, in 1775, i., 528. _
On the army's Memorial Committee in 1.82, l., 6,3. sec
Staunton. n
nnnnKs Iames G, his poems quoted, ii., y.
Brooks', N. C , President of Hie Baltimore Female College, .1.,
Broome. John, on the Committee to draft the Constitution of
£l Samuel! 'ins Military Association at New York in
1775, ii.. 588.
SR^^TON^tarlr'MarMehead, Washington's naval
commission to, i., 5<5.
SSS^SS^SS:^^ -he Battle of Schoharie in
BrownI'Da^id. of New York, builds the hull of Fulton's first
BR8ow™ej«olf'General, erects a monument at West Point to
the memory of Colonel Wood, i., 699. At Ogdensl.urgh, ...
1812, ... 213.
Broun. John. Colonel, at
Bemis's Heights, in 1777, i., 50.
Canada, '" the expedition in 1775; his quarrel with Ar-
nold, i.. 197.
Fort Chambly, in 1775, i.. 1,0.
Fort Paris, in 1760, i., 280.
Lake George, and Lake Champlain, in the expedition
against the British posts in 177,. i., 114.
Brow"^™ of the Board of Admiralty of Con-
irress in 1776, ii., 637. Autograph ol. n.. 6.1, .
Br^n, John, if Providence, his plan for burning '^schooner
Gaspee in 1772; in the expedition against the schooner, ...
Brown,3 John, killed in the Battle of Lexington in 1775. i,
Br5own, J. Carter, of Providence, his enlightened liberality.
BRo'wf/NlcHOLAS, endows the college at Providence i„ 627.
Broun Peter, signer of the Pilgrim 1 ovenant, I., 437. •
S Thoma's. Colonel, revdes the Whigs in , 1, , 5 . sen-
tenced to be tarred and leathered, or to espouse the I atriot
cause ii , 504. Joins the British army , in command at Au-
.':,,, 501. 505, 509. Cruelty of. at Augusta. ,.., 509
Wounded at Augusta. ,. . 510 Surrenders the torts. ,, ,513
Invades Georgia, n., 523. At Savannah in 1,82, n , 534
Retires from Savannah lo St. Augustine, n., 535.
Broun. Governor of New Providence; captured; exchanged
for Lord Stirling, ii., 638. . .„.
Brown, Captain, at the Battle ol Concord nv 1773, i., m-
Brown. Lieutenant, at the Mischinii7.il. II.. 9.1.
Brownlow. Captain. Ins par. at the a isch.an a ■ >
Bruba, n. Hessian Capta.n. captured at the Battle ol 1 rtnion ,
Autograph of. ii., 23. <s«> acki and
BuubENELL, Edward. Reverend. ,.. 65.6,, 68 S, ACKLAND
Brunswick, Duke of, tarnishes mercenarj troops rot ueorge
III , i, 588. 589. _. , , , ,r,0
Bnmswick, North Carolina. S, Philip's Church at. ,.362.
Brush, Creak, Tory. Character and conduct of. L, 5 y, obi.
Il.n .ii Colonel, at Hie Battle of Bennington m 1,,,. i., JJ*.
Br! ,"'. CoIoneL In the skirmish near Fort Montgomery; cap-
lured, t., 735, 736.
IXDKX.
Bryan, George, of Pennsylvania, delegate to the Stamp Act
1765, [.. 4t">5.
Bryan, N bi dham,< oloni I ie expedition
the Regulators in 1771, 11
Bryan, Major, with Sumter, at Hanging Rook In 1780, li.,456.
Bryan, Miss. Commodore Pa
Buy w i , William Cl LLEN, Ins poema quoted,
n., 257, 478
Bryai.
Bryden, Alexander, Heroic beni :'77.
Buchanan, anukkw, of Baltimore, membt r ol the Committee
ofCoi rman ofthe Baltimore
Committee on Non-intercourse, n -, i*1
Bi i hanan. J IMES, British Consul al New York, i . 71
Buchanan, William, member of the Baltimore Committee of
Correspondence, n .. 166.
Bl< k, Isaac, Lieutenant in the Vnited States Navy m 1781,
ti.< -
Buckingham, his poema quoted, i
Buckley, Captain, of New Londo
But kllv. Urs., i ryon - tn atnv nl of, i . 427. The Buckle]
'■.
Bucklin, Joseph, in the expedition againsl the Gasp* i
Hi i< klin,Thom is, discbarges the moskel which wounds Dud-
dington tin board the Gaspee, i., 630.
Buckmun Tavern, i • 524, 553
Bi . k ■ inel, wounded at the Baltic of Bunker Hill.
Buck Mountain, Picture of, i . 53, 114.
Buck's County. Pennsylvania, kssociaiiona of, h. 41.
Bt ford. Abraham, < loloneL, Ins regiment massacn d bj Tarle-
■- :n 1780, in. 458. Autograph of, ii
Bugler, The, • ■■ oy, murdi r. d bj the British under
Captain Miller, it., 397.
Bi ii. William, GoYernor of South Carolina, ii, 439, 541, 543.
Bullard, Colonel, in the Council of War held, by General
Ward at Boston in 1775, :., 534.
Bull' ' - ■ ■ - Spy.
Bult'Jrogt, Lawyer* and, the doggerel poem, i., 347.
u the Battli a ol Fori Dnqnt
1758, ii . 274; and Great Bridge in 1775, Li., 328. i
Patrick Henry's Adjutant in 1776, ii., 2
e, Ar< hidald, ol i of Liberty, ii., 518.
g tie to the first Continental < ongress, in KM. ii., 520,
521. President ol the Council of Georgia, ii., 521.
-;, John II .. Postmaster at Nut Bush, ii., 350.
Bulwassy Bay, View of, i . I50j 164.
«bb, Edward, Colonel, at the Battles of Brandywine
and Germantown in 1777 . origin of the phrase, •• Speaking
to Buncombe," ii . 469, 470.
Bunktr //*//.Topographv of, i., 53S. 539. 543. British encamp-
mi -it on, in 1775,1 ,530. Battle of, i„ 538-546. Refli i
Burgoyne's opinion of the battle, I., 548.
H:l! Monument, Site and description of, i., 540, 558,
I Scenery \ lewed from, I., 560.
rae», Virginia House of see Virginia.
JJi roovnb, John, General, at Boston at the time of the Battle
of Bunker Hill, i .. '■'■' itor ol Ihe battle, I .
opinion ofthe terrors of the conflict, t.,54& Returns to En-
gland in 1776. i.. 37.
Commander ol the Northern British Army In America, L,
37. Arrival of, at >n; mus-
ters ~-: John's,!-, 38. His successes ; pn
10 besiege Ticonderoga, i . 39. Invests i i, 1., 132
His proclamation, i., !3^. His interview with Indians at
Bouquet River in 1777. i., 159, 160 His speeeh to the In-
dians, i.. 99 Rendexvous ofhia army at St. John's, i., 173.
Per] I ort Edward, and in the Mohawk Valley,
i.. 47. i- Marches to Saratoga and Stillwater in K77. i ..
50, 51. His letter to Lord Germain, i., 50. Hisbehs
the Battle of Stillwater, i., 44 His piano! \\ Bis
narrow escape, i . 55. ilis dispatches to Sir Henry Clinton,
i.r 733 Prepares to retreat, i., 64 Sis requesl rei
tnd, i.. 67 His retreat toward Saratoga, i . 72
Attempts to retreat to Fort Edward, i . 74. 75. Pri
surrender, i . 77. 7-. Receives dispatches from Sir Henry
CUnlon his forces lay down their arms. i.. 79. His intro-
duction to Gates, i., 80 Surrenders his aword ■
return-., i . BI. Trumbull's p cture ofthe surr
Map of the place of the surrender, i., 77 ; vii w of the
place - the captured officers of, li., 672
Efli i produced bj h - surrender, ii., 649. < ondition of his
captured armj . he leaves Boston, and sails to England in
1777. i His boast, I . 91
Picture <»i ins encampment on the Hudson, I., 57 Portraii
of. i., 37. Autograph of, I, 79. Liter u ins of, i .
37 Biographical Sketch of. i., 37. Qn d 1 , 59,
64,66. 76. 80, 129, 142, 160.
Burke. 4Edanos, .In. lire, bis decided opposition to the Cincin-
nati So
Blrke, Edmund, private secretan to the Marquis of Roekms-
ham, i . 47n Member of the House ol t omtnons In 1766,
Dr. Samuel Johnson's opinion of, i., 471. 172 i apposes the
Stamp Kc\ in 1761 - Pitt's I labinet, i . 175
I elebrity of, i. 471 Denounces the Canada BUI, i., 156
Opposes severe measures toward America, i , 482. His elo-
quence m favor ol American liberty, i . 503, 505. His bill to
repeal the Boston Port Bill, and to adjust ail difficulties with
the coloi H Di nounces measures ol Governmeni m
1776, i . 590. Speech of, after the surrender ol ( ornwallia,
u . 322.
Pall-bearer at the funeral of Chatham, n .. 143 Kpitaph
Portraii of; B - Ketch
Hi- Annual Registi r. i . I
Bl RKE, TlIOM v--, < iOVemor ol NO] I I 4 tbl
littee on the Seal ol Ihe State in 1776, II .
I ongress In i"7 . ins chargi - againsl Gi
van m 1777, I inning and M N< il,
in 1781, ii., 571. Autograph and Biographical Sketch ol
571.
William, Captain, commands one ol the first four
vessi lavj in 1776, i . 576
: near Bowling Green, Virginia, U
l farce, " Boston Blockaded." n , II.
Burlington, Vermont, Description and associations of, i ,
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop, his explanation ofthe term Whig,
Burnet, Robert. Major, Ins recollections ol Washington at
-
Windsor, i.. 685 Only survivor ol the officers who
took leavi ol Washington at Fraunce'a Tavern
; Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of,
i., 686,
■ - Governor, son of Bishop erects a fort at
i iswego in 1721 laaachu-
1728, i , 454.
Burnet, William, M.D., Physician and Surge
ii , 34.
Burns, George, Inn-keeper, Important political meeting at
the house of, in 1765, i . 169, 470,
Bi Kit. A IRON, Revi rend, second President of the College of
New Jera y,i !
Hi rr, Aaron, Colonel,!., 39. Son of Reverend Aaron . with
Arnold in It::., on bis way to Quebec, t., 1M Oni of Put-
nam's Aids in 1776, it, 611. Hi attacking the
pickets near Hackenaack, in 1777, I.. 7s:«. Captures De-
. . use in 1777, ii., 624 Bis bi ad quarters
near Suffern's Station in 1777. L, 7s-j 'I'm .1 for tn ason, Ii .
General Hamilton in a duel in 1804, i.f 697. His
son, ii
Bi Kit, Charles, his pencil-drawing of Harnett's House, ii.,
376
Bi int. ThaddEUS, Tr\ on's treatment ofthe wifi
BuRttis b, first Royal Governor of North Caro-
lina, in
Burroughs, Bzekiel, American Naval Commander, i., 656.
Li« utenani in the Nai j in 1775, ii., 63£
lit bton, Colonel, wounded in Braddock's expedition against
Fort Duquesne, ii .
Bi swell, Lew is, acting Governor of Virginia in 1750, ii .267,
, .lir.i ai the v., . ■ nah, it.. .'»:i2.
Bushnell, David, inventor of the Marine Turtle, or Torpedo,
n.. 104
Bushnell, Richard, his poetic brief, written for Owaneko,
Bute, Karl of, his Influence, i., 457. Character and policy of,
i . 458. Resignation of, i
... Benjamin F.. his Consiuutional History of New
Sort, i . 387
onthi rn < ampaign
m 1780, ii., 1I-. Joins Gem ral Greeni at Troublesomi < reek
in 1781, ii . 400; At the Battle oi Gnilfhrd, U . 403. Auto-
graph of, ii,, 41s
i 233. At
Fort Si ol in 1777, i., 244, 247.
Fort\ Fort, di mands the surrender, in 1778, i . 354, 358.
St Lawrence River recruits Torj refugees, In 1778, L,
2d i
TlOga Point in 177*. i .. 352.
Wintermoot's Fort; his head-quarters there in 1778, i .
Wyoming Valley, laying waste the region, in 1778 . cneved
at the cruel coodui i "i in- son, I , 267
It, si ill Sketch ol i
::. Lord, Mr . grandson ol « olonel Zebulon, i . 3 II
Lieutenant-colonel, at the Battle of Sara-
command, in 1777 , at the Battle of
Spencer's < Ordinary in 1781, ii
■ . Rn n mo. General, w ith I ' tail ; toma
liawk-'d and scalped by Indian-- in 17'.*!.
fohn . arrested
Fori Dayton in 1777, i., 250. Imprisoned ai Albany;
... ■ ■ . ■ the expo
lion againsl Tryon Connty m I771*. i . 267. With Branl in
ncursiou into Cherr) Valley, i., 268 His brutality, i.,
ilohawk \ alley in IT-l
His petreal lol Canada . slam bj « Ineida Indiana at Weal Can-
ada I reek in 1781, 1., 270, 291. Character of, Auiograph of,
i . 270
Butler, William, Colonel, takes po*t at Schoharie to protect
the settlements there, in 1778, i
700
INDEX.
Butler, Wiuim, Regulator, ii., 3fi7.
Butler, Zebulon, Colonel, in* exploits in opposing the 1 en-
nymites in 17*1,1., 346 Representative in the General As-
semblj of Connecticut in 1771, I., 348. In the expedition lo
Wyoming in 1775, i ,348,362. I eived by Messenger John;
his letter to Roger Sherman, i., 350. Commander-in-chief at
Wyoming in [778, i., 353. Hia speech, i., 355. His escape
lo Wilkcsbarre Fort, i., 357, 358. ilis expedition with Hart-
|v i 3iv> Ilia expedition against the Indians at Cayuga
Lake in 1779, i .-'-- Reaidenceof; grave of, i., 367. Auto-
graph and Biographical Sketch of, i., 355.
It i i i tun eld. Major, Cowardice or, at the Cedars, in li.e.i.,
807
Buttermilk Falls, near West Point. ,0,, ,30.
HI Extract of, its use in Hie American Army, l., 3U8.
BUTTR1CK, John. Major, ol" Concord, at tlie Batlle of Concord
ni 1775. i, 526, 527.
Bi'ttrk'K, JosErii. his house at Concord, i., oio.
Butfs Hilt. Rhoile Island, 1., 051, 652, 657. Views from, i ,
657. 658
Bygrove. Lieutenant, at the Mischianza, it., 99.
...E. Sir Edward, purchases Lord Berkeley's moiety
oi New Jersey, ii., 66.
Byllmge's Pouit, or Billingsport, ii., 86.
Byrd. William, colonel, of Westover (son of ColomI \\ ill-
lain. President ol" the Virginia Council), ii., 235. Commis-
sioner to treat with Indians in 1756. ii., 235. In the expe-
dition against Fort Duquesne in 1758, ii., 273. and Hie
Kentucky Forts in 17SU, ii.. 294. His wile, cousin of Ben-
e.licl Arnold, li„ 235. The city of Richmond, situated on
land of his. ii., 226, 227, 246, 336. Account ol his family and
residence by Chaslellux. ii.. 235.
Byrd, William. Captain, his settlement at the Falls of Ihe
James River, ii., 226.
Bard's Warehouse, at Richmond. Virginia, n.. 226.
Byron. Admiral, succeeds Lord Howe as British naval com-
mander on the American coast in 1778, i , 646.
Byron, Lord, his poems quoted, ii., 286.
Cabell. William, member of the Virginia Committee of Safe-
ty in 1776, ii., 299. .
Cabot. John, navigator, sails to North America in 149,. l,
27 First discoverer of North America, i., 29.
Cabot Sebastian, navigator, son of John, explores the coast
or North America in 1411b. i., 27 Visits Brazil and R.o dc
la Plata in 1525, i . 28 His old age and his death, l., 28.
Portrait of, i., 27.
Caiey. James, picture and account of his residence, the tort
Granbv" of the Revolution, ii., 482. 483.
Cadh ilader, Lambert, Colonel, at the attack on Fori w ash-
ington in 1776, ii.,620. His retreat, ii., 621. Autograph ol,
Cadwallader, John, General, ii.. 35. His Silk-slocking
Company ii., 95. Commands the Pennsylvania militia in
1778, ii 19 At the Battles of Princeton, Brandywme.Ger-
manlown, and Monmouth, it., 19. Breaks up the British
line of posts on the Delaware in 1777, ii., 24. Pursues the
British in New Jersey in 1778, ii., 147 His duel with Gen-
eral Conway, ii., 134. Biographical Sketch of, ii„ 19.
Cahokia, settlement on the Mississippi, ii., 289. Surprised by
i aptain Bowman in 1778, ii., 289, 290.
Cairn, Scotch Canadian, on the St. Lawrence, l., 209.
Caldwell, David, Reverend, of North Carolina, his media-
tion in behalf of the Regulators; his patriotism, ii., 3,0.
Destruction of his properly by Cornwallis, n ,400. His con-
gregation, ii.. 406. . n„. TT,
Caldwell! James, Reverend. ofElizabethtown. i , 324. His
wire murdered bv a British soldier, i.. 325. Murder of, by
James Morgan; funeral of; the murderer executed, i., 32,.
Monument lo him and his wile, i., 326.
Caldwell, James, noler at Boston ; shot by a soldier, l , 490.
Funeral of, i. 491.
Caldwell, James, of Alhanv. purchases Johnson Hall.i , 2S9
Cai dwell, Captain, at the Battle of Wyoming in 1.78, i , 35a.
. ,i dwell, n illage of, i . 105. 108, 113.
Caleche, vehicle used in Canada, described, i., 1/5. Picture
of a. i.. 170.
Calhoun. John C, and Rebecca, ii., 511.
California, ancient inhabitants of. i . Id
Call, Major, al Charleston in 1780. n . 560 At the Battles
or Spencer's Ordinary, ii., 258 . and Jamestown, ii.. 260.
Call, Richard, Surveyor General ol Georgia, n . 535
(Mi em. eh. Captain, at Ihe Bailie ol" Bunker Hill in 1775, i.,
543 Dismissed from llic service for coward a volun-
teer hia braverj al the Battle of Long Island . his sentence
erased from the Order!) t.nok hy order ol Washington, i . 550.
Caltender's Historical Discourse, i . 022
i ILLOWAY, BETSEY and Frances, captured hy Indians in
1775, ii., 286 rescued, li„ 287
Calpe, Mount, one ol the p llara of Hercules, i., 20
Cai .r.iir. Be s ei.i.t Leon aiid . Pro|ineiar\ Governor ol Mary-
land successor of Charles Ihe Protestant, II . 193
Calvert. Cech [second Lord Baltimore). Bon ol Mr George
mil, tiis from his rather the charter ol "Crescentia " I ies
Ihe domain Maryland In 1632, u . 45. 189 His policy; re-
ligioua toleration, II , 190, 191 Death or. in 1675. n , 193
Succeeded by his son Charles (Hie third Lord Baltimore), ii.,
193 Portrait and Autograph of, ii., 190.
Calvert. Charles (third Lord Baltimore), son ol Cecil, ap-
pointed Lieutenant-governor of Maryland in 1002; succeeds
Ins father in title ana estate in 1075. deprived or his political
rights; Maryland constituted a royal government in 1691,
ll., 103
Calvert, Chari.es, son of Charles, professes the Prolcstant
faith in 1720, George I. restores lo him the paient of Mary-
land . Proprietary Governor, ii., 193.
Calvert, Sir George (first Lord Baltimore). Private Secre-
tary to Sir Robert Cecil in ltiuti, ii., 189. Knighted hy James
1 , principal Secretary or State ; created "Lord Baltimore,
of Baltimore, Ireland ;" receives a patent as Lord and Pro-
prietor of Avalon in Newfoundland, n, 189, lines with his
family to Avalon; returns to England; visits Virginia in
1628 . refuses to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy,
ii , 189. Permitted by Charles I to frame a charter to suit
himself, in 1032 ; death of, in 1632, ll.. 189.
Calvert, Leonard (brother lo Cecil), arrives at Point Com-
fort in 1634 ; forms a Roman Catholic settlement ; his re-
ligious toleration, ii., 191. Governor of the Province in 1635,
ii., 192.
Calvert, Philip, appointed Governor of Maryland in 1000,
ii., 193. , t
Cambray, Chevalier de. Engineer, superintends the erection
of Fort M'lntosh ; his Idler to Captain Somerville. ii., 294.
Superintends the intrenchment at Charleston in 1779, ii., 553.
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Early history of. i.. 555. Topog-
raphy of. i., 566. Attempted seizure of arms at. in 17, I, t,
514 Skirmishes near, l.. 392, 529. The flag or the Union
first unfurled at, in 1776. i , 577. Head-quarters oflhe Amer-
ican army after the Batlle of Lexinglon. i.. 534. Washing-
ton's head-quarters at, L. 555, 556. Washington's elm at,
i , 558. 504. University at ; see Colleges.
Camden. Earl of (Chief Justice Pratt), favors the repeal ofthe
Stamp Act in 1765, l., 472. A firm friend of the colonists,
ii , 194. Ponrinl of. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 194. 195
C,i,„',j, ,,, South Carolina, evacuated by the British in 1781, ii.,
475.
Cameron, Allen, companion of Connolly, ii.. 291.
Cameron, Captain, killed in the British expedition against
Savannah in 1778, ii.. 525.
Cameron, Mr, Carolina planter, ii-. 351.
Camp, Mrs . her house near Cherokee Ford, ii., 437.
Camp charlotte and Camp Lewis, ii.. 283.
Cam can us, John. Reverend, of Stockholm, ll. 46.
I'm hell, Charles, local lusiorian of Virginia, ii., 248, 337.
Campbell, Duncan, Major ol" the Old Highland regiment j
mortally wounded at Ticonderoga in 175b ; his tomb-stone,
'.. 101. . ,
Campbell, James S., or Cherry Valley, his historical recol-
lections . picture ofthe mansion of, i.. 290.
Campbell. John, Captain, mortally wounded at Moore s Creek
in 1776, ii., 382.
Campbell, Samuel. Colonel, of Cherry Valley, directs La
Fayette's attention to the forts in Schoharie \ alley in 1,,8,
Campbell. Thomas, his poems quoted, i.. 337, 341. 354, 357.
Reference to, bv Ilalleek. i- 304. i Directed, l., 3.i4.
Campbell. William, Lord, Royal Governor of Soulh Caro-
lina in 1775. ii., 443, 544. His escape lo a British vessel in
1775 ii 545. Sails to Jamaica, ii.. 540. Wounded at the
siege of Fort Sullivan in 1770, ii., 545. 550. Biographical
Skeich of. il . 544. ...0.1.
Campbell, William, Colonel, of Virginia, in the Southern
Campaign in 1780, ii., 390. At Hie Battles of,
Eutaw Springs, in 1781 . ii.. 494 . mortally wounded, 11., 496.
Guilford, in 1781. ii.. 402. 403.
Hobkirks Hill, in 1781, ii., 473
King's Mountain, in 1780, ii., 425-427.
\t the siege of Fort Ninety-six in 1781, ii..4N. Death of,
ii., 420. Autograph or, ii.. 428. Biographical Sketch of, 11.,
426
Campbell, William. Surveyor General of New Vork'. 1.. 296.
Campbell, William W.. of New \ ork, author of the Annals
of Tryon County, i.. 296. quoted or cited, 1., 238, 239, 2,1,
279, 282, 292. 296. 297.
Campbell. Judge, his address before the New \ork Histor-
ical sociclv, 11 . 588 .
Campbell, Colonel (British), enters Boston Harbor in I, ,6;
captured, i.. 584 Killed al Hie siege of Forts Clinton and
Montgomery 111 1777. L, 735, 736.
Campbell. Colonel ( Br, I is.li). takes possession of Augusta in
1779, ii . 504. 5115 In the expedition against Savannah, 11 .
525. His Proclamation, ii., 526
Campbell, Major, at the aiege of Yorktown m 1,-1. ll . si*
Campbell, Captain (British spy), hearer of dispatches irom
sir Henry Clinton 10 Burgoyne In 1777 account ol his sil-
ver Indict . captured and executed, 1 . 79. 684.
Campbi . 1. Captain [Loyalist), of New Jersey, at the siege of
Fort Ninety-six in 1781, Ii., 487.
Campbell, Mrs., captured by Indians at Cherry VaBey in 1..N
1 . 209
Campbell's Rock, Account of, I.. 353. ,
Canada, Preparations by the British tor the conquest or, in
INDEX.
70]
17.*>9, i., 130. Cessation of French dominion in, in I
179. Addresses of the Continental Congress lo the
of, in 1774, i. 122, 196; agent sent to, bj the Boston
mittee of Correspondence, i . 122 Parliamentary proceed-
ings in relation to, in IT74, i., 156, 505 . boldness Ol orators
and "i the pr. as res 14, 518 imi rican ex-
pedition un : r Arnold li r th< conquest of, in 1775,
alarm in, on the approach of Arnold, i., 195. Expedition
under La Payette for the conquest of, in 1778, li . 133. Ac
count of th< ' itriots" of 1837, i.,210, 2H Tei
ritorial line, 1., 107 Cairn, i . 209 Canadian boat-song, i ,
Canadian*, French. Superstition of. i., 173. Their houses.
(arms, occupations, i., 173. 174 j children, i.,201
peasant girl, i . IT I
Canajoharu, New York, Settlement at, Invaded b) Tories and
Indians hi 1780, i . 262. Mrs Lipe'a presence oi mind burn-
ing of the church at; tardiness of Col il Wemple, i.,
263.
JsU t. The inhabitants of the tell of land to the West .
their expeditions in scan-h of it, t., 19.
■oit, Indian name of Lake George, i., 108.
Cannon, Mrs., massacred by Indiana in Cherrj Valle) .
( annon. The art of casting, known and practiced in America
before the Revolution, i.. 586 Dutch, loaded with stone balls,
i.. 301 Indian maple log, at Fori Henry, il
West Pom i, i.,700, Pine fog, t lolonel Washington's, alarms
i oion< ii-, 460. Pepperidge log, < arey's, i . 347
Canon* het, sou of Miantonomoh, I fief Sachem of the Nar-
ragansetts, i., 661, Captured and killed U\ the British in
1675, i
Canonicus, Narragansetl Sachem; uncle ol Miantonomoh;
hostility to the Pilgrims In 1620, L, 444.
Grants land to Roger Williams In 1030, i., 622.
I ut Island, Map of, i . 648.
Cape Bajador, Notice of, i., IE
Dis f, i . 16, 20.
Cape Diamond ami its Citadel, Picture ami associations of, i.,
198.
1 ' urh settlements on. ii . 353
Discover] of, Dj Vasco de Gama, i. 26
Named by John I of Portugal, i . 18
s/ Vmcent, Scientific seclusion of Prince Henry of Por-
tugal near, L, 17. 18
S rra, on the African shore ofthe straits of Gibraltar! i-,
20
Iu'Ei.la.vo, sculptor, his Tripoli monument at Washington,
u . 206
.. of the United States described . burned by the British
in i-U , rebuilt in 1627, n , 199. old. of Virginia, burned in
1746 . rebuilt, ii . 264
Captain, Hank of, in the American army in 1776, ii 638
*• Captain Molly," or" Dirty Kate," wifeof acannonier, works
a field piece at the Battle of Monmouth . receives a I
ant's commission from Washington, i . 732.
Caravel, Spanish coasting-ship, Picture and description of a.
. . 23.
Carbondale, Pennsylvania, i., 377 : see Coal Mines.
i 'arcass, military projectile, described, i., 545.
Cardkh, Major; in command ai Hanging Rock, ii
Carey, Archibald, on the Virginia Vigilance Committee in
1773. n . 279.
Carey, Major, Area houses in Charlestown occupied by Brit-
ish troops, i., 579.
'..Mr, of Wyoming, makes a cannon of a pepperidge log,
and discharges it at Fort Wyoming, i.. 317.
Caricature*. Pitt upon stilts in 1776, ii., 584. Attempt to land
a bishop in America In 1769, I., 459, 460. British I
menl in 1775,
Carillon, or Ticonderoga see Ticonderoga.
Carleton, Sir Gi ■. Governor ol Canada, L, 38, 181. Ar-
nold's preparations to oppose, in 177.r>. i., 154. Repulsed al
Longueil. ).. 171. His attempt to seduce Brand, Bishop of
Quebec, i., 158. Kscape of, in 1775, |.t 181. His kindness
to Mrs Montgomery, i.,200; and to American prisoners al
Quebec in 1776, i . 51 1. In command ofthe British arms in
America; informs Washington ofthe intended
ol New Vork in 17*3, ii., 032. Portrait of, 1., 181. Auto-
graph of, 11., 632.
Carleton, Gi v. Colonel, nephew of Sir G«y . British spy in
\ alley In 1778, i
Carlisle, Karl of, British Commissioner to America in 1778,
ii., 143 Autograph of, ii., 144.
Carlisle, Abraham, Quaker Tory of Philadelphia, ins trea-
son m 177* . his e» cm on, il., 57.
Carmii hael, Colonel, ins Cairn, i., 209.
Cannes, Captain, discovers < bampe'e desertion, and pursues
him. i
Carolina, Territory" of. granted to Sir Robert Heath in 1030;
Origin Of the name, IL, 352. Early history Of, ii . 35
355. Coast of. explored by D'Aillon in 1520, i . 30; by Ver-
racani m 1523, l„ 32 ; and by Amides m 1584, II . 243. Set-
tlements In, m 1609 and 1622, n, 352.
Carolina* surrender their Charters an nrjauized as separate
provinces in 1729, n . 356,540. Uprising of, In 1776, ii.,443
See .YorfA Carolina; South Carolina.
Carpenter, Captain, at the Battle o\ Long Island in I77i
til 13
Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, The flrst Continental i on
holds us flrai session at. in 1774, U . .r»7. Picture bj
scription of, ii . 58
c.Mt it. Dabnbv (brother-in-law of Thomas Jefferson I, member
ol the \ Irginia House of Burgesses . moves the resoli
..i the < ommittee ol Vigilance, member ol the * ommittee in
1773. n . 279.
Carr, Patrick, mortally wounded In a mob at Boston in lufl
(Ann, Colonel, wuh his regiment at Boston m 1768, ■ , 'ISO.
Carratunk Fall.*. Arnold's expedition arrive at. I., 191.
Carrihoton, Edward, Liei mel in the southern
laign under Greene . i rosses, with him, the Han in 1781,
ii ,398 \t the Battles of Hobkirk's Hill, ii., 473 and"
by's (reek Bridge, ii.,567. At the siege of Yorktown in 1781,
n". 310. Autograph and Biographli al Sketch of, ii., 398.
Carrington, Paul, member of the Virginia Committee of
■ r. in 1776, n . ■
CaRR( il, < 'h kRLES.of Carrol It on. Maryland, advises Anthorn
mi wart to burn ins lea-snip "Peggy" a) Annapolis in 1774
n . 195. Signt r ol the Declaration ol Indt pi nd< nee, ■
On the committee to visit Vallej Forge in 1778, ii . 136
Full-length portrait of, at Annapolis, u . 197. Portrait of, ii„
frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 60. Biographical Sketch of,
■:. Colour], of Virginia, account of his plantation; its
historical interest, il., 3 15.
Carter, Charles, marries Elizabeth, niece of Washington,
ii., 221. Virginia » Counselor of State In I77ti, ii , 300,
,:. Mr , son-in-law of General Schuyler, Character of, by
the Baroness Riedessl, i ■ ~
Carter, famous pine-robber, li., 162.
Ri r, Sir George, ii., 537. Carteret county i ol in)
named after, ii., 537 His granl from I harles II. in 1663, ii .
353. His grant from the Duke of York in 1665, n ., 46, 578
Carteret, Philip, Governor, i., 305.
Cartier, Jaques, navigator, in the service of Francis the
First . discovers the Rivei St. Lawrence, i.,32 Names Mon
treal, i . 178, 184.
Carutbers. Dr., his Life of Caldwell, ii„ 353,366. 386,403
Carver, John, first Governor of Plymouth Colony, i ,4 12, 444
Signer ofthe Pilgrim covenant, i., 437. Death of, i., 444
ii ographical Sketch of, i . -144 Mis chair, i . 5G2.
Carver, Captain, hanged by Berkeley, ii . 256,
Casco, Maine, desolated bj the French and Indians, i ., 451,
i 'astlt . Genesee, destroyed by Sullivan in Im9, i., 277.
Castle Garden, in the citi ol New fork, ii., 582
Castle PkUipse, Manor ilouse of Frederick Philipse, i., 759 ,
ii„ 626.
( astteton, New York, i , 39, 145.
Caswell, Richard, Governor of North Carolina. IL, 3-3
Member of the North ■ arolina Committee of Correspondence,
il,, 373 Delegate lo the first Continental Congress In 1774,
SO, 374,415 W the Battle ol Morris < reek Bridge In ln6,
ii., 379. Letter n» Ins son, n.. 379. Requesti d b) I longress
to erect a monument to General Nasi,, ii., 114. His pi
matiou against the Franklanders, il., 427, Firmness of, ii.,
378 Biographical Sketch of, ii., 379.
i , William, son of Richard, Captain (afterward Gen-
eral), ii.. 380, 164, 465, 166
I Falls, Picture and description of, 11., 451
Catawba Indians march against the Tuscaroraa in 171-2, ii .
Nearly exterminated, i., 109, Condition of, 11., 149
Petition of Peter Harris, li., 450.
Catharine of Russia, her offer to mediate between England
nnd Continental powers m 1780, ii., 651. Her Maritlmj
Code, 11., 168. Favorable to America, 1., 85. Confers honors
on Paul J< s, ii . 642.
Catharinestown, .Sullivan's army at, in 1779; the vUlagi
strayed, 1., 275.
Cathay* on the eastern coast ol i I ounts of, i., 19.
LRT,Lord,( hiefol the Knights al the Mischianzs
( A i k i a i , I aptain, son of Lord, at the Mischianxa, ii . 99
Portrait of. n . 99.
Catherwood, Mr., his drawings of the did Tower al New
port, i . 634
Cat n maid, George, receives alargi t of land In 1663 for
ng settled sixty-seven persons south of the Roanoke, il ,
353.
Catholics, Roman, Colony of, settle In Maryland In 1634, ii.,
191. Excluded from the AsscmbI) ol Maryland In 1654
war between them and Protestants in 1655, ii . 192, 193
Surrender the powers of Governi I in Maryland, ii . 193
Not allowed to reside in Georgia In 1740, ii., 516 British
concessions to, in 1774, i . 505, 515 Number of, in < ana.1 i
in 1774, i.. 15t>. Quebec Act, I., 505, 51j ; dangerous to lib-
erty, i., 515.
,208. Indian village ; old church al
i., 233, 236. Burnt In 1780, i., 280. Description of, i . 284,
'j-;..
CAI LKItIS, Miss. hi r History ol Norwnh, i.. 598, 599, COS.
Cai si. t. sculptor, bis a o tatue ol Washington, ii . 185
i omwallis's, near Vorktown, Picture ana description
Of, 11 , 302. Ind.an. at Glenn's Falls. I., 105.
702
INDEX.
, 313.
Norwich, Congregational, i.,
606.
Peekskill. i., 739.
Philadelphia, The Swedes'
Church, ii., 97. Washing-
ton Square, it., 102.
Pigpers, France, ii., 120.
Plymouth. Indian, i., 443.
Providence, i.. 624.
Rainsford Island, Ancient, i.,
634.
Red Bank, ii., 84.
Roxbury. i., 659.
Stony Point. 1., 752.
Tarr'vtown, i.. "59.
York. Pennsylvania, ii., 133,
Yorktown, ii., 303.
Captives at.
, 194.
cdyugo Chief, Shikellimus, converted to Christianity, i
,•„„„,„ Indians, one ol the Six Nations, I., 109, 264.
,i Lake, Indians at. I., 2,8.
,,,„,. picture ollhe round tower on, i., 214.
Rapids, Picture, description, and associations of,
207, 208
nl, at
III inlbrd, \ncient. ii.. 331..
Charleston, South Carolina,
II., 573.
Charlotte, North Carolina,
i... 410.
Elizabethtown, i . 326.
Fort Cornwallis, South far
olina, ii., 509.
Fort Niagara, i.. 225.
Germantown, ii., 113, 114.
i.rn nburgh, i., 760.
Jamestown, Ancient, ii .211.
New Haven, i . 428, 429.
Newport, i , 635, 636.
New York (Trinity), i.,656.
il , 2S4.
Norwich, Mohcgan. i . 598
Censors. Board of. in Pennsylvania, i., 3,3
Chace, Thomas, of Boston, Son ot Liberty, l., 466.
Chad's For,!, Picture of, ii., 173. Picture of Chad s House, n
,/'"','. Great, at West Point, i .700 Constructed by Peter
Townshend; its history. . . 705. Arnold weakens H , its
wei»ht l . 706. Picture and description ol. i . .00.
chair" Pil«nm, Picture and description of the, i.. 438.
Chambers John, Commissioner to the Colonial Convention
m 175). i . 303
Chambers's Cyclopedia, i., 166. , ..
Chambers's History, quoted or cited, il, 245
Chambly, Old town of, described, L, 1,3, 1,4
1780, i., 289.
< ■humbly Rapids, i., 169.
Chamier, D.. of Maryland, Son of Liberty, i.., .
Champagne, Captain, in the expedition to capture Governor
Jefferson, ii., 342.
Champe John, Sergeant-major, his personal appearance; his
character, l., 775. His plan to abduct Arnold. 1.7,4. Clin-
ton deceived bv. i . 776 Sent to Arnold ; joins Arnold s le-
gion, i., 777. taken to Virginia by Arnold, i., ,, 8, n .
Returns to Lee, l, 778 .
Champlain. SAMUEL, Ins visit to Lake George in 1609, l., 108
Champlam Canal, Picture of, i., 47.
Chandler. Elizabeth M.. her poems quoted, u., 103.
Chandler. John, ol "Massachusetts, i., 303.
Chandler. Marcaret, Mrs. her account of the escape of
Hancock and Adams at Lexington. 1 . 5o3.
Chandler, Thomas B ., Reverend Dr., supporter of Episco-
pacy in America. i„ 460.
CHASnLER. William, Tory at New Haven. L, 424.
Chantrev. sculptor, his statue of Washington in the State
House at Boston, i., 561.
Chapelle. John Derk van der. his remarks in opposition to
sending German troops to America, i., 588.
Chapin, Seth, Lieutenant, his artifice to obtain intelligence at
Newport, L, 654. . ,
Chapman. Lieutenant, his secret communication xvith Rhode
Island in 1779, l. 654.
Chapman. John" C. painter, his picture ol the Baptism ol
Pocahontas, n.. 205, 21s , ofthe Site of Washington s Birth-
place, ii., 218. 220 . and of the Washington Residence, n.,
219
Charles I., King of England, his accession in 1625. ii., 252.
His Queen, n . 189 Sole factor of the tobacco-planters, ii.,
252. Beheaded ill 1649, ii., 253.
Ch iri.es IL, King of England. Loyalty of the ^ irginians_ to.
n 254 Berkeley proclaims him King of Virginia; the King
acknowledges Virginia as an independent member of his cm-,
pire; invited to be King or Virginia, ii., 254 origin ofthe
term "Old Dominion," ii .251 Sends Huguenots to Charles-
„,„ „ .-,;!» Uranism Lord Culpepper and Earl Arlington,
li 254; and to his brother James, i., 123 . II . 46, 5,8. His
charter to Connecticut, i., 434. Death of. ii., 50
i hari ES 111 . King "I" Spain, his conduct toward the United
States in 1778, ii., 850. ■
CHARLES III , King of France, cedes Normandy to Rollo, l.,
Charles IV . King of Spain, Letter of Louis XVI. to, on the
independence ol the I nited States, i . 87.
CHARLES Edwarii, the Pretender, li.. 358. Saved by Flora
M'Donald. ii., 358, 377, 378
Charles City Court House, ii., 236 Picture, description, and
associations of, il., 237. Courts held at Charles cny in
'•39, u ,236 „„ ... _
Charleston, South Carolina. Picture of. m 1.80. ii., 554 I o-
pogTaphyof, ii.,537,538 Picture and plan ol Fori Sullivan,
n . 546 " Map of Sullivan's Island. II., 548 \ lew of Fort
Moultrie, ii., 551. Plan of the siege of, in 1780. n .539
Revolutionary associations of, ii., 573. Cemetery or, ii ,
573.
Early settlement of. ii.. 537. Dutch, French Protestant,
and i orn'regalional settlers ; their ditlieullies with Indians,
ii 537 538. The city of, laid out by Culpepper, ii., 538
First Legislative Assembly meets at, in 1074 ; the Governor
proclaims martial law m 1682, and is banished, li . 539.
Church Liturgy adopted, il , 539. Naval battle at. in I, 16,
ii , 540. Civil war at. il., 540. Smallpox at, ii , 439 In-
vaded by the French and Spanish m 1700, ii , 539. Royal
Government established, n., 540 ■
Resists the Stamp Act in 17i",5. ii . 541. Sons of Liberty
at ii 542. Statue of Pitt at. ii, 542. Dispatches to (inv.
ernors seized in 1775 ; munitions of war seized, u.. 543- 45
The harbor of, fortified in 1775, it., 545. Civil Government
of revised . the Legislature of, termed the " General Ass, in
blv" in 1776, ii., 546. British fleet arrives at, in 1776, ii.,
547 Attasked, ii.,548. The Declaration of Independence
read at. ii .551. Invaded by the British in 1779, ii., 553-555.
Condition of, after the invasion . arrival of the British Heel
and army at. in 1780, ii., 550 strengthened by Rutledge n ,
557 Sie"e of, 11 , 558. Bombarded, ii, 560. Captured in
1780, ii., 561. Attack on the British posts near, in 1781. ii.,
567, 569. Mutiny in the camp near, in 1782. 11 ., 5,0. Evac-
uation of, bv the British, in 1782. li . 573.
Cliarleslown. Massachusetts, topography ol, in 1775,1, 538.
571. Plan of the Redoubt on Breed's Hill, l., 540. Map or,
L, 566. Burnt in 1775. l, 545.
Charlotte, Queen of George III., character of. i , 458.
Charlotte, North Carolina, early history of, scenery of, il., 410.
Patriotism of, in 1777 ; Mecklenburg Convention at, ii.. 410,
41 1 Head-quarters of Cornwallis in 1780, il, 420 Ceme-
tery of. i , 410. Skirmish at, in 1760, ii, 419. Branch ofthe
United States Mint at. n., 410.
Charlottmlle, Virginia, Tarlelon attempts to surprise the \ ir-
ginia Legislature at, ii., 343. Captive troops of Burgoyne at,
in 1781, ii., 344 View ofthe encampment ol ihe captive
troops at, ii.. 346.
Charron, M., founder ofthe Grey Nunnery at Montreal i .
Charter of Connecticut in 1662, i. 434, 435, 439.
Charter of London and Plymouth Company in 1606, li , 245.
Charter of London Company in 1012, n , 251. „._„„
Charter Oak, al Hartford, Connecticut, l. 434, 435. Picture
Chase. Jeremiah Townlev, member of the Baltimore Com-
mittee of Correspondence, ii., 186.
Chase. Samuel, of Maryland. Son of Liberty, ii , 194 His
political influence, ii.. 190. Delegate to the first Continental
Congress ii , 60. Signerofthe Declaration of Independence,
ii 196 665. Full-length portrait of. at Annapolis, n . 197.
Member of the first Naval Committee of Congress in 1..J,
ii , 037. Portrait of, ii., frontispiece. Autograph ol. 11., 61.
Biographical Sketch of. ii., 605.
Chase Thomas, of Baltimore, Son or Liberty, ii. 194.
Chasseurs, Two companies of, under Knyphausen, arrive a'.
New York in 1770, n . 014.
Chastelllx, Francis John, Marquis de, his remarks on
Arnold, Benedict, i., 713, 752. Harrison. Benjamin, 11., J3fi.
Huntington, President, ii
107.
Livingston, Henry, i., 720
Moravians, ii.. 185.
Morris, Robert, li., 107.
Schuyler, Mrs., i , 92.
Tilghman. Mr., ii.. 223
Trumbull, Governor, l.
601.
Bache, Mrs., ii., 106.
Boiling, Mrs., ii., 338, 339.
Brandywine battle-ground,
ii . 108.
Byrd, Mrs . ii., 235.
Donop, Colonel, ii , 84, 87,
88.
Fishkill, i., 690.
Hanover. Virginia, ii.. 223. ,
Notice of him and Ins family ; his journal ii i . 307. Con-
fers with Washington in 1781. i.. 435. W ith Washington at
Ins first interview with De Grasse, .. . 308. Washington's
playful letter to, ii, 307. Portrait and Autograph ot, ii., 30.
Chatkield, Asa, The house of. i.. 60.
Chatham, Earl of; sec Pitt, William.
Chatterton's Hill, View of. ii.. 617.
Chaudiire, Pond, U 193. Valley, i., 194.
Cheeseborough, Wili.iam, first "squatter at Slonington,
in 1049, 1.. 619.
Cheeseman. Major, hanged by Berkeley, ii ,256.
Cheeseman, Captain, A I Montgomery,!., 198. killed at
Quebec, i . 198, 201. Burial of, i . 201
Chelsed, port ofNorwich, i . 605.
, h, nung, Celebration at, by the American army, in 1.. I, i .
278. Battle of in 1779, I.. 274, 275, 279.
Cherokee Ford, ii., 437. View at , mountain gorge near, li.,
Cherokees, led by Barnwell against the Tuscaroras, in Caro-
lina. ,„ 1712, '.... 350. Number ol their warriors, II., 437,
43* Virginia Rangers massacred by, in l.bo. u„ -no.
C^WN^Ytrk, described. ,.. ^-^ Its name,
, -jot", Distant view of, L, 297. Residence of Judge tamp.
bell, i., 296. Whig meeting at, in 1775,1.233. Ilnttle ol, in
1778 i "08 "69
Chesapeake Bay, explored by Lord Baltimore in 1628, ii . 189
Naval battle 111 the, between the British and French fleets, ill
1781, ii .230. 306,334.
Chester, J. L., his poems quoted, ii . 130.
INDEX.
708
Chesterfield, Lord, ins remarks on Pitt's elevation to the
earldom, i . 475.
.I ilour at, burned by
Phillips and Arnold in 1761, li
Chevaux-de-fri*c, conatructed at BylUng/e*s Point In L
( ma the Hudson hi 1777. i ,735.736. At Ni
between the Batten il|"] Governor's Island, in 1770,
At Plum Point, on tbe Hudson, in 1778, i . 682.
Chevy < 'hose, Anecdote of, i - 528
Crew . Benjamin, son of Judge Samuel, li., 106 I :hief Just-
ice of Pennsylvania, arrested, and removed to \
56. Picture and description of his house, n ., 108 Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii .
Chew. Samuel, Captain in the United States navj In 1779,
Chew. Mrs . daughter-in-law of Chief Justice . her accounl ol
the death ol Major White at the Battle ofGermantown in
1777, n , 111
Chbykbv, Thomas, informs Washington of the approach of
mj at the Battle oi Brandywine, il
Ckickahommg River, explored bj t aptain John Smith in 1607,
ii., 247. Associations of, ii . 239 Colonel Simeon's expedi
Uon i" the, in 1781, ii . 257, 258
Ckickahommg Slashes, Dreariness and desolation of the, ii.,
239
. , First two while, that were born in the British Colo-
nics in North America, ii ,244
Childs, W . founder of Hillsborough, ii , 352.
Cktluothe, Old, ii., 283
Chilton, Jambs, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, i , 437.
Chtmney Point* Lake » hamplain, first settled bj the French in
1731 108, IS Picture ol the Landing, i .
Chinese, their earlj Knowledge of gunpowder, i , 635.
Chtpmai i*s Landing,
Chippewa l hie/, Address of a, to Greenough's Btatue of Wash-
ington, ii .
wa Indians at the Battle of Queensmn In 1812,
. Goi ernor, i., 108. His part in the insurrection
respecting the New Hampshire Grants, i., 400. Wa
ton's letter to, I . 100
Choise, De, General, ii., 305, 306. Invests Gloucester in 1781,
ii.. 306. Portrait of. ii., 307.
Choiseul, Duke de, commissions De Kalbto proceed to Amer-
. 1 17.
Chowan River, Virginia, Porey penetrates to, in 1622, ii., 352.
Settlements on the, ii., 353.
Christian, Edmi mi F., of (harks City ; County clerk, jail-
er, and innkeeper, ii . 236, 238.
chm! i ami ii among American Indians, i , 313, 659, 660.
i hrisi ib, Colonel, at the Battle ofQueenston, i . 226.
Christmas day, ii , 333 Noisy celebration of, at Norfolk, ii.,
335
CHRONICLE, William. Major, killed at the Battle of King's
Mountain in 1780, ii . 428
Chl'Ri u. Benjamin, Captain, captures and beheads King
Philip in 1070, L, 663 Biographical sketch of, i .. 663.
Cm r< h. I»r Benjamin, Patriotic character of, In 1770, i., 493.
On ihe ' !onimittee to prepare a narrative of the massacre at
Lexington and Concord, i., 531. On the Committee ol Safe-
ty ni 1775, i . 536. Surgeon ol the Army Hospital in 1775 ;
imprisoned for treason . banished , first traitor to the Revo-
tionary cause, i , 568.
CiiiRdi, Maior, anecdote o( him and Lieutenant Rice, i.,
130
Chub* h, Lieutenant, in Arnold's Canada expedition, i-. 103.
Churi h, Mrs., daughter of General Schuyler; wife of John IS.
Church, i , 223.
Churches ;
■ ii Hill, St Peter's, n . 116.
Binuinf is a hospital, ii , 176.
Blandti.nl, ii , 336
Boston, The Old South, i ,490 : bead-quarters of the Brit-
ish soldiers in the Revolution, i., 490 ecrated by
them, i.,574 583 North I Westt hurch,
Brattle Street, i., 583 rJolils Street,
Bristol, bnrni by the British In 1778, i., 636.
Brunswick, North Carolina, St Philip's, U., 362.
Caughnawaga, Old, L, 233.
< rosswicks, Friend's Meeting House. II
Fisbkill, Old Dutch, i , 69J Trinity, i-, G'J'J.
Freehold, ii., 153
German Plata, <-. 254
Hampton, St. John's, il . 326.
Hartford, First Meeting House, I., 433.
Highlands, si Philips, i
Jamaica. Pn sbyterian Stone Church, il . I
Jamestown, Old Tower, n., 211.
Little Falls. Castle Church, i ,261
Natick, first Indian Chunh in America, i , 659.
New Ai ork, Brick I hurch. used as a prison and as a hos-
pital, ii . 659 French Church, il . 529; used as a mag-
azine for ordnance and stores, II , 659 Middle Dutch
Church, ii, 639; used as a riding ' North
Dutch Church, used as a prison, and us pulpit removed
to London, ii., 659 Scotch i hurch, in Cedar Street,
used as a hospital, li., 659 Swamp Church, ii . 639
Trinity church, IL, 595; burned In 1776, II ,613. Wall
Street ' hurch, used as a hospital, it., I
Norfolk, st Pauls, i
Peek skill, ancient wooden Church
Petersburg, Blandford t hurch, li., 336
Philadelphia, Brick Church, built on the site of the old
Block-house at Southwark in 1700, 11., 49 Chriet
Church, with us ancieni sounding board, ii . 12. 13 .
picture of, and historj of, ii., 43, 44 Swedish Church,
n . 96, B
Pohick, Pohick Church, where Washington used to wor
Bhip, li.,313
Potomac, Potomac I -hurch, Rums of, U., 2X6.
Queen Inne's < tutpel, i.. 280
Richmond, Monumental church, il
Richmond Hill, St. John's, ii., 231, 232
Sleep) Hollow, ancient Dutch Church, i . 758.
White Plains. Presbyterian church, burned by the Amer-
icana m 1776, ii ,017
Williamsburg, Brenton Church, ii , 2f>3.
Wilmington, Episcopal Church, il . 575.
ttant, ni North Carolina in |776, II
Church of England, established in America by the London
and Plymouth Companies In 1606, ii . 245 Bstabllsl
Virginia, il., 253; and in Soi i i na in 1703, li.,
Established in Maryland in 1692, ii., 193
i hurchill, Elijah, Sergeant, recen es froip General W
ington the ■ ■ iry merit In 1780, ii . 626
■ , < rovernor Carteret's aecouni of, in 1682, i . 305.
Cincinnati, Society of the, its organization in IT*:!, i , 693. Its
(irat proceedings. i.( 694 Its Constitution o ■ r Judge
Burke, i., 695 Us Medal and Order, I., 694. Its i en
of Membership, i . 696, 697. President Gem ral of, I
Ctpangi: see Zipango
ubi d bj Loyalists, i . 300.
Circular Letter of Massachusetts in 17ii.'>, i, 464. Ol
Hillsborough, I., 464
City Hall, < Hd, at NOW York, used as a guard-housi
i 865.
City Point, Prince George County. Virginia, IL,
claims to American terrilpry by France, IL, 266 Bj Gn
Britain, ii., 266. By Spain, IL, 650
i, William, Secretary to General Gates . Autograph of,
n . 462
Clarendon, Lord, ii., 353.
ton • "untu. sir John Veainans, Governor of. 11 . 3J3.
Abraham, ol Now Jersey, signer of the D*
of independence . Biographical Sketch of, II . 664 Portra.t
of, :i . froniispu 1 1 Autograph of. IL, so.
Clark, John, l •< aeral Merci r dies in the house of ii .
Clark, Jonas, Revi rend, picture and associations of his h
1 . 523.
Clark, Thokas, his house at Princeton, IL, 28, 29.
I 1 ',,.,. w : ; Gaylors, his poems quoted, L, 418, 548
■.-., Reverend Dr., ins opinion of the tnfljii di
woman, L, 366,
Clarke, w ub ral British], at Savannah in \>
Retires to New Vork,iLt535. Governor of Canada 1
1807, a.. 534.
Clarke, Elijah, colonel in the southern Campaign in 1781 .
u . -i-ji. 506, 509. U the Battle ol Musgroves Mill, 11., 444
Clarke, E. W„ ofOswego, L, 216.
Clarke, sir Francis, Burgoyne's Aid, Death of, in 1777. i ,
Clarke, George nor.Ens. Colonel (afterward Genera
283, 285, 337. Mis iirst visit to Kentucky in 177:>. II . 287
tptorations his plan ol an expedition againsl tbe Brit-
Ian forts on the l Ihio in 1777. ii., 288. Takes K ask ask j a and
Vincennes . pacifies Indians. IL, 289,290. Plans an expedi-
tion i" recapture Vincennes in 1779; sends t aptain Rogers
10 the month of the White River; traverses the drowned
lands of Qttnoia; demands the surrender of Vincennes, II ,
290. « aptures ' iovernor Hamilton and the garrison, ii U
in \ irginia in 1781 bis lemporarj command an 1
promot.-d to the rank of Brigadier; ins expedition against
the Indian towns on the Scioto in 1782, li ,295 Portrait,
Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, IL, 287
Clarke. John, a leader of Mrs Huchinson's friends on their
1 ■ alsion from Massachusetts, 1 ,638.
Clarke, Joseph, architect of the State House at Anna]
ce, Richard, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, L, 437
E, Richard, nephew ol Governor Hutchinson, 1 . 196
Clarke, officer in the marines, his anecdote of General Howe
.
oi History, IL, Ml
Clarkson, James, ol 1 !arl hue, 1 , 377.
Clary, Colonel, at the Battle of Musgrove's Mill in 1780 II
111
(1 u -. Daniel, i .. 232, 233, 21 1 Commands Indians at Os-
in 1777, 1 . 219, 241, 287. tt lie ol 1 , 287
Clat, Him; v. his birth-place, I., 225, < lommtsaloner at Ghent ;
Dnited States Senator, ii., 225
Clat, Reverend Mr., of Philadelphia, IL, 96.
Claybornb, William, ins royal license to traffic with Indian
mi 1631 his settlements on "Kent Island and on the Susquc
704
INDEX.
hanna; opposes Calvert . tried as a traitor , acquitted ; re-
turns to Maryland ,„ IMS; drives the Governor into Vir-
. Sypooii .James, subscribing witness to Hie Pennsylvania
, n1;''!',,;";.V'i;'i kjamin, I oloitel, of North Carolina, in the
Souther" I tign in 1780, it., 425, 428. At the Battle of
King's Mount tin, li 129. Autograph of, u., 428.
Ci emi nt XIV., Pope, favors America, i., So.
Clergymen: see Ministers of the Gospel.
-Cllrmdnt," Fulton's steamboat. Picture of the, I...SS.
CiEt E, Frederic, RiedesePs Aid . Autograph of, n., 428.
c liven, itii, his exploit at Croaswicks, 11.. 12.
t'lFVERi v SrEPHES, of Boston, Son of Liberty, i . JB6.
Clinton, Charles, Colonel, in Bradstreet's expedition, i.,
215 Settles on the Hudson in 1731, I., 680. Biographical
Skeu-h of, l.. 255. n , , 0_0
Clinton; De Witt, Governor, son of General James, i., 2,3.
ills Memoir on the Antiquities of New York, i., 230. 1 re-
posed monument to, i., 259.
Clinton, George, of the family of the Earls of Lincoln ; Gov-
ernor of New York in 1743, n., 580.
Clinton, George, General, if, 34. Son of Colonel Charles,
255. Governor of New York in 1777, ii., 632. First Gov-
eral. ii., 33. 200. Marries the sister of General Schuyler, i .
221 Inoculates soldiers of tin Continental army i , 30?.
7(12 Biographical Sketch of, i . 221
Cochran. Robert, Colonel, in command at Fort Edward in
1777. l . 74. Adventures of, sent to Canada as a spy in
1778, i., 102.: Anecdote ot him and Steuben, I. ,693. Grave
of. i., 102.
Coi hra.n. Major, son of Dr. John, i.. 39, 221 . ii., 200 Mar
Ties a daughter of General Schuyler, i., 221. Dealh of. i.,
222.
Cochran, Catharine, Mrs., daughter of General Schuyler.
i., 39 Portrait and Autograph of. i.. 223.
foe* Figure of a, used by Canadians for surmounting a cross.
i., i?3.
Cockades, French and American, described, Washington or
ders his officers to wear, l., 055.
Cockblrn, Admiral, attacks Hampton. Virginia, in 1813, ii..
326.
Coddington, William, prominent among the friends ot Mrs
Hutchinson in 1637, i., 638. Governor of Rhode Island, i..
639.
Code. American Naval, in 1775, i.. 576 ; ii., 637. 638.
Coenties Slip, New York city, Origin ol the name, it., 588.
Coffee, Lieutenant, ii.. 269
Pursues Sir John Johnson, i., 290. President of the New
York State Convention in 1789, i., 384. Conference of. with
Washington and Carleton respecting the evacuation oi New
Y-ork in 1783, ii.. 632. Portrait, AutogTaph, and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 632.
Clinton, Sir Henry, General, arrives at Boston alter the
Battle of Lexington in 1775, i., 537. At the Battle of_Bunker
Hill ii 545. Advises an attack on Cambridge, i., 547. Sails
for North Carolina in 1776, ii., 592. His proclamation from
the Pallas sloop-of-war ; ravages Howe's plantation : sails
for New York, ii., 383. 592. At the Battle of Long Island,
ii., 603. At the Battle of White Plains, ii., 616. With Mr
Peter Parker at Newport, i.. 641.
Sails from Newport to New York in 1777. i , 642. His
message to Burgovne at Saratoga, i., 59. 79. His stratagem
to divert Putnam from the Hudson Highlands, i.. 733. His
expeditions up the Hudson, i., 366 ; and to New Bedford. i..
652. Attacks Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery, l., 735,
736. . ,_„ .
Succeeds Sir William Howe 5s Generalissimo in 1, ,8. l.,
309 ii.. 146. Attempts to surprise La Fayette at Barren
Hill, ii., 122. At the Battle of Monmouth, ii, 151. Retreats
to Sandy Hook, it., 158. His operations in New J( rsej in
1778, i., 332. Encourages the circulation of counterfeit
monev, i., 318. At the Mischianza in 1778, ii., 97. Captures
forts at Verplanck's and Stony Point, i., 743. His expedition
under Tryon, i., 422. His expedition to Newport, i., 653,
656. Attacks and captures Charleston in 1780, ii., 458, 556,
558, 561. His military operations at the South, ii., 458, 461.
His return from the South ; his designs on Washington at
Short Hills, i.. 322. Deceives Washington, i.. 323. Sails
from New York to Huntington Bay in 1780, i.. 056. _His cor-
respondence with Arnold and Andre in 1780. i., 714. /15.
His desire to possess West Point, i.. 712. His letter to Lord
Germain, i.. 715. His emissaries at Morristown ; their fate,
i.. 313. Sails for the Chesapeake to aid Cornwallis in 1781.
n . 315. Receives intercepted letters of Washington's, ii.,
97. His personal appearance; his reserve, ii., 103. Portrait,
Autograph, and Biographical sketch of, ii., 556.
Clinton, James, Colonel of a Patriot regiment at New York
in 1775. ii., 588. Son of Colonel Charles, i., 255, 680. In
command in the Hudson Highlands in 1777. i., 683. Wound-
ed in the attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery, i . . ..".
His expedition to Western New York against Indians in
1779, i , 270, 272. Member of the Court of Inquiry respect-
ing Andre, i., 765. At the siege of Yorklown in 1781, ii., 311.
Biographical Sketch of, i.. 272, 680.
Clyde, Colonel, i., 262, 263.
Ci.vmer. George, of Pennsylvania, signer of the Declaration
of Independence ; on the Committee of Congress to remain
at Philadelphia in 1776, ii.. 19. Mobbed in 1T7'.'. i . 321 Por-
trait of. ii.. frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 81. Biographical
Sketch of, il., 664.
I i l mer, George, inventor of the Columbian Printing 1 ress,
ii.. 203.
Ci.vmer. Mrs.. The house of, at Philadelphia; Jefferson writes
the Declaration of Independence at, it, 71.
' brines at Carbondale, Fatal accident at, in 1846, i., 3<i.
Exploration of. i . 378, 379
Coates, Colonel I British), at Biggin, South Carolina; at the
Battle ofQuimhy's Creek Bridge, ii.. 567.
Cobbett, William, removes the remains of Thomas Paine to
nut in 1839, 11., 647.
' obelskOl, Attack on. in 1779, i . 271.
< ochituate, Lake, Notice of, i .. 595.
i ... man, John, M.D., l., 39. Physician and Surgeon Ccn-
Pine-tree
its historical asso-
Cohoes Falls, Ne..
Corns Ancient, of Virginia, of the time ol Charles II., n.. 254.
Silver, found at Fort Edward, i.. 103. Fae simile of the
first money coined in the United Stales, i., 318.
shilling, i., 449.
Coke, John, of Virginia, his plantation ;
ciations, ii.. 240, 241.
Coke, Richard, brother of John, member of Congress, h.,24I.
Colborne. Sir John. Cairn in honor of, i.. 209.
Colbirn, Colonel, killed at the Battle of Stillwater in 1/.-,
i., 55.
Cold Weather : see Winter.
Golden. Cadwallader. Lieutenant-governor of New Y ork
in 1760. ii., 580, 581. Burned in effigy at New York in 1705,
ii , 562. His coalition with Delancey. if, 585. His '• His-
tory of the Five Nations of Indians ;" his invention of stere-
otyping, ii.. 581. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 581. .
Colden, Maria, of Orange County; signature of. i., 683.
Cole, the painter, his pictures of the " \ oyageof Life, i .25..
Colfax, Schuyler, grandson of General William, li., 668.
Colfax. William. General, Captain-commandant ot Wash-
ington's Life Guard ; encamps with Ins corps ut Morristown
in 1777, i., 310. 688. Autograph or, i., 668. Biographical
Sketch of. 11., 669, 670.
Chapel Hill. North Carolina, ii., 379 ; Person Hall. ii.. 363.
Columbia (King's), New York, ii., 588. Used as a pris-
on, ii., 659. Confers on Tryon the degree ot LL.D..
ii.,587. President Cooper, ii., 568. President Johnson,
ii., 588.
Harvard University. Cambridge. Massachusetts, endowed
by the Reverend John Harvard in 1638, i.. 555. Students
dismissed to make room for the captured^troops of Bur-
govne. i., 593. President Langdon. ii., 37.
Liberty Hall Academy, North Carolina, ii.. 393.
Nassau Hall, Princeton. New Jersey, established at Eliz-
abethtown by Jonathan Dickinson in 1746. i., 305; ii..
36. Removed to Newark ; removed to Princeton, i . 305.
Reverend Aaron Burr, second President of. i., 305. Gov-
ernor Belcher's donation of books to, ii., 36. Skirmish
near, in 1777, ii., 30. Silas Deane's proposal to present
the library of. to the French government, ii., 36. Used
for military purposes; Cornwallis attempts to carry its
Planetarium lo England, ii.,36. President V> itherspoon,
ii., 37. Picture of, ii., 31.
New Brunswick, New Jersey, the Reverend John II. Liv-
ingston President, i., 365.
Philadelphia College, ii., 665.
South Carolina College, n . 481.
William and Marv. Williamsburg, Virginia, founded in
1692 . history of, ii.. 262.
Y'ale, established at Saybrook, i.. 618. Origin and hstory
or i 431 Political character of, in the Revolution, i.,431.
President Daggett, i., 424 ; ii., 37. President Dw iglit.
i 417
Colleton. Governor, proclaims martial law in Charleston in
1682, and is banished, ii., 539.
Collett, Commander of Fort Johnson, Ii., 375.
Collier. Sir George. Admiral, captures the ship Hancock.
Captain John Manlev, in 1777, ii.. 640. At New York in
17T'i i 780 Ai Hampton Roads ; attacks Fort Nel
takes Norlblk, Gosport, Suffolk, II., 332. At Stony Point,
i 7 13 n . 332. His expedition to Connecticut, i . 422.
t 'oi't. in s.I.ew is, his Historical Collections of Kentucky, ii. ,286.
289, 295.
iM'i: x.
70s
Collins. Capiain (British), of the man-of-war Magda
297, 298.
Colonel, Rank of. in the American army in 177'">.
Cotonu Nicholson's proposed union of; his pro-
posed Vicerej in 1704. U., 265, I>oyalry and patriotism of,
ii . 249. State of the, jusi before the Revolution, i . 126, 127,
349,521, 585. Under British martial law in 1775,
Spirit of the, in 1776, i., 126, 127.
Colon i ' ma\ I'nion of the. i., 433. New Haven
and Connecticut colonies oniled in 1665; Charter ol
-in granted bj Charles II., i.. 134 rut and
Rhode Is] ind i leel their own governors in f688, )■. -163.
Colors, Stands of. taken from i ormvallis. a.. 322.
: , refuses to accompany Smith to the ship
Vulture, L, 718. He and his brother Joseph afterward con-
,719
Columbia, South Carolina, ii., 481.
Columbia College: »
ilohew, brother of Christopher, i..2l.
mi s, Christopher, grounds of his belief In the exist-
ence of America, i i visited by Northmen prior
to its discovery t'> him, ii.. 66, sets out From Palos, i . 25.
Muum among his crew, i . 24 Discovers America in 1492,
i . 25. ' Picture of his landing, i., 25. 3
turn to Europe ; honors conferred on him . Imprisoned ; Ins
subsequent discoveries; death of. i.. 26. Portrait, Auto-
graph, ami Biographical Sketch of, i . 18, 19.
Comely. Mary, her ingenuity in detecting a robber, ii., 13.
Commerce, United States treaty of, with Holla 551. Re-
Strictions in. by Parliament, in 1672, i., 453.
Commission '
Albany Convention, in 1754, L, 303.
British. Resident, in 1775, i.. 588. British, with Lord
North's lljlis. in 1778, ii., 143.
Customs, in 1767, i . 47J>.
Gaspee, in 1772. i., 630.
Pennsylvania, on the suhject of the settlers m Wyoming,
I. 375.
Pittsburgh, of observation, in 1778, ii., 293.
Trenton, on the difficulties between ' Connecticut a ■
Bylyania in 1782, i., 37 1.
Yorktown, of Washington and Corn wallis. in 1781, ii., 316.
Committee, on
Commission of the < Commander-in-chief, i., 563,
Correspondence, of, at Baltimore, ii., lt>6 ; at Boston, i.,
494. 513 ; at Norwich, i .
Creditors, Public, on, in 17*2. i., 673.
Declaration of Independence, on.
Declaration of Rights, on, in Virginia, u
Frenchman, Mysterious, on, i., 590.
Lord Howe's Conference, on, in 1776, ii., 6 -
Mecklenbur. us Resolutions, on, u., 412, -113.
One Hundred, of, at New York, ii., 589
Safet\. of, in Massachusetts, i., 516; in North Can
79 . in Virginia, ii . 279, 299.
Commodore. Rank of. in the American navy in 1776, ii
Communion TaOU, Ancient, of the Dutch Church. Sleepy Hol-
low. :
Plymouth, ii.. 245.
banns, i.. 313.
West India, ii .
, i., 402. Distant
Companies :
Delaware, i . 344. 347.
East India, ii
245, 251, 252.
Ohio, ii . 266, 267
Compo, Landing of British forces at, in 17
view Of, i . 102.
■ .'. Massachusetts, Tin Provincial Congress mo
in 1774, i„ 5!."'. British expedition to, in 1775, i., 522.
skirmish at, In 1775, i.. 190. Picture and topography of the
battle-ground, i , 526, 527. Military stores concealed at, i
552. Destruction of property at, in 1**5, i . 526 Village
of; monument .it. i., 551, '.
rk, Battle ol". i.. 27 1.
Confederation of ihr Imerican Colonies , Dr. Franklin's Arti-
cles of thf. in 177,"». n . 652, 653. < -ommittee of * Congress on
the, n . 653. Articles of the, in 1777. ii., 83, 1 i Hii
lory of the. n . f«3, 655. French translation of the ■
sent to Canada by order ol » ongress, ii . 655. Revision of
the Articles, ii., 657.
nee, ship of war. i . 143.
■ na, p.. 177
Congre nationalists, Settlement of, in South Carolina in 1696,
ii.. 5
Congress, Colonial, meets at New York in 1765, i , i
Members of the, i . -165.
Congress, Continental, proposed in 1774. u.. 54. 59, 277. 509,
510,511,599. First movei irda; Arse meeting ol
the. in 1774, i., 157 ; ii., 54,5$ 59.374. Members of the first,
ii., 59, 60, 281. Its organization, first prayer; sympathy
with Massachusetts ; Declaration of Rights . Articles ol the
American Association, it.. 60,61, 62. State papers . d<
ii., 63. Pitt's tribute to the, i., 550. Character of the, by
.lohn Adams. Botta. and Charles Thomson, u., 60, 63.
Proceedings of the. respecting
Address, an, to the people of Canada, i , 122 , ii., 63,654.
Address, an, to the people of Great Britain, ii., 63.
Addresses, various, i , 126.
n. 2Y
Admiralty, Boards of, ii . 637.
Agents of the British nds the
ire and imprisonment of them, ii , 144
i oath ol . to be administered bj VI i
i the offlcers ui the army si I
■■ s, national, ii., 648
American Association ; Art 69
American Independi a ■ to drail
laratlon, ii., 76 . and signs it, II . 79 81 De
rlarcs to Ibreign nations Its purpose to bt Independent
■ a Britain In 1777, il . 649
Andre . ran u tors of him, i„ 773.
Army, the Continental, adopts measures n> increasi
the Btrength of it, I . 566 Mini
127. Tardiness ol I ongress in supply ing m<
munitions , i., 133.
Mid his valor at Dant>ur\ , ,410. Adopts meas-
ures liir the capture of him, ii . 230
Barton. Colonel . rewards him for his bravery, L, 6-15.
Beaumarchaia . pays his claim, ii . 649.
Bills of i ■ i . 316, 317
ol War, the : appoints a new hoard without eon
suiting with Washington,
Boards of Admiralty, ij
in; instructs Washington to destroy it. i , M '
Bounties of money and land to the Continental
n . 1".
British Comm itlve to American Ind
61 1.141 Recommends the seizure and imprison
ment of the Agents ol the * Commissioners, Ii., in
Burgo) ne, and bJi return to England, i . . 82. < Irdi ra his
captive arm) to Virginia, ii . 344.
Canada; issues Addresses to the people of, i., 1
157 . n .655.
Civil Government . organizes it in 1775, i., 568.
Claims urged bj the arm; . i . 674
it ion sent to Pittsburgh in
177s, i|
I immissioners to Foreign < ourts In 1776, ii., 648.
Confederation, Articles of, ii , v:i. 653, 655.
Connecticut and Pennsylvania, hostilities of, i., 347, 384.
■ ntaj Army, the, i . 127, 133. 5G8.
Cornwailis, the surrender of, ii , 321.
I orrespondence, foreign, ii., 647.
Creditors. Public, m 1782, L, 673.
I ttion of Independence, a, U-, 70, 71, 74, 7i
ration of Rights, a, ii., 62.
De Grasse, a vote ol thanks to. ii., 321. Ordnance pre-
sented to, ti., 322.
Dictatorial powers granted to Washington in J77r'., i .
26; and in 1777, n., 179.
Fleury, I is de, a horse and medal awarded to, j..
749 . ii . 17-
-
the frigate America presented by the United
i.. 624. Tiie formal
the ft _ French envoy in 177s, ii., W). Ex-
onerates the French fleet Irom censure in 1778, i. ,653.
Appoints a committee to confer with the Mysterious
man, i., 590.
General; appoints him to uyler, i,
36,42. its action i lim and Burgoyne. ii.,
344.
Tin Hand, a Commercial Treaty with, ii., 651.
Hospital for the Army, a, U
Independence, national, il., 70, 7 t. I 19
Ireland, an Address to the people of, i . 126,
Jamaica, an Address to the Assembl) of, i
Lyette, s sword presented lo, i . 655 ; il., 324.
■ namplsin, a < ommittee ol Inquiry - 1
i medal awardi
i five millions of dollars, a. in 1770, ii., I*1.
Memorial to the Colonies, a, ii.. 63.
Military preparations, i., 127.
Honey, the coinage of, i . 318 Authorizes it in 1776,
i . 318.
■ 37
Navy, the formation and operations of a. in 1775,
Neutrality, the rt ol the Shaw-
Hers hi 177*. i . 264
Oath of allegiance to the American Government, the, in
ii armj their oath of
allegiance, u., 146. Rewards offlcers n>r bravery, il ,
naval officers, the, ii., 637.
,.[-• sented to ( !i orge in bj
: and Connecticut, hostilities between, Lo
1775, i
Petition to the kins. a. i.. 126, 585.
•• Pigot," the galley captored bj captain Talbot,
Pittsburgh, * ommissioners ol Observation sent to, In
I77s. ltl relation to hostile Indians, ii , 280.
Post-office system, the , the establishment of it in 1775,
i . 568.
706
I X D E X .
Powers of the General Government, ilu\ ii., 053, 656.
Prizes, iiif division of, n.. 037
Quakers to be arrested (or seditious publications, ii.,50.
Randolph. Peyton . chosen president ol Congress, i , 125
Roc ham beau, a vote of thanks to, u., 321, Presents
ordnance to, ii . 322.
si Clair, the suspension of, i . 136
Schuyler, the appointment of Gates in the place of, i.,
136
Secret committee to obtain aid from France, a. i , m;
Shawnees, the, their neutrality in 1778, i., 264.
Spencer, t ho Court of Enquiry in relation to the conduct
of. i . 64ti
Stitrk. General, the insubordination of, i., 394.
State Papers, the issuing <>t, ii., 03.
Sullivan, the recall of. from the army, if, I7.V
Talbot, Captain, the promotion of, i, 604.
Thanksgiving, public religious, by the nation, ii., 127,
by Congress, ii . 321.
Thomson, Charles, chosen secretary, j., 125.
Tilghman, Lieutenant-colonel, a sword and a horse pre-
bi riled to, ii . 322.
Union anil harmony, measures to secure, ii., 83.
Valley Forge, the weakening of Washington's power
at, u . 131
Vigilance, committees of, in 1775, i., 352.
Virginia, a campaign to, ii . 303
Wallace, Admiral, the supply of, with provisions, L,
040
War, funds for carrying on the, in 1780, i .055. A now
Board of War appointed without consulting with
Washington, ii , 133.
Warren, General, a monument to be erected to the mem-
ory of. and the government to provide lor the educa-
tion of his eldest son, i , 550.
Washington, the appointment of, as Commander-in-
chief in 1775, i , 190. Confers with him in 1776, ii.,
5lJl Constitutes him Military Dictator in 1770, n ,
25, 179. Allows him to be treated with disrespect in
1777. n , 133. Appoints a new Board of War without
consulting him in 1778, ii., 133. Votes thanks to
him, ii . 321, Presents to him stands of colors taken
from Cornwallis, it., 322. Resolves to erect an eques-
trian bron/,e statue in honor of him in 1783, i.. 680,
West Point, fortifications at, in 1775, i., 706. The Mil-
itary Academy established at, i., 706.
Westmoreland, soldiers to be raised in, in 1778, i., 352.
Wooster, General, the erection of a monument in mem
ory ot, i , 406.
York town, the erection of a monument at, ii., 321
Holds sessions at Philadelphia in 1774. i., 126; ii., 50: in
1775, i., 125 in 1777 and 177S, i., 047. At Baltimore in
1770, ii , is. >-3 hi 1777, i., 397. At Lancaster and York in
1777 and 1778, i., 647; ii., 109.
Congress, Federal, The library of, ii., 199.
Congress Hall, Philadelphia, -Picture of, ii., 58.
Congress, Provincial: see Massachusetts; New York, <fcc.
" Congress" galley, Arnold's flag-ship, i., 104, 105.
Congress's Own see Connecticut Hungers.
Contiff/riit, First settlement ot, at Hartford; first Meeting
House in 1030; first government organised in 1036; Crim-
inal (.'ode of, i , 433. Its union with New Haven, Massa-
chusetts, and Plymouth colonies in 1643, i., 433. Conjunc-
tion of, with New Haven colony, its charter from Charles
II in 1002, James 11. annuls its charter in 1665, i., 434.
King Philip's war in 1676, i., 663.
Sir Edmund Andros first Governor of, in 1086, i.. 434.
Picture and story of 'the Charter Oak at Hartford; Andros
expelled in 1088, i.. 434. 435. Difficulties of, with Pennsyl-
vania, in 1771, i., 347, 371, 375. Sends Colonel Dyer to En-
gland to act in its bshalf there, i., 347. Invited by Massa-
chusetts to resist oppression by England in 1774, i., 510
Appoints military officers in 1775, i., 522 , raises si\ regi-
ments before the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, i.,536. Adopts
measures relative to the Declaration of Independence in 1770,
n., 70. Constitution of, before 1776, ii.,83. Naval force of,
in 1777, i., 610. Delegates of, sign the Articles of Confeder-
ation in 1778, ii., 055. Called upon by Congress for funds
to carry on the war in 1780, i.. 655.
Historical Society of, i., 437-139. First printing in, in
171(1. i., 018.
Connecticut Farms, Connecticut, Burning of the village of, in
1780, i., 322, 324.
Connecticut Rangers, a regiment commonly called " Congress's
Own," ii., 612
Conner, Daniel, of Danube, New York, i.. 260.
Connolly, Dr. John, of Pittsburgh, m the service of T.ord
Dunmore, ii., 283. Captured, ii ,291. Biographical Sketch
ot, M..291.
- m ihohocken [Matson's Ford), The village of, on the Schuyl-
kill, Ii., 123, 124.
tution, Fedi ral, of the United states. History of the, ii.,
656-65M, Conventions in relation to the adoption of the, i.,
382, 384. Essays of Jay, Hamilton, and Madison on the, i.,
384, Adoption of the. in 1787, ii., S3, 057. Vote of the Vir-
B ma Convention on ihe, ii., 232.
Constitution, of
Connecticut, adopted hefore 1770. ii., 83.
Delaware, adopted September 20th, 1770, ii., 83
Georgia, February 5th. 1777, ii , 83.
Maryland, August 14lh, 1776, u., 83, 190.
Massachusetts, September 1st, 1779, ii.,83.
New Jersey, July 2d, 1770, ii., *3.
New York, April 20th, 1777, ii.,83. First printed at Fish
kill in 1777. !.. 693.
Pennsylvania, July 15th, 1776, ii., 53.
Rhode Island, before 1776, ii., Ki.
South Carolina, March 19th, 1778, ii-, 83.
Virginia, July 5th. 1770, ii., 83.
Constitution House, at Kingston, New York, Picture and no-
tice ot. i . 387
Constitution Island, near West Point, i., 707; fortified in 1770.
i., 703. View from, i.,708.
Constitutional Courant newspaper, Device of the head-piece
of the, L, 468, 508.
Constitutional Society, Dr. Franklin receives funds from the.
for widows, orphans, and aged parents of the Americans
killed at the Battle of Lexington, f, 585;
('(institutions. Fundamental, of Shaftesbury and J.oeke. for
Albemarle County, North Carolina, in 1669, ii., 354. Abro-
gated, ii., 355.
Continental Army : sec Army, Continental.
Continental Congress: see Congress, Continental.
i 'ontznental Lottery, to defray the expenses of the Revolution-
ary War in 1776, ii., 671.
Continental Payer Money: see Money.
Continental Village, Putnam's head-quarters near, l . 735
Burned by the British in 1777. i., 741.
Contrecceur, M. de, at Fort Duquesne, ii., 268, 272.
Convent, Ursuline, at Quebec, i., 204.
< onvt ntion, at
Albany, in 1754, for renewing treaties with the Six _\a
tions, i., 302, 303.
Annapolis, in 1786, for remedying defects in the Federal
Government, ii., 202.
Boston, in 1768, i., 480 ; and in 1774, on late Acts of Par-
liament, i., 514.
Fishkill, in 1777. of Representatives of New York, i - 387
Harlem, in 1777, of Representatives of New York, i., 387
Hartford, in 1779. i , 321.
Kingston, New York, in 1777, of Representatives of New
York, i., 387.
Mecklenburg, in 1775, ii, 411-413.
New York, in 1765, on a Declaration of Rights, and on a
Petition to the King, and a Memorial to Parliament, ii..
259.
North Carolina, in 1774, on the Tea Art, ii., 373 ; and in
1770, relative to the Declaration of Independence, i.. 275
Philadelphia, in 1774, ii., 54. Instructs the Assembly ot
Pennsylvania to assert Colonial Rights, ii., 55.
Poughke'epsie, in 1788, i ., 382-384.
Rhode Island, in 1770, ii., 69.
Richmond, in 1763, ii., 232.
Saratoga, in 1777, for the release of Burgoyne, i., 82.
Virginia, in 1775, ii.. 298; in 1776, ii., 69.
White Plains, in 1777. i.. 387.
Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1776. if, 299.
"Convention Troops," their parole; Picture of the, i., 593 ,
ii., 344, 346.
Conway, General, Member of Parliament ; Secretary of State,
i.. 470. Censures the Ministry on the evacuation of Boston
in 1775, i., 587. Opposes civil war in America in 1776, i .
589. 590. His seeming defection from the cause of freedom
in trie Colonies, i., 503. His motion in Parliament declaring
the American war ended, ii., 571.
Conway, Thomas, General, ii., 35. Born in Ireland ; educa-
ted in France, ii., 34. 131. At
Brandywine. in 1777, ii., 175.
Germantown, in 1777. ii., 109, 110.
Mornstown, in 1777. ii., 131.
Valley Forge, in 1776, ii., 128.
A secret enemy of Washington's in 1778, if, 130, 132. Ap-
pointed Inspector-general, if, 131. Aspires t<> the post or
Commander-in-chief, ii., 131. His resignation promptly ac-
cepted by Congress; desires to he restored, Ins due! with
General Cadwallader ; is wounded ; writes a letter of apol-
ogy to Washington, it., 134. Suspected of forging letters
purporting to be written bv Washington, ii., 131. Autograph
of, ii., 131.
t lONYNGH im. Captain, his naval exploits, if. 039.
Cook. Colonel, in the expedition to Danbury, i.,403. At Still-
water, i., 51.
Cook, Francis, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, i. 437.
Cooke, Bphraim, Tory, ii., 366.
Cooke, James. Virginia Commissioner on Accounts, Ii,, 300.
Cooke, Nicholas, Governor of Rhode Island, i., 628. At the
Conference with Washington, at Boston, En 177"), I., 575
Washington's directions to, respecting retaliation, i . 575
Biographical Sketch of: monument to. i , 625.
COON, a Tory, anecdote of him and Arnold, i., 409.
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury, 11., 353, 536
Biographical Sketch of, ii., 354,
1 X D E X .
"
Cooper. J. Fenmmore. his mistake as to the Old Tower at
Newport, i . 633. Author oi " The Spy,"' i . 690. cued, i.,
689. ii ,645
Cooper, Myi.es, Reverend Dr.. or New York, flees from King's
College in IT75. ii , Sfi
Cooper. Samuel. Reverend Dr ., of Boston, L, 557. Franklin
sends to hmi the Wl . 494.
Coor. Jambs, of North Carotins, member of the Provincial
. 3"6.
Co pel ax n, John, persecuted by Puritans, i . 449.
ttopenkagau Royal - ries of, L, (534.
Coper* ol bis theorj of the Solar System, i ,20
Copley, Job h Sjholetoh, American painter, Ins pictures
painted for Parliament, ii., 142. Father of Lord Lyndnurst,
I., 496. His political sentiments, ii., 142.
Copubt, Sir Lionel, Governor of Maryland in 1692, ii.. 193.
Copp's Hill, or Snow Hill. Ha historic ass . 361.
Coram. New York, Destruction oi hay at. by Major Tallmadge,
in 1780, ii 628
Corbett, Thomas, seizes, dispatches to Governors in 171
543
Corbin, collector of taxes, mobbed at Enl ii., 361.
• er-generai at Willis a
Induots, Hostility of, toward the people ol Carolina in
ITU, ii.. 356. Peace concluded with them in 1715, it>.
CoRLlEs, John. Notice of, 1-. 223.
Cornburv. Lord, Governor ofNewYork and New Jersey, ii.,
94
Cornelius, Lewis, tavern-keeper at Milford. Dimensions and
-t of, i . 380.
Cornell, Bzbeiel. signs the rema ttoD'Estsing,
Corn-planter, Indian chief, with Ins i] rriors, at
the Battle of Mount Pleasant, n , 281. Treats with Lord
Dun more, ii
llets. Captain. Roman Catholic, account of him and
hia two Protestant servants, ii . 191.
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, arrives m New fork
ii.. 596. Battle between him and Lord Stirling, li., 604. At
the attack on Fort Washington, u.. 6"J" I akrs Fort Lee,
ii., 1 1, 622. Pursues Washington, ii., 15, 623 Al Trenton,
ii., 15. At Newark capture of Philadel-
phia; injudicious disposition of his troops ; bis contempt of
Washington's army ; returns to New York ; prepares to sail
: on leave Of absence, ii.. 19. Ordered back to
.if.,24. Approaches Trenton in 1777; repulsed,
ii.. 36. Confidently expects to catch "the fox" (Washing-
ton). il.,26. Outgeneraled by Washington, U.,27. Marches
io Princeton, ii.. 30, 31. In the skirmish near Pencader, ii.,
170 Hastens to succor the British camp at Germantown,
ii.. 111.
At Charleston in 1780. ii.. 559 ; and at Camden in 17S0, ii.,
464. Moves to Charlotte ; issues his Proclamation, ii., 418.
Establishes a post at Blair's Mill, ii., 419. His head-quar-
ters at Charlotte and Winnsborough ; his march to the South,
ii., 419, 420, 460. Proposes io enter Virginia, ii., 333. His
attempt to establish royal power there', Ii., 337. Enti re \ it-
gmia in 1781 : in command of the arms al Petersburg, ii.,
341. His unsuccessful pursuit of La Fayette; hia
b westward, ii., 342. Baffled bj La Fayette^ ha
Williamsburg, ii , 344. His head-quarti < trough,
-
( rosses the Catawba in pursuit of t . 390, 392.
394, 395 His efforts to reach the Dan, iL, 397, 398. Retires
to Bell's Mills; marches toward New Garden Meeting-house;
invited to battle by Greene, ii . 400, \t the Battle of Guil-
ford, n.. 4o.t. His fictorious Mow equivalent I
404, 106. At Wilmington, ii . 406, 407. Med. tales the con-
0f North Carolina, u ., 1 1 B
Joins Phillips and Arnold at Petersburg in 1781, ii.. 257,
341. Retreats to Richmond; pursued by La Fayette and
Wayn ' 'rdtnary, ii.,
- 159 1L- sir.' '■' nr, IL, 260.
Engagement, ii., 261. At Portsmouth, li., 262.
Ordered to the Chesapeake in 1781 , evacuati a Portsmouth;
i irktown and Gloucester, li., 304. Attempts to
aa, ii., 305. Marches through the South-
ern States, ii-, 318. Siege of Vorktown. II . 307-315. At-
tempts to escape to New Vote, " .314 surrenders, ii.,315.
Hia surrender of the British standards, n.. 319. A pi
on parole, ii . 320 Place of his surrender, IL, 3'24
Trumbull's picture of the Surrender, n . 205. Effects of
I surrender in producing 551. Anecdotes of. ii ,
223, 412 His persona] appearance and manners, ii., 103.
His cruel letter, ii.. 509. H-s head-quarters at Philadelphia.
U., 104 and at Wilmington, U., ' ■ aph of. u . 317.
Portrait and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 304.
near Vorktown. ii , 303.
0, Pedro, celebrated navigator, brother-in-law of Co-
lumbus, i., 19.
tpondence, Committee of. in Virginia in 1773. ii., 279
Cortelvou. Simon. Tory, n ,59b. 604. Captured by Captain
Marriner. ii., 646.
Cortereal. Caspar. Voyage of. to North America ; kidnaps
Indians and sells them as BUT es, i , 29.
Cortez, Fernando, destroys the empire of Montezuma, i , 30.
Cortlaxdt : sec Van Cortlandt.
Cobtois, Jacques, tomb-stone at the grave of, i , 119
< 'oruni . see Coram
< 'osbt, W r ol New York
Cotineai .Captain (British), captured by Paul Ja
Cotton. John. Reverend, emigrati ton, 1
Boston. Massachusetts, named in honor ol him, I 145,
His gentleness toward Mrs Hutchinson, i . 631
Cottonjtetds ot the Carolina*, ii., 350 Hauling cotton,
Coultbakd, Captain Brii tval engagemeni
Captain James Nicholson hi 1780, ii . 644,
Council, Common, of Londoi m n\ a \in« r
- b ni the, to the King in 1775 . mi i
of the, in relation to poperv and arbitrary power m America,
-
Council, Indian, at
wy, in 1754, i . 303.
Baston, in 1758, i . 336. 344.
Stanwix, In 1768, i . 344.
Va ley, in 1779, i . 276.
Johnstown, in 1778, i., 265.
ishington, in 1753, II .
bj Sir 1 tenrj < Union, at Ni w
York, respecting Major Andre, L, 769.
in North Carolina, in 1775. li., 370. In
South Carolina, in 1775, ii., 544.
Council of War. at
Lfter the Battle of Lexington, in 1775, I., 534,
1 i tlit- morning after the Battle of
Hunker Hill, i
Blue Licks, held by Kentuckians. in 1782, ii.. 295.
Butts's Hill, in 1778, i . 653.
Cambridge, called by Washington, in 1775, i., 565, 573;
and in 177i">.
■ iden, called by Gates, in 1780, ii., 400,
Fordham, called )>> Washington, in 1770, ii., 619.
Fort Duquesne, called by General Forbes, in 1756
i ort, mi 1778, i.. 353.
Hopewell, in \~'^. called by Washington, ii.. 147,
i orge, ni 1778, called by Washington, ii., 147.
Counterfeit Money, Advertisement to furnish a Bupply of, ii.,
630.
Courant, Constitutional: sei tal Covrant
Court. General, al Boston, banishes Roger Willi)
son in 1635, i . 621.
Court-martial, for the trial of Andre, i . 758, 765 An
711. i - Enos, i . 192. !." , ii , 154 SI i
131 - tuyler.i., 136
t Vtr,-<i''t)mraluj, established throughout Jhe Colonies
in i' 96, i . -153.
CoUHTWBiGHT, Mrs., Notice of. i., 360.
iters in North Carolina before the Revolution, i'.. 359.
Coventry. Earl of, i . "l Extract from his Speech in Par-
liament against the continuance ol the war in Ami i
1776. i . 589
: i lo-ve-gat. Historical associations of, i ,50,71, 88.
■ Ford, Battle of, in 1781, ii . 39!
Cow-boys and Sktnners, i , 502, 753. 70S r ren-
. □ Ramapo I rw h in 1790, i . ~~^
i h* . a poem by Andn . ■ . '■■ 6 ii UTS
of the poem, I
tun al Norwalk, i., 415.
r, The, iL, 426. Origin of the name. U , 130. Picture
ol a scene at, ii . 130. Battle of, in 1781, IL. 431-436.
: :;. William, his poems quoted, i . 33t;
i i ,<.ti. !.a: in.ii: . - At the siege of Fort Schuy-
ler, i . 243. Killed, L, 246.
Cox, Mr
Daniel, ins plan of a Federal Constitution, i, 303.
Letter from, I
Cozheau, Lsaai . captain in the United -States navv in 1776.
Cracks ros, JoHH, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, I., 437.
Cradles of Liberty : set Hall.
I ias, one ol the Boston " Son - o fl t., 160
i ... , ads the Declaration of di nee at
Faneud Hail, ii . 71.' R< ■ i .■■• a importani Information from
Mrs Damn,
Crafts, colonel ( Br tisfa . in the expedition against the Reg«
ulators in 1771. n . : I
i bafts, captain, io the garrison at Dobb's Ferry,
Craio, Jamfv H . Major British . takes possession ol Wil-
mington, North * arolma. in 1781, iL, 407, 575 Ahundons
St John's Island. iL, 570. Flight of. to Charleston, n., 575.
Autograph of. n . 574
Craighead, Alexander. Crave of. ii . 410
Craio BEAD, Captain, wounded in the battle at Hanging Rock,
Craik, Dr James, medical attendant of General Braddock. ii..
i'73. His anecdote of an Indian chiefs attempt to shoot
Washington m the Battle of Fort Doqoesne, II . 273. As-
il oi Pr slupp' n. n . 35 Autograph and Biographical
ii of. ii , 35
Cramahe, Lieutenant-governor, L, 103. 1W. 200
- 1 1 phi if, General, of New fork. Delegate to the first
Continental Congress, il . 59. Member of the first Naval
708
INDEX.
Committee of Congress in 1775, ii., 637. Grave of, at Ehza-
bethtown, i , 326
Crane, fcHABOD, Legend of, i., 759.
Craney Island, Notice of, it., 335.
CraNSTON, John and William, Governors of Rhode Island,
Gravis of, i , 635.
Cranston, William, of Auk-bury. i.. 632
I raven, Charles, his conflict with Indians in 1715, ii., 438
Govemor of Carolina in KIT, ii., I3h. 540
Craven, Peter, outlawed by Tryon, ii., 367.
(jiA» ninD, Colonel, tortured by Indians in 1782, i., 264.
Crawford, Lieutenant, wounded in the battle at Hanging
Rock, ii , 457
Crawford, sculptor, executes the Virginia monument to
Washington, ii., 231.
Creeks, Indians, their march against the Tuscaroras in 1712,
ii., 356.
Cresap, Michael, Colonel, ii , 283. Not guilty of murdering
Logan's familv.ii , 107,283. Death and grave of , Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii . 284.
Crescents, .Silver, worn by Revolutionary Patriots in North
Carolina in 1776, ii , 381,
Crispell, Anthony, Huguenot, L, 386.
Crompond Village, Andre at, i., 754
Cromwell, Oliver, rules in England in 1654 , sends a fleet
to the Chesapeake to reduce Virginia, n , 253 Death of, ii.,
254.
Cromwell, Richard, succeeds Oliver in 1658, ii., 254.
Crosby. Enoch ("Harvey Birch''), engages in the secret serv-
ice of his country in 1776; the mock trial and confinement
of, his exploits, i., 690-692. Portrait, Autograph, and Bio-
graphical Sketch of. i., 690.
Cross, Large, on Beloeil Mountain, i., 174. Temperance Cross
near Quebec,!., 202. Of St. George, i., 577. OfSt Andrew,
i.. 577
Cross Creek (Fayetteville), Settlement of Scotch refugees at,
ii.. 359.
Crosswicks village, origin of the name , early history of; set-
tled by Quakers , associated with the names of Brainerd and
Tennant, ii., 11. Capture of Hessians at, in 1778, ii., 11.
Skirmish at, ii., 12.
Crowder's Knob, Notice of, ii., 422. 423.
i 'mini Point, l., 39, 151 . General Johnson's expedition against,
in 1755, n., 271. Captured in 1758, i., 120, and by the Green
Mountain Boys in 1775, i., 153. Arnold's retreat to, in 1776,
i., 165. Invested by Burgoyne in 1777, i., 132. View of,
description of the fortress at, i., 150-152. Inscriptions at, L,
152. Well at, i., 153.
Cruger.John Harris, Colonel, Mayor of New York ; Speaker
of the New York Assembly . member of the Committee to
oppose the Stamp Act in 1764, i., 464. Delegate to the Co-
lonial Congress in 1765, i , 465. Anecdote of him and Ed-
dins, ii.,487. Author of the Stamp Act Congress's Declara-
tion of Rights, i., 465. Biographical Notice of, i., 484.
Cruder, Lieutenant-colonel (British), ii., 475. In command
at Fort Ninety-six, Li.. 475, 484, 485. His wife protected by
General Greene, ii..4S8. At Eutaw Springs, ii., 495. Cap-
tured by Captain Spencer, ii , 528.
Cruger, Lieutenant, one of Marion's men; killed at Fort
Motte, ii., 480.
Cruikshank, Joseph, of Philadelphia, his "Poor Will's Al-
manac," ii., 158.
Cruisers, American, fitted out in 1775, i., 569. List of, in serv-
ice during the Revolutionary war. ii.. 645.
Crygier, Martin, his expedition against Indians in 1663, i.,
386.
Cuba, Island of, visited by Amidas and Barlow in 1584, ii.,
243
Culpepper, Lord, his right to Virginia for thirty-one years ;
Governor of Virginia in 1680, ii., 254, 265. Succeeded by
Lord Howard in 1684, ii., 265.
Culpepper, John, Surveyor- general of the northern colony
of the < 'ami mas, a fugitive, ii., 355, 538. The city of Charles-
ton laid out by, in 1680, ii., 538.
Culpepper Men, under Colonel Woodford, ii., 325, 329. Their
costume and tlag, ii., 299.
Culprit Fay, Drake's poem, quoted, i., 702.
i umbi Hand Head, View of, i , 162, 163. Notice of, i., 165.
Ci mmim;, sir Alexander, his embassy to the Indians in
1730. ii., 430.
Cvhmiho, Colonel, of Princeton, ii., 34.
Cummington, WilljaM, Colonel, picture of his house, ii , 574
Cl NNINOHAM, PATRICK, Colonel, brother of General, ii., 443.
< i nninoham, Robert, General, Loyalist, Biographical Sketch
of, ii., 443.
' i NN i no hah. Major, at the Battle of Cowpens in 1781, ii.,
131, 434.
Cunningham, Bill. Captain of the "Bloody Scout" in I7S0,
ii .447. 453. 486
1 i nninoham, i aptain, Provost Marshal at New York and
idelpnia . his cruelty, his character, ii.. ion. nil, 659.
660. His adventure on the day of the evacuation of New
York, ii.. 632.633.
1 l l« Hi NO HAH, Reverend Mr, his remarkable dream of Andre,
i.. 766
Currency, Continental, Account of the, i., 317.
Curry/own, i , 292. Attacked by Doxslader in 1781, i , 293.
Curwen, cited, i , 5 16
Cushing, Nathan, ol Massachusetts, on the Committee of
Satety \n 1775, i., 536.
Cushing, Thomas, ot Massachusetts, Chairman of the Con-
vention at Boston in 1768, i , 479 His reply to Governor
Bernard's proclamation, i , 4^0 Member of the first Con-
tinental Congress in 1774, i., 511, ii , 59. Proposes that
Congress should be opened with prayer, ii.,62. On the Com-
mittee to prepare a narrative of the massacre at Lexington
and Concord, i., 531.
Cushing, Captain, surprises a corps ol Colonel James Dclan
eey's in 1780, li., 624.
Cushman, Robert, Reverend, i . 442 His account of the
origin of the name " New England," i , 433
Custine, Adam Philip, Count de. at the siege of Vorktown
in 1781, ii, 309. Portrait and Biographical Sketch of, ii ,
311
Custis, Daniel Parke. The widow of, wife of Washington,
ii., 220.
Custis, George Washington Parke, i , 688 . ii ,323. Son
of John Parke, n , 218. Quoted, i , 332 , ii . 32. Places a
slab upon the site of Washington's birth-place, ii , 217. Pos-
sesses the Anspach flag, n , 22 Pictures panned by. u , 155,
206, 207. Residence of, ii., 206. The author's interview
with, n,206.
Custis, John Parke, i.,. 576. Washington's Aid at Cam-
bridge and at Vorktown, ii., 218. Member ol the Virginia
Legislature, death of, u., 323 His four infant children,
Washington adopts two of them, ii., 323.
Custom-house officer at St. John's. Anecdote of a, i., 168
Customs, Commissioner on, for America, appointed by Parlia-
ment in 1767, i . 475
Cutter, Amini, Ruhannah, M D-, Physician General, ii.,
33
Cuylbr, Colonel, at the Battle of Klock's Field, L, 281.
Daddy Hall, Anecdote of, i , 631.
Daggett, Naphthali, Reverend Dr., President of Yale Col-
lege, i , 431. Inhuman treatment of; Biographical Sketch
of, i., 424.
Dale. Richard, Lieutenant in the United States Navy in 1781.
n , 638. Bravery of, Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 642.
Dam . Sir Thomas. Governor, ii., 251.
Dalhousie, Earl, Governor of Canada, his monument to Wolfe
and Montcalm, i.,205
Dalhousie Bastion, Quebec, i.. 204.
Dally, Gikford, of Philadelphia, terms of his lease of the
"London Coffee House" there, ii., 53.
Dalrymple. Colonel, with his regiment at Boston in 1768, i .
480. Opposes a mob at Boston in 1770, i.. 490. Consents
to remove the British troops quartered there, i., 491. In
command at Staten Island in 1776, ii., 598.
Dalyell, Captain, at Fort Anne, i., 140.
Dame Grant, her visits to the Jersey prison-ship, ii., 661.
Dan River, Passage of the, by Greene and his army, ii., 398.
Dana, Anderson, and his wife, i., 360.
Dana, Francis, member of the Board of War, ii., 133. On
the Committee of Congress sent to Valley Forge, ii., 136.
Minister to Russia, ii., 651.
Dana, Richard H.. his poems quoted, i., 551.
Danbury, Connecticut, Situation. Indian name, and original
proprietors of, i., 400. Tryon's expedition to, in 1777, i ,
401, 402. Burned in 1777, i., 403, 404. Washington's army
at, in 177S, i., 332.
Danle, Thomas, killed by falling from the dome of the State
House at Annapolis, ii., 197.
Dancing, Washington's opinion of; he never danced, i., 683.
Dandridge, Bartholomew, of Virginia, Counselor of State
in 1776, ii., 300.
Dandridge, Martha (afterward Mrs. Washington), Bio-
graphical Sketch of, i., 634.
Daniel, Mohawk chief, his signature, i., 256.
Danube, New Vork, General Herkimer's place of residence at,
i., 259.
Dare, Eleanor, mother of the first child, of English parents,
born in the New World, ii.. 244.
Danen Church, Picture of, account of the pastor and congre-
gation of, in 1781, i., 414.
Darrah, Lydia, informs Washington of an intended attack
by the British, ii., 42, 95, 96. 1 15.
Dartmouth, Earl of, at the head of the Board of Trade in
1772. i., 495. His Canada Bill, i.. 157. His circular an-
nouncing the King's disapproval ofthe Continental Congress,
ii., 63. His circular respecting the skirmish at Lexington
and Concord, i., 531. Informs Governor Richard 1'enn that
the King will take no notice ofthe petition ofthe Continent-
al Congress, i , 585 His dispatches to Governor Eden in-
tercepted, ii , 547. Portrait of, i., 495.
D'At rkrtelil: see A I berteuil.
Daughters of Liberty, Meeting of, at the house ofthe Reverend
Mr Morehead in 1768, i . 482
Davenport. Richard, his house the quarters of Colonel
( Christopher Greene, ji., 88.
Davenport, Reverend Mr., i., 418, 419.
INDEX.
709
Davids, Jambs, assumed name of Colonel DixweU, lb
cide, I., 420.
Davidson, Georoe. Major, in the Sonilurn Campaign under
- and Greene, .1 . 301 118
Davidson, John, Indian interpreter, accompanies Washing
to French Creek in 1753 11
Davidson, John, member of the Mecklenburg committee
Autograph <>i ii US, 113
Dai idson, Wili iam, General, killed at the Battle of Cowan's
Ford in 1781 . Biographical Sketch of, ii , 39a, 39
Dw idson, M iss, Verses by i.. 6 13
D William R Major (afterward General ami Govern
on ii., 419 In the skirmish ai Wanab's Plantation in 1780,
11 , 419. At Hanging Rock, ii . ISO, 157
Mill a, 11 , 391 A 1 the Battle of Guilford, ii., 403 11 1 co
of the proceedings of the Mecklenburg Commit t& .
Grand Masfa r ol Free-masons, it . 419 Portrait, Autograph,
and Biographical Sketch of ii., 118, 119
Davies, t 1 1 ilia, Miss, her skill in performing on the Armon
ica, 11., 104
Davies, Samuel, Reverend, Presideni of Princeton 1 ■
bis allusion to the remarkable preservation ol Washington
in battle, 11 , 273
Davis, Isa ic, Captain, killed al the Batik- of Concord in 1775,
1 526. 527, 530.
Davis, James, sets tip at Newbern the first printing-press In
Not 1I1 Carolina, ii., 360
Davis, William .1 , ol New York city, n . 660.
Davis, Captain, at the Battle ol Springfield in 1780, i., 324.
Davis, < Hairvoyam, cited, i .. 614.
Dawes, Thomas, quoted, i . 493
Dawes, William, mesa iil1' r to Flan cock and Samuel Adorns
at Lexington in 1775. i ,
Day. James InosrsolL and Thomas, erect a monument to
t aptain Hmman, ii . 6 10
Day, William. o( North Carolina, ii . 3^3.
Day, Mr, proprietor of the first printing press established in
America, i , 555
Day's Hiatorx ru of Pennsylvania, ii., K>7. 274.
D at ton, Ellas, General, >.. 236 iiis naval expedition in
1776, i . 328. At Fort Stanwix, L, 236, 237 and al Spring-
field, i . 323. Biographical Sketch of, i.. 323. Anecdote ol
him and Timothy Meeker, L, 325. Tomb Of, i., 326.
De Barras see It iehas.
De BeaUJEO : see BeaUJEU-
L)e Bekdt, Dennis, agent for Massachusetts, letter of the
Town's Convention to him, i . 480. Death of, 193
De Boure. Preudhomme, General, at the Battle of Brandy-
wine in 1777 ; his dissension With Sullivan , Ins brigade the
iir>i to give way , Congress inquires into his conduci ; he is
offended, and resigns Ins commission, ii., 17J. Autograph,
ii.. 630.
De Buy, Major, at the Battle of Guilford in 1781, ii., 404.
DE CUOISE see I IHOISE.
De Choiseul: see Croisbul.
De Flei ri Bee Fleurt.
De Gall see Gall.
De Goi roi bs see (jotrgues.
Db G r lssi so Gh issb.
De Grove, II.. i . 100
De Bart, John, of New Jersey, delegate to the first Conti-
De Hass see I
De HAstbr see Heister.
DB KaLB: see KaLII
De la w lr] . Lord, U . 13 Govi rnot and Captain :■■ i
lamcstown in 1609, ii., 250.
Returns to England in ill health, ii., 251.
D'Ell see DaLTELL.
D'ESTAJH
De NOAILLES: see No ULLES.
De Rossbi see B D boo Salle, De Soto :
8CC SOTO.
De TlLLEY : see Tm I
De Trott, Ensign Hessian), wounded a of Gull-
ford, ii., 105
De Veal \ . ins ■■ \ iagara Falls" quoted, i . 225.
De Vetbie, attacks Bouquet's camp in 1758, Li., -71.
De VlLLIERS: see VlLLIERS.
Db ^ Ri bs see ^ ries.
De Witt, Abraham, his grave at Kingston, New York, i.,
389.
De Witt. A.lf DRIES, Ins grave at Kingston, \ .
De Witt, Benjamin, Reverend Dr., Funeral oration by, on
the Wallabout "Martyrs," ii., I
De Witt. Charles, on the Committee to draft the Constitu-
tion of New York, i 38
De Witt, Levi, Frederick Sammons'a letter at the house of,
i . 290.
Dead River, i., 101. Arnold and the expedition under him ar-
rive at the, 17:;.. [., 192.
Dean, John, one of the companions of the captors of Andre*
Ins grave al Sleepy Hollow, i .
Deane, Jakes, Indian interpretei , papbical Sketch
of. i., 273.
Deane, Silas, of Connecticut, Delegate to the first I ontl-
nental Congress, ii., 50. Memher of ihe Connecticut Pro-
vincial Assembly in 1775,1,123. Member of the Commit
tei "i i ongress on Naval Aflairs in 1775, II ,63i I ommer-
Uld Political Agent ol Ihe I'juted Colonies at tin- Court
ol France in 1776, ii., 047, 648 La Fayette offers his services
117 Recalled from France in 1778, i . 646, 64" il ,
649 Bis controvers) with Thomas Paine, ii ,647,649 His
sal i" present the library ol the college at Pi eton to
the French Government as a bonus (br Its good will, il . 37
His Portrait and Autograph, L, 85 ii., 646 Biographical
Sketch of, i - i
i;\, Henry, General, a Captain in Arnold's Canada
expedition In 177:.. captured at Quebec, 1., 199. His letter
to the Reverend William Allen on the hardships ol the ex
peditlon, i.. 193 A Major in the Battle of Bemis's Hi
in 1777, i.. 50 ■ ' Commands the troops at York ' |
Canada, m 1813, I., 201, President General of the Cincln
■
iorn, Lieutenant, sent to destroy Indian w ttlemi
1770, i , 27a
Dt bow . famous Pine Robber, ii., 162
n<!,!. National, of America m 1777 1781, I., 310- OfEngland,
I1 ■. it, Cniniliodore, ciniiinands the " t 'mlrd Males" and
the '•Macedonian" al New London in 1813, I., 613, His
duel with Commodore Barron, ii., 199.
ition $f Indepi ndenee, History ol the, ii., 67,68 Meaa
ores taken by th. States, ii., 69. Timidity in the State Legis
laiures; State Governments r. commended , Richard llcnn
Lee's Resolution (br Independence, ii., 70. Jefferson
of the. and us amendments, ii., 7 1 . Action of the Col
respecting the , its adoption, ii., 76. Its enthusiastic recep-
tion by the people, i., 236; ii., 79, 521, 542, its principles
and their effects, ii . 62, Names and signatures of tin
crs of the, ii . 80, Bl, 82 I 'pinions of Raynal, Mirabeau, and
Napoleon concerning the, Ii, 82. Proclaimed at Williams
burg, Virginia, it., 300 ; at Charleston, 11., 549 ; in Washing-
ton's army at New York, it., 595; in Mohawk Valley, i ,
236. Trumbull's picture of the Presentation or the, |
■ ..<, Mecklenburg, in 177 j, ii,, 412
lis history , ii.. 116.
Declaration of Rights by the Colonial Congress in 171 i, i
165; and bj the t ontinental Congress in 1774, it., 62.
•atory Act accompanying the repeal of the Stamp Act,
i„ 472.
Deep Creek village, on Dismal Swamp, IL, 333.
/'' ' rti- Id, Town of, burned by Indians, i., GG2.
Deer Pasture, or Back Mountain, L, 111.
Del AFIELD, Major, eommandant of the Military Academy at
West Point in 1838, i . 706.
Delancbt, J4.MES, Lieutenant-governor of New York, presi-
dent of the Convention at Ubani in 1754, 1., 303; ii., 580.
Rebuked by the Mohawk sachem, Hendrick, 1., 109 Attends
the meeting of Colonial Governors in 1755, ii,, 27 1. 11
coalition with Colden, IL, 585.
Delancey, Oliver, General, ins house burnt by Martlingh,
i-. 762, Biographical Sketch of, ii., 624.
Dblancbt, Oliver, Captain, afterward Lieutenant-colonel,
son of General diner, ii., 624j 625. Paints decorations for
the Mischianza, ii., 100.
Delancey, William Heathcotk, bishop of Western New
York, u . 624
I n lancet family, Influence of the, il., 624. Their movements
in 1777, tb.
I ipuun, surprised and captured by Ethan Allen
at Ticonderoga, i . 124, 125.
De laval, Lieutenant, al the Mischianza, ii , 99.
e Chief, St. Tammany, or Ta-me-ne, notice of him,
ii., 41. See Tammany and Tetdyuscung.
r Company, 1.. 344, 3 17.
Delaware Indians, I . 342, 343, 344 ; ii.. 41, 44, 51.
. '■ River, 1.. 381. Origin of the name of, il., 43
1 . in. His mi the, by the Dutch and the Swedes, in 1623
ii., 45, 46, Washington's passage ol the, and the place
where he crossed in 1776, iL, 18 Military works on the.
ii , so Topograph) mi the. n . -I. '.»n, U2. l'lau ol military
operations on the Delaw are, ii., 92.
Delaware State, Origin of the name of, IL, 43. Early settle-
ment of, by the Dutch ami the S v. . A< -. i n I <■" '■ II . - I ..
16. Its separation from Pennsylvania in 1691, il., 49, 50.
Proceedings of, relative to the Declaration of Independence,
U., 70, constitution of, adopted In 1776, IL, 83. Delegates
of, Bign the Articles of I onfederation in 1779, II . 655 < ailed
upon by Congress for funds to carry on the war in 1780, i.,
i, . ,
Pilgrim Puritans set out from, in 1620, i . 442.
/' atte Government established bj Roger Williams in
Rhode Island in 1636, I., 622 . bj the inhabitants ol Wyoming
in 1771, i , 347 i onnectlcut and Khodc Inland have always
elected their own cniel magistrates, I . 453. The se
planted in \ irgima U\ the London Company in 1612, ii.,251.
Growth of. In New York, il., 577, 579, 98)
n in, Nathan, t olonel, i . 348, 355, 356, 362. Escape of.
to Fortv Fort, i . 356, 357, His capitulation al Westmore-
land, i., 358, Biographical sketch of. i . 361.
'.. us edict against carrying warlike articles to Amcr-
no
INDEX.
.ica in 1775, i., 587. Adopts Queen Catharine's new mari-
time doctrine, ii . 468, The King of, confers honors on
Paul Joins, n., 642.
Dennet. Mark, Lieutenant in the United States Navy in
1776, ii . 638,
DENNING, William, his wrought iron cannons, ii., 148.
Dennis, William, American Naval Commander, i., 056.
Denny, Governor, sends dispatches from Philadelphia for Mr.
[nnis, i., lilt.
DEPEYSTER, Captain, of the King's American Regiment, ii.,
428. With Cornwallis in 1780, ii., 4*24. At the Battle of
King's Mountain in 1780. ii.. 428. Autograph of, ii., 428.
Derby, Richard, fits out vessels to bear dispatches to Lon-
don in 1775, i., 531.
Destouciies, Admiral, succeeds Admiral Ternay ; with the
French fleet at Newport in 1761, ii.. 334.
Detroit, occupied by the French, ii., 266. Colonel Bouquet dis-
perses the Indians at, in 1764, ii., 281. Colonel Hamilton
commandant at, ii., 291. Commissioners appointed by Con-
gress, report respecting, ii., 293.
Deuxponts, William, Count de, at the siege ofYorktown in
1781, ii., 309. Wounded, ii., 313. Portrait of, ii., 310.
D EVENS, Richard, on the Committee of Safety in 1775, i., 536.
Device on the American flag, i., 192. On Continental money,
i., 317. On newspaper heads, i., 507. On the seal of the
United States, ii.,656. On Continental paper money, i . 317,
318.
Dewey, George W., his poems quoted, ii., 65.
Dexter, Paymaster, anecdote of him and Daddy Hall, i., 631.
Deyo, Christian and Pierre, Huguenots ; in Ulster County,
New York, i., 386.
Dial Rock; Account of, i., 353.
Diamond Island, Lake George ; a military depot under Bur-
goyne, i., 113, 114. Origin of the name of, i., 113.
Dibble, Joseph, i., 406. Autograph and Portrait of, i., 400.
Dibble's Bam, Picture of, L, 404.
Dickinson, John, member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in
1764 ; and of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, i., 465, 476.
Author of "Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer" in 1767. i.,
476 ; ii., 53. Honors rendered to him in 1768, i., 477. Chair-
man of the Revolutionary meeting at Philadelphia in 1774,
ii., 54. Asserts Colonial rights, ii., 55. Draws up a petition
to the King in 1774, ii., 63 , and in 1775, i., 568. Delegate to
the first Continental Congress in 1771, ii., 55, 59. Author
of the address to the people of Canada in 1774, ii., 63. Mem-
ber of the.'Committee of Congress on Foreign Correspondence
in 1775, ii., 647 ; and of the Committee on National Treaties
in 1776. ii., 648. Chairman of the Committee on Articles of
Confederation, ii., 653. Chairman of the Convention at An-
napolis in 1786, ii., 656, 657. Portrait, Autograph, and Bio
graphical Sketch of, i., 476.
Dickinson. Jonathan, Reverend, first President of Princeton
College, i., 305. Tomb of. Biographical Sketch of, i.. 326.
Dickinson, Philemon, General, at Somerset Court House, i.,
351. At the Battle of Trenton, ii., 14. In pursuit of the
British in New Jersey in 1778, ii., 147. At the Battle of
Monmouth, ii., 149 ; and of Springfield, i., 323 Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 13.
Dickinson, Major, of Virginia, killed at the Battle of Monmouth
in 1788, ii., 159.
Dickinson, Senator, chief speaker at Onskany in 1844, i., 245
Dieskau, Baron, i., 94 Attacks Sir William Johnson, i., 96,
106, 108. Circumstances attending the death of, at the Bat-
tle of Lake George, i , 109. His halt at French Field, i ,
112
DiEVENnoftFF, Frederick, tomahawked and scalped, i., 294
Dievendorff, Jacob, Portraits, Autograph, and Notice of, i ,
293. 294. 295.
Digby, Admiral, reinforces Admiral Graves at New York in
1781. ii . 308. At Yorktowu in 1781. ii., 315.
Digoes, Dudley, in the Virginia Committee of Vigilance in
1773, ii., 279, and of Safety in 1776, ii., 299. Counselor of
State, ii . 300.
Dighton Rock, Inscription on, i., 634.
Dill, Major, loyalist, at Augusta, ii., 511.
Dillard, Sarah, Mrs, anecdote of her notifying Colonel
Clarke of the approach of the British, ii.. 424, 447.
Dillemi \< k. i 'apt am, assailed by Johnson's Greens, i , 248.
Dillon, Messieurs, two French officers in the American army
of the Revolution, guillotined in France in 1793, i., 602.
Dillon. < mini, at the siege of Savannah, n , 532.
Dimon. David, Colonel, at Danbury, i , 403, 468. Biograph
ical Sketch of, i., 408 '
Dinwiddie, Robeht, Governor of Virginia in 1752, ii., 267.
Sends Washington, then twenty-one years of age, with dis-
patches to M. de si Pierre at French Creek m 1753 , takes
measures to expel the French from Virginia, ii., 267, 360.
Attends the meeting of Colonial Governors in 1755, ii., 271,
hiptouKt I'orm til a, given to Indian chiefs by Sir William
Johnson, i., 288.
a American, Character of, at the beginning of the
Revolution, ii . 647
Dismal Swamp, on the Pocono Mountains, i., 360.
Dismal Swamp, in Virginia and North Carolina, Account of,
and ofthe canal and railway through it, ii., 333.
Dix. John A , chief speaker tit Onskany in 1844, i., 245.
Dixwell, Colonel. English regicide, concealed at New Haven
in 1638, i., 419, 420. Monument over the grave of, i., 420.
Dobbs, Arthur, Governor of North Carolina in 1755, ii., 361.
Attends the meeting of Colonial Governors in 1755, n , 271,
361.
Dobbs's Ferry, Hudson River, i., 715, 716. Andre and Robinson
at, i., 716. '
Dobi.e, Joseph, Lieutenant in the Vnited States navy in 1776,
ii., 638.
DOI KSTADER: see DOXSTAPER.
Doctors' Mob, at New York, John Jay nearly killed by one of
the rioters in the, i-, 384,
DoDSWORTH, Mr., Member of Parliament, opposes the Boston
Port Bill, i , 504.
Dog, General Dearborn's, eaten by men of Goodrich's com-
pany, i., 193.
Dome Island, a shelter for Putnam's men in 1777, i., 114.
Domes t tr Manufacture, Annies a\\ in general use in America
in 1765, i.,470.
Donop, Count, Colonel, commands Hessians at New York in
1776, ii., 598. At the Battle of Long Island, ii.. 603. De-
ceived by Griffin, ii., 20. At the Battle of Red Bank, u .. 84
At Bordentown, ii., 13. Sent by Howe to attack Fort Mer-
cer, ii., 87. Mortally wounded; his last words, ii., 88. His
skull, ii., 84. Grave of, ii., 84.
Doodletoxvn, near Fori Clinton. The British at, in 1777, i., 734.
Doolittle, Amos, copper-plate engraver, i., 317, 421. His
engravings of Earle's pictures of Lexington and Concord, i.,
421, 524.
Dooly, John, Colonel, in skirmishes near Augusta, ii., 505.
Biographical Sketch of, ii., 506.
Dorchester, South Carolina, Settlement of, ii., 538.
Dorchester Heights, Topography of, L, 560, 566. Fortified by
General Thomas in 1776, i., 579.
Dorrance, Colonel, at Wyoming in 1778, i., 353, 355.
Doty, Edward, signer ofthe Pilgrim Covenant, i., 437.
Doty, Jane, Mrs., her recollections of Baron Steuben, i., 333.
Douglas, Lord, wounded in the Battle of Guiltbrd in 1781, ii.,
406.
Douw, Volkerk P., one ofthe New York Sons of Liberty, ii.,
581. Vice-president of the New York Provincial Council,
ii., 587. Appointed by Congress as Commissioner to attend
the Indian Council at Johnstown in 1778, i., 265.
Do-ve-gat, or Coveville, Associations of, i.. 50. 71, 88.
Dover, New Hampshire, desolated by French and Indians in
1690, i., 451.
Dowdeswell, Mr., Member of Parliament, opposes severe
measures toward America in 1768, i., 482.
Dow me. Commodore, killed at the Battle of Plattsburg. i., 166.
Downs, Henry, member of the Mecklenburg Committee;
Autograph of, ii., 412, 413.
Doxstader, Tory, leader of Indians and Loyalists, i., 290.
Destroys Currytown. i.,293.
Doyle, Colonel (Tory), destroys Marion's camp, ii., 566.
Drake, Sir Francis, sails from the West Indies t<» Roanoke
in 1586 . colonists accompany him to England, n . 'J 1 1
Drake. Joseph Rodman, MI)'.. Ins poems quoted, i., 577. 702
Drake, Admiral, in the naval battle off the Capes of Virginia
in 1781, ii., 306.
Drake, J. W., Colonel, of Mendham, ii., 15.
Draper, Margaret, printer ofthe Boston News Letter, i.,
513.
Draper, Sir William, ii., 624. His excessive vanity ; Latin
verses by, in Tryon's palace, ii., 365. Cenotaph to his moth-
er, ii., 365.
Drayton, William Henry, hispoliticalcareer, ii.,443. Seizes
dispatches to Governors in 1775, ii., 543. Chief Justice of
South Carolina in 1776, ii.. 546. His charge to the Grand
Jur\ on American Independence, ii., 546. Biographical Sketch
of, ii.. 443.
Drelmllettes, French missionary, i., 191.
Drinker. Henry, Quaker, banished from Pennsylvania to
Virginia, ii., 56.
Drowned Lands of Illinois, ii., 290.
Drummond, William. Governor of Albemarle County Colony
in 1653, ii., 353. Hanged by Governor Berkele) in 1676, n .
256. .
Drummond, Captain, Death of, i.. 211
Drur/unond's Lake, ii , 333.
Drysdale. High, Deputy Governor of Virginia in 1722, ii.,
267
Diane, James, of New York, Delegate to the first Continental
Congress ni 1774, i . 3Mt fin ilir roiiimitlee ol Congress to
print Continental Bills, i., 317. On the Committee respect-
ing territories west ofthe Alleghanies, ii., 650. On the Com-
mittee to drafi the Constitution of New York in 1776. i . 366
Special Commissioner sent by Governor Clinton to the In-
dian Council at Johnstown in 1778, i., 265.
Dubois, Colonel, at the Battle of Klock's Fil Id, i , 281
Dubois, Abraham, Isaac, and Lewis, Huguenots in 1'lster
c.Hinn , \iu York, i , 366.
Ducoi iu;. Dr.. warns the American Commissioners to beware
of Beaumarehais in 1778, ii , 640.
DUBUYSSON, De Kalb's lieutenant, ii., 468,
Dvcre, Reverend Mr . oilers the first prayer at the first meet-
ing of the Continental Congress, ii., 61. John Adams > a<
I N r» E X .
71!
roum ofthe occasion, IL, I i to Congna . turns
Loyalist . Biographical Sketch of, ii., 62.
Du Coudray. M., drowned in ero luyUcIl] in 1777,
ii., 179.
Duddi itenant, commander of the schoonei '
in 1772. Governor Wanton's letter to, 1., 828. Destruction
of the schooner, i , 629, 630. Wounded . carried ishon I
Di i i f v. Colonel, surprised by Simcoe al Charles City Court
Bouse in 1781, U., 338.
Dudley, Thomas, Governor, lines Ibund in Ins pockt i after
his d< atb, i . 1 17 lhs house, i., I
Due? Ibugh! bj Conway and Cadwallader, ii., 134 ; D
and Barron, II., 198 . Howe and Gadsdi n, ii., 523 . U'Intosh
ami Gwinnet, ii . 521 . Samuel Martin and John \v Likes, ii.,
:is:i . Whitechurch and Sampson, ii., 363, See Bladcnstntrg.
Di BR, William, Member of I ongress . on the Committee to
prepare mi address to the people ol * lanada w 1777. II., 655,
On the Committee to druti the Constitution of New York,
i . 388.
Wn ii in i , his Life of Lord Stirling, ii . 801, 602.
lMi. a-. rj "i the province of Maryland, opposes
taxation, i . 161.
Dumas, Matthieu, Count, aid to Rocliambean at the siegi
ol Vorktown in 1781, ii., 313. Portrait and Biographical
> w, iih di, ii,, :)] I n ,- in. moirs, ii., 313.
Pi m is. M . at the Battle of Fort Duquesne in 1755, II . 272.
Dunbar, Colonel, in Braddock's expedition against Fort Du-
quesne, ii., 27 1 .
lii -. . , \. Miijnr, in command at Oswego, I., 219.
Di s ,\, Captain, in the expedition against the Schoharii si
tlemenls, i . 27'.'.
In ndas, Lieutenant-colonel (British), i . 168. \t tin- battle
near Jamestown Island in 1781, Ii., 261. \t the Bii i ol
Vorktown, ii., 306. Commissioner at the surrender ol I ■
in!1.
Captain Ktdd's treasures supposed to be at, ii.,
579
Pi mi am. Captain, captures Lovelace, i., 93.
D ilap, Col i. iii the skirmish at Greene's Spring, South
iina, in 17-n. ii.. |24.
I' , , Reverend Mr., his famil} massacred by Indians, i.,
289.
Di Mir. William, painter, Ins Historj ofthe Arts ol' Design
quoted, it., 11.
Dunlap's History of Vi i ,589
Di M.ir. i sptain, in tin: expedition tu Hancock's house, ii.,
139
Dunmore, Lord (John Murray), lasl royal Governor of Vir-
ii.. 213, 267,279. Succeeds Mr Henry Moore as Gov-
ernor of New Vork in 177i) ; and Lord Botetourt as Governor
of Virginia in 1771. ii., 279. Dissolves the Bouse ol' Bur-
et s.,..s in i7::i. ii . 279 . and in 177 1. II . 280. in the expe-
dition to tin- Scioto in 1771 , Ins supposed treacherj toward
tin Virginians, ii . -j-i Bis admiration ol Lord Gower, ii.,
282 Draws his sword upon Colonel Lewis, II., 283. His
treaty' with tin- Indians at Camp Charlotte; Ins return to
\ irginia, II . 2-:,. Excites tin- Indian tribes ag si tin- ml.
musts, II., 291, Breach between him ami tin- 1 pie, ii.,296.
Removes military stores ; menaces the people, il . 297. II is
threat to ht. -nil. He negroes, ami arm them against their
tnasiers . bis proclamation ; abdicates and flees ; hisdissen-
si, in with the Burgesses, ii ,298 Proceeds in Norfolk. ; pro-
clalmsfreedom to slaves bearing arms fbr the king; proclaims
martial law throughoul \ irginia, il . 299, 328.
His marauding expedition against lower Virginia in 177.'..
IL, 32:), 32*. His formications at limit Bridge-, n . 329
I >nv. I, tr Norfolk, ii., 330. Destroys Norfolk, Ii., 330,
331. Driven Or iwyn's Island in 1776, il ,213. Woundi d
at the Battle ol Gwyn's Island. Ii.,332. Destroys Occoquam
MilN. ii., 213. Repulsed al Occoquam, ii., 213. Bis sup-
posed iiiieinion to capture Mrs. Washington and destroy
Mount Vernon, ii., 213.
Bis palace, IL, 263 tlormmr nl l'„ ninal.i. n.. 332. His
character, il . 276, 270. His coal ol arms. II . 279. Auto-
grap 0 raphii al of, il., 332.
Dunmore, Lady, ii.,332. Honored by the Virginia Bui
■'-"
Duxn, Benjamin, Captain in tbi > mavyinli/9,
i B38. In the expedition against the Gaspee,
In ■..,. John, unfavorable to the Mecklenburg Id-solutions;
am Bted, II . 415.
Dunning, inns. Counselor, employed by Dr. Franklin, I.,
1 1 , ii., me Tooke's leuer i". i . 585. Opposes the meas-
ures "t Lord North, i. 519 i of tin pall-bearers al
i hatham'a t ral, IL, 143 See Ji mi s
Duponceau. Peteb S., Capta nder Baron Steuben, Ii.,
102. I nder Foreign Secretary in 1777. IL, I I
, ,[,,!.... on the premises of, si Philadi Iphla, il . 102. Break-
lasts Willi the I'n-sMli-nl ol -ii « hOttll Urncs and
milk, ii., 107. Autograph of. li., 102.
Di-roRTAit., General ' hevalier, ' olonel ol Engineers In l,,R.
i . 704 Willi Washing! it Welhersfleld, i . 136 u the
sm ge of Vorktown in 17-1. u . 308 I omme I i>> « ash-
1111:1011 there promoted, ii . 320. * mh Dt urasse oil Cape
II nr\ . 11 . 308. Autograph of. 1 , 701.
, Slew, forms settlements near Syracuse, New Vork,
111 1665 . escapes from hostile Indians to Montreal, 1 . 229.
Di Mennevillb, Marquis, Govern PCanada,
1.. 17- 11 . 268
-.1.. Captain, repulsed at Fort Boone; Ins treacherj
toward Boone, il., 287.
Durant, Georoe, his settlement 0 1 arolina; one of his set
tiers furnishes the first seed lor "Timothy" grass, IL, 353.
1 . the poet, quoli d, i., 642.
5, John, Colonel, "tin- bold Hean duller ." leads a com
pan) Hem Norwich to tin- relief of Boston in 177 1. 599
Ol Hunker Hill . Long Island . and Ger-
mantown, L, 345, 800. At Wyoming Valley; Biographical
Sketch ol. 1 . in:,, -
Ii, rkee, Robert, 1 aptain, younger brother ui I olonel John,
in command at Wyoming In 177,. , at the skirmlsl Mill-
stone River, L, Hal. At the Battle of Wyoming, 1 . 355
Refused permission 10 return to Wyoming . dealh of 1
Durnfobd, Lieutenant, Ins map 01 Bennington lUigins, L,
Dulilt. The, Use st.-impril paper before the pass.-iL'- . ' '.
Vet, L, 481. Dutch magistrate and ^ ankee Peddler,
1 in.. 1 1 man-of-war lands negroi sfbr sal,- in \ irginia In 1621,
11.. -.'1,1. Dutchman and a hay-rake, 1 . 3 1 sis at
Hartford compelled to withdraw. 1 . 433. Colonists al New
York compelled bj Governor An- all to m knowledgt the su-
premac) -a England, ii., 251. Settlement of, si 1 aarles
il. , 538. Settlements of, on tin Delaware liner, in 1623-
1638, a. l.'e Recover New Netherlands in 1673, ii., 578,
57'.). Settlements ol. 111 New Vork, ii., 15. Suflei
scalping parties in I7se, I., 278, 279. Dutchman inchum-d
at Ponkhocken, L, 390.
Dutch Point, Hartford, Connecticut, 1 . -133.
Dutch West i • I' 15, )76 Dutch Last India
' "iiipam . 11.. 4.',.
!'i 1 us. Hi I'.l- vim. I anlaiii. i
Duval, Lieutenant, al the siegi ol Fort Ninet] Six ,11 . 1-7
Killed ai ile- li tule ol Butaw Springs, ii . 196
Dwioht, Timothy, Reverend Dr., cbaplain m the Conti
nental army, L, 709, Bis opinion on the importance ami ne
iTsMii of a Declaration of Independence, ii., 65. Pastor ol
a congregation at Greenfield 11:11. Connecticut, in 1799 . his
pot m " Greenfield Bill," i.. -117. His desi ription ofthe de-
struction Of Fairfield, i.. 425. Quoted or cited, 1., 15, In
27". 117, 1115, 428, 127. 7n7. 729; ii . 67
Dwinney, Samuel, Regulator, ii., 31 '
DycKMAN, Abraham. De 1. ii . 624.
Dyer, Eliphalet, Colonel, 1 . 345. Delegate to tin- stamp
Acl 1 ongress in 1765, i., 465. Delegate from C icticul 10
the tirsi Continental Congress, ii., 59. Senl to England to
settle the difficulties in Wyoming Valie] n n mado of
him in the doggerel poem of'Lawyers ami Bull-frogs," L,
317.
Dyer, Captain, In tie- United States navj In 1776, 1.. 576.
.: ikv, hanged by Puritans, 1 , ll'.e
Eaoi 11. Mr., bis History of Orange County. 1.. lit'", litis, I -I
77-. His error respecting Ethan Allen, 1 . 735.
iter,!., 121. His pictures ol Lexington and
sord, - ngravi .1 by Doolittle, i., 421, 524.
E vki.i:. M uDioi re, Reverend, ii., I
I ,/,„ 1 'ompany, 1 Inject ami lu-iory ,,t the, 1 . 195, 16 I
Their proposal In relation to the dun on tea, 1 195 n-
struction ofteabeloni agto,i 199 Boston merchants offer
li, |i.,\ lor the tea, L, 512.
/.,. 1 ;.,., Gilbert's treatise on the northwestern passage to
the, 11 . 212.
Easton. James, Colonel, in the expedition against 'I 1. under
ogs in 1775, I., 123. 121 With Montgomery at Quel*
197.
Boston, Pennsylvania, Associations of. 1.. 335.
East Rock, Ni w Baven, Connecticut, 1 . 117. lis. 425,
. I,,-.,, , signer of the Pilgrim Covenant. 1., -137.
IUE] I I'" : DPHILUB, I.. 418, -II'.'-
'I'uom vs. North ( an ill 1 1 1 Mir. 11 . 3-3.
. ti< neral. joins l.reem it 'I'routil 111 17s|.
i| . inn M il,.. Il.uilr nl 1. 11 II. ml. 11 . 4o3.
II \ i,,n. Major, killed at Augusta, ii., 512
rr, Moravian settlement at, in 1733, IL, 518. S01 Uc
ma.
1 1, Captain, with Lee at tin- capture ol Fort Granny,
182
Ecker, W01.FERT, original proprietor ol Wolfert's Roost, 1
761.
BoniNS, BBrtJAMiH, Patriotism of, ii - 487
-nt Robert, East proprietary Governor of Maryland,
jl 1 1:1. 195 Laya the eorn- r simir ol the sen- Huns, a,
loolifl il.. 1 '' Arrested )-> ordi r -a 1 ongress, il , 195
Eden, William, brother of Sir Robert, British 1 ommissloner
1,1 vim rn-a in I77-. n.. 1 13. Autograph of, IL, ill
, Nonii Carolina, lirst Legislative Assembly meets
at, in I'm. " . :,-''7
,466. Benjamin &ies, one nl 11.
sons ,,i Liberty, 1 . MJ6
I ., 1 mi, .,1 1 i.n George in 1780, II
1 Edge»'ortii, Richard Lovbll, lather of Mar. a, bis name
712
INDEX.
associated with the names of Andre, Honors Sneyd, and
Miss Anna Seward,)., 766. Loyalist, ii, 187.
i,667. .»,» n«itip of Eutaw Springs, ii., 494.
582,586; Hood, Stamp master, at! Bal timo re , "- ? • , g
soli Stamp distributor, at Norwich, i, 599 , aentineis,
Hunker Hill, by tbe British, l., 58.!.
Eoe. Aco. and Ub, of Richmon; J-n^m
^w^niii^ 'aSK SoL^hLee, >" South
sSSKO^C^n'w^nded in the Battle of Guilford
B&1. wi&Xnrs. Mayor of Perth Amboy. ii.. 10
Eldert. SA««=L,Liemenam-colonel,« ^521. g—gfc Jf
tures Oglethorpe's i Fort '"''',.;"• i"n,UI.ert «.. 5(18. Gov-
SS^ii"^**"'"^ Firry' "■■
ELnenKtN, Jkrou.. Commissioner of the Susnuehanna
£MS|ea'^»;^oV Vtrginta, descended from Pocahontas, ii.,
b25x, John, Reverend. Missionary tt , th^Indians , in New
England; his residence ; his grave , u>o„iaii
i , 659. Autograph of, i.,6b0.
IL:^=^rof»her regions views ; her con-
duct toward the Puritans, l, 440.
S-S^N^S^^ington, army at, in 1.8,
££•« SESSkfcSU «-. »i- *— °rBritish
at, in n:;. u.. 108, 169. n, rj^-laration
^"SKipS, e^KeXor, ii., 663. Portrait
of, ii.../>""''^-">AXrhcr°ske.ch of Annis Stockton,
F.1.1.ET, Elizabeth F, Mrs., her SKeu
ii 35. Quoted or cited, l, 41, W. '■«>■ n-, •"' ' i
Sri w 4'11 447 451, 453. 45b, 511. 0Q
3,1, Jb^, 4^3, *»', ™„'„ ' ,h(. -iiv of Washington, n . 199.
l»Tv^
^F^SSnS^Keaasthe
E^SaBt^on^efpe;Xt,eauS Liberty Tree in 1776, ii.,
ESot Joseph, escapes from the massacre by Queen Esther,
^^^^:[^;>^*^.
^r^erwn; '-u"-,n.l- and Colonel Balftur, i..,
EST,^S^i^^>l,;-vr^acc a, New-
prisoners to Providence mlffl,l, 645.
iST: ^^CoioSel ~n. Detroit, L, 264, 291.
^teS^iaoS'«'
I33S; WtL^hTs hote'the quarters of La Fayette, ■„
E So,, a mulatto, proprietor of the house of General Sumter,
E&The Washington, at Cambridge. I., 558, 504. New
EL^MrThiVholse at Whitemarsh, the head-quarters of
E ™S^ TiMOTHY, members of the New Jersey
Ei^cK,Lleu.enant-co^
In the engagement at Indian 1 leiu, u.,
i hester in IT78, ii., 025.
" ,;C't::r..,,. French army, n 17^..; .07.
Benn ngton, of the Hessians, ml .77. 1., 3W.
Bunker BUI, of British troopB, in 17,5. 1., jou.
Cambridge, of the American army, >*» ^'.^j,5"'
Charlotte of the British army, m 17BU, u.. i-»-
Charldttesville, of Burgoyne's captive troops, in 1,82, ....
Eno!' River, of the British army, in 1771, tt, 369.
Green Spring, of the American army, in 1781, n, ,240.
MWdtenSokfof the American army, in 17.7, .., -79 , and
in lT7h, i., 332. . ..-, • nm nnti,
Morrlstown of the American army, m 1777, ... 307,308,
309 ; and in 1779, 1 ,80, ... 309-314.
Newport, of the British army, in 1780, ... OaS.
Oyster Bav, ol the American army. 1. i\M . »■•*£■
Philadelphia, of the British army, in 1777, 11, 10| 105.
Ruckemin, of the American army, in .1778, ...332.
Providence, ol the French army, in 1-82, i-.«»» •
Sninks's Farm, of the American army, inl, KUi, 4 K8.
Valley Forge, of the American army, in 1777, 1.78, n, lie,
Whttemarsh, of the Amcr.car. raW^lW.JjjL1^ 44fl
ES InS messenger, treachery of, i, 193, 195.
Infant, Major P. a. the siege of savannah, .., 531.
Enfield Riot, in North Carolina, u, 361.
Engravers in America in lira, i., al.'»J***: ,-r, ,, 3f,g
quitted,!, 192. Leaves the army, i6. posed by
;.;,!,.,„,„„,„, The establishment of ... Amenc^prj jw^
Archbishop seeker in 1, 48 •,»».™i.'5Mi Governor
...chbishop seeker ml* ' 450 '460 ■ ii.. 394. Governor
ougli. i, 459. Opposition o, ., 4aJ. 10 , ....
Fletcher's s«'™Pttoe8t,a?'8,h"d a Bishop in America," i,
icature of "An Attempt to land a Bishop in *
459. Governor Livings on .^X^ckle" (supposed to be
ica and tlourisl.es, if..
Epitaph, on , . , ...
Durke, by Goldsmith. 1., 504.
Franklin, by himself, ii, 43.
Garrick, by Goldsmith, L, 504.
Goldsmith, by Garrick, 1, 504.
.'"llnS'Scmel; oy^one, Humphreys,!., 430, 431 ;
ZJF£^3A*32«~ on the pubhe e*e-
cution of, ii., 34/.
Erbe, Lawrence, Canton,^., a™-^,
KWKC^^&I* Burnt
Es<,,ws, capital of New York in 1.77, 1, 3b5, Jbb, JBB.
EsLTl^'iti ictun. of the destruction of the Liberty
Tree at Boston iv 167. command of a French
^desUneS SESS.*"™ ' arrives in the D|aware;
lA^lo-at3^ the .British , fleet; suffersm a .lie. ,
649. V.Mte.1 by Greene a La I a ,,s a ,,,„„
n.hriKtK;f£^
ish in 1701,u.. 440 Picture of, ii, 493. Battle
)■;,,/„„> Springs described, n, 49J. r.ctun. u,,
^-..^ri-'^V^e,;;;:,,;,^;-^-;;^
by the Americans m 1776 u, o.i on y
aw iSMSs^ifttf ""■ 1)r,"~" "
J^Vi;^..K'^rp^n;h;s'd^urSea.,,,ef.,
EvT^sTnEtc^lasf Proprietary Governor of faro-
f!:;;;^ 3Tho,»s, VMai. Commissioner of Accounts in
ES6ett: bSWabd, his Speech a, Concord in 1850, i , 5M
in honor ol Washington In the garden of, .., 38.
IN HEX.
713
Eu'iNn, Jambs, General, orthography of bia name, ii., 22.
Willi Washington m New Jersey, ii., I'.' Prevented from
*singthe Delaware In 1776, 11., 93. Biographical -
of, ii.. 22
Ewihg, James ami Dr. Thom is, members ol thi New Jersey
Tea-party, ii . 54.
Ewing, I olonel, Indian agent, Ins letter respecting Trances
Slocom, i . 368.
Exchange of prisoners. Tariff fbr, in 1779, ii., 646.
. New Hampshire, rounded by Wheelwright in 1637, i.,
i. Admiral Viscount, i , 103, 165: sec Pellew.
otu to or iimii.t
Barren 1LH in 1778, ii., 122.
Bennington In it::, i . ;i.i-j-390.
Blue Licks in 1782, n ,895.
Bristol in 1778, i.,64
Camnki m 1775, i . 190-194.
Canada in 1777, i.. 133.
Carolina-, in 1780, ii.. 444.
• 'aroi - ' ii., 563, 564.
I Iherokees in 1760 and 1761, li., 440.
1776, u . 442.
:ord oi 1775, u 523-529.
Currytown in 1781, i . 294, 295.
Danbury in 1777,, i . 102-110.
I '■ ''•■- are River in 1778, ii., 13.
i 1779, i . 336.
Five Nations in 1696, I., 216.
Florida in 1778, ii., 623. 524.
Fori Duquesne in 17
Fori Duquesne In 1755, ii., 5:1-2:3.
Fori Duquesne in 1"
French Creek in 1753, ii., 267, 268.
Georgetown in 1781, ii.. 565.
11 in 1742, 11 . 5!:.
German Flats in 1778, 1 . 225.
Hampton in 1813, ii., 326.
Haw River 111 1781,
Horseneck Landing in 1779, i., 412.
Hudson River in 1777, 1 . 388, :3:t-T36.
Kenluck) in 1780, ii., 294.
King's Mountain in 1780, ii., 425-429.
Lexington in 1775, 1.. 523-529.
Monongnliela River in i:M. n.. 2*3.
Montreal hi 1689, 1..45I.
New Bedford in 1778, i.,652.
Ni ffi Haven in 1779, I., 422-425
Now Jersey, in 1778, ii., 138, 139.
New Vork in 1781, i. 436.
ira in 1755, i . 217.
Norlh Carolina in 1771, ii., 369-372.
North Carolina in 1776, Ii., 378-382.
.North Carolina in 1776, n . 381.
Norwalk in 1779, i . 414.
Ohio Valley m 1778, i„ 2f>4.
Onondago Vallej in 1779, i., 270, 271.
Oswegatcbie in 1779, i., 2:1.
Peckskul ,11 IT", 1 . 741, 742.
Penobscot in 1779, 1 . 594.
Pequots in 1637. 1., 615, 616.
Petersburg in 1781, II., :::t:-340.
Pirates 111 1699, ii.,
Portsmouth in 1780, 11 . 333.
Princeton in 1:::, 11., 26-74.
Red Bank 111 1:::. ii . s; "
Rhode Uiaml in 1777, i., IM8-652.
Rhode Island in 1780, i . 656.
Si. Augustine in 1702, II., 539.
St. Augustine In 1740, ii., 517.
St. \ 522.
Sand) II.'... in 1776, i . 328, 329.
Savannah in 1778, li., 524.
Snow River in [774, ii . 281
Scioio River in 1782, ii.,
South Carolina in 1780, li., 45
m Indians in 1712, ,, , 358.
Staten Island in 1777, ii., 630.
Slalen Island in 1780, i., 311.
I h imes River in 1781, i . 610-613.
i n onderoga in 1781, I., 290.
Tiverton in 1778, i . 645, 646.
Trenion in 1776, n . 20 24.
Tryon County in 1786, I., 280-283.
\ n mi. - in 177 I, ii . 29i), 291.
Virginia in 1579, 1587, i. .212-241.
Virginia in 1606, ii . 24."..
Virginia In 1775, n., 328-332.
Virginia in 1780, ii., 227-262.
Virginia in 1781. ii., nil -344.
Western New York in 1779, I., 272-278.
Western Rivers end Lakes 1-8-290.
Wyoming Valley In 1775, I
Wyoming Vail- % in 1778, i . 362.
Wyoming Valley In 1779, i.. 3ii3.
Wyoming Valley in 1784, i., 373.
ion.? under
Mi sandi r, w llllam (Lord Stirling), i., 311. 32S. 329.
■ rang, t uiotiei John, I., 373
Arnold, i., 190 194, 510 613; n., 227-262, 333-340.
Barnwi II, Captain
Barton, Colonel, 1 . 643,
liaoine. I olonel. i
. i olonel, i . 392-398 i ii ,
Braddock, General, Li., 27
Butler, i olonel Zebulon, I., 362.
ll\rd. Colonel, ii
i ampbell, < olonel, ii . 52 1
Clarke, Major, n . 288-290, 291, 295.
Clinton, -sir Henry, i . 388, 652, 733-736; n..381.
i iton, Govi inn i 83,29
Clinton, Gem r»
i ockburn, Admiral, ii., 326.
Cornwallis, Lord, II . 341-344.
i unningham, Captain, |L, 4:>n.
Dayti a, el I., it.1*. 329.
. . vs
nine, 281 2S4, 328-332
Forbes, Gem ral, ii , 274.
Frolilcnne. i., 216.
Gilbert, sir Humphrey, ii., 242, 213.
lold, ii , 245.
Cram, (olonel. li., 110.
i aptain, I., a
Howe, General Robert, li., 523.
Howe, sir William, I., 741, 742.
Iluck. Captain, ii., 453.
Ki.l. I. 1 aptaui, ii .
l.a Fayette, li., 122. 133.
In.' "I II. or-., ii . 386, 387,565.
i.i -he. General, It., :t:i:c
i. i 594
Marion. General, 11., 564, 565.
Mason, Captain John, i . 615, 616.
Hawhood, Colonel, ii., 138, 139.
Middleton, Colonel, ii., 440.
M'lntosh, i .. 264
Montgomery, Colonel [Earl ol Eglinton), ii . II"
Moore. ( olullel. ii.. lie',, :i> 382.
Oglethorpe, General, ii., 517.
Phillips, General, ii.. 227-262, 339-342.
Pii l.i us. I .eneral. li.. 142.
Plteaim, Major, i.. 59
Plunkett, Colonel, i . 348
Preseott, General i., 645, 646.
Pring, ii.. 245.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, ii., 242,243, 214, 245.
Rutherford. General, it . 142.
Salstonstall, Commodore, i. 594.
Shirley, Governor, I., 217.
mi, nli, colonel. , . 524-529.
Spaniards, ii., 517.
Spencer. General. I.. 648.
Stirling, Lord, i . 311. 328, 329,
Sullivan, ral, i , 2:1. 272-278, 336, 363.
Tr>,,n, I., 402-410, 412, 111. 122-425, 575-578.
Van Kenss , . 1 ., 280-283.
Van Sell, nek. ( 1, Ion, I, 1 . 290.
Wadswnrlli, General, i.. .','.11
Washington, i . 136; li., 20-34,25-74, 267, 268, 26(1-2:1.
Weymouth, li., 215.
Williams, Colonel. M , u |.
Winthrop, General. 1 . 451.
Iron i ad to America iu 1768 and 1769 contrasted.
1-1
i 1 nli, in I. in Arnold's expedition against New London in
1781, 1 . 611. 'fakes possession of Fori Griswold in 1781
Ij wounded, 1 . 1,12.
i nil n. Ihmous Pine r;,,M„T. ii., 162.
Fairfax, George William, of Virginia ; Autograph of, ii.,
Fairfax, William. President, li., 219,
■.. Lord. Ins lauds surveyed by Washington, II., 219.
Fairfield, Connecticut, us Indian 1 01 Its preseni
name, 1., 416. Burned bj rryon In 1779, i., 425, 426 Try-
on's treatment Of Mrs llurr. 1.. 425 ; and of Mrs Buck
42:. Humphrey's elegj on tin- burning of. 1 , 427. The
a at, I., 416.
destroyed by the British In 1778, I..652.
Falcon, British sloop oi war, \ 1 1 ... r of the, ai Gloucester bar.
bor in I" ,. 1 . :, t 1 ,
Falls. Postmastt r. North Carolina, ii.. 422.
1 battle at Ramsour's Mills, ii., 391.
Falls, Mrs., Picture ol
1 itawba, n . I'-i 1 ledar Ra I ohoes, i..
M intmon ncl, 1 . 203 Nu: tra,i.,
Clarke's rendezvous at, a. 295 Si Inn's Rapid's in the
river St. Lawrence, i., 206. Vantii desli I by public im-
'1 now Portland). Maine, bombarded and burnt by the
British in 1775, 1.. 569 . n . 637.
ru
INDEX.
Fanatics in New England in 1656 ; account of several, and of
the punishments inflicted on, i., 449.
Faneuil, Peter, fbunder ol Faneuil Hall, Boston, i., 479.
A portrait of, in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical
Society, i., 562.
Faneuil Hal!, Boston, Picture ami description ot, i.. 4.0. 4 SO.
Burned in 1761, i., 479. Converted into a theatre by the
British in 1776, i., 583. Enlarged in 1805, i., 179. Meeting
field in. to consider the Port BUI, in 1774, i., 507. Cradle of
American liberty, L, 479.
Fanning, David, leading Loyalist in North Carolina, ii., 571.
Abducts I lovernor Burke, ii., 571.
Fanning, Edmi kd, General, ii., 3G5, 366. Tried and fined, ii..
Lampooned, ii., 367. Autograph of, ii., 367. Portrait
and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 368.
Fanning, John, Lieutenant in the United States navy in 1775,
ii.,638.
Farlow, Captain, hanged by Governor Berkeley, ii., 256.
I P mia, Letters of a, by John Dickinson, i.,
476. Republished at London in 1768; and in French at
Paris in 1769 ; their powerful influence, i., 476.
Farmers, American, Anecdote of about twenty young, captur-
ing thirty British soldiers, i., 59.
Farr. Mr., of Imlayton, the murder of him and his family by
Fenton, the Pine Robber, ii., 162.
Farrar, Jonathan, Captain, at the Battle of Concord in 1775,
i.. 5-25.
Fascines, Meaning of the word, in fortification, i., 212.
Fast-day appointed by the Virginia Assembly on account of
the Boston Port Bill in 1774, ii.. 280. Observed by the whole
Continental Army in 1775, i., 569.
Faucett, Thomas," one of the soldiers under Braddock, shoots
the General to save the remnant of his army, ii., 273.
Faugeres, Margaretta V., her sufferings; her-poems quot-
ed Biographical Sketch of, i., 698, 699.
Faught, Dr., of Stone Arabia, i., 295.
Fauquier. Francis. Lieutenant-governor of Virginia in 1758,
ii.,267, 273,277. Dissolves the House of Burgesses in 1764,
ii., 277. Death of, ii., 278. Succeeded by Lord Botetourt,
ii-, 278.
Fay, Joseth D., his Address on the " Martyrs" at the Walla-
bout, ii., 661.
Fay, Theodore S., his poems quoted, i., 666.
Febtger, Christian, Adjutant, Danish officer, at the Battle
of Bunker Hill, i., 546. In Arnold's Canada expedition, i.,
194. At the storming of Stony Point, i.. 746.
Federal Constitution, i., 383, 384. See Constitution, Federal
Federal Government, New York city the first seat of the, ii .
658.
Federal Hall, New York city. Picture of the old, ii., 658.
•■ Federalist," The, a volume of essays by Jay, Hamilton, and
Madison, Account of, i., 384 , ii., 658.
FEECK, Margaret, Romantic adventure of; marries Timo-
thy Murphy, i., 62.
Felder, Rufus, Ancient tumulus upon the land of, ii., 500.
Felipa, Donna, wife of Columbus, i., 19. Death of, i., 21.
Fellows, General, at the Battle of Bemis's Heights, i., 50, 74,
77; and of Long Island, ii., 006. Flight of his troops, panic-
stricken, m 1776. ii., fill.
Fencing-master, Anecdote of GofTe and a, i., 410.
Fend all, Josiah, Governor of Maryland in 1656 ; arrested by
the Protestants, ii., 192. Surrenders his trust to Lord Bal-
timore ; his new commission ; found guilty of treason ; par-
doned, ii., 193.
Fenton, one of fhe marauding Tories of New Jersey called
'"Pine Robbers," Account of; his death, ii., 162.
Fenwick, John, Berkeley's half of West Jersey transferred
to, ii,, 46.
Ferdinand and Isabella, i., 21, 22, 26.
Ferguson, Adam, Professor, secretary of the British com-
missioners to America in 1778 ; Washington declines giving
him a passport to proceed to t'omirrss ai York ; Autograph
of, ii., 143.
Ferguson, Patrick. Major, ii., 420. In the skirmish at
Greene's Spring in 1780, ii.,424. His threat, ii., 425. Killed
in the Battle of King's Mountain, ii.. 128. His grave and
monument near King's Mountain, ii.. 4-23. Biographical
Sketch ot, ii.. 128.
Ferguson, Colonel (Tory), killed at the Battle of Rocky
Mount in 1780, ii., 453.
Ferguson, Captain (British), captured at Fort Motte; anec-
dote of him and Colonel Horry, ii., 480.
Fergi son, Mrs., wife of Hugh, and daughter of Pr Grame,
ii., 144. Lnecdote of nei and General iteed, ii., 145. The
bearer of Dnche'a letter addressed to Washington, ii., 145.
Allusion to, in Trumbull's IVTFingaU, ii., 1 15.
FebmoYj Genera] Lie. his imprudence at Mounl Independence,
,., 135.
Fernandez, Garcia, physician of Palos, ac npanies I o-
lumbustothr New World, i., 23.
Fersen, Count, Rochambeau'a Aid at the siege ofYorktown
in L781 . Portrait of, II., 308.
Few. b., Colonel, at Brier Creek ; Autograph of, IL, 505.
I ahes, regulator, hong by Tryon after tin- Battle on the
■ tnce hi 1771, II., 371.
Field, Colonel. In the expedition to the Scioto In 1771. Ii.,282.
Field, Mrs., daughter of Mrs. Annis Stockton, ii., 35.
Fmnnrrs of the Revolutionary Government, i., 316-321. Bills
of credit, i., 316. Continental paper money; form of bills,
devices and mottoes, i., 317. New emission of bills ; coun-
terfeits by Tories ; tirst coined money, i., 318. Depreciation
of the paper money ; confusion in trade; debt ; value of bills,
i., 319. Paper money a legal tender by law ; Washington's
opinion of this law.i., 320. Charge against General Greene ;
excitement throughout the country on account of financial
embarrassments , not at Philadelphia ; Hartford Convention,
I., 331.
Finch, J., his contribution to Silliman's Journal cited, i., 591,
592, 593.
Finch, William, American Naval Commander, i., 656.
Finch, Mr., prisoner at Wyoming, i., 301, 362. Anecdote of,
i., 362.
Finlev, John, Daniel Boone accompanies him to Kentucky,
ii., 285.
Finlev, Samuel, Captain, at the Battle of Guilford, ii., 404-
At Fort Granny, ii., 483. Autograph of. ii.. 512.
Finn, Lieutenant, at the siege of Fort Ninety-six, ii., 485.
Fire-arms- manufactured in America before the Revolution, i.,
586. Antiquity of, i., 634.
Fire Lands in Ohio, Account of the. i., 611.
Fischer, F., Hessian Lieutenant of Artillery, captured at
Trenton ; Autograph of. ii., 23.
Fish, Jabez, at the Battle of Forty Fort ; story of his wife
and child, i., 360.
Fish, Nicholas, Colonel, ii., 629 ; his account of an enter-
tainment by Marbois, i., 668.
Fish, Preserved, anecdote of him and La Fayette, ii., 315.
Fishbow, one of the xVids of Wayne at the storming of Stony
Point, i., 747.
Fish Creek, The encampment of Burgoyne at the mouth of, i.,
50, 71, 73.
Fish Dam Ford, Battle of, in 1780, ii., 445-447.
Fisher. IIendrick, of New Jersey, delegate to the Colonial
Coneress in 1765, i., 465.
Fisher, Joshua, Samuel, and Thomas, Quakers, banished
to Virginia in 1777, ii., 56.
Fisher, Mart, Quakeress, comes to America, i., 450.
Fisheries, English, Argall sails with his Meet to Maine in pro-
tect the, in 1613, ii.,251. New England, bill passed by Par-
liament to destroy the, in 1775: state of. in 1775, i.. 520.
Newfoundland, treaty between the United States and Great
Britain respecting the. in 1782, ii., 652.
i Creek, Battle of. ii., 454.
Fishkill, New York, Convention at, in 1777. i., 387. De-
scribed by Chastellux in 1780; scene of Captain Itanium's
"Spy Unmasked;" place of American encampment; New
York Legislature meet at, i., 690. Head-quarters of Baron
Steuben ; Cincinnati Society first meet at, t., 703. Ancient
Dutch Church at. i , 701 ; and Trinity Church, i., 702.
Fitch, Thomas, Governor of the Colony of Connecticut, i.,
414.
Fitch's Point, Connecticut, Picture of, i., 413. Origin of its
name, i., 41 1.
Fitchville, Connecticut, Anecdote of the " Prophet Uozrah" at,
i.. 601.
Fl rniAN, Philit, Reverend, and Joel, members of the New
Jersey Tea-party, ii., 54.
Fitzconnel, John, signs the protest sent to D'Estaing, i.,
650.
Fitzgerald, John, Colonel. Aid to Washington at the Battle
of Princeton; anecdote of him and Washington; Autograph
of, ii., 33.
Ft rz water, John, proprietor of the Elmar Mansion at White-
marsh, ii., 115.
Five Nations of Indians, Frontenac's expedition against the,
in 1696, i., 216. Tribes of the, i., 256.
Flax, American, Devices of the, i.. 192, 342. Pine Tree, de-
scribed, i., 570. Continental, i., 192, 242. Continental ma-
rine, i., 576: the first ensign used l>\ an American man-of-
war in 1775, ii., 638. Of "New England, at the Battle of
Bunker Hill, i., 541. Of the Union, tirst unfurled at Cam-
bridge m 1776, i.. 577 ; ii., 519. 638 ; Washington's letter re-
Bpecting it. i., 577 ; its color changed . adopted by Congress
in 1777, i .. 577. 578. Used at Fort Schuyler, i . 342. Brit-
ish, described, i . 577 . ii., 321 ; surrendered to Washington
at York town, ii., 208, 322 ; replaced by the American Hag. at
Fort George, in 1783, ii., 683. Republican, of Soutb Caro-
lina, in 1775, ii., 545. Moultrie's, ii.. 515. Of truce, Vio-
lation of the, at Teller's Point, i.. 718. Or Washington's
Guard, i , 688. Hessian, taken at the Battle of Trenton, ii.,
22, 207.
Flaoo. Major, killed hy Tories, ii., 88.
i painter, his picture of the arrest of Emily Geiger, ii.
189
Flatbush Redoubt, Storming of. in 1776, ii., C03.
Flat Rock, Indian antiquity at. ii 159
Fii - i, Hessian Ensign, captured at Trenton; autograph of.
ii.,33.
Fiii: i . Thomas and John, printers oftbe Boston Post. ii.. 23.
Fleet, American, Names ofvess* Is ol the, In the Delaware in
1777. under command of Commodore llnzlewood, ii., 87.
i ormation of the, on Lake. Champlain, j., 163,
I NDEX.
ris
British, in Hi.' Chesapeake Bay, In 1646, under sir
George Ayscue, [I., 253 \i Newport, 1";.. i . 841. At
Normik harbor m 1775, n . 528. At Boaton in I77t*> lose-
runiv or ill.', i . 58 im iii.- harbor t>\ Lincoln, i .
:.- u Sand; Hook, under Howe, 1776, II., 594 U
I. si, hi. under Parker, In 1776, IK, .'.IT u Chesapeake
Bay, in 1777. under Howe, ii., B7. Off Norwalk Islands In
1777, i.. 402. Sails lor America, under Byr ind Hydi
Parker, in 1778, I., 646. Ai Sandy Hook, i . 647, 649 U
Newport ; encounters a s 649 Itsengagement
wuli the French fleet, i . 650 u Boston ai Ni « ■! nrk, i.,
u Hampton 11 Is In 1779, ii., 332 Reinlbrced by
niral Graves, 1., 655 Blockades Narragansel Bay, 1.,
656. ai the siegi ol Charleston, ii., 558. In James
in 1781, ii . 228
i . Lmi rica, In 1778, under Count
laing, i. 646, Arrives ai Delaware Bay: sails Ibi
Hook to meei the British; proceeds to Newport, I., 64
I, lvi b Newport Harbor to attack Howe . encounters a vio-
lent storm,i,649 Near Tybee Island, Savannah, in 1 7 7 ■) ,
,i- Near Charleston In 1780, ii, 561, OlTthecoastof
Virginia; enters Newport Harbor, under DeTernay, in 1760,
i.. ... IntheWesI Indies,! ,656. In the Chesapeake Bay,
under De TiUey, in 17 — 1. ii., 230. In the West In i in
1781, ii., 303. In Ibe Chesapeake, under De Grasse, ii., 305.
sails tor the West Indies alter the siege ofYorktown, il .
328. Sent to the Chesapeake, to Intercept the British, in
17M ; captures the Romulus and a number of small vessels,
ii . 334. sails for st Domingo In 1782, I., 624
Fleming. Colonel, in the haul, at Point Pleasant In 1771, Ii.,
Fleming, Captain, in the skirmish al Worth's Mill, il., 25
K hi, ,1 in the BatUe of Princeton, h .. 30.
Flbnnikin. .Ihiin. member of the Mecklenburg Committei
lutograph of, ii., 412, 113
Fletcher, Bbnj iMiN.GovernorofNew York. II ,579. Takes
in .in William Perm las provincial govi rnment m 1692, Ii.,
50.
Fletcher, Moses, signer ,,i the Pilgrim Covenant, i., 137.
Fletcher, Thomas, General, Ii., 289.
I'm i ' ii ik, Lieutenant, w led at Hanging Rock, ii . I",'
I-'i.i i in, I * ni:. i ,,i,ui, I, in- bravery at Brandy wine ; Con-
gress presents a horse to. u . 17s. At the storming of Stony
Point in 1779, i . 7 id. Congress awards n medal to; Bio-
graphical sketch of, i , 749
! Batteries, Account of, with a picture, i.. 573.
Florida, Discovery of, by Ponce de Leon, i., 29, Narvaez's ex-
pedition t", i . 30. Invasion of, by De Soto, is. Expedition
to, under De Gourgues, i , 32, Visited by GrenvUle and
Lane in 1,'isl, ,i , 243.
Floyd, William, of New York. Delegate t.» the firs! Conti-
nentsl Congress, ii., 59, 587 Signer of the Declaration ,,i
Independence; Biographical Sketch of,ii.,G63. Autograph
of, ii., 80. Portrait of, ii , frontispiece.
Flucker, Thomas, Secretary of Massachusetts undei Gage,
i , 515 i ,, a, r.ti Knox marries a daughter of, i . 515, 510.
Fluvanna. Arsenal and military stores at, Li., 342.
Foaiid. Jon: r ol the Mecklenburg I olnunttee . Auto-
graph of, ii.. 412, 113
Fobiie. Hessian Lieutenant, captured at Trenton ; Autograph
Of, II . 21
I -I qer, Timothy, anecdote of him and General Prescott, i.,
603.
Folsom, Nathaniel, of New- Hampshire, Delegste to the lirst
Continental i ongress, ii., 59. On the Committee to visit
Valley Forge, ii., 136.
Fonda, David, killed and scalped, i . 289, son.
I onda, Jelles, Major, one of the suffer re at the destruction
of Caughnawaga In 1780, I., 260.
, the Mohawk Valley, i . 233. 280, 284.
Foote. Ezra, <■! Danbun . i lonnecticnt, I . 106, 107.
Foote's Sketches "t North CaroUna, ii., 371, 425.
Fop, 1. ess, in given to a, in < ana, la. i . 211*',.
iach, Madame de, the' cane presented bj her to Br. Frank-
lin. ii.'J"!
FORBES, t.iLuERT, in lite conspiracy to destroy Washington,
ii.. 595
Forbes* John, Genei ds the expedition againal Fori
1 > 1 1 , | ■ i , 1758, 11., --'7:1. 274. Holds a council of war;
takes possession of the fort, ii., 274 Place ol tils death, Ii.,
94. Biographical sketch of, Ii., 273 Autograph ol, n ,
274.
Forbes, John, Captain, mortally wounded at the Battle of
Guilford, Ii . 103
Fortius Hill, Pooghkeepsie, i . 384
Force. Peter, ol Washington City, i . 575,688 11 1 s eollec
i ol historical and other relics, ii., 200. Possessor of the
original record of the formation ol the I inc ati ociety, i .
Cl't Possessor of the ordinal Artie] tuial at
the surrender of lornwallis, II., 318. His American Ar-
chives, ii., 595,
Ford, Gabriel, .IihIl'c. Ins mansion at Morristown occupied
i,\ Washington as ins head quarters in 1779, 1780,
310, 315. Anecdote of Washington and the mother ol an I
of Washington and the son of, L., 314. Anecdote of Hamil-
ton and, i , 315.
Fun p. Philip, subscribing witness to the Pennsylvania Char-
ter, ii . "
Ford, William, of New Yoi ter of tho Dei taxation of
Indent ndem - Bio n iphi al Sketch of, Li., 61
Ford. I. riant-col I, of Maryland, at the Battle ol G
ford, \i,.i, ,ii\ wounded al Hobkirk'a Hill, Li.,
Fording of streams In the Southern States, ii, 351, 422,
Fordyi B, Captain, killed at the Battle of Great Bridge in 1775.
n . 329
Foreign iiurtait of il,, i oiled States established in 1777. ii.,
I, ,., Picture a i,, i account of the I orelgn i ifflce, LI . II ' 0 ■
, , ...ill,,,, ign Allans, n . 64"
I \l:r< , nnni TroOpS, 'III,' ciiij l,,\ [ of, l\\ t,r, at lint-
Musi her lmi ricon buI jeci , 1 588, 589
Form tw lurj [i oni ,- I tu pro, ctoi ■ ol thi Brii I anal , found
er ,,i Syracuse, i . 229.
Forque, Dr., Surgeon General, ii., 33.
i .v. M D., Deputy Director General of the hos-
pital in the Eastern 1', partment, Li., 33.
Fortificatio
\. mi- . i ,,.i, i.. 653, C05.
Albant, I ort, i.,301
\i,n. , Fort, > . 13 I, ill.
Arnold. Fort, Weal Point, i .
701, 722.
Augusta, Fort, i., 351 ; ii.,
5114.
\u\ N,,]\, Isle, 1.. 167.
Badlam's Battery, II., 593.
Balfour, Fori, ii., 13-, 505.
Hall. Fort, 1 . 231.
i;. dford, i ',,ri n„ 271.
Itemis's Heights, i., 49.
Black Rock, i . 424, I-::..
Hoone, Fort, n
Hosion, [.,451, 513, ,
567,571,574 i91 ,92
Box, Fort, ii., 600, 604.
Breed's Ihil, I., 540
Brown, Fori, i.-, 358
Hunker 11.11. I., 530. .',"1,
Burgo> in 's 1 amp. I . 89.
Burnet, Fort. L, 216, 217.
Butts's Hill, i . i ■'.
Calhoun, Fort, ii . 325.
t incut. Fori, I . 665.
Cap.' Breton, i 1 19
Cape Diamond, i., 108.
tape May, il . !.'.
Capse; liaii. n . it . 582.
Carillon, Fort, 1., 115. lis.
Castli William. ... 560, 593
i ledars Rapids, i . 207.
Chain Battery, West Point,
I , 722
i hambly, i . 171. 174,289.
Charles, Fort, i
Charleston, [i , 55]
Charlotte, Fort, ii., 557.
Cherry Valley, i . 268
ii. Fori, i . 683, 701.
7111, 705, 731, 732,733, 731:
,i 625
Clydi . lmi. i . 262
i ... i, Hill, Fort, n , CIO, 620,
Constitul Fori, i., 7ii3.
707, 722, 73ii.
i ..mo. iihs.rnri.ii ,485,509,
Mo. 512
i i in. % Island, M . 335.
Crown Point, i . 120, 151
, i' ii.iii. t\.ii ..yi:i
I 1.. rl I. I .al, ii.. 271.
273
Dayton. Fort, i., 243
'. 299,
Defiance, Fort, n . ■
In, kins Fort, i . 371, 373
I inhis's I . rr\ . i . 762.
I i.e. -hi si, i II, [gilts, i . 579.
I Lnought, Fort, Li., 484
5113
Dumplings. Fort, 1
Duqui Foi
Durkee, Fori. . . 31
Edward, Fori, i . 39, 40, 17
I-. 7 1. 03. 05, On. 97, 138
Elsinberg, Fort, ii . 16
I av. tte, I'o't. i . 713, 71s.
i|. . Fort, n.. 201.
Fitch's Polnl ,
id Ferrj Port, I., 664.
Fori Hill, i . 5IC.
Forty Fort, i . 340, 351, 353
354, 35-. 365
Franklin. Fori, n , '"
Frederica, Fort, II . 516, 517
I i .!, rick I ml ,1 . 3211. 317
French tons in lie valley ol
the Ohio, ii ,
French Lines mar Savan
liah. ii., 531.
Frontenac, Ion. i„ 215, 216
I l on, ]., 112.
Galphin, Fort, il . 184, 503.
511.
i !■. . Fort, 1., 70, 108, 112,
113.
George, Fort, New Vork city,
ii . 578, 582, 588, 569 i9
503. I.
George. Fort, on the liarli in.
n . im. 620,
German Flats, i . 213
Governor's [aland, il., 311,
en;
Gower, Fort, 11 . 282, 2-5.
Granby, Fort, 11 . 175, 479,
1-1. 1-2. 184, 100
i 1 Batti 1 j at \. w York,
11 , 5011, 503.
i.i, 11 llockhoi'kiiuT. 11., 282.
Greene, Fort, II 61 0
Grenadiers' Battery, ii., 593.
Grierson, Fort, n , 1-
510, 512
Griswold, Fori, 1., 609-615,
017.
Hale. Fori. I., II-. 121. 425.
Hamilton, Fort, 1., 33S, ii .
10.
Hardy, Fort, 1 , 71. 70.
Haver's Island. 1 ,41.
11, ,11 . , Fort, nt Wheeling
trek. 11 . 291, 292, 203.
Henry, Fort, at Petersburg,
il 336
Herkimer. Fort. i.. 204, 255.
Howe. Fori. 1 . I [5
Hunter, I mi, 1 . 280, 290.
Independi nee, Fort, 1 . 17-.
733. 735. II., ('.III. 619.
in, 1. pi inleiit Battery, New
York. 11 . 593
Indian Fort, u< ar Kingston,
Rhode Island, I., 1
James, Fort, New Vork, ii .
57 s
Ja s River, ii.. 325.
.1; slnwn. 11. . 257
.lelikllis. Fort, 1 . 351.
.1, is, \ Battery, il.. 593.
1 ort, 1 . 670.
Johnson, Fort, mi Cam Feai
River, ii.. 37 1. 375 On
Ja - s Island, jj., 541,
515. 517. 551. 558, 573.
Johnson, Fort, New York, i ,
2:12.
Kasimi r. Fort, II., 16
Kaskaskia, il . 289
Keyei 1 ort, I., 2-11.
Kingston, Rhode Island, i.,
I. a Fayi tto, 11 . in. 598.
Fort, ii., 244.
Lanthorne Battery, Wesi
I',. Ill, 1 .722.
Laurens. Fort, ii., 201.
1 in uf, it., 207.
716
INDEX.
Fortifications at
Lechmere Point, i., 555.
Lcc, Fori, near New Vi»rk
city, l., 307 ; li.. 14, 015,
619, 622.
LHUe Fort, I,, 424, 425.
Lloyd's Neck, u . 627.
Logan, Fort, ii., 287.
Long Island, n.,600. 601.
Loudon, Fort, 11., 430, 440.
Lower Fori, i.. 205, 280,
S90.
Lyman, Fort, i., 95.
M'Dougall's Battery, ii., 503.
M'Intosh, Fort, ii., 294, 522.
M'Kean, Fort, i., 295.
Meggs's Redoubt, i.,722.
Mercer, Fort, ii., 84, 86, 88.
93 109.
Middle Fort, i., 265, 279.
Mifflin, Fort, ii., 83. S4, 85.
86, 89, 90. 92, 93, 109.
Miller, Fort, l.. 72. 73, 94.
Monroe, Fort, ii., 325.
Montgomery, i., 388, 683,730,
731,732, 734: ii., 625.
Moore, Fort, near Sand-bar
Ferrv, ii., 439, 504.
Motto, Fort, ii., 475, 477, 479,
480.
Moultrie, Fort, ii.. 110, 546.
551, 553,557, 558, 560.
Mount Defiance, i., 39.
Mount Hope, i., 39.
Mount Independence, i., 133.
Narrows, near New York
city, ii., 10.
Nassau, Fort, at Cape May,
ii., 45
Nassau, New Providence.
ii., 640.
Necessity, Fort, ii., 269, 270.
Negro Fort, ii., 625.
Neilson, Fort, i., 47, 58.
Neilson. Fort, ii., 289, 335
New Fort, Oswego, i., 218.
Newport, Fort, i., 231.
New Vork, ii., 593, 600, 610
Niagara Fort, i., 216, 224,
225.
Ninetv-six, Fort, ii., 262, 443,
444, 446, 471, 175,479, 483-
488.
Nonsense, Fort, i., 306.
Norfolk, ii., 329, 335.
North Redoubt, WestPoint.
l., 722.
Ogdenstmrgh, i., 212, 213.
Oglethorpe's Barracks, ii.
516.
Ohio Valley, ii., 266.
Ontario, Fort, i., 217, 219.
Oplandt, Fort, ii., 45.
Orange, Fort, i., 301 ; ii.
578.
Oswegatehie. i., 213.
Oswego, i., 216, 217, 220.
Oyster Battery, ii., 593.
Paris, Fort, i., 280.
Paulus Hook, ii., 622.
Penn, Fort, i., 338.
Pequot Fort, i., 615.
Philadelphia, ii., 103.
Pinckney, Castle, ii., 551.
Pitt, Fort, at Pittsburgh, ii..
274,281, 288, 293, 294.
Pitt. Fort, at New York, ii..
593.
Plain, Fort, i., 261.262.
Plank. Furl, I , 262.
Pittsburgh, i., 166.
Plaved Hill, u 571.
Plum Point, Hudson River
i , 681.
Point Pleasant, ii., 282.
Portsmouth, I., 568.
Presque Isle, ii., 267.
Pr nee Charleses Redoubt,
ii . 625.
Fortifications, Technical terms
Fori Hill, Boston, i., 15]
Fortunate Islands: see Canary
Fostbr, Captain, ofthe British
Fountain [/ Youth, i . 29.
><r tjnp described, ii.,
Fowler, Colonel, Death of, ii.,
Prince George, Fort, ii., 439,
440.
Prince, Fori, ii„ 610, 623.
Pulaski, Fort, ii., 537.
Putnam, Fort, i„ 701, 703,
705,706,707,722; 11,6011,
604, 605.
Quintan's Bridge, ii., 138.
Red Bank, ii., 84, 85.
Rensselaer, Fort, i., 283.
Rhode Island, i., 648, 662.
Richmond, ii., 226.
Rocky Hill, i., 722.
Rouse's Point, i., 167.
Roxbury Fort, i., 592.
.Sand-bar Ferry, ii., 504.
Schoharie Valley, i., 268, 278,
279.
Schuyler. Fort, i., 38, 40, 231 ,
237, 240, 242,243,249,252,
265, 282.
Sherman's Redoubt, i., 722.
Slango, Fort, ii„ 628.
Sorel River, i., 171, 174, 183,
289.
South Battery, West Point,
i., 722.
South Redoubt, West Point,
i , 722.
Spencer's Redoubt, ii., 593.
Spring Hill Redoubt, ii., 532.
St. Frederick, Fort, i., 150,
151.
St. John's, i., 162, 168, 169,
171, 172.
St. Lawrence River, i., 210,
215.
StanwiX, Fort, i., 38, 231,
237.
Stillwater, i., 58.
Stirling, Fort, ii., 593, 600.
601.
Stony Point, i., 722.
Sullivan, Fort, ii., 545, 546,
548, 549.
Sumter, Fort, ii., 551.
Sunburv. ii., 521.
Swill, Fort, ii., 600.
TliiHiip.Nou's 1 1 r 1 1 1 ■ IV, n., 501,
610.
Ticonderoga, Fort, i., 115,
118, 131.
Tonvn. Fort, ii., 524.
Trinity. Fort, ii., 46.
Trumbull, Fort. New Lon-
don, i., 609. 610, 615, 618.
Tryon, Fort, ii., 610, 620.
Upper Fort, i. 265.
Van Schaick's Island, i., 36,
41.
Venango, ii., 267.
Verplanck's Point, i., 722.
Vincennes, ii., 290.
Washington, Fort, i., 763 ;
ii., 14, 610, 615, 619, 659.
Waterberv's Battery, ii., 503.
Watson, Fort, ii., 471, 500,
565.
Webb, Fort, i., 705, 707. 722
Wellington. Fort. i. ,210,211.
Western, Fort, i., 191.
West Point, i., 681, 701.
Whitehall Battery, ii., 593.
Wilkesbarre. i., 357. 362.
William, Fort, ii., 517.
William Augustus, Fort, i.,
213.
William Hendrick, Fort, ii.,
578.
William Ilenrv, Fort, i., 108,
112, 113.
Will's Creek, ii., 271.
Wmtermool, Fort, i.. 310,
351.
Wyllys, Fort, i., 705, 707,
722.
Wyoming, Fort, i„ 348.
Yorktown, " . 303.
used in. explained, i., 96.
Islands.
army, i., 207, 208.
491.
024.
Fox. Chari.es James, First speech of. in Parliament, on the
Boston Port Bill, i., 503. Denounces the Canada Mill, i.,
156. His opinion ofthe British army in America in 1775. i..
85, 587. Opposes the measures of Lord North, i., 510. His
motion for peace in 1781. ii., 406 His spet rh after Corn
wallis's surrender, ii., 322. Satirizes George III., i., 519.
Secretary of State in 1782, ii., 652.
Fox, Daniel, of Maryland, Son of Liberty, ii., 194.
Fo.v, Adjutant, brother of Charles James ; wounded in the Bat-
tle of Guilford, ii., 406.
Fox, George, founder of Quakerism in ]650,i.,450. Charac-
ter of. ii., 49. His letter to Pope Innocent XI., ii., 49. Vis-
its North Carolina, ii., 354.
Fkabor. Isaac, American Naval Commander, i., 656.
France at war with England ; invades Charleston in 1706, ii.,
539. At war with England in 1745 ; political influence of.
in America, ii., 358. Treaty of. with England, in 1763, ii.,
441. The King of. warns his people, in 1775, that what they
did for Americans was at their own risk, i., 587. Proposed
terms of a treaty between the United States and, in 1776, ii.,
646. American Commissioners instructed to borrow money
from, i., 310. Renders pecuniary assistance to the United
States in 1776, ii., 647, 648. Dispatches vessels to the West
Indies to intercept La Fayette in 1777. ii., 120. Adams's
views of a national alliance with, in 1777, ii., 648. Treaty
of. with the United States in 1778, ii., 140, 640. Acknowl-
edges the Independence of the United States in 1778 ; treaty
of alliance and commerce, i., 86, 87, 646 ; ii.. 140,649. Issues
orders to seize British vessels in French ports in 177s. i.,
646. At war with England, ii.. 650. Of the triple alliance
between France. Holland, and the United States, in 1781, ii.,
651. Cockades worn in America in honor of, by order of
Washington, i., 655. Services from and to, i., 650. Revo-
lution in, ii„ 82.
Francis I., of France, the patron of John Verrazani, the navi
gator, i., 32.
Francis, John W., Dr., Freneau relates a remarkable fact to,
respecting the small-pox, ii., 661. His memoir of Cadwalla-
der Colden, ii., 580. Quoted, ii., 656, 657, 658.
Francis, Colonel, at Ticonderoga, i., 135. At Hubbardton. i.,
144. At Wyoming, i., 345. Killed at the Battle of Hubbard-
ton, i., 146.
Francis's History ofthe Bank of England, ii.. 630.
Francisco, a brave Virginian, his feats at the Battle of Guil-
ford, ii.. 101.
Francisco, Henry, Remarkable longevity of, i.. 139.
Frankford, the British attempt to surprise it in 1777, ii., 42.
Frankford Mills, near Philadelphia, ii., 42.
Frankland, in North Carolina, Brief history of, ii., 427.
Fkanklin, Benjamin, Dr., Baptism of. i.. 144. Invents his
stove in 1742, i.,328. His plan for the Convention at Albany
in 1754,1., 303. Commissioner at the Convention, l.. 303. 455.
In favor of a Stamp Act by Congress in 1754, i., 461. Con-
tends for" the taxing of the Proprietary estates of Pennsyl-
vania in 1764 ; Provincial Agent to urge this measure before
the King, ii., 51. Lampooned and caricatured in Philadel-
phia as a favorer of the Stamp Act in 1765. ii., 52. Threat-
ened destruction of his house ; courage of his wife, ii., 52.
His conference with Grenville and Pitt. i.. 462. His advice
to Ingersoll, i., 466. His letter to Charles Thomson, i.. 463
Publishes the "Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer" at Lon-
don and Paris, i., 476. Agent for Massachusetts, i., 493 ;
and for Georgia, ii., 518. Publishes at London the letters of
Hutchinson and others, i.. 476, 494. Summoned before the
Privy Council ; dismissed from the ofllce of Postmaster Gen-
eral for the Colonies ; his memorable vow, i., 149. His mess-
ares to enlist Dissenters in the cause of America, i., 517.
Entertained at the house of Lord Howe in 1774. ii.,608. IIh
Address to the people of England, and to Americans in En-
eland, i., 519. His advice to La Fayette, ii., 117. Presents
to him a sword voted by Congress, ii., 118.
Returns to America lii 1776. i., 521. Appointed Postmaster
General in 1775 ; his Post-office account-book, i., 568. Re-
ceives from the Congress of Massachusetts the balance due
for his services as Colonial Agent in England ; at head-
quarters at Boston, i., 575. Receives from the Constitutional
Society of London. I1m- hundred dollars for the relief of the
Americans wounded at Lexington and Concord ; and for wid-
ows and orphans of the slain, i., 575, 585. Recommends
Kosciusko to Washington, i.. 4*.
His proposed Articles of Confederation in 1775. ii.. 653.
On the Committee of Congress for Foreign Correspondence
in 1775.11. 017 ; on the Committee to print Continental Bills,
l.. 317; and the Committee to confer with the Mysterious
Frt'iifhiicin. i . .V.I, tin tin- l'» nil tee to prepare a Declara-
tion of Independence, ii., 70. Sums the Declaration of Inde-
pendence in 1776. 11., 664. His thoughts of emancipation in
1774, ii.. 68. On the Committee to prepare a plan of National
Treaties in 1776, ii., 648 ; and to confer with Howe, ii . ins
ii i^ closing remark t" Lord Howe, ii., 608, 609
i ommissfoner to France in 1777. L, B5, so ; ii., 639, 648,
Hi sides at Passy, ii., 648. The "Reprisal," the ship ill
which he sailed to France, the first American armed ship
thai appeared in Europe, ii., 630. Carries to France blank
commissions for army and navy officers, ii., 630 His faith
in the French Court, ii., 652. His letter to Arthur Lee on
IN DE X.
IT
National Alliance, ii-. 648 Minister Plenipotentiary at the
— s drawa lulls
on, In 1780, L 655 The Bword h to La
Fayette made under the direction of, i., 055.
Portrait of. ii., fnmtispieci Medallion likeness of, Ii.,
»"l.i Autograph "i, i., Hi); ii . 60, 648. Bulof
Raynal, ii . B2 Biographical Sketch of, 11., 664. ln<
of him and Mr linns, i., no.
Inventor of the Armonica, 11., 104. His walking-stick be-
queathed to Washington, ii., 202. His printing-press, II ,
•J. g His boose ai Philadelphia, U., 104. Grave and epitaph
or, ii
Franklin. Deborah. Mrs . her courageous conduct during a
mob at Philadelphia in 1765, n.. 52. Grave of, a., 43.
Frahklin, Johh, Captain, ai Fort) Fort, i., 358.
Franklin, John. Colonel, invests wilkesbarre Fort in 1764,
I., 372. arrested tor treason, 1., 375; discharged, i., 376.
Franklin. J,, his signature to Contini atal bills, I., 317.
Franklin, Wu liam, Governor of New h racy, Loyalist, ii.,
denl of the Board of Associated Loyalists, ii.,627.
Resides at Perth ii only son of Dr. Frauklm ;
Biographical Sketch of, ti . 10
Franklin, William Tehple, son of Governor Willi
II.
. Ii win s , Major, Aid to Arnold ; Autograph of
Fraser, General, at the onderoga, i-, 132, 131.
Pursues the Americans, i., I3j. in. At the Buttle of Be-
mis's Heights, I., 50, 51. His manoeuvres at tin- I at
52. u tin- second Battle of StiUwan r. i .. 61, 64. Killed bj
Murphy, i . o~ Baroness Riedesel's account of the death
of; place of ins death . iiis last request, I . 65. His burial,
Burial-place of, i., 70. Picture of the house in which
In- died, i . 64.
Fkast.r. Colonel (British), In the Battle of Guilford m 1781,
u . 103
Fraser. Major (British), in Hie skirmish at Parker's Ferry,
ii..
Fraser, Major, killed in the Battle of Musgrove Mill in 1780,
U.,444
Frauncr's Tavern, New York, i , 66
633. Revolutionary associations of. ii., 590, 633.
Frazier, Lieutenant, in the expedition t<> Fort Duquesne in
1754, n.. -20s. 269.
Frederick Hi-' Great, of Prussia, some of his veterans among
the mercenaries in tin- British army in America, ii., 652.
His opinion of Washington's achievements, ii., 33. His
opinion of the German mercenaries, ii., 347.
Frederica, Georgia, founded by Oglethorpe in 1736; Ruins of
his fort, ii.. 5)6.
Fredericks/, „r^, Virginia, ii., 217. General Weedon b
keeper at, ii.. 173. The residence of the mother of Wash-
ington, ii.. 220.
Freeh ■>■' I [feel ■. Bouse, Picture of, ii., 153,
Lssociations of, i., 52. Picture of, i.. 53.
Noticed, i . 58.
Free-Masonry, at Hometown, ' ■ 307. The masonic sign the
means of saving tin- life of Israel Israels. Li., i'.:>, i
of Major Wood, i., 671. Masonic apron presented by Ma-
dame La Fayette to Washington, 11 . 231 . thi
by the Grand Master at the Laying of the corner-atom
nia Monument to Washington, ii., 231. Washington
and all ill-- Major-generals of the [Revolutionary arm> ma I t
masons, ii., 231.
Free /' Naj ■■ of a, ii., 254.
Fret Society of Traders, English Quakers, ii., 47.
tgo, Address .-it the, ii\ David Kin-
nlson, i . 501
Frblikghoysbh, Frederick, Colonel, Biographical Sketch
of, 11.. II.
Fbelinohuysen, Theodore of New Jersey, I I States
Si nator, ii., 12.
French, n. B., Grand Master of Free-masons,
French, Captain (British), at the siege ol Fort Ninet) Six, ii.,
187
ma ofthe, to territories In America,
sh traders, ii.. 267. Encroachments of the, on the
Western frontier of Virginia, ii . 219 Cessat
minion ofthe. in Canada, in 1760, i . 179. Si I of ihi .
at Kaskaskiaand Vincennea, U., 266 \ and at Chimnej Point,
i., 150.
French Owe*, M. de St. Pierre at. En 1753, ii., 268.
French Field, Baron Dieskau at, i , 112.
French Hill, Encampment at, ii., 625.
French Mountain. Picture of, L, 53.
French Officers, at Norwich, Connecticut, i.,600. See Army;
i . ■■' . Oj I
' 119.
I . \ Settlers on the §i Lawrence, Hostilities of, I., 451.
Frenchman, Mysterious, appears before a Committee of Con-
gress in 1775. >..
Freneau, Philip, li., 557. Relates a remarkable fart respect-
ing small-pox, ii.,661. Quoted, L, 37, 43, 533, 537, 571 : ii.,
145. 160, 276, 300, " i Autograph
of, ».. 659
Frere, HuoUES, Huguenot, in Ulster County. New York, i..
FRET, Major, raptured at the siege of Fort Schuyler, ■ J 18
Friday, Mr [Whig), anecdote of him and Colonel Maxwell,
.i , 182.
ig House, in Liberty Street, New Vork.uscdas
a hospital during the Ri rolul i
FiusDv, Peroy, oi Mars land. Son oi Liberty, 11., 19-1.
. John, surveyor, it., 361.
Frohock, Thomas extortioner, Li., 305.
Fronts n ac, Lot is, Count, Governor of Canada, I., 215. Hip
ition against the i ive Nations in 1606, i . 216.
Frontenae, or Kingston, 1 pper t anada, Shirley's expedition
against, ii., 27 1
Frost. Captain, ami Ins Toms, seise the Reverend Dr, Ma-
ther and all the men of his congregation at Har.eii. and im-
prison tin in, i . 111.
Frothing ham, cited or quoted, i., 021, 527, 538, 539, 572, 574,
561, 583, 501.
Fry, Joshua, Colonel, In the expedition against Fort Duqui bi i
in 1754, ii., 26'J. Death of, il., 270. Biographical Sketch of,
ii., 269.
Frye, Colonel, in the Council of War at Boston before the
of Bunker Bill, I., 534. At the battle, i . 539.
G real scarcity of, ai Newport in 177'.», I., 653
Fuhrer, ('aim. Fried., Hessian Ensign, captured at Trenton ,
Autograph ot, n.. 2:t. Joins the Americans . hung in effigy
by the British ai New York, ii., 23,
Fuller, Rosb:. Memta r ol Parliament, opposes rigorous meas-
ures toward America, [., 482, 505. Proposes to impose a
line on Boston on account ofthe Tea Riot, i . 503.
Fuller, Edward and Samuel, signers of the Pilgrim Cove-
nant, i.. 437.
Fuller. Thomas, quoted, il . 189.
in, ROBERT, Ins lirst steam- boat ; price of passage ; pic-
ture ot the boat, i., 35.
Fultonville, Port ofthe village Of Fonda, i . 284, 292.
Fundamental I » o I onstitutions.
Funerals, The people of Philadelphia restrain the usual ex-
penses of, in 1765, ii., 5*2.
Fur Trade in North Carol na, 11., 357.
Fuser, Lieutenant-colonel, at Sunbury, ii., 524.
FOthey, J. Smith: sec Bowen.
Cabaras Bay, Not!) • of, i . 1*20.
Gadsden, Christopher, Governor of South Carolina; dis-
putes with Governor Boone on the elective franchise, ii ,
541. His zeal for American Independence in 1764, ii., 542.
In command at Charleston, if., 546, 547. Requests Lincoln
to surrender, il., 560. Delegate to the Stamp ui Congress
in 1765, i , 465. Member ofthe first Continental t ongress,
ii., 60, 543. Ou the Conmiiltee on Na\al Alhurs m ITTJ,
ii., 637. His duel with Howe, ii., 524. His Bufferings in
the Sandwich prison-ship and in the dungeon of the i >astle
of St. Augustine, li., 562. Autograph and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 542,
GaOE, Thomas, General, prepares to quarter troops in Boston
in 17i -. i., 'ITS 4MI i~.: p. piiiiituiii of hoys hi. i . i-»
Govern"! ol Montreal, I., 17'.'. Governor ol Massachusetts
in 1771, i .. 506, At Boston In 1774, I., 507, Playa the ty-
rant, i , 509. Bis attempt to seize arms ami ammunition,
i., 374, 51 1. 522 ; II., 297. Removes the seal ol government
front Sal< m to Boston, L, 513. His bostili movements, i.,
511, 515, 510, 522. spik.s cannons on Fori Hill, I., 516.
Bisexpi dition against « bncord In 177;>, i., 523. His emis-
saries among Indians, I., 160. His dispatches to L Ion
respecting the battles at Lexington and l oncord, I., 532.
i:< solution ofthe Massachusetts Provincial Council in rela-
tion to him, 1., 534 His rigorous surveillance, i.. 535. For-
tifies Boston Neck, 11., 587. His Proclamation, i.. 537
His soliloquy, L, 537. His I oundl ol War on the morning
ofthe Battll Ol Hunker Hill. i.. A
Secretl) concerned In exciting Indians against the people
of the Colonies, Li., 291. Burns Charleston, i .. 545. His
letter to Lord Dartmouth, i., 572. Recalled to England, i.,
573. Loyal address to. i., 574. Autograph and Biographical
Sketch of, t . 573.
Gage, Colonel, wounded at Fort Duquesne In 1755. ii.. 273.
Hi oh, Editor ol the Ni w \ orit " Mcrcurj ." I., 160,
470. i hire I. r of, ii., 590. Timothy Tickle's contributions
to the paper of, I., 460. Quoted, II ,61 0
Gaines, Captain, at Eutaw Springs, il . 194, 495, 497.
Gainby, Major, Tory leader, wounded by Marlon, IL, 563.
Galileo, date of his astronomical theory, I., 20.
G ill, DE, Hessian General, at the Battle of fiemis's Heights,
i.. 50, 60; ii., 072.
i*. see Galoose.
Galloway, Joseph, of Pennsylvania, member of the first Con-
tinental Congress; abandons the republican cause, It., 17,
55. 59. opposed tn (he American Association, il., 63. Turns
Lovabst . bis Historical and Political Reflections, II., 64
l • tu rs ot [nglis and < loxe to, I., 320. Autograph of, ii., 64.
: aphical Ski tch of, ii., 63.
ft hi the citj of New York, ii.. 659.
Pi 19, 740.
Galoose Rapids, below Ogdeneburgh, I., 310.
i; a i.ph in.Milleoge. account of hirn and the"Galphin Claim,"
li., 464
ris
1 N T> E X .
Gaiphin, Geoboe, Deputy Superintendent of Indian Aflairs,
0]^ Major, at the Battle of Jamestown Island, in 1781,
oiLvSi'Don Bernard oe, captures Fort Charlotte and Pen-
GA^wfme signature to Continental Bills,!., 317.
•SSffc Wa««n;f^h,US60;<U,a
the early history of New England, i., 628.
n'nnnduaB i 270. With Washington in his tour to the
SSSSS tattie-nelds, ... 680. Portrait, Autograph, and
Biographical Sketch, i., 240. .,„,,, 15„ 497
Garden's Revolutionary Anecdotes, i., 42, II., 1S», »'•
«£; by the German troops at Charlotteville, ,,.,340.
Gardiner Joseph, Naval Commander, ;., 656.
g=Ma]»^
GfEUHEB^IcVj'usaqe, ofBrookline, killed at the Battle of
Gainer' Colonel at the Battle of Bunker Hill ; mortally
wounded, i . Sis. Quotation from the drama "Battle of
Bunker Hill" respecting htm, li.
Garnet, George, of Maryland, ,., 194.
g;sa.,5KSu^«,~ «~ r s
Gr»T^^^
413 Mrs Buckley's protection from, disregarded, i 427.
G« pre, B u si, schooner, burned,,, Narraganset Bay in 1,,2,
i P628, 629, 630. Doggerel verses on the affair, , ,631.
Gaipee Pomt, Picture and description of, ,., o2.,628.
gIctoh, Joseph, Judge, his bold patriotism, ii .,451.
Gaston William, his poems quoted, ii., 3o», 450.
GaleZs Grenadiers of the Regiment of, their bravery u 313
Gates, Horatio, General, i., 190 Commands the Nor, hern
army in 1776, ii., 463. Superseded by hrhuyler l., 38, 3J.
Iilnersedes him, ., 42, 136. At Van Schaiek's Island i., 42.
At Bemis's lie ghts.i., 44-47. At Stillwater, i 48 In-
crease of his army, i', 48, 59. His treatment of Arnold, i ,
56 Kind to the sick among the British prisoners, i, 63 ,3.
His generosity, i., 67. Anticipates Burgoyne's retreat ,
-•• Terms proposed by him to Burgoyne, ,., ,8. His Brst
mtervi ■ w w 1, Burgoyne ; site of it, 1., 80. Congress awards
o , , a g 1 . -did, i-. S3, 84. His letters to Burgoyne re-
specting General Va'ughan, 1., 389 ; and respecting the mas-
Rnrre of women and children, I., HKJ. ..
s condTct in not "inforcing Washington censured «.
01 At Providence in 1778, i., 653. President of the Board
of War i 704 ; ii., 133, 602. Aims at superseding \t ash-
u ..ton i 42- ii . 91. Conspires with I lonw ay, Mifflin, and
offi'agamVt Washington L 1778, ii. 130 13 H. accu-
„.„„„ a7,.„nst Wilkinson ; l„s duplicity, it, 132. His ae
n V ,u r'e'Stion to La Fayette ii., 133. ^treats to Char-
lotte, ii., 417. Retires to Salisbury, a., 418. His account
of the expedition against Ferguson, ll., \i-*-i- „ „,
In rnn inand of the Southern army ,„ 1780, il., 4b.!. His
encainpnieTnear Rugeley's Mill, IL. «£*$»£££
r-nnden 11 465. Censured. lor the defeat at banners s
Creek retreats to Hillsborough, ii., 409. His part in the
v'wbu/gh Iddresses, ... 676. 679 Portrait and Biographical
G?A¥ S^toEM? Deputy Governor of Virginia
° uV returns' to'Englund. ii , 250 Returns to Virginia
with supples and emigrants in 1611, u., 251. Governor,
Grr;ery%So„dsinon^e^afU Annapolis to Wash-
inetoil, ii., 198, 199.
Gazzee, Captain, of Rhode Island, i., 656.
GeakI, Samuel, emissary of Sir Ilenrj ^Clinton, ... ,242.
Gee, Joshua, In favor ofa Stamp Act in 1739, I ,461.
gee, Colonel, captured by Major Arms rung, „•, -ha
i,i : Mr . descendant of Colonel, u., J4J.
Vi:^%\!?Tt"-\2™ a message from Greene .0
Sumfe'r,ll " Si Her courage ; picture ofthe arrest ol ; her
marriage, ii., 489. _„ft .. filjo
of the Revolutionary army free-masons except Arnold, h.,.jsi.
i;, „,.«,■,• Kmr, Notice ofthe,!., 224. „„„„„,„ in «--■,
i t alfc <), Destruction ol towns an.l property m, in I. . J,
I., 876,877.
Genet, his secret expedition against the Spaniards, 11., 266.
G^ET'^gn^ov;.;,;." VI -and presents ,„ .,„„
oi at Nassau Hall, Princeton, pierced by a cannon-ball in
GEoTai'lIU Accession or. 1., 450. Length of bin reign, ... 456
H,s nuec 1 i., 458. Denounces, in 1768, the rebel 10US spirit
. „, 1,1 •ilass:1ch,.se,Is,,.,482 Irritated byWllkert Ad
dress i , 585. His speed, in Parl.au.e , 1775, .., 585 586.
Applies to the European Maritime Powers to prevent their
; , . rvention in America, ... 586, S87. His autograph letter
olhl States General of Holland ; hires German mercenaries
o h gams, his subjects in America; is opposed in the
Assemhlv hv Dvoryssel. I.. 588, 589. His speech ill l,.8re-
snTrt the alliance of France and the United States, ... 647.
s , e,l v 'ox, 1., 519. His remark respecting American
Ld^e, deuce, il. 052. Anecdote of General Greene in re b>
on to .be port™, of. ii.. 392. Ofthe statue of .... 595. lis
statue in the Bowling Green, New York 1., 4,2. erected n
l—n destroyed ill 1770, i., 79, 095, bli. 1 orients oi. I.
«™458 Sograph of,'ii.,W Picture of M,e Great Seal
of, i., 456. Biographical Sketch of, i., 457, 458.
Georgetown, South Carol.ua, Skirmish near, in 1,80, u., 564.
. ,, ,111m , I b\ Manuu in 1 .si. ii-, 56,
,,,,'r i.inded by Oglethorpe, i.., 514. Royal charter of ob-
, u n 732, Ii., 515. Oglethorpe first Governor of, i.,515.
s arly history', ii., 516. Invaded by Spaniards i m ,,42
502 LeavV's is delegates free in voting relative to the Dec-
? . „ri„.i,.,wn,l,.n,-e ii 70 Delegates of. sign the Arti-
Sof'c :dera,;on'n^778?ii.D055: Exemp| Ihy Con-
gress from furnishing funds for the army in 1780, .655.
Sir lames Wright resumes the royal government of, in 17,9,
ii V>8 Roval power in. ceases in 1/82, ii., 4.10.
bJr'am , Conrad™ lexanbre, Secretary ofthe i onncil ol
sate m France, L 87. His communications to the Ameri-
riS™ in 1777. ii., 648. .First French mimster
^e^ fleell STt! 6^'^ ;'',, ^"cc-ptmn by
Congress" .647 ; ii., 050. His Portrait and Autograph, i...
040 is succeeded by M. Luzerne, 11., 105.
Gerlach, J. D., Riedesel's Quarter-master General, n., 684.
Autograph of, ii., 345. La Fayette at the
GEhouse'oV^ "A"' &sp.«h\6o8G»rgeIH. Specting .be
surrenueV of Coruwallis, £., 322. His letter to C arieton, ...
37. Portrait of, i.. 173.
Germain, Count de St. : see St. Germain. FvDC<m,on
™SS'd^^^
1778 i 255 Conflict between Woodwork's rangers and
the Indians, i., 298. Stone church at. i., 254.
German. Prmces, their treaty with George 111 to furnish mcr
eemrv troops for the army in America, i.. 588, 580.
Gcrmal. emigrants in the American colonies, take sides wuh
G—^iaanZ Settlement of, in South Carolina in 1748,
( ■!r,]m"town Early settlement of; description of it in 1700, ii.,
im T in. to of, ...HO. The residence of government
officers at various periods; head-quarters of General Howe:
?™e"VT,u„se. ii.,108. In the. possessum o f "-^nsl, m
1777, ii., 109. Battle or, in 17,7, 11., 108-112. Map ol tne
GERRWH-'cotonel, at the Battle of Bunker Hill, ii., 338
ical Sketch of, il., 663. rr„„„..
Gertrude of Wyoming seeJ ampbell, Thomas.
t^y&X^^ captured through
G^^EowlEO.Tvor.hle to America: Portrait and Bio-
0|K^£SLftlSat« the storming of Stony Point,
,;I'„'„l",;;','',::i;5MaJor, of Rhode Island, nrstl Cmtain Com-
n.andant of Washington's Life Guard, I-.W^aJ.",^;
At the siege ofYorktown , wounded, n., 313. Autograph oi,
i ,688. . ...
^Z^SS^tBS^Om^ i:n,or,a„y
Bister of Logan ; provides for her infant, 11.. 283. 284. Sent
IN DEX.
719
by Danraore to Logan, it., 284. In command ;ii Fori Lau-
rtiis in 1778, ii. 294, Biographical Sketch or,
Gibson, W., his signature to Conti Dental Hills.
Gibson, William, subscribing witness in the Pennsylvania
Charier. u„ 50.
Gi-en-gwa-tah, Smrca chief, at the Dattle ofW\yoni
354.359,361.
Gilbert, Sib Humphrey, step-brother of Sir Walter n . tl ■ righ,
ii . 242. Receives lands in north ami i 5 he and
Raleigh sail Ibr North America in 1579 . and equip a squad-
run in 1583, n . 242 At v« S3 . sail* south-
ward, and he and his crew are lost in a storm, ii., 243.
Gilpin, George, Notice or", ii., 181.
to La Fayette; at Brandywlne, ii., 176;
at th< down in 1781, ii., 312. Wounded, ii.,313.
r, Simon, iL, 283; be and his Torj and Indian associates
aid Colonel Hamilton at Detroit, i.. 264, 291, The Mend of
Simon Kenton, ii., 288. Attacks Fort Henry, and demands
surrender; Colonel Sheppard refuses; and a fierce con-
flict ensues, ii., 291, 292. Hums houses, kills cattle, and re-
st itb his sai ages to the woods ; his history and char-
acter,
Gist, Mordbi li, General, of Maryland. Attacks Cornwallis
In the boy oi" Long Island in 1776, ii.,604. Atl
coe, Emerick, and Tarlcton, ii., 626, At the Battle ,
den. - 167. At Paoli in 1777, ii.. 164. At the Bat-
tle of Germantown, ii . 1 1 5, 165. At the skirmish at White-
marsh, ii., 115. At skirmishes in South Carolina,
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch oC,
His sons, ii.. 465.
Gist, Mr . ii., 267. Anecdote of him and an Indian messcn-
•
Gtst's Plantation, ii
Gi ts< ock, William, of Georgia,
►w, James, Secretary of state of North Carolina, ii.,
3-3.
Glazier, Lieutenant-colonel, at Savannah, n
Glenn, Governor of south Carol >rta on the bor-
ders of the Cherokee country along the Savannah river in
1755, ii., 361, 139.
Glenn, John, Son of Liberty, of Georgia, ii.. 518.
. Scenery about, Indian cave, and big snake;
view below the I i lOB Of, 1 . 101. 105.
Gloria tn BxceUis chanted by Columbus and his crews on first
ring land, as they thought, I., 24.
Gloucester invested by de Choise In 1781, u . 308. Descent
upon, by Lieutenant Mowatt, i., 569.
■■'■nut. New Jersey, ii., 147. Virginia, ii., 313.
Glover, General, ii., 34; at the Battle of Bemis's Heights, i.,
50,51,63,75, On Long Island in 1771
tends the evacuation of New York, ii., 609. Autograph of,
ii.,609. In a skirmish with Howe at New Roc belle in 1776,
ii., t'.i I Signs the retnonstran e seni to D'Estaing, i., 650,
Member oi' the Court of Inquiry concerning Andre, i., 705.
orge, n . 126
Glover. Reverend Mr . furnishes the means for procuring the
first printing materials used in America, i.. 555.
i;l'in>. Sergeant, denounces the Canada Bill, i . 156.
.. Moravian settli ment, Mi suing ofthe name; de-
struction of. by Indians, i., 3 13
Goat Is; l :dls, II., 227.
God. The providence of, in national destinies, r
Pame
GoDDAHn, William, of Maryland. \l , 587,
Goddard, Judge, oi Norwich, notice ul" him and Ins wife, i.,
Gooefrov. Maximilian, architect, IK, 182.
Godfred, J am J Naval ' omn
Godfrey, Thomas, inventor of the quadrant; does th
ing ofthe Pennsylvania state House, Ii., ' i.
:-.l, Dutch patroon , settles on the Delaware, ii.,
45. .
Goff, Solomos, Regulator, ii.. 367.
Goffe, General, one of the regicides who fled from England
to An '■ ' - 419, 120
dote of him and a fencing-master, I . 119. Saves the town
ofHadlej Irom d atructlon (■> Indians, L, 662.
Cold Region of North Carolina. 11., -11". 421.
Goldsborol'hh. Robert, of Maryland, Delegate to the first
Ci ' ogress, n., 60.
Goldsii--- ' Chronicle, iL. 638.
Goldsmith, Oliver, his " Retaliation" quoted ; Ins epitaphs
for Burke and Garrick. i., 504. Garrick'n epitaph on, L, 504.
Gooch. sir William. MajoT-general, Depot} Governor of
Virginia, IL, 267. His crave, »., 324.
Gooch, Captain, his message from Washmcton to Macaw. U.,
621.
Goodale, Captain, at the Ilattle of Stillwater. I., .5.
Goodman, John, signer ofthe Pilgrim Covi nant, i . 137.
Goodrich, Captain, in Arnold's < uiadai .ion.
Goodrvch, Captain, wounded in the Battle ofGuillbrd in 1781,
ii., 406.
Goodwin, David, proprietor of Wlntermoot's Fort, L, 351.
Gookin. Daniel, Autograph and Biographical Sketch of, i..
660
Gookin, Lieutenant, i., 6C0.
Gordon, Dr., his account of the - bain across tie' Hudson
River corrected, L, Tit.. Quoted or citi 74, 82,
134, 208, 209, 247, 252, 392, 397, 155,459 176, 194, 522,
- ■- r54 36, 112,
116, 117, 134, 145, 176, 313, 611, 617,633.
i hristopher, Governor, wounded when* a boy in a
- at Boston, !
Cornell, leader of a conspiracy to abduct General <;recnc
executed, II., 570.
: irty, i., 2S8.
Ht « \ ork, : . 669, 1 70, 671
o, Bartholon — the Atlantic
D2 . sees land at the north Of Mass i lands
1 ■:"■ i od, which hi ii-1 rs the I - ih Isl-
ands and Martha's Vineyard, - under
Christopher Newport, to Virginia, in 1606; I
245, 246.
[, Virginia, captured bi illier in 1779, J
.. Mr , editor at Kingston, I
ol Fairfli Id,
. Lieutenant-colonel (British), joins Rawdon, LI
. Hannah F., quoted, I., 688 . Ii., 46
G his exp dition to Flori
32.
brnbdr, Abraham, ana stor of thi Gouveneui lamilies
Of \ni' '
Godvion, Lieutenant-colon* I, l n nch i nginei r. i , 704. At the
Of Yorktow n, n . 320.
eni, Bril sh bi 1 Great Britain.
Governors, Colonial, meet at Annapolis and at Alcxani
1755, It., 271.
I m £*, i., 514: see Hancock, Fohn.
Governor9^ N « V*ork, ii ,311
Govmes, Benjamin, one of Washington's Lift Guard ; Auto-
graph of, i , 688
GOVMES, William, son of Benjamin. IL, 218.
Grabowski, count, killed at the siege of Fort Clinton In 1777;
Grave of; his dying request respecting his sword, L, 730.
Graf.be, Hessian Ensign, captured at Trenton. Autograph
of, ii., 23.
IE, Tm >n \ ■■■ Di . Notice of, ii., 144
Graffenreidt, Baron De, Ins colony of Swiss and Germans
in 1709, h., 360.
Grafton, Ai oi stus Hekry, Duke of, his policy, i , 462, 587,
590. Portrait of, i , 482.
Graham, George, brother of General Joseph, Biographical
Sketch of, ii . 120,
Graham, dI Rome, New York, I., 243.
Graham, Joseph, Captain (afterward Major and General), ii.,
425. At the Battle of Cowan*s Ford and the skirmish at
Charlotte in 1780, ii., 392, 419. Wounded, Ii., 420. In the
expedition to the Haw m 1781, ii., 366. Biographical -
of, ii.. 392.
Graham, William, member of the Mecklenburg Committee .
Autograph of, IL, 412, 413.
Graham, William A ., Notice of, ii., 386, 393.
Graham, Major (British), IL, 531.
Grant, Ebenezer, Captain, L, 43'*.
Grant, Jam] h againsl the Chero-
kees in 1761, IL, 440.
Grant, I ■' New York in 1776,
ii , 598, 600. His false security In relation to Trenton in
1776, iL, 19. At the Battle of Lon i I, II . 601, 603.
Advfl eton, IL, 24 At the Head of Elk In 1777,
ii, 169, 440. Attempts to surprise La Fayette al I
II U in i:> , his boast im ■ < Miimiuiis. n , r,oi.
Major of a Highland Regiment, in the Battle of Fort
lured and sent to .Montreal. IL, 274.
At Brandywine, Ii., 170.
Grant, Dame: see Dame Chant.
" Grass, Timothy," origin ofthe name, IL, 353.
: Jos] PH I1 vi L, ' ouni De, i . 430 ; arrives
with the French fleet in 1781 ; blockades the mouth <>i York
15. In the engagement oft* the Capes of Virgin a,
ilted bj Washington off Cape Henry, U . 308
At the siege ofYorktown; his proposition to La Fa
refuses to ascend the rivi i r'rait and Autograph
Grasshopper, name of a k.nd of small Oeld-plece/L, 279; ii.,
of
Ii ml, ii.. 1 12.
Ethan, i .. 161.
Armstrong, Reverend James F., ii., 40.
Mn.,1., 19 I
Batten, John, ii , 621
B rd. Colonel, IL, 112.
. k. IL, 273.
Buti- r nhra, i ■ 867.
Campbell, Major, i . 124.
Craighead, Reverend Alexander, ii., 410.
Cran
Cranston, William, IL. 35.
!»-■ Kalb, Baron, II . 402,
Dean, John, I., 755.
Donop, Colonel, ii., 84.
;-20
INDEX.
Ferguson and others, near King's Mountain, ii., 423, 428
Franklin, Benjamin, ii . 43.
Franklin, Deborah, ii . 13
Gooeh, Major, ii., 324
Grabowski, Count, i . 736
Herkimea, i , 260.
Huguenots, at Kingston, i . 389.
Bumphreys, Colonel, i., 424.
Huntington, i . 605.
Jeflerson, ii., 342.
Kalh, Baron tie, ii., 402.
La Fayette, u . ISO.
Lee, General Charles, ii., 43.
Livingston, Philip, ii., 133.
Matnei family, i., 561.
Mercer, General, ii., 43.
Mjantonomoh, i., 597.
Monkton. Colonel, ii., 153, 157.
Montcalm, i., 188.
Montgomery, Richard, i., 201.
Nasi), General, ii., 469.
Nelson family, ii., 302.
Ogrien, Moses, i.. 326.
Phifer, John, ii . 410.
Phillips, General, ii., 337.
Roy, Reverend Robert, ii., 153.
St. Tammany, ii., 41.
Stevens, General, ii., 329.
Stoddard, Richardson, i., 146.
Ternav, i., 656.
Trumbull, i., 603.
Uncas, i., 598.
Washington, George, ii., 211.
Washington, Mrs. Martha, ii., 212.
Washington, Mrs. Mary, ii., 217, 221.
Woodhull, Reverend Mr., ii., 153.
Wooster, General, i., 406.
Of victims scalped near Fort Jenkins, Wyoming, i., 353.
Soldiers at Fishkill, i., 700. Patriots at Paoli, ii., 106. The
slam in the Regulator battle, ii., 387. The slain at Chatter-
ton's Hill, ii., 616. Soldiers at Mount Independence, i., 148.
Graves, Admiral, successor of Arbuthnot, ii.. 306. In com-
mand of Ihe British fleet at the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 540.
His expedition against Falmouth, ii., 637. At Newport in
1760, i., 655. In the engagement off the Capes of Virginia,
ii., 306.
Gravcsend Bay, Picture of, ii., 598. Prison-ships in, ii., 660.
Gravier, Charles : see Vergennes.
Gray, David, his claim to be " Harvey Birch," i., 691.
Gray, Samiel, rioter at Boston, shot, i., 490.
Gray, Thomas, his poems quoted, ii., 448.
Gray, Lieutenant, killed at the siege of Savannah, ii., 532.
Gray, Mr., body servant of General Washington, i., 166.
Graydon, Captain, his description of the Slate Roof House,
ii., 94.
Graydon, Mrs., mother of Captain, Li., 94.
Grayson, William, Colonel, of Virginia, Commissioner to
treat with Howe; at the Baltic of Monmouth, ii., 119, 150.
Member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention m IT**,
ii , 232. On Long Island in 1776, ii., 600. Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 149.
Great Bridge, near Norfolk, Battle of, in 1775, ii., 319, 320.
Great Britain, Revolution in, in 1668, i., 451. France at war
with, in 1778, i.. 646, 647 ; ii., 650. Holland at war with,
in 1780, ii., 651. Spain joins France in war against, in 1779,
ii., 650. Addresses of Congress to the King, Parliament,
and People of, in 1774, i., 157. Treaty of, with the United
States in 1782 ; acknowledges the Independence of the United
States, ii., 652. National debt of, i., 95. Government of,
caricatured, i., 158.
Parliament of, its bills relating to Quebec in 1774, i., 156.
Discusses the right to tax the American colonies, i., 461.
Passes the Stamp Act in 1765, i., 462. Apathy of, afier the
passage of the Act, i., 470. Repeals the Stamp Act, i, 472.
Excitement in. in consequence of the Boston Tea Riot, i.,
5H2. Oppressive acts of, i., 505. Proceedings of, on the
eve of the American Revolution, i., 517. Debates of, in 1775,
i., 519, 567. Debate on sending German troops to Amer-
ica, i., 388, 5*9. Debates on the alliance of France and the
United States in \~~^. i., 646; on the defeat of Burgoyne, i.,
84, 85. and on American Independence in 1778, ii., Ml.
Naval operations of, in 1780, ii., 644. Proceedings of, on
the surrender of I ornwallis, ii , 332, 406. Declares its pur-
pose not to prosecute any longer the war with the United
States, ii., 571. See Army: Fleet; George HI. ; Navy;
i DPLEY.
Gnat Kniauba, Colonel Lewis's camp on the, in 1774, ii, 281.
Great Meadows, site of Fort Necessity, described, ii., 270.
<■ ' ' > ' I : i > . --< iir.'a chief, his treachery at Schoharie, i.,267.
Roger, Nonce of, ii., 353.
GREEN, Samuel, of Cambridge, first printer in America; his
descendant Samuel Green, i . 618.
Green, Thomas, Governor of Maryland, ii , 192.
Green. Timothy, succeeds Thomas short as printer at New
London, t lonnecticut, m 1711, i., 618.
Green, Captain. Aiddc-camp to General Phillips, i , 55, 90.
Green Mountains, View of, i., 45, 131.
Gnru Mountain Boys, Regiment of the, at Ticonderoga, i.,
123, 155. Capture Crown Point in 1775, i., 153.
Green Spring Plantation, residence of Sir William Berkeley .
revolutionary associations of; encampment at, in 1761, ii.,
240.
Greene, Albert G., presides at a meeting of the Rhode Isl
and Historical Society, i., 626
Greene, Christopher, Colonel, the bero of Red Bank, i.,
190,295. His bravery in the defense of Fort Mercer in 1777.
n . HO, h7, 93. His drfianre of Duimp, n., 87. At the Battle
of Guilford, ii,, 402, 405. Congress presents to him a sword .
murdered near the Croton River by Tories, ii., 68. Monu-
ment to, at Red Bank, ii., 89. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 88.
Greene, Nathaniel, General, in Arnold's Canada expedi-
tion, i., 191, 194. At Jamaica Plains in J775, i., 537. At
the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 566. At the bombardment of
Boston, i„ 578, 580. At Brooklyn in 1776, ii., 594, 596, 599.
Ii> command at Fort Lee, ii., 615, 619. Retreats from Fort
Lee, ii., 14. With Washington in New Jersey, ii., 19, 20,
147. At the Battle of Trenton in 1776, ii., 19, 20. At the
Battle of Brandywine in 1777, ii., 169, 170, 176, 177. Visits
Fort Montgomery in 1777, i , 732. In the expedition against
Rhode Island in 1778. i., 648. Visits the French fleet off
Newport in 1778, i., 650. At the Battle of Quaker Hill in
1778, i„ 651. At the Battle of Germantown, ii., 110, 111 .
and of Monmouth, ii , 148, 156. Ordered by Washington to
King's Ferry, i., 729. Appointed by Washington to confer
with Robertson relative to Andre in 1780, i., 769. At Tap-
pan in 1780, i., 713. Member of the Court of Inquiry re-
specting Andre, i., 765. Appointed by Washington to the
command of the Southern army, ii., 364, 369. Takes com-
mand of the Southern army, ii., 390, 470. In Virginia in 1781,
ii., 257. His retreat before Cornwallis in 1761, ii., 350, 384,
394. At the Battle of Guilford in 1781, ii., 390,403-406. Pur-
sues Cornwallis, ii., 406, 407. His approach to Camden in
1781, ii., 407. Encamps near Camden, ii., 471. Encamps
at Hobkirk's Hill, ii., 472. At Fort Motte, ii., 481. At Fort
Granby, ii.,483 ; and at Ninety-six, ii., 483-168. His march
from the Santee Hills to the Congaree, ii., 491. Encamps
near Eutaw, ii., 493. At the battle ; retreats, ii., 497. Pur-
sues Stuart, ii., 498, 499. Charged with enriching himself at
the public expense, i., 321. Pecuniary rewards of his serv-
ices by North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, ii.,
570. Washington's opinion of, ii., 80. Conspiracy to ab-
duct, ii., 570. Congress presents to him British cannons, i.,
700 ; a British standard and a gold medal, ii., 390, 498. His
head-quarters at New Windsor, i., 672, 682; and with Wash-
ington at Middlebrook, i., 332. Monument to, voted by Con-
gress, ii., 390. Monuments to, i., 700; ii., 514. Portrait.
Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 389.
Greene, Mrs., wife of General, at Pluckemin, i., 334.
Greene, Nathaniel, of Newport, grandson of General, i.,
657.
Greene, Thomas, Governor of Maryland, ii., 192.
Greene, William, his activity in ferrying Washington's
army over the Delaware in 1776, ii., 20.
Greene, Zechariah, Reverend, ii., 595. Wounded in the
skirmish at Whitemarsh in 1777, ii., 115.
Greene, Major (British), at Fort Ninety-six; his wife pro-
tected by General Greene, ii., 487, 488.
Greene's Spring, Carolina, ii., 424.
Greenfield Hilt, Connecticut, i., 417.
Greenland and Iceland, Climate of. in 1480, i., 21.
Greenleaf, Benjamin, on the Committee of Safety in 1775,
i., 536.
Greenough, sculptor, his statue of Washington, ii., 204.
Greensborougk, North Carolina. Fire at, in 1849, u., 388, 369.
Grentn/lr, Connecticut, Paper and cotton mills at, i., 608. The
inhabitants of, erect a monument to Miantonomoh, i., 597.
Greenwich, New York city, Notice of, ii., 569.
Greenwich, Connecticut, Congregational Church at. i., 412.
Gregg, Colonel, at the Battle of Bennington in 1777, i., 394.
Gregg, Captain, anecdote of him and his dog, i., 252-
Gregory, Dr., Notice of, ii., 349, 589.
Grenadier, British, Anecdote of a, and a hoy, ii., 617.
(;rcnadu•rs, Battery at Ticonderoga, i., 128, 131.
Grennall, Thomas, Captain in the United States navy in
1776, ii., 638.
Grenvii.le, George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, i., 459.
Prime Minister, i.,400. Opposes John Wilkes, i., 460 Orig-
inates the Stamp Ad, i., 460, 461. His conference with
Franklin, i., 462. His speech in 1766, i., 471. Termed
"Gentle Shepherd," i., 462. His envy suspended from Lib-
erty Tree at Boston, i 469. His new scheme of taxation m
1707, i , 475. Opposes the re-enactment of a statute of Hen-
ry VIII. in 1768 ..,462. Portrait and Biographical Sketch
of, i , 460.
Grenvii.le. Sir RiniARP.sails for America in 1585; reaches
Florida , coasts northward , bis harsh treatment of the na-
tives, ii ,213.
Grenville, Thomas, son of Chancellor, his conference with
Vergennes in I7H2, it ., 652
GTftnn tln-rn, HNinal swamp. Notice of, ii., 333.
Grey. General, termed "No-flint General," i., 764. At the
Head of Elk, ii., 169 , and at the Battle of Germantown, n..
INDEX.
721
US, 113 Massacres Americans near Lancaster Road, li .
164 Utaeka Baylor's troops it Tappan, i 7W His ma
rau(Jin<: expedition ui New Bedford, i . 659 Attempts to
surprise La i ayette ai Barren Hill m 1778, U . 128. I'lun-
Martha's \ Inej aid, i
John, RIoi ai the rope-walk of, i
ei, Ki< Maui', I olonel, chii f engineer, i . 5.16. Wound
ed at the Batile ol Bunker Hill, i . 546 Raises embank
nunts at Dorchester Heights, i . 547 i ortift - Noddle's Isl-
ii Sketch of, i . 546
i Sami bl, i iptain, - i ' olonel Richard; al the
il Bunker Hill, i., 539. 5-13
t, Mrs., bet energy and endurance, I . 194,
son, I olonel British), ii . 510. Killed at Augusta, il .
519
Gripfin, Colonel, his diversion in favor of V. ashington,
Gkiffik, Cybus, President of Congress . Judge, his li
ement w lih ihe daughter of Joseph Galloway, ii., B \
Griffin** Wharr, Boston, i , 497,
Griffiths, Colonel, at the Battle of Harlem Plains, u., 612.
Mew Ti ork, n , 613.
Gut mbs, John, Captain, L, 656; in ibe naval engagement at
New port in 1776, i , 640.
Gbiswold, Run s W., quoted, i.. 401, I
G bis wold. Deputy Governor of Connecticut, i , 575.
I bi i Port Griswold,
i. ii. bis expedition to Cun-ytown, i . 294
Groton, Massachusetts, burnt by Indians in 1676, i-. I I
Groton Hi!', i . 6] 1 ; monument on, i., 613, 61 1
Grove, m de, the firsi flock "i Saxony sheep in Hoosick In-
trodnced by, aboui 1820, i . 400.
scribed . picture of, i , 414, 415.
■■ BS.
Bl of, visited by Amerigo Vespucci in 1499, i., 28.
Raleigh's expedition to, u . 245,
i;i [i hbn, \itmiral Db, Ins French fleet, i., 656, 717.
■i I mtrt House, Battle of, mi 1781, Li., 401-405. Uattlc-
389, 105 Plan ol the battle, ii., 402.
\ Hi. I., 17.
. South Carolina, Picture and associations of, ii.,
160.
. Colonel, at the Battle of Guilford in 1781, ii.. 402, 404 ,
and ol Hobklrk'a II ill. ii., 473.
\ bbl, ol Poughki epsie, drum-nfajor in thi I
i ofthe execution of Huildletone, : . 384.
Gatnpoi Powder.
GuRisTBBStao, Creek Chief, attacks Wayne in 1782; is killed,
and ins part) is routed, ii
.is A.DOLPHUS, King of Sweden, his scheme for plant-
miv in America; his views of slavery; ins
religious war, at his death, calls Ins scheme "the jewel"
of his kingdom, ii . 15
Gustj us III., King of Sweden, the grounds ol
his not permitting b in the French arm) In Amer-
ica to be members ofthe Cincinnati Society, i.,l
Gostj assumi d name ol Arnold, i., T14.
(.hi/ Family, of \ irginia, descended from Pocahontas, n.. 248
incil of Mohawks at, in ITT."., i . 234.
Gwhi»ett, Bottom, "t Georgia, delegate to the first Conti-
nent1 ' . 521 Signer ofthe Declaration of Inde-
pendence, ii., 529, 666. "ii the Committee on the
of Confederation, ii ,653 President ol Ihe ■ ouncil ol Geot
gia,h., 522. Killed in aduel bj M'lntosh, ii., 522, 667. Au-
togra] hoi 31 Biographical Sketch ofi ii I
Gwtve, Major, al Prankford, ii ,42. At the Miechianza,ii.(99.
Island, Battle of, in 1776, ii., 331, 332.
Haas, General, bis appointment, n ,34. At the Dattlcof Long
\\\ \^, Joseph, Colonel, ii., 521 . seizes powder at Savannah .
■ land imprison*! Governor Wright ; Portrait, Auto
and Biographical Sketch of, it., 520.
Habbbshah, Jambs, of Georgia, President of the Council, ii.,
52D.
Hackensack, Washington's lirad-q narters at. in ITT'"', ii., 619.
Ha< reb, Hovsted, Lieutenant hi the tinted States navj in
1775 . ■ Bptain in 1776, II I -
Hadoi int, at the Battle of Stillwater mi 1777 . the
•nicer unhurt. I., 54,
Hait, Walter, beats the drum for meetings, i , 415
II VK i : '. one ofthe assign ■ ■ alelgh, 11.. 245.
'. Picture and di >■ -rijitionof a. found at B<
Haldane, Lieutenant, Ud to Cornwallis, ii.. '-
Haldixakd, -Sir Fbboebick, destroys the castle, church, and
viUagi i • 278. With Gage al Ihe
Battle of Lexington, I., 537. Notice ol
Hale, N i : h ■ ' aptain, one of Ihe early Revolutionary mar
t\rs . Fort Hale named in honor of. i .. d as a
spy, ii., 609. His ease i ompared with that of Andre, i . 756
Hale, Sarah Joseph a, Mrs., quoted, i
Hale. Colonel, at the battles of Stillwater, i . .'I ; and Huh-
bardlon; censurc<l for cowardice death of, I., 145.
Ha t Moon, Bendrick Hudson's vessel, i., 300.
Half-way Brook, l>r. Tusten at, I
Halket". Major, wounded at Fort Duquesne, ii., 273.
II. 2
RalbtET, Sm PETBE, in Braddock's expedition against For
ii.,271. Killed. 11., 273.
Hall, " Daddy," am iter, i., 631.
Hall, Edwin, Reverend, ol Norwalk, i., 115.
Hall, Lyman, "i Georgia, delegate to the lirs?
< ongress, il., 520, 521. Signer of il"- i1 Inde
pendence, ;i . -1 ; irlraii
Autograph of, ii . 61. Biogn
Sketch
Hall, Colonel i British), kill, <1 at the Battle of Cowan'
in 1781, li . 393
ol \ ||
Hallock, Wu ■ tin m Ibe Uniti navy in
Hallow em.. Controller of Customs, i., 167, 178
Hambbi i B, ' 'olonel, wounded in the Battle oi King's Mount-
ain, n . 128
Hamburg. Georgia, ii., 503.
Hamilton, Alexandeb, General, student at Km.
1775. heads a turps of Ins feUow-studenls In Ihe !
, ■ i ii ..I ;i batlery at the ltait,< ..i u blti
Plains in 1770,11., 618, Sent b) Washington lo Gates i<>r
reinforcements. ii., 91. \i m i 777 . bisnarrov
. . ii . 126. At id- Battle ol Monmouth, li., i-''i His
lettei to Governor i of Andre's re
t,i..767. Suppn sses tht Doctors' Moh
ai New York, t.,384. At the siege of Yorktown in 1781, ii
312, 316
Histetter to Washington on the] mry, I-
f>7n. Informs Washington oi Imold's treason, 1., 727. Dis
patched b) Washington to stop Arnold, I
Advocate ol tin' Constitution, i
of thi 656 le] < iswald challi ngi
to fighi a dui
315 President ol the Cincinnati '■ Killed In
1 I with Burr, i . 697 . ii ,658 Quoted, I . 728. Portrait,
Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii.,1 18
Hamilton, Indrew.oI New Jersey, Lieutenant I
Pennsylvanis In 1708, ii., 51. John Penn leaves exa
affairs in Ihe bands of, in 1771, li., 5 1.
Hamilton, Andrew, of Philadelphia, u . 580
Hamilton, Elizabeth, Mrs., widow ot Alexander, i.. 315,
Hamilton, Gerard, '• sinck-sprcrlt Ilamillon ;" Ins letter 10
trait, i . 476.
Hamilton, Henbt, Governor of Canada, ii., 285, 290. Cap-
tared, ii . 291. Put in irons, ii., 291. His efforts t" "in
over the Indians, i . 264 . ii., 497.
Hamilton, James, General Britisl
Hamilton. John C., Ins Life of Alexander 11 Hon, I
077.
Hamilton, Matthew, Regulator, outlawi
Hamilton, Ninias Bell, brave Scotchman, ii., 366, 367. An-
Fanning, ii., I
Hamilton, Lieutenant-colonel [British), ii., 405.
H -.. Major i British i. ii.. 505.
Hamilton, Lieutenant i British), at the Mischianza, li., 99
HamiltoNi Mr., Anecdote of, at the expedition 10 Danbury, i .
403.
H immbll, Major, a recreant American, i.. 242.
Hammond, Lebbbus, Notice of, i., 3 -
Hammond, Sami el, Captain, at the Battle ol Cowpensin 1781,
Hammond, Captain British), at BilUngsnort, li . Bo
n Hall, hi New York city,
. \ Irginia, Earl} bistorj "i". li . 324, 325. Conducl of
i,ii ockburn at, in 1813, ii., 320.
,- goads, Notice of. II
Hanchbt, Captain, in Arnolds (ana. la expedition, i.. 93.
Quarrels with Arnold, i . 197.
Hancoce, John, of Msssachusetts, celebrates Ihe repeal ofthe
Stamp lei in 1766, i . 175, On thi I ommittee agt t quar-
. 47s Repels Bernard, i .
179. on the ( miltee tor removing Ibe British troops, i ,
491, Patriotism of, i., 4'-«. On ilm Con tt" ol i "rr.
Bpondence in 177 1. I., 513.
the Governoi •
President of the Provincial ( ongresa al Concord in 1771. i .
m the ' "' <<• ' "< Safe I) in 177;.. i
general In 1776, i . 578. Hisi Ion, I., 523.
I
President of Congress, i . 563 . il., 76. His I tour. II., 65
In Hi, , igainst Rhode Island in 1778, i., 648 His
. ■ to H'Kslaiiie in I77-.I.. 650. s.ntslolhr.
m r ii Di claral oi
1 Raynal, li .-'J Hie public dinni i
uili,. r. in 1782, i . 624 Mementoes of, i„ 561 His
: | . cannon nan* d afti I b m
Bunker Hill Mom.- i I Portrails ol
. , Mm Mil Mil", I l| b "l
Biogi ' 663.
II,-,. oi k, Iohn, nephew ol President, t . 561.
:
Hancock. Thomas, son ofthe Reverend John i . 523.
z
722
INDEX.
n Cni ock, Judge, massacred by the British in 179S, ii., 139.
Hancock's Bridge, Expedition to, i., 139
Hancock's House, Picture of, massacre at. ii , 139.
Hand, Bdm ird. General, ii., 34. A colonel in the Battle of
Long Island in 1776, ii., 598, 599. Repulses General Howe,
ii., 614. Routs Hessians, ii., 615. At the battles of Tren-
ton, ii . -i i and Quintan's Bridge, ii., 138. In Sullivan's
expedition, i , 3/ I Member of the Court of Inquiry concern*
rag Andre, i , 705. Biographical Sketch of, i., 274
Handbills, issued at Boston, i., 496,507, 572. Of Mecklenburg
Resolutions, ti., 417. M'Dougall's, calling a public meeting
at New York in 1769, ii., 585, 586.
IIandford, Levi, one of the prisoners confined in the Sugar-
bouse in Liberty Street, New York, ii., 660.
Hands. Thomas it . of Maryland, ii., 194.
Hanger, Major (British), at Charlotte in 1780, ii ,419; wound
ed, ii., 120
Hanging Rock, Battle of, in 1780, ii., 456, 457. Picture of, ii.,
456.
Hans. Indian chief, his mark, i., 256.
Hansford. Colonel, hanged by order of Berkeley ; first native
Virginian that died on a gallows, ii., 256.
Han Y'errv, Oneida Sachem, i., 276.
Harcourt, Colonel, captures Genera! Lee at Basking Ridge in
1776, ii.. 15, 16. Longevity of his horse, ii., 16.
Harden, Colonel, of Beaufort ; his exploits, ii, 565, 569. Cap-
tures Fort Balfour, ii., 438, 565.
IIardenburgh, Lieutenant, in the expedition against Oswe-
gatchie, i., 271.
Hardin, Captain, in the battle at Ramsour's Mills, ii., 391.
Harding, Seth, Captain in the United Slates navy in 1778,
ii., 638. His exploits, ii., 639. 644.
Harding Family of Wyoming Yalley, i , 351.
Hardy, Sir Charles, Governor of New York in 1755, i .
79.
Hardy, Samuel, Governor, anecdote of him and James Mon-
roe, ii., 233.
Hardy, Sir Thomas, Commodore, at New London in 1813,
i., 613. Bombards Stonington, i., 619.
Hardy's Hill, Skirmish at, in 1775, i., 52ft.
Hare, Lieutenant, British spy, captured and executed, i., 273.
Harlem, New York, New York Convention meets at. i., 3-7.
Harlem Plains, Battle of, in 1776, ii., 612, 613.
Harnage, Henry, Major, at the Battle of Stillwater, i, 55. He
and Mrs. Harnage with the Baroness Riedesel, i . 90.
Harnett, Cornelius, member of the North Carolina Com-
mittee of Correspondence, ii., 373; and of the Provincial
Council, ii., 376,383. President of the Council m 1775. pic-
ture of his house ; autograph and Biographical Sketch of,
ii., :o;.
Harper, Alexander, Captain, captured by Tories and In-
dians, i.. '^7s.
Harper, John, Colonel, sent. to Oghkwaga . anecdote of him
and Indian Peter, i., 237. Returns to Harpcrsfield, i., 237
Destroys Schoharie in 1779, i., 275. In Mohawk Valley, i.,
269.
HarpersfieJd destroyed by Tories and Indians, i., 278.
Harrington, Abijah ; Jonathan, Jr. .and Caleb ; andJoNA-
than. Notice of, i., 553, 554. Autograph of Jonathan; por-
trait of him, i., 554.
Harrington, Earl of, cited, i., 100.
Harris, James and Robert, memb rs of the Mecklenburg
Committee; Autographs of, ii., 412, 413.
Harris, Peter, a Catawba Indian, Petition of, to the Legisla-
ture of South Carolina ; his annuity, ii., 450.
Harris, Colonel, with Lincoln at Charleston in 1779, ii., 553.
Harrison, Benjamin, of Berkeley, Virginia, father of Presi-
dent Harrison, ii., 71. On the Virginia Committee of Vigil-
ance in 1773, ii., 279. Counselor of State, ii.. 300. Delegate
to the first Continental Congress, ii., 60, 281. Presides at
the time of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence,
ii., 71. On the Commitiee of Congress on Foreign Corre-
spondence in 1775, ii.,647. At Washington's head-quarters
in 1775, i., 575. On the Committee to prepare a plan of na-
tional treaties in 1776, ii ,648. Member ol the Board ofWar
hi 1776, ii., 66, Signer of the Declaration of Independence,
ii , SI, 666 Member of the Virginia Constitutional Conven-
tion in 17*8, ii., 232. Picture of his house at Westover ;
anecdote <>t hint and his constituents, ii., 235, 230. Auto-
graph of. ii., M. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 066. Portrait
of. ii., frontispiece.
Harrison. Benjamin, of Brandon, Virginia Counselor nf State
in 1776. ii., 300.
Harrison, Robert H., of Maryland, succeeds Joseph Reed as
Secretary to Washington, i.,567. Declines the appointment
of Member of the Board ofWar in 1777. ii., 133, 602.
HARRISON, William Henry, President of the Tinted States,
son <>t it- njamin.his birth-place, li.,235, 236. His aunt Han-
nah, wile of Secretary < itarles Thomson, ii . 61,
Harrison, Collector of Customs, i . 17^
'UmtisoN, Colonel, with his artillery at Hobkirk's Hill, ii.,
173.
Uarrodsburc. Kentucky, rounded in 1771. ii., 286,
H vrsli i . ' folonel, killed in the Battle of Princeton, If., 30.
, John, Governor "i Maryland, n.. 193.
IIau--i.eTt.John, of New Jersey, son of Edward, and signer of
the Declaration of Independence ; Biographical Sketch of, ii.,
664. Autograph of. n., 80
Hartford, Connecticut, First settlement of, i, 432, 433, one
ui the tinned Colonies Ol New England in 1643, i., 433-435
Charter Oak at, i . 434 Convention at, m 1771', i , 321,432
Washington's conference with Rochambeau at, in 1781, i
435.
Hartley, Ann, fanatic, i., 449.
Hartley. David, Commissioner on the treaty of peace be-
tween the Cnited States and Great Britain in 1764, ii , 652.
Hartley. Colonel, at Wyoming, i., 362, 363.
Harvard, John, Reverend, endows the universitv of Harvard
in 1638, i . 555.
Harvey, John, Governor of Virginia, his recepiion of Leonard
Calvert, ii., 191. Successor of Yeardly in 10'Jh, deprived of
his office by the people in 1035 ; goes to England, ii , 252
Returns with full authority ; is succeeded b\- Wyatt in 1639,
ii.. 253.
Harvey, John, of Perquimans, Speaker of the Assembly of
North Carolina, ii., 373. Member of the North Carolina
Committee of Correspondence, ii , 373. Summons a Provin-
cial Congress in 1775, ii., 374. Autograph and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 373.
Harvey, Thomas, Governor of Albemarle Colony in 1692, ii
355.
Harvey, Colonel, erects barracks for the British captives near
Charlotleville in 1779, ii., 346.
Hasbrouck, Abraham and Jean, Huguenots, in Ulster Coun-
ty. New York, i , 386.
Hasbrouck House, at Newburgh, i., 666, 667. Dedication of
the, i., 667.
Hasell, James, President of the Council in North Carolina
in 1773 , Autograph of, ii.. 373.
Hamlet, Colonel, at the Battle of Long Island in 1776, ii ,
601, 604. Surprises Colonel Rogers at Mamaroneck, 177ti
ii., 615. At the Battle of White Plains, ii., 616.
Hatfield, Colonel, captured, n., 624.
Hathorn, Colonel, at the Battle of Minisink in 1779, i , 670.
Lavs the corner-stone of the Goshen monument in 1622, i.,
671.
Hats, Exportation of, from the Colonies prohibited by Parlia-
ment in 1734, ii., 357.
Hattcras Indians, supposed to have intermarried with Ra-
leigh's lost colonists, ii., 244. Reduction of, in 1709, ii., 356.
Haunted House at Fort Neck, ii., 646.
Havens, Boatman at Buttermilk Falls, i., 708.
Haver's Island, i., 36, 41.
Haverkam, Ensign, his part in the Mischianza, ii., 00.
Haviland, Colonel, in command at Fort Edward; anecdote
of him and Putnam, i., 96. At Montreal, i., 179.
Haw River, ii., 384. Battle of the. in 1781, ii., 3>6. 387. The
Ajnericans cross the river; Lee purposes to surprise ihc
enemy ; he pursues them to O'Neil's plantation, and cap-
tures two of Tarleton's officers . his stratagem, ii., 386 Sur
prises the enemy ; Colonel Pyle is wounded and escapes, ii ,
387.
Hawes, Captain (afterward Colonel), in the Buttle of Guilford
in 1781, ii., 404. At Hobkirk's Hill, ii., 473.
Hawkins, his " Guide to Quebec," i., 184, 185, 196, 199.
Hawks, Francis L., Reverend, ii., 363, 304, 309, 417.
Hawks, John, Architect, ii., 304. Autograph of, ii . 301.
Hawley, Captain, captures Judge Jones in 1779, ii., 646.
H'iir/i j/vtlle, Connecticut, i„ 400.
Hawthorn, Colonel, of South Carolina, ii., 425.
Hayne, Isaac, Colonel, Execution of, ii., 490, 566. Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii., 568
Haynes, John, Governor of Connecticut, i., 433.
Haynes, Josiah, Deacon, killed in the Battle of Concord, i ,
530.
Haywood, William, of North Carolina, ii.. 3s3.
Hazard, Captain (British), his part in the Mischianza. ii., 96.
Hazard, Ebenezer, ii., 364, 595.
Hazard, Captain in the United States navy in 1777, ii., 638.
Cashiered, ii., 639.
Hazen. Moses, Colonel, attacks Colonel Oliver Delancey's
corps, ii., 624. At Jones's Ford in 1777. Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 174.
Hazlewood, Commodore, List and description of the Ameri-
can fleet commanded by, in 1777, ii . 87, Congress votes a
sword to, ii., 90. Orders an attack on the British batteries
at Philadelphia, ii., 104.
Hazzard, Thomas ft., of Newport, his mansion, i., 637, 653.
Head of Elk, Maryland, Washington at the, in 1777, n . 169
Headley, J. T-, quoted, i
Head Quarters of
Agnew in 1777, i., 403.
Arnold, ii., 229.
Arnold, ii., 334.
Arnold in 17SI, ii., 339.
B;i\ lor, i., 701.
Butler in I77s. i.. 353.
t llinton in 1777, i.. 684.
Cornwaliis in 1776, ii . 364
( lornwallis, it, 575.
Erskine ni 1777, ]., 403.
Greene, i , 6S2.
1C-. Corrected, i., 317
Greene, ii., 19.
Howe, ii., 108. ■
Howe. Ii., 607,
Jameson, L 715.
Knox, i., 682.
La Fayette in 177s. ,.. 625
La Fayeite m 1777, u , 17;.'.
Lee in 1776, ii., -192.
Mercer, ii., 19.
Phillips m 1781, ii., 339.
Prescoit in 1777. i., 644 Ml
INDEX.
Head Quarters of
Putnam in 1779, i., 111.
Rail, li., 21, 24.
Rocliaintieau. li., 323.
Ion in 1780, I., 715.
Sitncoe, II.,
Steuben in 1782, I.. 7113.
Steuben m 1779, I., 333.
Tallmadge, i . 71S.
Tryon, i . 147.
Washington m 1776, i,, 64°-.
Washington in 1763, 1., 007.
Head Quarters at
Albany. 1 . 304.
li. mufti li' igbta in 1777. i.,
45.
Brandywine in 1777. n.. 378.
Cambridge in 177:,. 1.. 555.
556.
Chads lord. 11.. 180, 1-:.
Chorion,- in 1780, 11 . ISO.
. ii.,303,
El r 111 17--J, 11.. 531.
Fairfield. 1 . 127
Fislikill Landing in 1782, 1
703.
Fredericksburgh, 1 . 332.
Germanton n, ii., i|ls.
Hillsborougb in 1776, ii., 384
Hopper Bouse in 1780, i.,782
Middlebrook, 1.. 332.
Morrislov, n,
New Rochelle, ii., 614.
New \\ indsor, 1779, 1.. 649.
New Windsor, 1 , 662.
New Windsor, 1 . 313.
\ '.-. \ .irk 111 1 T 7 . ■
New \urk. li., 594,609.
New '.iirL'ii in 17--;'.. 1 . 661
Washington, i., 764.
\\ ashioglon, I ,703; 11.. 303.
Washington in 1780,
Dgton, 11 . I1'
Washington in 1777. ii., 1 15.
\\ asbington in 1777. 177s. 11 .
126.
Washington, ii., 1-". 182
Washington, li., i94,609
Washington, ii., 615.
Washington,!., 306, 309, 310.
Wayne 111 1782, II , 534.
11 111 1777. 1 ■
Newtown, New Jersey, 11..
I'.'.
Newtown. Long Island. 11..
North Castle, 1 . 715.
PeekskiO in 1781, 1
Petersburg in 1781, 11., 339.
Portsmouth, ii., 334.
Providence in 1778, i., 625.
Reading in 1779, 1., 411.
Richmond, 11 . 229.
Rockj Hill. u.. 6:11.
Salem in 1780, I., 715.
Tappan, 1.. 764.
I r. ill. Ml. II.. '21. 24.
111 1777. 177s,
11. .121'..
\\ .isinngton .Siiuar«- 111 1777.
While Marsh 111 1777. ii.. 115.
White I'lanis. ii . 615.
White Plains in 1778, 1 . 331
Williamsburg, 11.. 323.
Wilmington, ii., 575.
Winnsborough in 1780, ii.,
420.
Willi, rmoot's Fort, i., 353.
. I'M
- "72
Heath. James, of Maryland, 11
Heath. Sin Rudest. Lands granted i". In 1630, ii., 353.
Heath, Willi im, General, appointed in 177;,. 1 . 190, 516 At
bridge with Putnam in 1775.1.566. At the skirmish- at
We8l 1 e,i., 529. u Boston in 1 175, 1.. 534 Senl
10 New York in 1776. 1 , 5-3. Opposed to evacuating V w
York in 1776. ii., 609. Ai Westchester, ii., 611. 61
Peekskill, >i . 15. In the Hudson Highlands, i., 307 ; ii.,619.
. . ded b) General M'Dougall in 1777 ;.t IV. kskiii. I., 740.
M n-likill in 177'.'. I-. 7 11 : and in Rhode Mum! in 17~n. 1 .
656. Autograph and Biographical Sketch 01", li., 614.
Quoted. 11 . 68, I'll
IlEL'KEW El.nEIl cited, ii., -II .
;. 1, wins, "i Newark, i.. 365.
IIeisteb.De, General, arrives with Hessians al V -w Nork in
1776, ii . 598, 6 haracti r of ii . 598 U thi Battle "i
1 ,,1 \\ im. Plains, 1 7 7 1. . ii..616. At
I ..ri Prince, I777,ii.,623. His operations near King's Bridge,
1777. ii.. 625
Hele. Lieutenant, a British spy. the strpi nitor of
Arnold. 1.. 713
Hell dale. New York. Newport town-records sunk al. by Sir
Henry 1 lin in 1779, 1.. 653. Anecdote of M'Evers and
Ins man \!ik»- at, 1 . 682.
Helm, Lieutenant, of Rhode Island, i., 664.
:, ,,. deseendi-il from Poi-almntas, ii.,
248
1 bad, Stephen, one of the sufferers at Fori Griawold ;
ins narrative, i.. 613.
Henijeuson. Richard, Judge, ii.. 366.
Henderson, Colonel, of South Carolina, joins Greene at Fri-
day's Ferry ii.,491. His sortie at Charleston, ii., I
ill.'- Haul.' of Entaw Springs in 1781, ii., 493-495. Wounded.
IIendrick, Great, Mohawk Sachem, i . 106. At the Battle
,.]],, - ;>. er-h ot. In In- warrior-, i . I
Rebukes ihe Governor and Military Commani
,.. |ng Vnecdou "I him and s.r William Johnson, i., 106.
Portrait of. i , 106 Infograph of, i . 256.
Hendrick, Little. Mohav.
i , -j.,,. of, on hearing of his lather's .1. ath, i . 106.
Hi- mirk, i . 256
Hem v. Major, Bres houses In i Iharlestovi n occupied
ign || K ill. .1 in Hi.- skirmish ai Montressor'a
Isliind. ii.. 614
HERNING. Ins Statutes of Virginia, ii.,
Henrietta Maria, Queen ol I harles I . Maryland named in
honor ol. ii., 189
IIenrv of Portugal. Prince, son of John Ihe First, accompa-
nies his fath. r into Ifrii i indnautical in-
ouir fi. 1 , 17. 18. 19
Henry IV of England h - sister, Philippa, wife of John ihe
First of Portugal, i . 17. 22
II EMi v VII ol England, the plans of Columbus arc laid before
him, I. 21. Sebastian Cabot sails fur Ihe New World
under the auspices of, i , 27
Henry \ ill ol England, i . no Proposed r. ■-. i i
a still'. Ills Conduct toward the people "I Iri -
land, li
IIemiv. Patrick, Governor of Virginia, ii., 288. Barlj
of, ii.. 223.221, 233 Mis early marriage, n . 224 Admit-
ted h, iiic iii Parsons'e cause . Win
counl "i the """ the Houst
ni Burgesses in 1764, II., 276, 277. Member ol ihe Virginia
tture in 1765, II., 233.276. Mi- live resolutions,
. 276, 27' Ills cloq isl the Stamp Act in
1785, i, 466; li., 276,277. Admitted to the bar of thi Gen
tnil i ouri in 1769, ii., 233. His /.»:il in behall ol Massachu*
s.ns in 1773. li.. 279. His prediction ■■
ration li.'.oo. On the Virginia Committee
Isnce in 1773, ii . 279. Dt It gate lo Ihe flrsl I
in mol Congress in 1771. ii. 60, 233, 281. Hi« eloquent
■a hi 1771. n.. 61. His Speec lie 1 li
ginta House of Burgesses in 177... Ins resolutions In livor
ol milltarj preparations, ii., 231, 296 Issembles a eom-
.i volunteers ;ii Newcastle and marches i" Williams-
burg; meets Corbin, the Receiver General, al Doni
Ordinary; demands and receives the s .,i u,- <«i Ibe powder
removed bj Dunmore; proceeds i" Congress al Phitadi
phia, ii . 225, 297, i ommander ol Ibrces foi the defense "I
Virginia in 1775 . picture or Ins Hag, ii 299. Mi mbei ol
. neral < onvention at Williamsburg m 1776. II
Governor of Virginia In 1776, li . 233, 300. Al the sti-
lutlonal ' onvention al Richmond in 1788, ii., 232. Nomi-
lon as Secretary of Stale In 1795, ii . 233
i . .,.,,,, net . ii . 234, 277. His family, li . 234 Bic
ical Sketch of, ii., 233. Picture of his residence, li 234
I'liriniii and Autograph of, li., 233.
Henry, Major, at the attack of Fori Mifflin, li., 9L
Henry, Judge, in the expedition to Canada in 1775. h
script ol the Hrnis.l< fortification al '.
Quoted, i.. 193, 194, I '
Henshaw, Joshua, .•" the Committee n.r removing the Brit-
ish troopa from Boston, 1., 491.
Herbert, Mr., Member of Parliament, his violenl Ian
toward Americans in 177 1. i., 503.
Ihmtlts. Pillars of, described, i . 20.
Herkimer, Abraham and George, nephews of General, ap-
pointed to slum! Brant's attendants, I., 23-.
Herkimer, General, I., 40. Letter ..r. to the Palatine Com-
mittee, i . 235. Sent i" Oghkwaga . Ins interview with
Brant, i ,237, 238 \i the siege ol Fort Schuyler, I . 243
245 Wounded, I.. 246. His residence, i., 260 Death of,
i .ji.l Grave of, i., 260. His family, i, 261. See Petrie.
Herrick, Captain, in Allen's expedition to Ticonderoga, i
123, 137. Colonel at the Battle of Be ngton, I
Hesse, Prince of, furnishes mercenarj troops mr George III
i 568 589
Hesse'Cassel, Landgrave of. furnishes mercenary (roops for
... orge 111 . i . 588 - I
847. Frederick the Great's opinion ol
tin- mercenary, II . 347 Origin of iii" name, I., 51 *
ingof, "ii Long Island in 1776, I - P r. ol
Hi,- landing-place, ii ,614. Re-enforcemenl of, al New Yor',..
ii . 61 1 \i the Battle ol Long Island in 1776, i . 590. Im-
I i soned In the old church at FishkUl, i.,702. I ndet Dom
in Bordentown.il., 12, 13. 19,20. I nder Hall at Trenton, ii..
19, 20. Captured al the Battle ofTrenton In 1776, n .21. 22
Officers of the. s "ji a parole, ii . 22,23. I se White Hall as
barracks :" Encampment of. near Bennington, in lri7.
i,. 396. At the Battle ofStiUwati r. I . 51, 64 \ large body
,,i in | ,, , i , n ii Forts Montgomery and Clinton In 1777.
I., 735. App. ' nrrender "i Bur|
ii,.. hi sergeant'e accon the massacre neai
Lancaster Road, ii., 164 Expedition of, against Fori Mer-
cer ii . -7 Captured at Crosswicks in 1778, ii., II. m thi
Battle ofGuillbrd In I7si. ii . 403 In Arnold's expedition
to New London in 1781, i.,610r 612.
i -. i i :i -. notorious Tory, lir.s the church at
Blizabethtown In 1780, i . 326.
Hewes, Georoe R. T., member ol "Tea-party,
n icier and death, 1., 501, 502." His portrait
and Autograph, i . 501
lit: ives. .lost in. ..I North Carolina, member of its Committee
ol Correspondence, ii., 373 . and of the Commute) on thi
ol Hi" State, ii . 383. Delegate t" Ihi ir-i < optinental ' on-
ij ;..: i lu On Hi" Commltici "i ' ongresson Naval
1 iii 177.',, ii . 637. mi il "" U ' nil li - ol
i onfi deration, 1776, ii , 653 Sigm t ..i thi Declarai ol
. ,i i Biograpbn al Sketch of, II., 666 Autograph
-1 I'.irlrrnl of, n '
Hewett. Captain, al Wyoming in 177s. j., 353.
Hewitt. Mary K . her poems quoted, il 82
Heywaro, Thomas. .Inn., ol S li ' aroBna, signer of ihe
tratlon "i Independence B Sketch of. ii.,
lotograpb of, II., 81. Portraii of, li., (
Heyward. Captain, of smith i ami n i, II., 545
Hi. key, Thomas, one of Hi" Lift Guard of Washington, de
leeted in a conspiracj against him In 1776. hanged at New
ih. Oral in htary i xecution Ihere, ii., 595.
:l
INDEX.
Hicks Mayor of Itie citj ol Ni n fork in 1, .';. 11 • 58ft, 590.
ol in.- conspirators in the plot to destro) Wash
inglon . arrested and sent 10 Connecticut, n., aJa.
Hioby, Mosi s, M D., i . 684 .
Hiooins, Colonel, at Hanging Rock in 1.80. n., 456.
, .. j. at Quebec, i . IS».
•• ii loG orgia vernor Oglethorpe, ii., 516
eek, North Carolina, ii.. 374. Friendship of the,
,,,,1 bs the patriots in ITT.'', called to lake up arm
',,,',, g-Donald in 1776, ii., 377. Captured at Moore's
CreekBridge in I776,ii., 382 Settle in "North Carolina in
1745- ii.. 3 jW ; and Georgia in 1.83, 11 ,516.
Highlands of the Hudson River, I., 666.
II,, „„,:,„, It ., Ins History cited or Quoted, 1
484, 648. Corrected, i , 658.
Hill, George, his poems quoted, i., 485.
Iliii Thomas, of Danvers, i., 554.
Hii.l. Whitmill, member of the North Carolina Provincial
Council, ii.. 376. .„
Iln [ Colonel, in the Southern Campaign in 1<80, u., 4J5.
With Sumter at Hanging Rock : wounded, it., 4ab
irii.L. Lieutenant-colonel (British), at Fori Anne, i.. 141.
IIillhoi SB, James, plants elm trees at New Haven. L,428.
HtLLHOUSE, Captain, al ihe Battle of Milford Hill in 1.79, i.,
IILLlsborough, Lord, Colonial Secretary .... 54. His plan to
send a bishop to the Colonies, ... 459. Ills circular letter to
191, 445. 450.
Hogans, Anthonv, Captain, story of Ins naming Anthonj
Nose, i., 282, 737. J . _, .
Holi "mb, Lt'THER, Anecdote of, in the expedition to Danbur)
Holden, Christopher, persecuted by Puritans, i., 449.
Holderness. Lord, British Secretary of Slate, his circular tu
the Colonies, i , 302,303.
IIolgate, lus American Genealogies, ii., 59., 612.
by Holland prohibits the transportation of warlike articles lo
America in 1T75 ; violation of the edict ; powder carried to
America i 5x7. The people ol, will not allow iheir soldi, r-
io light against freedom, i., 588. Favors the American causi
n 642 National alliance wiih. John Adams's views ol ■<
in' 1770 n 648. Proposed triple alliance of France, tin
United States, and, in 1781). ii., 651. Refuses to interfere
between England and America, n.. 642. Adopts i allium,. -
maritime doctrine, ii., 468. Three loans to the United Stat.s
negotiated with, in 1780. ii., 651. Acknowledges the Inde-
pendence of the United States in 1782. ii., 651. Commercial
treaty of the United States with, in 1782. ii., 651.
Holland House. Montgomery's head-quarters at, I . 197.
Hollenback, Mr., The timely relief afforded by, to the tarn-
ishing, in the Wyoming tragedy, i-, 360.
Holm-; Mrs . daughter of Alexander Hamilton, n . 200
Holmes. Benjamin, Colonel, in the skirmish at Quintans
Bridge, ii., 138.
Holmes. William, ofthe Plymouth Colony, i . 433.
Holstein, Matts, one ofthe settlers ol Swedes' Ford, ii ,1-4
gress at, in 1775. ii., 3. a.
1 1 1 n , ii Li i -KB. Dr., Bishop of Peterborough, speaks in the House
of Lords in favor ofthe American cause in 1775. i., 587.
Hinckley. President, of Plymouth, i., 663.
Hinman, Elisha, CaptaiR'ih the United States navy in 17,6,
ii., 638. Exploits of; captured in 1778; his monument at
Stonington, ii, 640. ,
i n. Colonel, commands troops for re-enforcing Ticonde-
roga and Crown Point, i . 155.
Hmman's Historical Collections, i . 4-2,. 514. bin.
Hinton, Johnson, I lolonel British),™ the expedition against
the Regulators in 1771. ii., 369.
Historians. Local. of New v.ork. i.,292.
Historical Collections of New Jersey, ll., 130.
Historical s , .', of Connecticut, Relics in the collection of
il„. , 417 lis "439. Of Maryland, The authors mmi t.. thi
relics 'in its library, ii., 185. Of Massachusetts. Relics in the
collection ofthe, i., 562. Of New York, i., 684. Possesses
a leaf from the church record al Pohick. ll., 215. Of North
i arolinu. possesses an old Bible brought from England by
Durant, ii., 353. Ol" Rhode Island, i., 62i
History. True aim or, i.
Benedict Arnold, i., 55.
History, Early, ot"
Albany, i.. 301.
America, i . 15.
Blandford, ii., 336.
Boston, i., 445.
Cambridge, i.. 555.
Cape Fear County, ii., 353.
355.
Charlotte, North Carolina.
ii., 410.
Chowan, ii., 353. 355.
i rnsswicks. ii.. 11.
Delaware, ii.. 44.
German Flats. i . 253.
Germantown. ii.. 107.
Hampton, ii.. 325.
Huguenots, i.. 386.
Kaskaskia. ii., 289.
Kentucky, ii.. 286.
Kingston, i., 385,386
Louisville, ii., 289.
Maryland, ii . 189.
Montreal, .... 178.
Newhurg. i.. 668.
New Haven, i . lis.
New Jersey, ii., 46.
248. Testimony of. in relation to
Norfolk, ii., 326.
North Carolina, ii., 543, 244.
Old Point Comfort, ii., 325.
Orangeburg, ii.. 490.
Peekskill. i.. 737.
Perth Amboy. ii., 10.
Petersburg, ii., 336.
Puritans, ii., 440.
Quakers, i.. 450.
Quebec, i., 183, 1st
Rhode Island, i., 638.
Salem, i.. 416.
Skenesborough. i . 137.
Stonington. i.. 619.
Syracuse. i..229.
Swedes' Fonl. ii., 121.
Trenton, ii.. 13.
Trinity Church, New \"..rk.
ii.. 613
Tryon County, i . 292.
Virginia, ii., 226, 212. 245,
352.
Whitehall.!.. 137.
Wyoming, i., 340.
Yorktown, ii., 301.
28.
New N ..rk. ii.. 576,
Hitchcock, his regiment at the Battle ol Princeton, u., 2-
o s.one ofthe Judges ofthe Supreme C.
ol New York in 1777. l . 3*7 On the Committee to draft
Ihe Constil ol New York in 1776, i., 386. Senator or
the I nited States, ii . 136.
Hobkii 170,471. Battle of, in 1781, ii., 4.2-474
Haw prepares to attack Greene, ii . 4,2 Disposition ol
ihe armies; skirmish conflict; the Maryland troops give
waj ii.,472 Greene retreats ; Colonel Washington charges
upon the pursuers, Ii . 071. View at the Spring, ii., 470.
Captain in the United states navy in 1776, ll.,
638.
Hoe, The printing-machines of, ii.. 202.
II,,,, -■ ! . F . quoted, i.. 121. 69S.
Hog Island, Foray on, ill 1775. I.. 537.
nal to Esopus and Poughkeepsie ; publishes severe articles
against Dunmore in 1775. ii.. 328. Postmaster at New \ orfc
in 1775, ii., 587. Biographical Sketch of, his monument anil
epitaph, ii., 328.
Holt, Michael, Colonel, ii.. 367.
Holt, Dr., of North Carolina, ii., 384.
Holt's Journal cited, ii., 585. .
Holten, Samuel, on the Committee or Sarety in 1. .a. i . a.n.
Hompasch, Baron, his daughter elopes to America with Lord
Bolingbroke. i., 329.
Honesdale. Coal-mines at. i , 379.
Honeyivood, his " Radical Song" quoted, L. 485.
Honors, Military, The meaning of burial with, explained, ll .
259
Hood, Sik Samuel, Admiral, proceeds against the Frenrh
fleet ofDe Grasse in 17sl. n . 306
Hood, Mr.. Stamp-master at Baltimore in 1765 ; burned in el-
ti-.y at Annapolis: escapes to New York, ii., 193.
Hook, Jons, a Scotchman, anecdote of him and Patrick Henry,
n.23 1 „ . „
Hooker, Thomas, Reverend, i .. 413. First minister in I am-
bridge i, 555. Appointed to discuss points ol faith with
the Reverend Roger Williams, by the Boston General Court
in 1635, i., 621. Settles at Hartford, i., 433.
Hooper. William, of North Carolina, member or the t om-
in, iter of Correspondence, u.,373. Ill the Coi HI. eon the
Seal ofthe State, ii., 383. Author orthe address to the peo-
ple ol' England bv the Provincial Congress at Hillsborough,
ii 376. Delegate to the first Continental Congress, ii.. 60,
374 415 Signer of the Declaration of Independence; Bio-
graphical sketch of. ii.. 666. Autograph or. ii.. 80. Portrait
or, n..frtmtis)ncr,. Picture of his residence, ii.. 666.
Hooper. Bishop, his opposition to Episcopal vestments, i .
440
Hooper, Robert, or Danvers, Governor Gage resides at tie-
house of i.. 510.
Hoosick, Saxony sheep in. i.. 4011.
Hoosick Falls. Description ofthe, i., 391
Hope, Major, at the Battle ofGermantown, ii , 113.
Hopewell, New Jersey, Council of war at, in 177s. ii., 147.
Hopkins, Esek, Commodore. Commander-in-chief orthe navy
ol' the I nited states: his Bquadron; his Hag: his exploits ;
Porlraii and Autograph of ii.. 638. Dismissed, ii., 639.
Hopkins, John B., Captain in the L'nited states navy ml..,
ii., 638. His exploits, ii. 641. In the expedition against the
Gaspee, i . 630.
Hopkins, John Henry. Bishop, i., 161.
HorKiNs Stephen, orRhode Island. L, 303. Delegate to the
lir.-l Continental Congress, ii., 59. Member of the i om
mittee or Congress on Naval Affairs in 1775, ll., 63, On
the Committee on Articles or Confederation, ii., 6a3. On tin
Committee to prepare a letter or thanks to Washington in
1776 | >| Signer of the Declaration of Independence :
Biographical sketch of. ii., 663, Monument to. i..624. Au-
to n-aph of, i.. 625 : ii.. so. Portrait of. \\.,fionaspuee.
Hopkins, Stephen, signer ofth.- Pilgrim Covenant, i. 43,
II,, i i. S . idmiral, in the naval engagement oil Block Islalel
in 1776, i . 640 _ . , .. „,
Hopkins, Captain, his engagement with Emen.-k. n., &a
. Tory, al Savannah, tarred and leathered in 1.74,11
519
Hopkinson, Francis, of New Jersey, British officers occupy
the house or. in 1778. i,„ 13 Member ofthe first Marin-
Committee orCongreaa in 1776. u , 637. Signer ol the Dec-
I N DEX.
laration of Independence al Skclch of, ii-, 664
Quoted, li-, I'M Autograph of, u . 80. Portrall of, upfront-
Hopjm House, Picture of the, i . 782. Associations of the, th
Hortcon, Indian name ut Lake George; meaning ui the word,
IIi.KNKi k, Captain, n( the Mischianaa, ii , 99
JloHin , Daniel, Captain, al Lhe all ge of Charleston in 1780,
ITcrkv. Hugh, Colonel, ii
ifoRRi . 500 \t t barleston in 1775, il .
563 His .cavalry: his exploits, i
IfoRRT, Colonel, anecdote of him and Captain Ferguson. Ii.,
480
Horse, longevity of Colonel Harcourt's, ii . 10 Presented to
Arnold bj Congress, i. 410. Arnold's traffic in horses, i„
195, 196 Washington's white horse, i , 033: n . i
Presented bj Congress to Colonel Tilghman, II . 323, Two
horses presented by Washington to De Grasse, u , 333.
Horseman, H r, alSli epy Hollow, i . 759
Horsemanship, Feats of, bj Count Pulaski, i . 310.
Horseneck Landing, origin of the name, L, 412. Tryon'a ex-
pedition to, in 1779, i ,412 v' ■ West Grtt
Horseshoe Robinson, ii . 429
Horseshoe, Stiver, Miniature, presented to Spottiswood by
George I., ii
Horsmanden, Daniel, Chief Justice of New Vork, on tlic
Commission of Enquiry respecting the Gaspee, I., 030. Au-
tograph of, ib.
Hortalbs See Beauharchais.
in, Captain, in the garrison :it Dobbs's Ferry, i., 71 !
flosACK, David, M.D., of New York, bis Memoir of William-
, 494.
Hose v. Mr . ins escape from a coal mine, i., 378.
Hosmbr, Abner, killed at the Battle of Concord, i., .''27.
Kosher, Joseph, Acting Adjutant at Concord, i., 526.
Hospital at New \ ork used as i prison, ii., 659
Hospital, .' ■ thi d in 1775. i
■'. Misfortunes of a negro, at Norfolk, ii., 335.
lIOTt mkiss, Mr. II., 389, 407.
Hotham, i 'ommodore Br tish), al the attack on Forts i I in ton
ami Montgomery, i . 730. At New York in 1770, il., 598
Hoi don, sculptor, Jefferson directs him lo execute a statue of
Washington, Ii., 230 Statue of Washingto
of Washington by, ii., 206. Bust of Necker by, ii., 209.
Hough, his Ristoi j c ted, L, 210.
tome Valley, Description of the, i., 400.
..■'
Adams's Residence at Quincy, ii., 662.
Alden Tavern, Williams's, ■ 61 3
Arnold's House, New Haven, i . 421,
Arnold's Head-quarters al Portsmouth, Virginia, ii., 334.
Arnold's Birth-place, i , 604.
Baptist Meeting-house, ii., 264.
Barren House, Concord, Massachusetts, i., 526.
Beekman's Mansion, il . 611
He, the Residence of I harli a Thomson, ii., 181.
Berkeley lions.-, ii., 235.
Billop's Blouse, ii . 609
BirdsalPa House, L, 738.
Birmingham Meeting-house, II . 169.
i i rk-house, at Fort Plain, I., 262,
Block-house, at Wicaco, ii., 19.
BoUingbrook House, Petersburg, Virginia, il., 339
Brindlej 's Residi nee, i., 651.
■ ., Mans on, IL. 180.
Brower'a Mill, il . 604.
Buckle) House, Norwalk, I., 416, 126.
Burr's Head-quarters, i
Butler House, In Mohawk Valley,
i idian, i . 173.
Capitol of Virgin a, Ii., 264.
i apitol i W ash ngton, ii., 199.
Hall, li., 57.
i bad's House, ii., 180.
Charles Cilj Court House, li , 230.
. 108
Choi a, I. one Island, II., on.*..
Church al Jamestown, Ruins of, il., 241.
Church at Wilmington, II., 575.
City Tavern, Richmond, li . 229.
ciaVk House, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1., 523, 553.
clay, Henry, his birth-place, ii ,225.
Congress House, Baltimore, IL, 187.
I onstitutlon House, Kingston, New Vork, i . 3*7.
Cornwallis's Read-quarters, 11., 384, 575.
Cortetyou's House, il . 004.
Court House, Charles City, II . 236.
Court House, Charlotte, il., 411.
Conn House. New London. Virginia, li., 234.
Court House, Orangeburg, South Carolina, U . 490,
Durrmore Palace, Will amsburg, il., 263.
Episcopal Church, Wilmington, il., 575.
Eutaw Citadel, ii., 495, 499
Falls's. Mrs , House, i . 684.
Faneud Hull, Boston, i., 479.
i ; fork, ii., 658.
_ n » iffice, ii., 65i
■ oii'v . House at, ii . 182.
Fort Moit< i ii., 477
Fori Ni ■ k Inciem House at, ii . 040
Fraunci 'a Tavi rn, Pi arl Strei i. New York, iL, 633
i /. tlng-housi . ii .. i >S
Frencli Church, New \ ork.
-' Mi eting house, ii., 12.
Friends1 Meeting-house, ii-, 27.
Governor, his 1 I !
Green-house, New York, ii
ind Knox, tueir Head-quarters, 1., 682.
n ij i louse, New ^ ork, ii . 51
■ k House, Boston, i
Hancock House, li . 139.
Hanover I curt House, ii., 223.
I ■ ■ ■ rn. u . 223
Harnett's House. Wilmington, North Carolina, ii., 37'"'
Harrison. President, his Birth-place, II., 235.
Henry, Patrick, Seal of, il . 234.
Hessian Hospital, New N ork. ii . 629.
Hobkirk'a Hill, House at, ii . 170
Hopper's House, l.,782; ii , 66C
Howard's Half-waj House, ii ,601.
i [ow e's ii' ad quarters, ii . 90, 103.
Howi 'a Head-quarters, il., 17'j, 01 1.
Hubbard's House, i , 036.
Huddj 's R< sidence, ii . I-"'1"'
Huntington's House, General, i.. 000.
Huntington's Mansion. Governor, i., 606.
living's Residence, i . 761.
Jameson's Head-quarters, i., 756,
Jefferis's Ford, Stone House at, il . 168.
i'h Ri ■-ui' ii< r. Montii ' U". n.. 341.
Prison-ship, li., 660
Johnson Hall,
Jones's Mansion, ii . 646.
Kane House, i . 292,
Kennedy lions.'. Broadway, New Vork, ii , 592,
King of Prussia Tavern, ii., 125,
Kip's House, Kip's Bay, New Vork, ii., 597.
La Fayette's Head-quarti rs. li., 17-j.
Liberty Hall, El Lab thtown Point, i., 329.
Libert] street Sugar-house, New Vork, ii I
Lightbody's Printing-ink manufactory, ii., 059
Lillington Hall, ii., 381
Livingston House, near Fou^hkrepnie, i., 3s5.
l.i\ ingston Mansion, I., 763.
Log-house at ( lowpens, ii
Log-hpuse at Guilford < ouri House, ii., 40ft
Loxley's House, ii . 95.
Magazine, Old, at WiUiamsburg, ii., 263, 21 i
Marion's Residence, II . 502.
MatheW's House, 1., 323.
Meeting-house, 'Die first, In Connecticut, I
Mercer, General, the house where he d ed, ii., £ '
■i ■ ■ i ii i bur. ii n, « \ ork, ii I I
Mill at Valley Forge, IL, 126.
M'Intosh, General, Ins Dwelling, li., 535.
Moore'S House, ii , 323, 324.
Morris's House, il . I 10
Morven House, n . 35,
Mount Vernon House, ii., 208, 212.
■i Hall, Princi ton I Dili re, il . 31.
Nelson Mansion, VTorktown, il., 315.
New Mr, dew. 'ii. New Vork, il., 659
New Garden Meeting-house, IL, 407.
New Jail, New York, [j . 659,
Old Block-house. See Block
l 'Id South MeetHiil-liouse, Hoston, i . !' I
Penn's House
Philipse's Manor-house, Yonkern, [L,6£6.
Pohlck Church, il . 213, 214.
Presi ott's Head-quarters, L, 635, 64 1.
Priuci ton ' lollege, IL, 31.
Province House, Boston, L, 474
Provosi Jail, New ^ ork. 11 . 659
Putnam's Head-quarters, Reading, I I '
Raleigh Tavern. Williamsburg, \ irginia, ii . 280
R ill's Head-quarters, ii., 21.
Red House,
Rninelander's Sugar-house, it., I
Richmond Old Clt) Tavern, ii . 229.
Rtedesel House, al ■ lambri
i House, :i| Saraio-ia, i . M.».
Robinson's Housi I., 708
Rocky Mount. House at, IL, 452.
Rose and i row n ravern, Staten Island, U., 591
School I hern, II . 492,
r Mansion Albany, i . 304.
Slate-roof House, II . 94, 95
Smith's House, I , 720.
South, < 'id. Meeting-house, Boston, L, 490.
Southern Scl i house, ii
Slate House, Philadelphia, IL, '',;. 82
INDEX.
i, [louse, Boston, i
State House, tfai yl ind, ii , 196.
: id-quarters, MiddlebrooK, i . 333.
Steuben'fl Log-house, ii . 136.
n \\ indsor,
[louse, Richmond, Ii., 232, 333.
sixth Street, New \ ork. ii .-•
Sugai se, in Libert) Street, New Vork, n., 660.
Sunnyside, the residence of w ashington Irving, i., rol.
ai i harles City Court House, ii., 238.
. .ii. ni.i, at Eliiabethport, i-, 328,
Tavern. Oid, .-it Hanover, ii., 223.
Tavern, Old, at Providence, I., 626
Tavern, Old, at Richmond, ii., 22 I
House, Savannah, ii., 520.
Temple, n< ai Newburgh, i., 685.
i*s Residence, n.. 61.
Townsend House, Oyster Bay, ii . 627.
1 n nlon Bridge, i louse at, ii., 26.
Trinit) Church, Mew \ ork, Ruins of, ii., 613.
Trumbull's HOUSO, i., 602.
Trumbull's War Office, i , 602.
Tryon's Palace, Newborn, North Carolina, ii., 304.
Vaii Cortlandt's Sugar-house, ii., 65 I
Van Kleefe House, Poughkeepsie, I., 383.
\ erplam k'a House, i., 693.
u alton House, New York, ii., 629.
Washington and Schuyler's Head-quarters, Morristown,
i , 315.
Washington's Head-quarters, Brandywine, ii., 181.
Washington's Head-quarters, Cambridge, L, 555.
Washington's Head-quarters, Newburgh, L, 6*67,
Washington's I U od-quarters, Pearl Street, New York, ii.,
i
Washington's Head-quarters, Princeton, ii., 631.
Washington's Head quarters, Tappan, i., 764.
Washington's Head-quarters, Valley Forge, ii., 126.
Washington's Head-quarters, ne;ir White Plains, ii., 615.
Webb House, Wcthersfleld, i., 436.
Washington's Head-quarters, near Whitemarsh, ii., 115.
Wayne's Residence, ii., 167.
Westmoreland, Residence of the Washington family at,
ii.,219.
Wharton's House, i., 690.
Wharton's Mansion, ii., 97
Wbitall's House, ii , Bfi
White House, near Hawk's Creek, n., 509.
White's Tavern, ii., 15.
Whitehall, ll.. 37.
Wicaco, Block-house at, ii., 49.
Williams's Alden Tavern, i., 603.
Wintermoot's Fort, L, 351.
Woodhull, General, the house where he died, ii., 605.
\ eoman House, i , 388.
Hoi semax, William C, proprietor of Smith's house, i., 720,
752.
HOUSEMAN, Captain, issues hand-hills at Rocky Mount En 1780,
n.. 451. Resisted by Judge Gaston and his associates, u.,
451.
Houston, James, stamp-master, ii., 363.
Houstoun, John, delegate to the first Continental Congress,
ii.. 520, 521. Member of the lirst Naval Committee of Con-
, ii . 637, Second Governor of Georgia in 1778, ii., 504,
518. Autograph of, ii., 523.
Howard, John- E user, General [afterward Governor of Mary-
laud, ii.,467), at tin- bailies of Cowpens, ti.,431, 435; Eutaw
Springs, ii., 494, 497 ; and Guilford, ii., 404. Of Hobkirk's
Hill, ii., 473. In the Southern Campaign under Greene in
1781, ii.,396, 399 It the Battle of Camden, it., 467. Wound-
ed at Elutaw Springs, ii., 497. Gives the ground on which
the Baltimore Washington Monument stands, ii., 185. Medal
awarded to, by Congress, ii., 433. 437. Portrait of, at An-
napolis, ii.. 197. Portrait of, ii., 433. Autograph and Bio-
graphical sketch of, ii., 433.
kii. Martin, of Rhode Island, i., 303.
Howard, Martin, ( hief Justice of North Carolina, ii-, 366.
Howard, Lord, of Effingham, Governor of Virginia In 1684 .
recalled in 1688 . reinstated , Bends N icholson to Virginia as
ins deputj hi 1690, Ii., 265.
Howe. George, Lord Viscount, in the expedition under a her
crorabie in 1758, i . 1 12, 1 15. The idol of Ins soldiers . his
1 15, 118, 119. His death, l„ 39, 119; his monu-
ment in Westminster Abbey, l„ 1 19. Tributes' to, by the Gen-
eral Court of Massachusetts and by Mante, i., 119. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, i , 119. His tomh at Albany, ib.
Rli HARD, Lord, Admiral of the British fleet for Ainer-
i ad to c vil war. tus hesitation before accepting
''"Turn, n.i of the fleet, 1., 588, 589. Arrives off Sandj Hook
hi I77ti, t.. 386. Authorized to treai with the colonies for a
ition, i-. 308; ii., 140. His proposal for a confer-
ee with a Committee of Congress in
i77'>. B - Ofl the I apes ol \ irginia in 1777, i , 733
Salli to the i hesapeake Bay, ii., 85, 168. Lauds at the Head
I6C 169 Knter> the Delaware, ii., S6. Leaves
Baj . Btrenath of tus
i .'17 Engagement with D'Estaing off Newport in
177>, i., 049. Proceeds to Boston ; returns to New York, i .
333,652. Honored with a grand I I ai Philadelphia, iiM 97.
ihs return to England in 177s, , , r,i-' Biographical Sketch
of, ii , ''"s His Quarters at Philadelphia, if., 104. Portrait
of, ii . 60S
How i . Robert, of Brunswick, North Carolina, ii.,376. Mem-
ber of the North Carolina Committee of Correspondence, Ii.,
373. Colonel of Provincial troops in 177;>. ii., 37t>. General
under Washington, ii., 376, 3b3. Joins Woodford at Norfolk
m 1775, ii., 33i). At the bombardment of the town id 1776;
his troops at Kemp's Landing. Suffolk, and Great Bridge, ii.,
331. His property ravaged by Clinton and Cornwallis, li.,
383, 523. Ordered to Savannah, ii., 321. His expedition to
Florida, ii., 523. At Savannah, n.. 531. At the storming
Ol Stony Point, i., 744, 748. Sent to attack Fort La Fayette
in 1779, i., 748 , ii., 406. Member of the Court of Inquirj
respecting Andre, i., 765. Ordered to quell the rebellions in
1781 and 1783, L, 31 1 , ii., 631. His duel with Gadsden, ii.,
523. President of the Court Martial which tried Arnold, i..
711. Biographical Sketch, Portrait, and Autograph of, ii.,
523.
Howe, Tyrinoium, Captain of the Glasgow, his vessel cap-
tured by Commodore Esek Hopkins in 17 7ti at Newport, u.,
639.
Howe, Sir William, General, brother of Lord George, i..
537 ; at the Battle of Quebec m 1759, i .. 186. Arrival of, at
Boston, in 1775, i., 537. Resident Commissioner of Britain
in America, i.. 588. In command at the Battle of Bunker
Hill, i., 541. His bravery, L, 544, 545. Wounded, i., 546.
His tribute to Dr. Warren, i., 548, 54y. In command of Bos-
ton on the recall of Gage, i., 573. Succeeds Gage, i.. 574
His proclamation, i., 308, 574; its effect, ii.. 17. His mis-
take respecting the object of unfurling the Union flag, i., 577
Sends dispatches to England by Major Thompson in 1775,
i., 591. His critical situation at Boston in 1776, i., 580.
Evacuates Boston, i., 581, 582. His course approved by the
King, i., 591. Proceeds to New York in 1776, ii., 594, 598.
In command at New York in 1776, ii., 594. His operations,
ii., 607, 608-611. Takes possession of the city, i., 36, 37.
ii., 611. Proceeds to West Chester, ii., 613. At the Battle
of White Plains, ii.,616. Takes Fort Washington, ii.,619.
621. His design to send forces up the Hudson to meet Bur-
goyne; his purpose to capture Philadelphia, i., 59 ; ii., 19.
His stratagem to destroy the cattle and stores near Peekskill
in 1777, i., 741. Deceives M'Dougall, i.,741. Invades Peeks-
kill ; destroys Continental Village, i.,741. His expedition
to Danbury, i., 402- His stratagem at New Brunswick, i.,
331. Sails from New York with his brother Richard to
Chesapeake Bay, ii., 85., 168. Marches m triumph to Phila-
delphia, ii.,85. Resolves to destroy the American works on
the Delaware, ii..86. Sends Hessians to capture Fort Mer-
cer and Fort Mifflin, ii., 87. Sends Cornwallis to Fort Mer-
cer, ii.. 93. His attempted attack on Washington's Camp,
foiled by Mrs. Darrah, ii., 95.96. His quarters, ii., 96. Hon-
ored with a grand fete, ii.. '.'7. Appropriates Mary' Pember-
ton's coach and horses to his own use, ii., 103. Marches to-
ward Philadelphia, ii., 109. At the Head of Elk. ii., 170,
171. His proclamation to the people of Pennsylvania, ii.,
171. His personal appearance, and his manners, ii., 103.
Biographical Notice of, ii., 608. Autograph of, ii., 608. Pic-
ture of his head-quarters at Dilworth, ii.. 172.
Howe's Historical Collections of New Jersey, i., 225 ; ii., 13,
234, 264, 282.
How ELL, LEW IS, member of the New Jersey Tea-party, ii., 54.
Howell, Rednap, brother of Richard, ii., 366, 367. Lampoons
Fanning, ii., 367.
Howell, Richard, Major, afterward Governor, member of
the New Jersey Tea-party, ii., 54. His ode to Washington,
ii., 39. Biographical Sketch of. ii., 39.
Howell, Captain, Operations of, in 1781, ii., 534.
Howtson's History of Virginia, ii., 262.
Howland, John, of Rhode Island, i.. 630. President of the
Rhode Island Historical Society, i., 626, 031. His mill tar)
career in the Revolution, i., 631 ; ii., 26. 27.
How land. John, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, i., 437.
How let, Richard, Captain, in Bradstreet's expedition, i., 215.
IliBBARD. Colonel, at the Battle of Bennington, i., 397.
Hubbard, Lieutenant, at the Mtschianza, ii.. 99.
Hubbard, Russel, Mrs., of Norwich, i., 608.
Ill board, Willi UK, Captain, one of the Norwich Committee
of i Correspondence, i., 599.
Hubbard, Mr., and his family, Treatment of, by Prescott, i.,
037.
Hubbard's House and Mill, Rhode Island, Picture and account
of, i„ 636
Hubbnrdton, First settlement of; battle-ground at, i.. Ill I 16
Battle of, i. 39, 145, 146. Pictures of the hattle-grouud, i.,
145, 146. Musket found on the battle-field of, I . 586.
II i blbt, Colonel, extracts from his Journal, i-. 878.
Buck, Christian, Captain (Tory), his character ; killed at
Rocky Mount in 1780. ii., 453.
H< ddlestone, a British spy, Execution of, at Poughkeepsie
in 1760, i . :m
Hi ddy, Captain, Capture and execution of, in 1782, ii., 160.
Picture oi tus Residence, ii., 160.
III dsoh, Henry, in the service of the Dutch East India Com-
INDEX.
727
panv, ii.,45. Explores the North River, New York, in 1609,
],, 106,300. His arrival al Verplanek's Point, i„742. Touch-
es near Cape May, ii., IS. Portrait or, i . 301, Biogi
notice of. i .
Hudson, Charles, Captain i Bril -
iNj Captain, in the United Stales navy, his exploits, ii.,
G39.
i Highlands, i., 307, 723.
Hudson River, Depth of, near Murderer's Creek, in 1776, L,
682. Difficult} of crossing the, in 1777, i., 41. Clinton's
expedition up the, in 1777. i . 388. Steatn-boats of the, L, 35
Huff, Enclebert. a Norwegian, aged 128 years . ;tt the age
of a hundred and twenty years proposes marriage to a girl
aged twent] .
a, Benjamin, Major, receives La Fayette on ins arrival
iwn, south Carolina, in 1777, ii,, 1'J!, 554. With
His death in 1780, ii ,
irgi
nil Greene in 1780, ii., 391
554, 555.
- Daniel, member of the Continental Congress, ii.,554.
Francis K . Quarter-master General, ii.,
Ulcer, Isaac, General, in the exped tion against the chero-
kees in 1760, ii., 140. At Hobkirk's Hill, ii., 473, \t the
Battle of Guilford, ii., 102 Wounded, ii., 106. u Savan-
nah, 1778, ii., 525, 532, At Charleston in 1780, ii., 559.
Autograph of, ii., 118.
I Iohn, S< retary of State of South Carolina, ii., 547.
Hughes, John, Stamp-master Tor Philadelphia in 1765, ii., 52.
II i qhes, Joseph, of North Carolina, delegate to the iirst Con-
tinental Congress, ii., 60. See Hewes.
**, Colony of, in Florida destroyed by Spaniards in
i . 32, At Kingston. New York, i., 386. Hista
the. : - - ilement of, in Orange County, New
i„ 669. Graves of, at Kingston, New York, i., 389. Settle-
ment »f. at New RocheUe, New York, ii., 614. and at
Charleston, south Carolina, m 1079. ii., 53s. In south
Carolina, ii., 356 , their influence, ii., 360.
lai . Major, afterward Major-general, at the storming
of Stony Po nt, i . 746 At the Battle of Semis's H
i., 50. 55. Attacks Colonel Oliver Delancey, 1781, ii . I i
Biographical Sketch of, i., 55. His Memoir quoted, i . 746.
Hull, Mrs . wife ol Major, her conduct in the camp, and after
the Battle at Stillwater, i., 55.
Hi me. Lieutenant, killed at the sie«e of Savannah, ii., 532.
Humphreys, David, Colonel, soldier-poet of the Revolution,
i , 4-::. 428, 431. His elegy on the burning of Fairfield, i..
127, 128 Ii - ep tapta on Scammel, i., 430. At the H
Highlands in 1777, i., 735. His Lift of Putnam, i . II*. Ml.
677, 735. Picture of the monument to the memory of, L,
428, 429 Portrait and Autograph of, i.. 4-29. Biographical
Sketch of. i„ 429.
Huhtkrbts, William, Captain, in Bradstreet's expedition,
l.. "215.
Humphries, Charles, delegate from Pennsylvania to the
iirst Continental Con 55, 5'.).
Hukhetwbll, Captain, attacks Loyalists, 1782, il., 624.
Hunt, Abraham, Colonel Rail's Christmas carousal at the
house ol. ii., 22, 'J3
Hint, John and James, members of the New Jersey Tea-
party, ii . 54
ITukt, N ithas, centenarian, U . 408.
Hint, Robert. Reverend, ii., '215
Hi nt. Thomas, Ins boarding-school, ii.. 408.
Hunter, Andrew, Reverend, member of the New Jersey Tea-
parry, ii.. 54, 140.
Hi nter, James, and Rednap Howell, lay a petition of the
people before Governor Tryon ai Brunswick hi 1768,
367
Hunter, John, of New RocheUe, New York, ii , 591.
Hunter, Willi ah, one of the " Regulators*' in North I arc
hna in 1768 . oned, ii . 366.
Huntington, Andrew, of Norwich, I oramissar] in 1 1 ■■■ i
tinental army, i . 607.
Huntington, Benjamin, first Mayor of Norwich; In the
Continental Congress 17-4 to 17-7, i . 600.
Huntington, Benjamin, son ol the Mayor of Norwich,
father of Huntington the artist. j„ 600
Huntington, Christopher, first white male child born in
Norwich, i , 598.
Huntington, Eoene/er, Colonel, brother of Jedediah, i..
600
Huntington, Jabez, General. Notice of. i., 599, 600. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, i . 607. Picture of his tomb, I., 607
Huntington, Jedediah, General, ii., 35 (tin- nf the Nor-
wich Committee of Correspondence ; Aid u> Washington,
i , 599 Son ol General Jabez , BiOgraph
lure of the house ol, i . 600 Member of the Court of In-
quiry concerning Andre, i., 7fi5
Huntington, Joshu *. Colonel, marches with a company from
Norwich to join Putnam's hritfade in 1775. j„ 600 A Or gate
built by order of the Continental Congress under the
tion of. in 1777, i . 610
Hintington. MARTHA, wife of Governor Samuel, |., 607
in htinoton, Samuel, Governor of Connecticut, signer of
the Declaration of Independence, il . fci>. 663, I'n - dent of
Contrress. i . 508 A leading patriot, i , 699 His m
j., Ot'ti. His lomb, i., 0l»7. Anecdotes of, n , 10i5, 1U7. Ati
- Biographical Sketch of, ii., ''<"'3. Portraii
of, u . fronttsj
lli n riNGTON, i homas M., son "i General /■■■ h li ah,
Huntington, Zai m iriah, General, youngest sun of < ■■
. 607.
Huntinstim. Long Island. Tryon's retreat to, L, 428.
Hubd, Nathan ei date engraver, I., 317.
Hurtty, New York, the place ol the execution of i linton's si>\
i.,684 BE
Husband, Hermann, a Quaker, one of the North Carolina
"Regulators." ii., 363. Arrested, tried, and acquitted, ii
366, 369. Outlawed by Tryon, ii . 367 Member <>i the
North Carolii re in 1771, il . 369. Flees to Phil-
adelphia, ii., 371, 372, Is concerned in the Whisk) Insui
rection; his death; Biographical Sketch of, ii,, 372.
Husks, John, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Member ol
Parliament, i., 461. His effigy suspended from Libert) fret
i . 160
Hutchings, John. Virginia Commissioner of Admiralty in
1776. ii., 300.
Hutchinson, Anne, Mrs., of Massachusetts, her religious
discussions, i.. 637. is persecuted . removes to Rhod
and and to Albany ; is murdered by sai B
nuTCHiNsoN, Elisha, his signature to the first Ami rican pa-
per money, i.. 153,
Hutchinson, Thomas, Governor of Massachusetts, i., 303,
493,557. Refuses i'» sun Richardson's death-warrant, i .
i-'1 His house and property attacked, i., 467, 168. Re-
moves the British troops from Boston, i., 491, Letters of,
to Whately, i, 494. The Massachusetts Assembly a peti
tion for lus removal, i., 494. Recalled in 1774, i ' ( l u
neral of, I., 496. Portraii and Autograph of, i , 168. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ).. 467.
Hutchinson, Captain (British), in the expedition against
Steuben at Fluvanna, ii., 342.
Hutchinson, Major, son of Governor, at Boston in 1774, i -
521.
Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, i.. 449. 6! -
Huts of the American army at Vallej Forge in 1777, dcser.bed.
ii., 127. 128.
Hyde's Hotel, i .. 117.
Hvler, Adam, Captain. Maritime adventures of. n.. 645.
Hymn, of the Moravian Nuns at the consecration Of Pulaski's
banner, ii., 186.
Hyperion, American tea, i.. 481. 626.
Hvkne, Edmund, Major, at the Uattle of Eutaw Springs, ii.,
198
Ireland, Voyage of Columbus to, i., 21. See Greenland.
Ipkll. Mrs., of Crosswicks, ii., 12.
Immigrants, Pilgrim, in 1634, i., 448. Scotch Highland, in
1745,
Inclebrre, at New York city, British encampment at, in I77t>.
it., au.
Independence of the United States, Public movements in favor
6 I Vction "i the provinces on the subject of, ii . 6 i,
70. Committee ol Congress on a ] declaration of the,
Declaration of the ii., 71-74. 76-78. Acknowledged b)
Prance in 1778, i .. 87; II., 140,649. Opposition of th<
of Chatham to the, il., 111. Acknowledged by Hollan
651; and by Great Britain, ii., 652. Remark ol Georgi 111
respecting the, ii., 652.
] iependence Hall, Philadelphia, ii., 65.
Independents, ot Separatists, Disputes of the, with tli Pui
S3, i., 441.
Indian inr. at Glenn's Palls, i., 105.
Indian Summer on the Hudson, i., G66.
Indians, American '
A benakes, i . (91.
Alexander. I., I 56
Algonquins, il , in, 49.
Andastakas, ii., 44.
Annawan. i.. 659.
Apalachians, Ii., 437, 433.
Assanpink, ii., 1 1.
Altakullakulla, ii., 441.
Atyataronghta, Oneida Warrior, i . 281.
Aztecs, i . 16.
Bahamas. I., 25.
Baker's < 'abm. Locaii's family murdered at, II
ll'iin ngton. Battle of. Flight of Indians at the, i . 397
Bouquet River, War-feast on the, I., 159.
Brant, I., 208. 219, 3
Cambridge, Skirmish near. [., 392.
Canonchct, i.,662.
< nnonicus, |., Cr™.
Catawbas, ii . 285, 356, 437, 438, 44n. Present condition
of the. ii., 449. Language of ii., 449
Caughnawajras. i . 2n*-. 364
Cayuga Chief, James Logan, Ii . 107. 283, 284.
Cedars Rapids, Massai re of Sherburne's corps near. |.t2l 9
Charlotte River, Indians captured by Colonel Harpei in
the Valley of, i„ 237
Cherokee*, n . -j-r,. r.c. 357. 365, 437. 43£, 430, 553. Pres-
ent condition of the, n , 442.
Ch'cka^aw^, ij . 440,
728
1 N DEX.
i hippewa Chief, quoted, ii . 805.
Congarees, i! . KIT. 13s.
i oosaws, ii . -kit.
cunvs ii . 3.>o. 4a:. 438.
(urn Planter, . , 277 Lectures on temperance, ii.
Cornstalk, 11 , 281, 282._283
Creeks 11 285,356,437,534,553
Currytcm n, plundered and burned by Indians. 1 , 294.
Cussobos, ii., 437.
Delawares. 1.. 343 ■, 11., 51, 281,285.
Easton, Council at, In 1758, .. 336.
Esopus, Massacre bj the Indians of. 1., 386.
Euchees, 11 .437.
Five Nat s, 1 , 216. 256.
Fort Ann. Indians in ambush at. 1., 1 I"
Fort Booh, Indians allac-k. in 1778, ii., 287.
Fort Duquesne, Indians in the expedition to, 11, ibi.
Fort Logan. Indians attack, in 1776, 11 . 281
Fort Niagara, Indians captured by Johnson at, in 1,59, 1 ,
225
Fort Schuyler, At the siege of, i., 242.
Frogs, ii.. 44. _ —
Genessee Vallev. Destruction of their villages in, 1., I,,.
Georgia. Indian treaty with Pickens in, ii , 535.
German Flats, Skirmish at, i., 298.
Grasshopper, i., 343.
Great Tree. i.. 267
Gunslersigo. Creek warrior, ii . 534.
Hall Moon, skirmish with, in 1609, i., 742.
Harris. Peter, Chief, ii., 450.
Hatteras Indians, ii., 245, 356.
HendriCk. Mohawk Sachem. 1 . 100, 10,.
Hudson. Skirmish with, in 1609, 1., 742.
Iroquois, Speech of an. 1.. 160.
Jamestown. Massacre at, in 1022, ii., 252.
Jeskakake, 11 . 208.
John. Messenger, i., 349, 350.
Johnstown, Council at, i., 265.
Kalosteh. ii.. 442 .
Klock's Field, Battle of. Alvataronghtn at the, 1., 281.
Lenni Lenapes, Territory of the, 11 ..43, 44
Lo"an, Mingo Chief, ii., 107 Murder ol his family at
Baker's cabin, ii.. 2*3. Biographical Sketch of, 11., 283,
284.
Lord of Roanoke, ii., 244.
Manhattans, ii., 576.
Manias, ii., 44- . „- , ..„ , -
M antin Chief, invested wilh the title " Lord ot Roanoke,
11.. 244
Mason. John. Captain, succors I'ncas. i., 59,.
Massasoit. i., 658.
Messenger John, i., 349. His eloquence, 1., 349, 350.
Metacomet, i., 658.
MiantonOmoh, i., 596, 022.
Miller. Mary, scalped by. i.. 295.
Mingoes. ii.. 44.
Minisinks, ii., 44.
Minnisink, Battle of. Brant at the. i., 669.
Minseys, ii., 44.
Mohawk Valley. Council in, i., 234.
Mohegans. 1 . 596.
Molang rescues Putnam, .141 .
Montreal, Jealousy of the friendly Indians at, in 1.00, !.,
C-
Munashum, i., 659.
Muscoghees, ii.. 437. 438.
Narragansets, i., 590. 023. 003.
JNalanis and his brother Sahalis join Arnold s expedition,
i., 194.
Neeotowance, ii.. 253.
Nimham, Slockhndge Chief, ii., 623.
Nnnrod, i., 059.
Nipmucks i., 601.
Nishaminies, ii., 44
Norridgewock. i., 191.
Occonastota, il . 139.
(iluo Valley. Sachems or the, confer with Gist, 11., 260.
Oueidas. i.. 250. 204.
Onondagas. 1., 229, 270
Opechaiicanougli.KingofPnniunkcc, captures John Smith.
li., 217. Succeeds Powhatan, ii., 252. His death, 11.,
253.
Oran"e County, Indian depredations in, i.. 609.
Oswi ■",,. War-feast at. in 1777, 1 . 219 Massacre near, ill
1669, 1 . 230 1 ..lined of the Six Nations at, i., 239.
Pamlico, ii., 355.
Pamunkee, King of, li., 247.
I'n lies. 11., 437.
Pequois. 1., 410. Dcstruct.on of. near Fairfield, in 103..
1 . 417, 433. 010 Their territory, 1 , 615. Council, on
Williams, l„ 623.
1 f,.:!!'!!,, 1 . 597.
Philip. King, 1 . 658. His treaties, domains, captains, 1.,
659-662 1 upture and death of. i.. 003.
Pilgrims, Attack 011 the. in 1620, i.. 443, 444.
Pipe. Captain, Sachem, il., 11
Pocahontas, Notice of. ii„ 840, 248, 249.
Pocass. 1. Squaw Sachem ot. i., 603.
Pokanokets, 1 . 001.
Ponietacoiii, 1 . 058
Powhatan, ii , 240._252.
Ramapaughs, 1 . 778
Rankoka. ii., 44.
Rolfe, Pocahontas marries, ii.. 24h. 249.
Sabatis and his brother Natains join Arnold's expedition.
i., 194.
Saludas, 11 . 437.
Santecs. ii., 437
Sassacus. 1., 015.
Sassamon. I., 000.
Savannas, ii., 437.
Scalping. Melhod of. explained, 1.. 293.
Schoharie settlements attacked by Indians in 1.80, 1., 2<u-
Seminoles, 11 . 438.
Senecas. ii.. 51.
Serannahs. 11 . 437.
Seraltees. ii., 538.
Seven Nations. 1., 208.
Sewees, ii., 437.
Shackamaxons. ii., 44
Shawnees, i., 343 ; ii., 51. 281, 285, 450.
sii -. 1 hief Sachem of the Delawares, ii., 26/.
six Nations described, i., 109. Council oi, in 1769, 1., 2. 1.
Convention of, in 1754, i., 303.
South Carolina, Indian depredations in. in 1090, 11., 538.
Southern Indians, Hostility of. ii., 350. Different tribes
of, 11., 437.
St. Regis Village, i., 210.
St. Tammany, Delaware 1 hief, Notice ol, 11.. 41.
Stillwater, at the Bailie of. I., 59. ■
s s, ii., 437, 539.
Susquehannas, ii., 255.
Swedes. Indian friends of the. in 1056, ii., 46.
Tanacharison, Half King, ii., 268, 269.
Teedyuscung, the great Indian diplomatist, i., 330; 11.,
44.
Temperance. Corn-planter lectures on. t.. 2, . .
Tennessee, Indians massacre the Virginia Rangers on tile.
ii., Il"
Tluspahs, ii., 437.
Tod-ka-dows, nephew of Logan, ii., 284.
Tomo Chichi, Chief of the Yamacraws,ii.,515. His speech
to Oglethorpe, ii., 515.
Turkey tribe, ii.. 43.
Turtle tribe, ii.. 43.
Tuscaroras, i., 204 ; ii-, 3o6, 437, 438.
Tw ightwees, ii., 207.
1 tens, i., 596, 597.
Waropanoags, i-, 058.
Wanchese, ii., 243.
Warriors. Number of, in the United States and in New
England, i„ 659.
Waterees, ii.. 437.
Waxhaws, ii., 458,
Westos, ii., 437, 538.
White Eves, i., 204; li.. 44.
Wlnte Thunder, li., 268.
Wingina, ii., 244.
Winyaws, ii., 437.
Witamo, Squaw Sachem, i., 663.
Woir tribe, ii., 43.
Wonckompawhan, i., 659.
Wvandots, ii., 285.
Wyoming Valley, Early tribes of, i , 341.
Yamacraws. il.. 515.
Yamasees. ii-, 356, 437, 438.
Zinzendorf, their jealousy of Count, i.. 312.
Their love of strong drink, ii.. 45. Boards for Indian affairs
appointed by Congress in 1775, i., 508. First Indian church
in America, i., 659. Employment of, by the British minis-
try. >., 159. Seduced by Guy Johnson, i., 239. Tribes of, i..
25"0. Indian legend of the ancestors of Brant, i.. 258. In-
dians in New England, Number of, i., 659. Mode of war-
farc of, i , 662. Hostilities of, in Virginia, ii.. 252. 255, 281.
Wars in the West, n.,285. Wars in the Carolmas, ii.,438-
441,538,539. .
INGERSOLL, Stamp-distributor for Connecticut. I., 420, 465 : li.,
52. Burned in effigy at Norwich in 1767,1., 599. Franklin's
advice to, i., 100, -
Inch is. Cm.vhi.es. Reverend. Rector of Trimly Church. Nexv
York, ii.. 020. His letter lo Joseph Galloway. I., 320 The
King's arms in Trinity church taken duwn and carried to
New Brunswick by. li., 595. „„,.„ „ ,,
[NN iv Henry, painter, his portrait of William Penn. ii , 65.
Inman Family at the Baltic of Wyoming, i., 366. Richard, I.,
[nness, attorney General of Virginia; member nfthe Virginia
Constitutional Convention, ii., 838.
|NN18, c nel (Britisli). wounded at the Battle of Musgroves
Mill, ii.lt 1
[BBIS, Mr., in iote of him and Dr. Franklin, i„ 110.
Inoculation introduced into general noliceby Lady Mary Wort-
i mm: \.
729
lev Montague, i.i 307. In the American army al Morris-
town, i., 3U7, 308; and al the li | ■ ■
Inquisi ' o*8 renunciatic . i., 80.
inscnpt:
i>. k lib a monunu nt, ii., 460.
Dighton Rock, i . i
Draper, I he cenotaph of Mrs., ii., 305.
Fishkill Silvi i I 692.
Greenough's statue of Washington, u . 205.
Jefferson a tomb at Monticello, ii., 342.
The monnmeni of Baron De, ii., 162.
King's Mountain monument, ii . I2G
Maham, The monument of i lolonel, ii., 501.
Marion, The monui i r U, ii . i"s-
Mount Verno ol Washington at, ii., 211.
Nash, The monumenl o Gi :i - 169.
Nelson tombs al \ orktow n, ii., 302.
Orknej Islands See Runic.
Pin's statue al New York, ii., 584.
Putnam's monument, ii., 599.
;ii Orknej Islands,
Silver Tankard al Fishkill, L, 692.
Stuj \ esant's tomb,
Trumbull's monument, i i
ngton'e tomb al Moani Vernon, ii., 211.
Washington's stal ue b) i ! reenough, ii .
Washington's statue al Richmond, ii., 231.
Institution, National, ai Washington, Notice of the, i
Insurrection, Scotch, in 1745, ii., 358. In South Carolina
aiiiout; the earlj settlers, in, 539,
Intolerance, R 1, 622, 1 I, 254.
I bedell, Mrs., Interview of the author with, ii., 12.
i ongress to the people of, In ITT t, l., 157.
i . i. sail for America in 1776, i
frith Parliament: see Parliament, Irish.
Irish Presbyterian* settle in Maryland, ii., [93.
Iruh settle Williamsburg township in South Carolina in 1730,
ii..
Jrishma ite of an, at Bemis's Heights, i., 70.
Irishmen, Enlistment of, in the American army In ITT.''. I.,
I ,
Iron Works, Stirling, manufactured the preat chain l-.r the
Hudson River in 1778, ■-. 705. At Norristown, ii., 124. in
North i ■ 131
Iroquois, Speech of an, to Bnrgoyne, I . 160,
General, ai the Battle of Germantown inlm. H.,114.
\\ ounded and captured ai Whitemarsh, ii., 115 ■ i
i olonel, in the Battle al Rocky Mount. Ii., 454 . and
Hanging Mount, II , 156 see Utw in.
Irvine, Major, killed at the Baltic of German town ; his grave,
ii., 114.
Irvine. Dr.. ii., 480.
IB VINO, WASHINGTON, Picture and description ol' the n
Ol I . 761. Quoted, i . IT, 20, 22, 753, 754, 759, 761 ; Ii., 460,
531, .".IT. 546, 552, 553, 555.
Irving, Mrs., mother of Washington Irving, i . 415.
Irwin, Robert, member ol the Mecklenburg < ommltf i
tograph of, n . 1 12, 413.
Isabei la. of! astilo and Leon aide I I ■ SI, 23. Bio-
graphical sketch of. Portrait of. i., 'J'J.
I sb am, Mr., of New York, l., 328,
Istandot Orleans, I . 185, 203.
Islands, The Thousand, in the River St. Lawrence, I., 21 1. In
Boston Harbor, i , 537.
■ . Historic associations ol" the, i., 120, 152, ]
Picture of, i . 167.
Isle La Motte, Arnold at. i.. 163.
. in the St, Lawrence, i., 185
Israel, Iseabi , patriotism of him and his wife in ITT7 ; pris-
oner in the Roebuck frigate; ins trial; his lift saved by
m, .in . ol lb e masonry, ii . 179.
Izard, Ralph, ii., 544. Commissioner ' ed states
to Tuscan) in 1776, U., 648. Autograph of, li., 648.
Jai k. Jambs, Captain, Hie hearer ot the Mecklenburg Declara-
tion of Independence to the Continental Congress at Phila-
delphia mi ITT... u . 415.
I, . ., ,,. ^ndri ■ President of the United States), flees with
his mother and brother Robert from British cruelt) in 1780,
ii . 459. Kuters the army at the aire of thirteen years, Ii.,
459. Mis brothers Hugh and Robert, ii 150 Distinguishes
bimsell under General Pinckney, n . 552. Lays the corner-
stoi i the monnmeni to the Mother ol Washington nt Frcd-
. iurg in 1833 . assaulted bi Lieutenani Randolph, ii ,
221. His mother, U., 410. 459, 562. His family, birth place,
and earl} patriotism, ii., 459.
Jackson, Isaac, outlawed by Tryon, U , 367
Jackson, James, Governor, al the siege ol lugusta, ii., 511.
At the evacuation of Savannah, ii.,535. Biographical
of, ii., 533. Portrait and Autograph of.
Ja< kson, James, Major (afterward General), of Georgia, Sum-
ter's Aid al the battle at lllacksiock's. u 1 16
Jackson, John, presents land at Brooklyn for the interment
of the " Martyrs," ii . 661
Jai kson, Colonel, in the skirmish al Montreasor's island m
1776. ii.. 614. At the Battle of Stillwater in 1777, i., 51.
Battle of Monmouth, ii., 150; and of Springfield in
1780, I
tthe I Bunker Hilt, i , 5 16
:.>. u , 384
-.. ol Prw idence, publicly n
fair ol the schooner I ■ i
Jail. Proi ■'■' al New York, Picture and account ol Lhi
659.
messenger to the French settlers on the » lhaudiere, i .
1 93
Jamaica* Island of, British colony in I
inieiiiai i longress to the \ IB6
Jambs I . King, succeeds Elizabeth ; bis cl Ireai
mem of Puritans, I., 441 Is Indignant al Rolfe 'or marrying
Pocahontas, ii . 248 Grants e i I
1622, ii. 189. Issues "quo warranto*' writs againsi
London it., 252. Permits a represeniativc
■ nblj in \ irg nla !52 Es deni
Roger w llliams in 1634, I . 621, Mis ,i. u
[| . King, suco '-is i lharles !I. ; hli
I tn lor procuring i of all the pat-
■ \. w England colon ii s, I . 134,
James, Abel and John, Quakers banished lo \ irginla, ii . 56.
i ■ . . ui Maryland, Son ol Liberty, ii., 194.
i Major, his property destroyed bj a mob at New York
In 171
James. Mr . English novelist, ii., 11
• nery, ii . 227,
336. * hange ol lis 240. Rip Raps in, II . 325.
North Castle, i . 715.
756, i Irnold, i., 726, Sends Audi, to Robin-
i House, i., 729. His conducl in relation io Andre, i.,
North Carolina, on the Deep River, i
am, Virginia, founded in 1607, II., 246 Earl) history
of the colony, ii., 247. Arrival of the firsi white woman at,
ii, ]. , - -. ■■ vaJ ol I ord De la w are at, ii., 250
Arrival ol female emigrants and a cars. slaves, II.. 251.
Written Constitution of, granted In 1621. ii., 251. Assailed
by Indians, ii.,252. Saved by timelj warning from a friendly
Indian il . 252 Burned bj Bacon in 1670, ii . 255. Us as-
Battle of. ui 1781, 11., 200-262. Hums
oi . cemeti r> at, If . 241.
Jamestown Island, Distant view of, ii., 240.
*,. Major, ii . 560.
Janson, Sally, Signature of, i . 683.
Jaques, i aptain, ol Rhod< Island, i . 656.
.1 \K\ is. John Wesley, painter, ins portrait of General Arm-
strong, I., f>75.
ken, piloted the British in thet to Dai
bury, i . 102, 107.
Jasper, William, Sergeant, ii., 936j His exploit in rescuing
Joni •• . and ai Fort Moulin.- , his roi
His braverj at Fort Sullivan, li., 550. Killed at Spring
IMl R< doubt ii 532.
Jasper's Spring, Pictun and description of; its historic asso-
ciai ion -. ii ■ ■■ H
Jay, John, ol New York, delegate to the Aral Continental Con-
gress in ITT I. i . 383 . ii . 59, 587 Luthor ol « ongn ss's
Address t,, ii ol Great Britain, li., 63. One of the
Committee of Safetj who employed Crosby, I., 691. <>p-
posi s the motion to open the Congress with prayer, il . 62.
< m the Committee of I longress to confl i with the Mysterious
i n nchman in 1775. L, 590. On the Committee ol Foreign
Correspondence in 1775, ii., 647, Advocate oft] nstitu
tion,i ,384 Writes sin numbers of the " Federalist,1' i., 384
i hairuian of the Committee lo draft the « onstltl I Mi.
Slate of New York hi 1776, i.. 386 On the Committee to
re a letter ol thanks to Washington in 1776, . 584
i ii -[ i hief Justice of the State ol Mew York, i., 387 Goi
ernorof New York, ii., 138 Wounded In tie' Doctors1 Mob
:il New Nork. ].. 384. Minister from the United Mates to
B50. Presidenl ol the American Blbli Society,
i., 725. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical sketch of,
I
Jay. Willi aX, ins Life of John Jay, i . 590.
Jefferay, William, our of the Judges of Charles I.; his
grat e, i
American Naval I oi undi r, I . 1 156
r, i br, his Map oi Virgin t, ii., 289
Thomas, ol \ Irginla, proposes ■ slave-emancipa-
tion law m the \ Irglnia Assembly In 1769; prepan it hi ■
lutions and sddrcsses ol the Mou-. ol Burgesses on tins iub-
ject, ii , 278 Mis leal in supporting the cause of Massachu-
setts in 1773, II., 279. < >n the Vigilance < Committee, ii., 279.
Member ol < longress, ii., 70,
mi the Committee ol Congress to confer with the Myste-
rious Frenchman In 1T7:>. i . 590 » halrman ol the l ommii
i,. on ihj Declaration of Independence, il., 70, 71 Drafts
in. Declaration, U . 71. Fao simile of i portion ol it in his
handwriting, ii., 75.
Prepares a ■ onstltntlon tor Virginia, and sends it to the
Convention in I776,i)..299. Governorol \ rginla removes
public stores iron, Richmond to Westham, li., 228. Rejects
Arnold-- pro o i ■l| Saves the public records ol
Richmond, ti . 230. Oflfera B reward for the capture ol Ar-
rso
INDl-X.
nold in 1781, ii . 331 Declines .1 re-election as Governor;
retires to Monti cello in 1761, ii ,341 Attempted capture of;
his escape, ii., 343. His hospitality to the officers of the
captive troops at Charlotteville, n . 348
His residence at Germantown, ii., li)8 His library pur-
chased by Congress in 1815, ii., 199. Directs Houdou, the
sculptor, to make a statue of Washington for Virginia, ii.,
230. Fac simile of Ins marriage license, ii., 230, 237. His
letter to Patrick Henry, ii., 346
Portrait of, ii . frontispiece. Autographs of, ii.. 75. 61,237.
Biographical Sketch of, 11., 665. Grave and monument of,
11 . 342
.hi 1 meson, Martha, Mrs., wife of Thomas ; widow of L'a-
thurst Skelton ; daughter of John Wayles; her fortune and
family ; Autograph of, ii., 236.
Jefferis's Ford. Picture and account of, ii., Ifi7, 168.
Jeffries, Dr., at the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 544.
Jemison, Mary, Notice of, i., 239, 252, 277.
Jenkins, Samuel, Captain Broadwater's slave, ii., 215.
Jenkins Family in Wyoming Valley, i., 351.
Jenner. Edward, Dr., Biographical Sketch of, i., 3<C
Jennings, Edward, Deputy Governor of Virginia in-1706, ii.,
265
Jennings, John, his trading-house in Wyoming VaJIey, i.,
344. His measures against lite Yankees, i., 345.
Jl rs( :/ : set' .V' "' Jersey.
Jeskakake, Indian Chief, accompanies Washington to Fort
Le B<eufin 1753, ii., 26*.
Jew, ;it St. John's, Anecdote of a, i., 168.
Jewish laws, the basis of the early criminal code of Connecti-
cut, 1., 433.
John the First, of Portugal, his expetlit ion into Africa against
the Moors, 1 , 17.
John the Second favors the theory of Columbus, i., 21.
John, Indian Messen-ier; his speech, i., 349.
Johns. Aquila, Lieutenant in the United States navy in 1781,
11., 638.
Johns. Reverend Dr., of Baltimore, ii., 184.
John's Island, Historical associations of, ii., 555.
Johnson, Sir Adam Gordon, son of Sir John, i., 268.
Johnson, Andrew, of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, i., 739.
Johnson, Edward, Captain, his quaint sayings, 1 , I IB.
Johnson, Guy, Colonel, summons a grand council o( the Six
Nations at Oswego, i., 159, 239. His wife, i., 287. His
residence in Mohawk Valley, i., 232. 234.
Johnson, Henry, Captain In the United States navy m 1777,
ii.,638.
Johnson, Jeremiah, of Brooklyn, ii.. 660.
Johnson, Sir John, son of Sir William, strengthens Johnson
Hall, i., 233, 235. His perfidy toward Schuyler ; flees from
('.-ui-rhnawaga, i., 236. At Oswego, in command ot Indians,
in 1777, i., 219, 241. At the siege of Fort Schuyler, i., 245.
In Western New York in 1770. 1 , 271. His incursion into
Schoharie County in 17H0, 1., 279. Marches to Fort Hunter,
i., 280. Flees toward Onondaga Lake; escapes to Canada,
i., 282. Invades the Mohawk Valley in 1780, i., 268. Re-
treats from Johnstown, i., 289. His flight to Canada, 1., 290.
Biographical Sketch of, i., 285. His mother, i., 267. His
Autograph, i., 286.
Johnson, Joseph. Dr . Notice of, ii.. 417.
Johnson, Mary, the feigned name of Arthur Lee in his corre-
spondence with Beaumarchais, i.. 86 ; ii., 647.
Johnson, Nathaniel, Governor of South Carolina in 1703,
ii., 539.
Johnson, Robert, Governor of South Carolina in 1717; de-
posed in 1719, ii., 540.
Johnson. Samuel, member of the North Carolina Committee
of Correspondence, ii., 373 ; and of the Provincial Council,
ii., 376. His pamphlet on Taxation no Tyranny ; his opin-
ions on slavery, ii., 375.
Johnson, Thomas, of Maryland, delegate to the first Conti-
nent! Congress, ii., 60. "Nominati * Washington as Com-
mander-in-chief, i., 563. On the Committee of Congress on
Foreign Correspondence, ii., 647.
Johnson, Sir William, i., 39. The attack on his camp in
1755, 1., His. At Fort Edward, i.,96. Captures the French
and Indians at Fort Niagara in 1759, i.,225 His dark deeds
in ilie Mohawk Valley, 1., 232. Anecdote of him and a Mo-
hawk Sachem, i . 106 ; and of him and a servant girl, i., 2*7.
Created a baronet by George II., i., 96. His stone mansion
on the Mohawk, i., 232. Johnson Hall, i., 286, 287. Him
amusements, 1 ., 288. His Indian diploma, i., 288. His
wives, 1.. 287. Death of, i , 287. Portrait, Autograph, and
Biographical Sketch of. 1., 232.
Johnson, William S., of Connecticut, delegate to the Stamp
Act Congress in 1765, 1., 465.
Johnson, Lieutenant-colonel (British), in command at Stony
Point in 1770, i., 744, 717.
Johnson, Captain (British), of the King's Rangers, ii., 510.
Johnson. Ensign, his exploit at Fort Wat son, ii., 501.
on, Reverend Dr., present at the dedication of the Has-
brouck House, i., 667
Johnson, Reverend Mr., and lady, present at the re-entomb-
ing of Washington's remains. 11.. 212.
Johnson, Reverend Mr., firsl pastor in Wyoming, 1 . 349.
■ n, Lady, wife of Sir John, a hosiage at Albany, i., 236.
Johnston, Gabriel, Governor of North Carolina in 1734, ii.,
357.
Johnstone, George, Governor of West Florida. Commis-
sioner to America, under the provisions of Lord North's
Hills. 111 1778, ii., 143, 144. His . ilorts to influence Members
of Congress by means of Mrs Ferguson, ii., 144. Attempts
to bribe General Heed, ii.. 145. Opposes the Boston Port
Bill, 1., 504. Allusion to linn in Trumbull's M'Fingall, ii.,
145.
Johnstone, Reverend Mr., of Johnstone settlement, 1., 237.
Johnstown^ Description of, 1., 285. Council at, in 1778, i., 265.
Battle of, in 1781, 1 , 290.
Joncaire, Commander of B French out-post at Venango; his
reception of Washington in 1753. ii., 268.
Jones, Allen, General, of Halifax, North Carolina, ii., 383.
418.
Jones, David, Lieutenant, retires to Canada after the death
of Jane M'Crea, i., 100, 101.
Jones, David, Reverend, Genera] Wayne's chaplain ; his ex-
ploit in capturing a British dragoon, ii., 164. His address
at the erection of the Paoli Monument ; his address to tin-
troops at Ticonderoga in 1776; Portrait, Autograph, and
Biographical Sketch of, ii., 165, 166.
Jones, Hugh, his Present State of Virginia, ii., 263. 264.
Jones, James, of Valley Forge, ii., 126.
Jones, James. Colonel, of Hanover, ii., 361.
Jones. John Pail, Chevalier. Lieutenant in the United States
navy hi 1775, ii., 638. First Lieutenant of Commodore Hop-
kins in the navy, ii., 638. Captain in the navy in 1776, ii .
638. Commands the Providence, ii., 639. Exploits of, ii.,
639, 640. His expedition to Scotland, ii.. 640,641,642. At-
tempts to capture the Earl of Selkirk ; restores her plate to
Lady Selkirk, ii., 640. Anecdote of him and Captain Pear-
son, ii., G42. His character vindicated, ii., 640. Congress
awards a medal to him, ii., 642, 643. Rear Admiral in the
Russian navy in 1788, ii., 643. Receives royal marks of fa-
vor from Russia and Denmark ; Louis XVI. presents to him
a gold-mounted sword; Autograph of; Biographical Sketch
of. ii.,642.
Jones, Jonathan, Captain, brother of Lieutenant David, L,
9a
Jones, Noble Wimberlev, of Savannah, ii., 518. Delegate
from Georgia to the first Continental ' lopgress, ii., 520.
Jones, Peter, founder of Petersburg, Virginia, ii., 336.
Jones, Robert, builds Jones's Bridge, i., 169.
Jones, Thomas, of Halifax, member of the North Carolina
Provincial Council, ii., 376.
Jones, Thomas, of Edenton, member of the North Carolina
Provincial Congress, ii., 376.
Jones, Thomas, Judge of the Supreme Court of New York,
ii., 646. Picture of the mansion of. ii.. 646.
Jones, Walter, M.D., Physician General, ii., 33.
.Tones, Wilie, Mrs., anecdote of her and Tarleton, ii.. 436.
Jones, William, member of the North Carolina Provincial
Council, ii., 376.
Jones, General, at Boston in 1774. i.. 521.
Jones, Major, at the Battle of Stillwater in 1777, i., 54.
Jones, Cornet, killed at the Battle of Spencer's Ordinary ; bur-
ied with military honors, ii.. 250.
Jones. Reverend Dr., Washington's letter to the. i.. 315.
Josiah, James, Captain in the United States navy in 1776, ii.,
638.
Jouitte, Mr., warns the Virginia Legislature at Charlotteville
of the approach of Tarleton, ii., 343"
Julius III., Pope, refuses to divorce Henry VIII. from Queen
.Catharine, i., 440.
Ji mel, Madame, widow of Aaron Burr, ii.. 610.
Jumonville, M. de, kdled near Fort Necessity in 1754, ii.,
269.
Junius, Letters of, attributed to Carre, Lansdowne, and Dun-
ning, i.. 463.
Kalb. Baron De. accompanies La Fayette to America in 1778,
ii.. 117, 120, In the expedition against Canada in 1778, ii.,
133. Commander-in-chief in the Southern Campaign in 17N).
ii.. 461, 462. At the Battle of Camden, ii.. 466. Falls, pierced
with eleven wounds, ii.. 467. 468. Death of, ii., 462, 468.
Portrait. Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 461.
Monument, ii., 462.
Kalm, Professor, Ins description of Albany in 1749, i., 301.
Quoted, 1., 150.
Kanadagea: see Hans.
Kane House, Picture and associations of the, i.. 292.
Kaskaskia, settled by the French, ii., 266. Early history of,
ii., 289.
Kean, John, proprietor of" Liberty Hall," i., 329.
Kean. John, marries Susan Livingston ; Cashier of the Unit?
ed states Bank, i„ 329.
Kearsly, John, Dr.. architect of the Pennsylvania Sta.e
House, n., 65. Designer of Christ Church, Philadelphia,
11 . II.
Keats, the poet, quoted, i., 43, 44.
Kegs, Battle of the, ;it Philadelphia in 1777, Hopkmsnn's poem
Of, 11 , 104, 105.
Kiimi it. the first employer of Dr. Franklin, ii , 52.
Keith, Sir William, Governor of Pennsylvania, favors the
proposal of a Stamp Act in 1739, i., 461.
INDEX.
;:;;
Keller. Hessian Lieutenant, captured at Trenton ; Autograph
of, ii . 23.
Kelly, Major, cuts away the bridge over Stony Ilrook in 1 . .7,
U..31.
Kelly, a New Yorker in London, his efflgy burnt at New
York in 1773, ii., - -
Kendall, conspires with Wingfleld, President of Jamestown
my, i'' abandon their colonists, ii., 346.
Kendall's Trawls, i., 634.
Kennebec River, Arnold's voyage up the, L, 192.
Kennedy. John P., Notice of, ii., 429. Hi* discoui
George Calvert, ii., 191. His Horse Shoe Robinson, ii., 429.
Kennedy, Db. Iosbpu, authorised bj the Mecklenburg Com-
mittee to purchase powder, lead, ami Hints, ii., 415.
Kennedy, Captain, of the Royal Navy, ii., 592. His house,
ii . 592
Kennel-. Lieutenant, killed in the Battle of Stillwater; his
widow w itb the Baroness Riedesel, i., 90.
Kennel Meeting-house, iL, 171.
'■. wine, ii . 170, 181.
Kennok, William. of Salisbury, of the Mecklenburg * om«
mlitee Autograph of, I., 412, 413, 415.
Penn's treaty with Indians at, it., 17.
Kent l I mi nt, ii , 1 92.
Kenton. Simon, In the expedition against the Western British
S38. u Hit- Battle of Blue Licks in 1782,
ii. . 295. in the expedition to the Scioto in 1782, ii . 295,
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch 1 1
Kentucky, Early historj of; Indian nam
Keppi i . tdmlral, present at the meeting of Colonial Govern-
ors m 1755, n.. -271.
KtnR, William J., of Niagara, marries Brant's daughter, i ,
Kershaw, Widow, ber house Gates's bead-quarters, i., 76.
Kersh iw . Joseph, Colonel, ii.. 443.
Key of the Basttte, sent by La Fayette to Washington in 1789 ;
at Mount \ en Ii . 209.
Kii n line, and his nriemen, at the Battle ol Long Island, ii.,
603.
Kiod, Captain, his expedition against the pirates in 1701, il.,
57'X Him treasures, i , 735, 7 IS, Transactions relating to,
i . 627
. of Boston, i . 593 ; ii . 362,
Kiliuer, Howard, of Wilmington, Ii., 376.
.William, Governor ol New York, ii . it',, 577.
Kierse, Major, Arnold's order to, i
Kimble's Mountain. New Jersey, I., 306, 310.
Kikchen, John, member of the North Carolina Provincial
Council, ii., 376,
Kinen, Hessian Lieutenant, captured at Trenton . Autograph
oi. IL, 23.
Kme-por, Jenncr's discovery of, i . 307.
I lie title of, offered to Washington, i , G72.
Kim;, Hannah, mother of Arnold, I., 605.
Kin.;. Colonel .Tory), leader of the South Carolina Tones at
Fort Ninety-Six, ii . 184.
of Prussta Inn ; R liter's Tavern, Germantown, ii., 125
Kmg e Gua vw oa A dolphus.
Philip, Chief of the Wampanoags; his royal seat ; ins
domain, his son, i . 562, 659. Plans a i »n of the New
England tiibt a age nsi the Europeans; curtailment ol his
liia chiel captains, i ,659. Hismortc ■ ■
worth, i . 65 I ii used of iresson by Sessamon . Sessamon
murdered . the murderers ie lights the torch of
war. i 66 I Di prived ol his fire-arms, i., 660. Killed by
i ii Church ; 1 »ld; Ins body quarten
son ■ e,i.,663 His samp-pan, i., 5C2. Portrait
and lanual of, i . o59.
Kino, Id i us, United Stales Senator from New Sort,
King's Brtdg W Battle of, ii., 623. 'in on at, i.,
iJ2 \ lew at, ii , 623
King's Mountain, n .. 422 View nt, IL, 423 Anecdol
old lady, ii . 426. Battle of, in 1780, ii., 426-429 March lo
the Cowpens, IL, 426 Pursuit of Ferguson, ii., 427. Sur-
render ni the British; death oi Ferguson, ii., 128.
lion ut Tori's, ii . 429
Kingston. General, at the Battle of Bemis's Heights, i . 50,
54, 66 78
Kingston, New York Scenery of. i . 390. Description and
i jr:\ biatorj of, i . 385. Indian irouoli a al asylum for Hu
iota, : 386. i onvention of Representatives of the Stale
of New York at, in 1777. i , 386 Legislature meets at, i.,
358. Burning of. in 1777. i., 388. Tories executed at, i . ,
389. Birth-place ol \ and* rlyii the painter, I., 3(J0.
Kingston, Pennsylvania, i., 364
Kingston^ Upper I anada. i . 21 l
Kinney. E C.. Mrs., quoted, n . 41
Kinmson, David, member of the Boston Tea-part)
His life and adventures, i ,500 His speech al a Free Soil
meeting in 1848, i . 501. Portrait and Autograph nf, i , 199
v. Jambs, of New Jersey, delegate to the first Conti-
nental Congress in 1774,
Kip Family. Noticeofthe.il . 597 Right Reven nd Dr .1 ,692
Kip. Captain, at White Plains, il
Kirke, tide-waiter his confinement in the sloop Liberty, i
17?.
Kikkland, DjfNiEt., Reverend, oi Norwich, < onnecticut, i .
234
Kirklani', Samuel, Reverend, Im onary, son of
Daniel, Biographical Sketch of, I . 234, 252
Kirkland, Reverend Dr., President ol Uarvard I
234
Kirk wood, Captain, II ,400 At the Battle of Guilford in 1781,
ii . 102 . and "i Butaw Springs, il . 194,
Risson, Joric, Seen lary »>i the New York Provlm ial Council,
hmidt, Sessian Ensign, captured al Trenton
graph of; joins the Americana hung bj toe British al N<«
York, ii . 23.
Block, Jacob, Colonel, al the Battle of Oriskany, and the
i i on Schuyler, i.,245. His son's descent upon Pal
aline, i
. i , 281
K nait, Benjamin, picture of ins housi . the head-quarters of
ui. I Brskine,
Khapp, i si \i. Sergeant, Portrait, Autograph, and Biograph-
ical Sketch of, L, 687, Member of Washington's Life Guard,
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, In-
Knickerbocker Magazine, quoted, i . 533 ; il
Knight, Charles S., of Ni w \ ork, ii.,
Knight's Pictorial England, I., 159, 186.
i . . . i oli ii. i. flres housi 5 in i barli Bton, I.,
579. At the Battle of Bunker Hill, i .. Hi regiment,
'* Congress's Own " il . 609, 612. Killed at the Battle ot
Harlem Plains in 1776, ii ,612,
Knox, Henry, General, bookseller in Boston, i . 516 I i
neer in 1775. i., 536, 593. At the BatUe ol Bunker Hill, i .
515. Resolves lo attack the British at Boston in 1776
brums munitions of war from Fort G corgi " Vt tfi
tavt are with M n 1776, II . 19,
20. At the Battle ol Germantown, Ii., ill Visits Fori
Montgomery in 1777. [,, 732. Member of the * ouri of In-
quiry concerning Andre, I., 765. At the sit ge ol N orktown
in 1781; visits I"- Grasse oil < ape Henry, »., 308, 309
1 ommended by Washington at York town, ii . 320 With
Washington at WetlK rs field, i .. 136 ; at Newburgh, L, 668 ;
n . 631 . and at West Point, if , -
II ;s head-quarters al New Windsor; and at Mul.ilebrook,
i, 332. Enters New VTork in 1783; and takes possession
of Fort George, iL, 63
Portrait and Autograph of, ii.,633. His n ife the daughter
of Thomas Flucker, i., 515. Secretary General ol the
Cincinnati Society, i , 694. Biographical Sketch of, ii
032.
Kno\, Lucy. Mrs . wife of General, i , 334, 515, 516 Hi i
soirees at New Windsor, i ,663
Knox, Lientenunt. al the storming of Stony Point m 1777. 1
746, 749.
Knyph.usen, General, arrives with Hessian troops al Nevt
Vork ni 1776, ii . 595, 598, 614 Encamps between New
Rochelle and Mamaroneck in )"■• Ii 614 Occupies tin-
works near King's Bridge, II . 619 vssaulta Fori Tryon
and Fort Washington, ii., 620. Al the battles ol German
town, IL, ill; and Monmouth, ii., iiv. i)'1 In the skir
miah near Pencader, ii., 170. Al the Head of Elk In 1777.
n., 169. Ci ■ ■" - IL, 177, 178 \t Dobbs's
Ferrj in 1778, i.. 704. \i Elizabethtown and Springfield in
i., 321-323. Present nt the Minchian7.a, IL, 97. His
personal appearance, il 103. Autograph of, ii., G1U. Uio-
graphli of, I . 321.
I zko sii v. i > I liner in the Hudson
Highlands in 177s, \ . *04 Al thi ii< gi ol I ori Ninety-six
in 1781, IL, 485 Succeeds Colonel John Laurena in 1782,
iL, 573. His garden, i . 7n| His monument, i . Tim. 7n5
Portrait of, L, 49. Autograph of, i, 701. Biographical
Sketch of, i . 48.
: h, Louis, Ins Internationa] da trine, ii . 468
Kvpb, Ruloff he, Biographical Sketch of, il . 597. See Kip
Family.
Isi Chine and the Rapids. I., 20G.
La Fati i h i son of Marquis, ii.. 120.
La Payette, Gilberi Mothier, Marquis de, his no
eestry . marriage . revenue .lus Intern lew with the I hike of
Gloucester; bia interest In the imei i icldents
oi his visil to England ; offers bis services to S Iss I
Dr. Franklin's advice to him, il., 117 Attempts to leave
his career . ins Memoir, ii., 118,
Arrlvea in America in 1777, ins companions, ii., I2h
Accompanied by i><- Kalb, li., 117 Applies to Congress;
appointed Major-general; bfa Interview with Wash
ii , 121 Sui ceeds ' ral Adam Sl< phen, 11 . 121 Al liar
ren 11 ill, il., l2l, 122 Outgenerala Clinton and Grant, II.,
\t the Battle of Brendywine; wounded, il., 176, 160
in- head-quarters near Brandywine, Ii., 17-j. Conveyed to
Bethlehem, il., 176 Visited by Pulaski, II., 185. Accom*
panics General Greene lo rt Mercer; Inn exploit
againsi a picket, ii., 93. At « ball at Baltimore; his aym
pathy lor American soldiers, ii . 1-7
At Providence In 1778, i , 625 ' ommsnds continental
i infantry in the e\i*-dition against Rhode Island, i , 648.
;32
IKD E X .
Visits the French fleet DffNewport, i., 650. Dispatched to
D'Estaing at Boston, L 651. Returns to Rhode Island, L,
052.
Accompanies Dnane to the Indian Council ;n Johnstown ,
mans the forts on Schoharie Creek, i , 265.
With Washington in the pursuit of the British through
New Jersej . joined by Lee, ii . 148. His admirable con-
duct at Monmouth, ii., 148, 150, 151. Perplexed by Lee, ii.,
151. At Valley For-- in 1778, li., 122. At Barren Hill, ii.,
1-23. Clinton's plan to surprise linn, n , 122. ills toast ;it
\ ork, it., 133 Named " French Game Cock," ii., 260.
Proceeds to Prance in 1779 in the American frigate Alli-
ance, iM 654 ; ii., 118,641. His zeal and success there, i.,
164. Purchases large quantities of munitions or war on his
own account; is presented with a sword by Congress in
1779, i. 6 55 ; ii., 118. Pictorial devices on tins sword, ii.,
119.
Returns to America in 1780 with tidings of aid from
France, i., 655, 656; n .. 11^. Goes to Newport to meet
Rochambeau, i.f 655. In command at Tappan in 1780, i,
713 Refuses to give Arnold the names of American spies,
i., 715. Anecdote of him and Arnold, i., 717. .sent by Wash-
ington tit Virginia to capture Arnold, ii., 230. 334, 337.
M ' ruber of the Court of Inquiry respecting Andre, i., 765.
His encampment at Green Spring Plantation in 1781, ii.,
240. At the Battle of Spencer's Ordinary, ii., 257, 253. At
the battle near Jamestown Island, ii., 260. Near Vorktown
in 1781, ii.. 304. Prevents Comwallis's escape to Carolina,
ii., 305. Visits Brandywine battle-ground, ii., 168. At the
siege of Yorktown in 1781, ii., 308, 311, 312, 320. Com-
mended by Washington at Vorktown, ii., 320.
Goes to France, and returns in 1784, ii., 119. False alle-
gations against him refuted, ii., 313, 340. Attempts to take
Petersburg, ii., 340.
Takes part in the French Revolution ; imprisoned at 01-
mutz ; his political career in France ; invited to visit the
United Slates in 1824, ii., 119, 120. Visits Philadelphia in
1824, ii., 65. Escorted by Revolutionary dragoons in 1825,
ii., 207. At the laying of the corner-stone of the Green and
Pulaski monument, ii., 51 1 ; and of Bunker I T ill monument,
ii., 353. His head-quarters at Philadelphia, n , 104. His
personal appearance and his manners, ii-., 103. His liberal-
ity and his independent revenue, ii., 117.
Sully's portrait of, ii., 66. Medallion of. ii.. 200. Portrait
and Autograph of, ii., 118. Peale's portrait of, at Annapolis,
ii., 197. Bust of, at Mount Vernon, ii., 209; and at Rich-
mond, ii., 230. Biographical Notice of, ii., 118.
La Fayette, Madame, daughter of the Duke de Noailles. ii.,
118. Presents to Washington a Masonic apron wrought by
herself, ii., 231. Her contribution to the relief of poor sol-
diers, ii., 106.
La Plata, Rio de : see Cabot.
La Radiere. Colonel, French engineer, i.. 704.
Labrador, Of the discovery of," by .John Cabot in 1497, i., 27.
Lackawaxen River, L, 376 ; it., 102.
Lacy, Colonel, in the Southern Campaign in 1780, ii., 425. In
the battle at Rocky Mount, n., 454.
Laud. William, American Naval Commander, i., 656.
Lake Champlam, Scenery of, i., 162. Naval battle on, i., 162-
165.
Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, ii.. 333
Lake George, Indian and French names of. Discovery and de-
scription of, i., 108. Storm upon, i.. 113. Massacre at, in
1757, i.. Ill British posts near. i., 114. Battle of, in 1755,
i.. 109. Picture of the head of, i., 113. Picture of, and a
part of Lake Champlain, i., 115
Lake Meg antic, i., 191, 193
Make Ontario, storm upon, i . 224
Lake Otsego, Damming of, L, 273.
Lake, Silver-bottomed, near Syracuse, i., 230.
Lamb. John, Colonel, i.. 201, 409. 459, 716\ One of the Sons
ot Liberty, ii., 581, 585, 586. On the New York Committee
of Correspondence respecting the Stamp Act, ii., 581. Ex
ploits of him and Willett at New York, ii., 588 With Mont-
gomery at Quebec, i., 197, 199. In command at West Pont,
i , 727. At the siege of Vorktown in 1781, Ii., 309 Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ii., 585. Portrait and Autograph of, ii.,
585.
Lamb. Captain, his negro slave, Pompey, the guide of Wayne
at Stony Point, i., 744.
Lamb's Journal of the American War, i., 514.
Lameth, Charles De, Count, General, wounded at the siege
of Vorktown in 1781, ii.. 313.
Lancaster, Massachusetts, burnt by Indians in 1676, i , 662.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Session of Congress at, in 1777, i ,
109.
Landais, Peter. Captain in the United states navy in 1778,
n , 638. Carries La Fayette to Frame in 177'.). ii.,641 His
insubordination, is dismissed from the service; his Auto-
graph, n . 641, 642
Lands, Grants of. from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, i .
123. 313. 399, n . 353 New Hampshire grants, l , 168,
Lands, Southern mode of clearing, n . 130
La.be, sin Ralph, Governor <>t Virginia, appointed by Ra
leighin 1585, ii .243 His hostilities with the Indians n ,244
Lank, Major, In command at Sunbury, ii., 527.
Langdon, John, on the Committee of Congress on Naval Af
fairs in 1775, ii., 037. Governor of New Hampshire , Ins
patriotism , Biographical sketch ot, i., 393. Anecdote of, i.,
71.
Langdon, Samuel, Reverend, President of Harvard College,
i , 539, 569 Reads to the army .it t ambndge the declara-
tion of Congress on the necessity for taking up arms in 1775,
i ,569, Prayer by, with Prescolt's troops before their march
to Charlestown in 1775, i., 539. Biographical Sketch of, i..
509.
Langdon, Dr., o( Portsmouth, i.. 459.
Langston, Dicey, her patriotism, ii., 447.
Laning, David, his activity in ferrying Washington's army
over the Delaware in 1776, ii., 20.
Lansduwne, Marquis of, i.. 463.
Lansing, Peter, proprietor of the Riedesel House, i , 89.
Lansing's Saw Mill, liurgoyne's encampment at, i.. 50.
Larvey, James, coxswain to the boat that took Arnold to the
ship Vulture, Anecdote of, i.. 727.
Lasher, Colonel, of New York, in 1775, ii., 589.
Lathrop, his company butchered by Indians, i., 662.
Latimer, Colonel, at the Battle of Stillwater in 1777, j., 5i.
Latimer, Dr., his care of wounded Americans at the Battle
of Brandy wine, ii., 179.
Laumoy, Colonel, French engineer, i., 704.
Laubancb, John, Judge Advocate in the case of Andre , Bin
graphical Sketch of; Sketch of, by Edwin Williams, i.. 705
Laurens, Henry, Colonel, in the expedition against the Cher-
okees in 1761, ii., 440.
Laurens, Henry, disputes with Governor Boone on the elect-
ive franchise, ii., 541 His association, ii., 544. President
of the Assembly of South Carolina, ii., 546. President of
Congress . conveys La Fayette to Bethlehem, ii., 176. Min-
ister to Holland, ii., 651. Imprisoned in the Tower at Lon-
don, ii., 176. His plantation, ii., 493. Autograph of, Bio-
graphical Sketch of. ii., 651.
Laurens, John (son of President), Colonel, on the Special
M ission to the Court of France in 1781, ii., 651. His success
and return, ii . 303. At the siege of Charleston, ii., 558 At
the siege of Vorktown in 1781, ii., 312. Commissioner at
the surrender of Cornwallis, ii., 316. Biographical Sketch
of, ii., 572.
Lauzun, Duke De, his encampment at Lebanon in 1780, i , 600.
602, 056. Intrusted with the invasion of New York in 1781,
ii., 626. At the siege of Yorktown in 1781 , Portrait of, u .
308. Biographical Sketch of. i., 602.
Law, Richard, on the Committee of Correspondence for New
London, i., 610.
Lawrence, Richard, Colonel, hanged hy Governor Berkeley,
ii., 256.
Lawrence, Colonel (British), surprised bv Sullivan and Ug-
den, ii., 630.
Lawfenceville, United States Arsenal at, ii., 268.
Lawrie, Captain, at the Battle of Concord, i.. 525, 527.
Laws, Criminal Code of. in Connecticut in 1042, i., 433.
Lawson, General, joins Greene at Troublesome (reek in 1781
ii., 400. At the Battle of Guilford, ii., 41)2-104.
"Lawyers and Bull-frogs, M a poem, quoted, i., 347.
Lazarttto, at Charleston, Ruins of a, ii., 552.
Le Boeuf, French settlement and fort at, ii., 267.
League and Covenant of the Massachusetts Assembly, i., 510,
511.
League Island. Delaware River, ii., 83.
Leake. Isaac Q., his Life of Lamb, i., 710, 728; ii., 151. His
unfavorable opinion of Mrs. Arnold, i., 728.
Leamington, Reverend Mr., Tory, i.. 414.
Learned, Colonel, afterward General, ii., 34; at Boston the
day after General Ward's Council of War, i., 534. At the
bombardment of Boston in 1776. i., 581. At the Battle of
Bemis's Heights, i., 49, 51 , 76 ; and the siege of Fort Schuy-
ler, i., 250. At Valley Forge, ii., 128.
Lebanon, Connecticut, i., 001. Its settlement in 1698. i., 602.
Revolutionary associations of, i., 601-603. Lauzun cantoned
at, i., 656.
Lechawacnsin River, i., 670.
Leddh \, William, hanged by the Puritans, i., 449.
Lbdyard, Fanny, niece of Colonel, mitigates the sufferings of
the American prisoners at Fort Griswold, i., 613.
Ledyakd. William. Colonel, brother of tbe traveler, John, in
command of Fort Griswold in 1781 ; his conflict with the
llriM-.li, surrenders; is massacred, i., 612, ii., 311. His
sister second wife of Colonel Stevens, ii., 31 J.
Lee, Ann. founder of the society oi Shaking Quakers in Amer-
ica. Colonel Brown's visit to, i., 281. Biographical Sketch
of, L, 383
Lee, Arthur, Dr., brother of Richard Henry, i., 85. Born in
Westmoreland County, ii., 217. Political spy m England, i..
422. Minister at the Court of Versailles with Franklin and
Deane, L, 85, 86, 531. His card issued in London in 1775,
on the account received there from Salem, i.. 531. Commis-
sioner from the United States to France in 1776, n . 648 ; and
to Spain in 1776, ii., 648. His overtures to Prussia in 1777 ;
Dr. Franklin's letter to, in 1777. on national alliances, ii.,648.
His conference and negotiation with Beaumarchais, ii.. 647.
Autograph of, ii., 648. Biographical Sketch of, i., 85.
Lee, Charles, General, L, 190,566; his alleged interference
I N D E X .
733
with the Maryland Council of Sal Marches to
New York In IS. In Westchester in 1770, if!; 815
Accompanies Washington
rests Tories in Rhode Island, I., 640 Captured bj it
.1 [e in 1776; exchange d IbrG m ral Pres-
cottinl778 15,19,148 Idvises the seizure of
195 In the expedition against SI An-
gustlne, IL, 521. Arrives at I Charleston in 1776, If . 547. 1 1 is
oatt I Ii aving Valley Forge, II . 1 1
poses Washington while harassing the British on their l ch
through Mew I rsey, il., 147. Opposed to a i
with the em my, Ii., 148 Joins La Fayette ai Engushtow n,
ii.. 148. His ambition t.» obtain Bopreme command le
. [|., 13], Proceeds to Monmouth, n . 150. I I -
i .i W i :i :i sti iir- . onducl toward La Fayette, II .
151, His orders misunderstood; orders a general retreat,
II., 15! M" 's u ashington, II . 153 His luci and lan-
ige toward the Coi ander-in-chief; Ins arrest, trial, and
in-.', ii., 153, 154. Congress approves of the sentence,
ii., 154. His gsllanl conduct, II . 156 His letter to Wayne
after the storming ol Stony Point, I., 1 19. His extraordin u |
will, II., 16. Portrail and Into ■ ' Char-
acter hi. bj Mrs Warren and in Mrs. Hamilton, II . IT. His
prediction respecting Gates, II . 163 Biographical Sketch or,
ii , Hi. 17. Grave of, ii . 13.
I.ef. Gorbin, ni Maryland, ii., I'M.
Lee, Ezra, his daring adventure with Muslim
employed by Washington in seen ' service, Ii . 608
Lee. Frani is Li.-ii rpOOT, ol Virginia, born mi u estmoi
County, il., 217. On the Committee of Congress lo prepare
an Ad I to < medians in IT", ii., 6 ;3 - m i ol Hie
'' loration of Independence; Biographical Sketch ol
Portrail of, ii., frontisp ■ • lutograph of, II., 81.
Lee. Henry, Major (afterward General), born In Westmore-
land County, ii.. '.217. Accompanies Washing to Cam-
bridge in ITT:., i , 564. His narrow escape from Ihe enemy
at Voile} Forge, ii., 126 AI the Battle of Springfield, i . 323
At Brandywine, Ii., 170, Approves of Washington's plan
to abduct Arnold, i . tt I Recommends < lhampe i<>r its e\-
, i . 775 His attack upon the lintisii post at Paulus's
Hook in 1779, ii., 622. With Greene in Ins Southern ' am
paign in 1781, ii., 385. In the expedition lo the Haw, ii., 384,
i rosses the Hun. Ii., 385. His plan to ■ nsnare Pyle,
ii.. 386 M Guilford I ourl House, Ii., 395. In the skirm-
ishes near the Hun, il., 397, 398. Rejoins Greene and
tile Haw . Ins skirmish will Turk ii., 399. At the Httl-
,r,i in 1781, ii. 103. Wolves mistaken i"i the
enemy, ii., 471. At Fort Watson, ii., 474. At the sn
Fori Motte, n . IT". 480. Captures Fori Granby, II., 482, 490;
and Fori Galphin, ii., 484 ; Forts Cornwallis and Grierson,
ii.. 485. U the siege of Fort Ninoty-six, II . 485, 487. AI
Butaw Springs, ii., 493, 495. Captures Fort Watso
0 it the siege of Augusts, 11., 512. Joins General Marion
in 1780, ii., 565. M Quimby's Bridge, ii ,567. Called " Le-
gion Harry," ii., 386. A medal awarded to him uy Congress,
ii , 623.
Governor of Virginia, ii., 385. Appointed bj ' longress lo
deliver the 1 inn ral ' (ration on Washington in 1799, ii., 386.
Quells tie' Whisky insurrection; wounded by the mob at
Baltimore in 1814, li . 386
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, il., 385.
His Memoirs quoted or cited, i., 775, 778 ; ii., 259, 407, 162,
4T1. 480, I-'-'. 194, 530, .ril'.8.
Mrs . mi amdi n ollnn, il . 159.
Lee, Kii h \nn Henry, of Virginia, sonol Governoi Thorns
In Westmoreland County, ii., 217. His zeal in behall
issoehusetls in 1773. II., 279 Delegate to ihe lirst t mi-
linental Congress In itti. il . 60, '.'-1 luthor of the Me-
morial lo the ' olonles, ii., 63. Introduces a resolution rot
national Independence, ii.,70. Supports Patrick Henrj In
the House of Burgesses ol Vi i in 1775, ii., 297.
On the Committee of Congress to pri pore a plan Ibr na-
tional treaties, 11., 648. On the Committee on Naval Affaire,
637. Takes pari in the ceremonial ol the reception "i M.
Gerard in 1778,il.,650. John I o ftheelo
nuence of, ii., Tl His residence, 11 . 217. Portrail of, i .
frontispiece Autograph of, ii., 81. Biographical Ski i b of,
'" '
Lee Thomas, President ofthe Kinc's Council . acting Gov-
ernor of Virginia in IT!'.), ii ,265 Father ol Richard Henry.
il .'JIT
Lee, Thomas, brother of Richard Henry, ii., 'Jl i
Lee. Thomas Li dwell, on the Virginia Committee of Safety
in 1776, ii.. 299.
Lee, William, Sheriff of London, ii., 240.
Lee, William, Commissioner from the I nited Suites to Prus-
sia end Austria in 1776, il . 648, I >!
Leech, Joseph, Colonel, of North Carolina, Counselor ol
i 383. In the expedition against the Regal iti
1781, ii . 369. Autograph of, il 366
I efevre, A.sniiE ami Lyman, Huguenots 111 I 1st. II I ' I
New tork. i . 386.
Leffinowell, C, one of the Norwich t »m tc. ol t orre
9|Hindence. i . 599.
Leffinowell, Thomas i ncas receives a supply of prows-
ions from , founds Norwich, i . 507 .
. Indian. Of the maiden of the Hear ti
i u I ,',.' Uoshspaug, I., 595. Ol tin IL id
n .ii Sli • |)j M" ■
Leicester: see /.;///, Branfj Town.
l.Lii'Eii. I'i . in charge ol wounded Americans at the Battle ol
■. in. n , 1 79.
Leisler, Jacob, Persecution and death of; Autograph am:
ii ographicol Sketch of, ii., 19
i .i m Covi M.iut, i.. 437
l.i ii. ii. Major, I,: ll"l .u Hi' Haul. ,u Hall. 1.1 Hauls III ITTI"..
ii . 612.
i Revert ml. Moderator of the Mai
sons ol Liberty, ii., I'M
tru, i , 3 12 , il., 43.
Lennox, British Commissary of Pi one'i ,11., 659
: ' .
Leslie. Willi im, I aptsln, son ol the Karl ol Levin, 11., 30,
It the Battle of Great Bridge in 1775; mortaUy wo
..I at Princeton in 1TTT. i . 332; n . 30,
I General (British), ins approach lo Harlem Plains in
1776, ii . 612, ai the Haul.' i.i w bltt Plains, II . 616. In
Hie . xpedltion to Portsmcfutb, \ irglnin, In 1780 . rein nts i i
Carolina to join Cornwallis, ii., 333, 390. \t tie Battle ol
Guilford In 1781, il., 403, 404. At the siege of I liarlcston in
1780, ii., 561 In ion ind ai Charleston in ITS'.', tl ,670
A dote .a him ami Mrs Ishe, il
i ..' i i British), ai i astle William, i . 580.
Leslie, Major (British), present ai thedeathol I a] '.
new. ii., 1 13.
Leslie. Mr., Ins plantation near King's Mountain battle
croon. 1, n.. 423.
i i: v. wins, i nited states Consul at Genoa
Bessi s Bronzinl's portrait oi Amerigo \ espucci, L., 28.
/... ttt 1 1
Adams, John, to his wile in 1774, ii., 82— to J
416.
\ e. I i.il. i" In '''. '!' ' . 169.
.'.. s, ,.,:,, m ml i.. Mr, Ignew, u . 113.
Andre in Arnold, i., 714,715—to t olonel Shi Idon, i . T15—
i.i Washingl 757, 770- to Fort Fayette, I., 743 — to
a I'm ml. ii . 97.
Arinaml to Washington, ii . '-'"'!.
Arnold to Andre, I., 714, 715, 717— to sir Henry t Union.
. 613 in Jameson, L, 757— to Robinson, i., 718— to
Washington, i . 716, 728, 769—10 his wife, i . 729.
Win. Id. IIiii h, to her son ;n tor), i . 605,
Ashe, General, to Governor ' a swell, n., out.
II. i. he. Mrs . to l)r Franklin, In 1777. ii., 104.
Baldwin, Ebenezer, tolhe President of Yalo College, L, 771
Itaiiour to Rawdon, ii 188
Bancroft to Dai id I. is,,;,, „ 372, 117.
i:. aumarchais ti. Steuben, ii., 135.
Hoard of \\ ar to I. a Fayette, 11., 133.
Hrilish Officer 111 1770, I., 562.
British Spy, ii . 241.
Camhrav, Chevalier do, to Captain Sommervillc, il., 294
i hi. ton', sir Guy, to Washington, 11., 160.
Caswell, Governor, lo ins son, ii., :ito.
i hampe lo Lee, I , " to. tt:
Charles L, to the Virg i Assembly, 11., 252.
i Iiiii. hi, sir Henry, to Washington, ii., 113— to Lord tor-
main. I Tl.". n. ( nriiwalhs. ||
film. iii. Governor, to Washington, i . T06.
Congress o. Washington In itti.. i . i84
t iiinviiv tu t ongress, 11., 134- -to Washington, ii . 134
waUl i n. the British outposts, il . 509
( ustis. G. W. P., I., the author, n . 218.
Dartmouth < Ircular Letter to the Royal Governors In
\ ni' i lea, ii . 63.
I., i ,r.i se i" Washington, il .
1 1. aim to K'.i" ii Morris, ii ' ■
Dickinson, John, Ins " 1 1 tl o Pi an rh inia I armer,"
i cress, ii., 657
Dinwiddle lo Si I'm rr. . ii
I iiii'ii. ., Mr . Reverend, to Washington, ii., 1 15
1 ... inn. a. to the Virginia Burgesses, il., -98.
Eden, < lovernor, IL, 195.
Emerson, William, Reverend, I., 587.
Franklin, Dr., to La Fayette, 11., 118— to Arthur Lee, II
MS to \\ bin Held, ii., 202.
Franklin. Mrs , to In r husband, ll., 52.
.. i.. i I, i" '.''. ' bing 132 - to Sti vi n ll
3! I— to Jefferson, II
HI, to Lord Germain, ii.. 322— to Lord North, n .
143, 347.
Germain, Lord, to sir William Howe, ii., 168.
, I.. Shi lie Id, i' Ii
Gordon, Dr., to cues, n . Ill
Greem . Geni ral. to Governor Cooke, il . I1- to Luzeme
ami l.a Fayette, ii . 174 — to Governor Read, ii., 474.
Hamilton, Alexander, lo Governoi Cllm il., 131— to
Putnam in 1777, li.,
Hazard lo ' lati
Howard. John E., to Pickering, ll., 112.
How.- 1.. Washington, ii., I
Mum i to Mallow I ar. > . ii., 446.
734
INDEX.
Jameson. Colonel, to Arnold, i., 726.
Jefferson to Patrick Henry, n . 346-to R. II. Lee n. 71—
lo Muhlenberg, ii., 331 — to Samuel A. Wells, ii., 279—
to Adams, u , 416.
Junius, i.. 463.
Kingston, Lieutenant, to General Heath in 1778, 1-, 594.
Knox to Stevens, ii., 311.
La Fayette to Franklin, ii.. 118— to Mrs. Reed, ii., 106— to
Stevens, ii., 311— to Washington in 1778, i., 652; ii., 133,
809, 303.
Lee to Wayne, i., 749— to Colonel Joseph Reed, ii., 15—
to Washington, ii., 15. 154, 592, 621— to Gates, ii., 16—
to Jenifer, ii., 195— to Purviance, ii., 195.
1 oln to Stevens, ii.. 311.
Logan to Colonel Cresap, ii-, 283.
Loins XVI. to Charles IV. of Spain, i., 87.
M'Dougall in 1777. i., 741.
Marbois. M., to Mrs. Reed, ii., 106.
Martin. Governor, to General Gage, ii., 374 — to Rosset,
ii., 375.
Massachusetts Circular Letter, ii., 53 ; Marque and re-
prisal, i., 576.
Mercer, Hugh, to Colonel Washington, ii., 175.
Mifflin, ii.. 144.
Morns, Robert, to Washington, ii., 25— to a Friend, ii., 10, .
Nicola to Washington in 1782, i., 672.
Paine. Thomas, to Washington, ii., 210.
Pennsylvania Farmer's Letters, i.. 476 ; ii., 53.
Phillips, General William, to General Heath in 1778, i., 594.
Polls, John, to Joseph Galloway, ii., 57.
Putnam to Washington in 1778, i., 705— to Sir Henry Clin-
ton, i., 740.
Reed, Colonel, to Lee, ii., 15— to Washington, ii., 18.
Riedesel. See Riedesel, Baroness.
Robinson to Putnam and Arnold, i., 717.
Rush to Wayne, i.. 74y.
Schuyler to Stevens, ii., 311.
Scott, Colonel, to the author in 1850, i., 606.
Smith. Joshua II., to his brother. L, 724.
Spottswood, Alexander, lo Colonel Washington, ii.. 175.
Stirling, Lord, to Washington, ii., 132.
Sullivan to Weare. ii., 112.
Sutherland to Arnold, i., 718.
Tripp, Mrs., to her husband, i.. 643.
Trvon to General Parsons, i.. 741— to Washington, ii., 143
VaVnum, General, to General Greene, ii.. 129.
Washington to Congress, i., 136, 567, 578, 606; ii., 18, 98,
112. 116.132, 155, 321, 615— to Arniand, ii., 261— to Gen-
eral Armstrong, i., 679— to Governor Clinton, ii., 129 —
to Dr. Cochran, ii.. 200. 201 — on Dancing, in 1799, i.,
683— to Count De Grassc, ii., 303— to Fauquier, ii., 274
— to General Greene in 17>*2, i.. 687 — to Hamilton in
1783. i., 676— to Heath, ii., 344— to La Fayette, ii., 148
— to Lee, ii., 154 — to Governor Livingston, ii., 96. 143—
to Mackenzie, ii.. 68— to Robert Morris, ii., 25— to Nel-
son in 1778, i., 653— to Nicola in 1782, i.,673— to Phillis,
l., 556— to Joseph Reed. i.. 577 ; ii., lis— to Roehamheau,
i., 695 ; ii., 261, 305— to Schuyler, i., 135. 207. 740, 780
—to Lieutenant-colonel Stevens, ii., 311— to Trumbull,
i , 606; ii., 18. 112— to his Nephew, ii., 229— Circular
Letter to the Governors. Ii., 631— to his Brother, ii., 112.
273— to his Mother, ii.. 273.
Washington, Mrs., to Mercy Warren, ii., 126.
Wayne to Washington, i., 747.
Weedon to Colonel Washington in 1775, ii., 176.
Wilkinson to Washington, ii.. 132.
Williams. General, to Mr. ('on. i., 60S
Willis. John, to Colonel Washington, ii.. 175.
Wmthrop, Mrs., to Mercy Warren, i., 593.
Wright. Governor, lo Gage (intercepted), ii., 519— to the
Georgia Assembly, ii'., 521— to Dartmouth, ii.. 417.
Levi, M. De, i., 118 ; Ins attempt lo recapture Quebec in 1760,
i., 189.
Lewis, Andrew, Captain (afterward General), in the expedi-
tion to Fort Duquesne in 1754, ii., 270 ; and to the Scioto in
1774, ii., 281. Dunmore draws his sword upon him, ii., 283.
Sent to dislodge Dunmore from Gwyn's Island in 1775. ii..
331. Autograph and Biographical Sketch ot ; his personal
appearance, ii., 331.
Lewis, Charles, Colonel, killed in the expedition to the Sci-
oto in 1774, ii., 282.
Lewis. Ki.izadf.th. Mrs.. wife ofColonel Fielding Lewis ami
sisti r ot (Jen. t;iI Washington, ii., 221.
Lewis, Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Fielding, marries
Charles Carter, ii., 221.
Lewis, Estelle Anna. Mrs., her poems quoted, i., 751.
Lev, i . Fielding, Colonel. Biographical sketch of, n., 221.
Lewis. Francis, of New York, member ofthe Naval Commit-
tee of Congress in 1775. ii., 637. Signer of the Declaration
of Independence; Biographical Sketch of. ii., 664. Portrait
of, ii., frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 80.
Lewis, GEORGE, Major, son ofColonel Fielding; Captain of
Washington's Life Guard. Ii., 221. Al Princeton, sent by
Washington to General Mereer: Mercer dies in the arms of,
n.. 30. Present at the re-entombing of Washington's re-
mains, ii., 212.
Lewis, Henry, of Currytown, i., 293.
LewA, Lorenzo, present at the re-entombing of the remains
or Washing ii., 212.
Lewis. Morgan, General, President General ofllir Cincinnati
Society ill 1838, i., 697. At the Battle of Stillwater; Gov-
ernor of New York, i., 55. His account of Brant's Human
ity, i., 270. Al Kloek's Field, l., 261.
Lewis, Samuel. Captain, son of Major George, ii., 218
Lexington. Massachusetts, Topography of. l , 552. Picture of
Clark's House, i., 523. Escape of Hancock and Adams . Pic-
turcs of the monument at, i., 553. Skirmish at, in 1775. I.,
190.
I., ml, ■:. Holland. The Reverend Mr. Robinson and his Pilgrim
congregation at, i., 438, 441.
Libel upon the King's troops in America, Home Tooke fined
and imprisoned for, i., 585.
liberty. Sloop, belonging to John Hancock; Account of the
seizure ofthe, in 1767, i., 478.
Liberty (British armed), Sloop, destroyed at Newport in 1765.
i., 639.
Liberty, Cradles of, i., 440, 479.
Liberty, Daughters of, hold a meeting under the sycamores al
Roger Williams's "Spring in 1769. and resolve not to drink
tea until the removal of the lax on H, l., 626. At Boston, i.,
481, 482.
Liberty. Song of, i., 487. Attributed to Mrs. Merry Warren.
l., 486.
Liberty, Sons of. Origin of the name, l., 463. Places of meet-
ing in Boston, i.. 478. 479. Sons of. in Georgia in 1774. ll .
518 ; in Maryland in 1776. ii., 194 ; at New York in 1765, n .
581 ; In North Carolina in 1766, ii., 303 ; at Norwich, i . 599,
600; in South Carolina in 1765, ii., 542. At New Y'ork, hold
a public meeting at Richard Howard's, ii., 581 ; erect a lib-
erty-pole in 1776, ii., 584 ; hold meetings at Hampden Hall,
ii.. 585 ; seize arms, ii., 588.
Liberty Bell ofthe State House at Philadelphia, ii., 66.
Liberty Hall, the residence of Governor Livingston, at Eliza-
betlitown ; Picture and associations of, i , 329, 330.
I. ib, rtn Hall Academy, at Charlotte, North Corolina, ii., 393.
Liberty Hill, Hamburg, Georgia, ii., 503.
Liberty Pole, cut down by the soldiers at New York ; and by
Cunningham, ii., 584, 585.
Liberty Tree, at Boston, destroyed, i.. 466, 467, 583 ; furnished
fourteen cords of wood, i., 583. At Charleston, ii., 542. Al
Norwich, i.. 599.
Library, Prince's, used for fuel by the British at Boston in
1776, i., 583. Of the College of New Jersey. Silas Deane's
proposal to present it to France, ii., 36. Of Congress, burned
by the British under Ross, ii., 199. Jefferson's, purchased
by Congress in 1815. ii., 199. Ofthe State of New York, i.,
721.
Lieutenant, Rank of, in the American navy in 1776, ii., 638.
Lieutenant General, Rank of. in the American army in 1776,
ii., 638.
Life Guard, Washington's, i.. 310. 688. 689 ; ii., 128. 668. Au-
tographs ofthe, ii., 669. Two of them seduced, ii., 595.
Lightning, Instances of persons struck by, near Fori Edward,
i.. 102.
I. ii. i. ie, Theophilus, merchant at Boston, his unpopular con-
duct, i.. 4s8.
Lillington, John Alexander. General, son of Colonel
George, ii., 379 ; and falher of Colonel John, ii.. 381. Al tin-
Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in 1776, ii., 379. 380. At
Cross Creek, ii., 299. Picture of Lillington Hall, ii., 381.
Biographical Sketch of, ii., 379, 380.
Lillington, Margaret II., Miss, ii., 379.
Lincoln. Benjamin, Major General, ii., 34. Secretary ofthe
Provincial Congress at Concord in 1774, L, 516. At West-
chester in 1776, ii.. 615. His plan of driving the British from
Boston Harbor ; the plan executed, i., 583. At Brandy wine.
ii., 169. At the Battle of Bemis's Heights in 1777, i., 50. 58.
64. Wounded, i.. 64. At Diamond Island and Ticonderoga,
1.114. At Manchester, i., 394. At the Battle of Slono Ferry,
ii., 555. At Charleston in 1778, ii., 528. 552. At Zubley's
Ferry, ii.. 528. Surrenders Charleston to Sir Henry Clinton
in 1780, u.. 317,318,461. At King's Bridge in 1781. ii.,626;
1 Yorktown.ii.. 31 1,318. Commended by Washington al
Yorktown. Ii., 320. Secretary of War. ii.. 662. Porlrait.
Autograph, and Biographical sketch of, ii., 527.
Lino. J., Lieutenant-colonel (British), captured at Saratoga,
ii ,684.
Lindsay, Captain, sails from Newport in the packet Hannah
in 1772 , eliaseil into Providence by the British sel imt
i iaspee, i., 629.
Linsing, Lieutenant-colonel, Hessian, ii., 88.
Linzee, Captain of the British sloop of war Falcon, repulsed
by Captain Manly in 1775. i., 5711.
Life, Johannes, Picture and associations of the house of, i..
263.
Life, David, 1., 261, 263, 395.
Lippincott, Captain, murderer of Captain Huddy. ii., 160,645.
Lisbon, Portugal, tin- point of attraction for early navigators.
I., is.
Lispenard, Leonard, of New York, delegate to the Colonial
Congress in 1765. i., 465. On the Committee to oppose Ihc
Stamp Act, i., 464.
I N 11 E X .
35
Little, Captain, at the Battle of SprineuYld In 1780, I., 322,
323
Little Beard's Town and Link- Beard's Cn
Attack <>ii. t>\ Indiana
i i i "80. i . 259 \ lew ol
LlTTLEHALES, Colonel, surrenders to Mont, aim in [756, i .
II I
■ ,■ .>r tlie Church of England adopted in South Carolina
in 1703, ii , 539 The name "i the king omitted in the, iu
Virginia in 1776, ii., 299
Gilbert, his eurvej of the Hudson River in
1776, i . 683
i [] .-.;;■,. * lolonel, al the Battle of Stillv* n i
1777, i., ji , ami the Biege of Fort Sehuyli r. i . 250 Hands
to Arnold tin- letter relative to the violation "i the flag of
truce, i-, 718. In command at Stony Point at the time of
Arnold's treason; !ii> plan n>r destroying the ship Vulture,
i . 720 Washington's high opinion of him, I., 7-jm.
1 rnor Clinton to receive Sii Henrj ' linton
Montgomery, P., 7:r> \ prisoner al the Battle ol Fori Mom
i.'.> i. 'i\ , i . 736 Biographical Sketch of; i.,
iston, Henry a , 1 lolonel, son of the Reverend John H.,
L, 384, 385. His mansion ! in* character, i . 385.
Ln inqston, Hbnrv 11., Colonel, at the Battle of Quaker Ihil
In 1778, i., 651
Livingston, Henrv P., Lieutenant or Washington's Guard :
Autograph of, i . 088-
Livinoston, James, with his regiment at Stillwater In 1777,
i.,51.
I.u i\i;si-,)n, John, father of Robert, i ., 385.
.■in-.. John H., Reverend Dr., ol New Ynrk, il . 8 i9
Presidenl ol the I iollege at New Brunswick, i . 385.
Livingston, Mary, mother of Robert, i., 385.
Livingston, Peter it. anecdote of him and General Mont
gomery, I., 201.
Livingston, Peter Van Burgh, his daughter sus.ni pur
■■ Libert} Hall," I., 329. President »>i the Provincial
Council of New Y<>rk. 177,">. II , 587
! on, Philip, of New York, on the Committee to op-
pose the SI imn Let, I . 164 Delegate to the Colonial Con-
gress in 1765, I . 165 . and to the lirst Continental Congress
in 177). i , 383 Signet ol the Declaration of Independence,
ii.. 80, 133, <>''■' iii^ -rave ami mum 'Hi at York, Penn-
sylvania, 11., 133, 663. Portrail or, \i., frontispiece, Auto-
graph of, ii., 80. Biographical Sketch of, il . 663
Livingston, Robert, first emigrant of the Livingstons to
\ in ri i , sou of .Mm ami Mary, I., 385 , ii., j77. Aids in
suppressing piracy, il., 579.
Livingston, Robert R., of New York, delegate to the Stamp
Act Congress in I7C5, i.. 465. On the Committee t" oppose
the Stamp Act, L, 464. Author of the Stamp Act ' longress's
petition to the King, I., 165. On the Committee to drafl the
Co istitutlon of New Sfork in 1776, 1., 386. Writes to Wash-
ington in behalf of Arnold, i., 713. An advocate for the Fed-
eral Constitution, i . 384, On the Committee to prepare a
Declaration of Independence, Ii., 7i). On the Committee on
Articles of Confederation, 1776, ii., 653. First t banceUorol
the State of New \<>rk. i., 387. Administers to President
Washington the Oath of Office in 1789, 1., 864. First Secre-
tary of Forejgn Affairs of the United States, 11., 102,656. His
daughter the wifeol General Montgomen . [.,200. Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii.. 656. Portrail of, il . frontispiece.
Li via tsTON, William, Governor of Now Jersey, bis Memo-
rial to tti- American Colonies in 1774, il.. 269. Deli
the first* ontinental ( longress, ii., 59. Writes in opposition
to Episcopa i. i . 160 Utends the ball given to
Lucerne, L, 311. His camp, i., 328. Property of, purchased
b> Lord Bollngbroke, i., 3'>'.t. Attempt) d abducl on ol, I., 329.
spirit of the daughters of, i.. 330, Picture of ins n
i.. 329 Ancestors of; Autograph of, Biographical Sketch
of, i . 330
Livingston Manor, \ .. 385, 389.
Livingston Mansion, Associations of, i., 703.
Lloyd, Lieutenant, kills Major Ickiand In o duel, i
Lloyd, Caleb, stamp distributor at Charleston, ii., 541
i. lovo, i i i ri ing n itnesa to the Penm \
Charter, II., 50.
i . i , ■ i G ivernor of Maryland, ii.. 193.
Lloyd's Neck, Operations at, in 1780, ii., 627.
Lo ice. Pram is, Colonel, ii., 391 ; killed rat Charlotte In 1780,
n . 120.
. John-, ins Fundamental Constitutions, ii., 354,355.
Aiih'izraph ami Hioaraplm-al sketch of, ii., 354.
Lo kwood, Lambert, captured by the British at Danbury in
1777, l, 403.
Loi kwood, Major, Tarieton'a attempl lo capture, it, C25.
Lockwood, Captain, captures Judge Jones In 177'.', ||
Lockyier, Captain, bis ship arrives with tea at New ^ ork in
1773, ii -
Locust Hill, near Yimkcrs, Encampment of American troops
at, in 1781, ii . 626.
I. i (an, Benjamin, Colonel, erects Fort Logan in 1776,
At Blue l. uks. ii., ■-.".»:).
Loa an, James, Secretary of Pennsylvania, ii., 51. 94, H 7.
Lo ian, John, or Ta-ga-jute, II , 363 . Mingo Indian, son of
Sh keliimus ; extract from a Speech of, ii., 107. Murder ol'
in-, family in 1774; hia letter to Captain Crcsap,
-i Disdains to treat with Dumnorc, ii., Il
His degradatio ) hia nephew, Ii . 284. Biograpu
Sketch of, n.. 107.
Lo i .. Major, captured at tin. Battle oi Fun Montgonv i
Logstoum, Indian Council at. In 1758, ii , 867,
Lomonoso^ . Russian poet, quoted, I . 1 16
London, England, sends reliel to thi pool ol Boston In 1774,
i Mi rchants ol aoe Merchants. Petition of the Lord
ir, Aldermen, ami Liver] of, against seven m isurei
toward America, i . 521 ,
■ i: i ol the, i.. 570.
London t nffec~kouse, Philadelphia, il., 52, 53.
London Company^ formed in 1606; its members, i)., 245. It<
claims, ii., 189, lis new charter In 1609, ii., 849; and in
1612, it., 251 Instructions ol the, aa lo the discover) ol a
Northwest Passage, ii., 847. Dissolution ol the, In 1624, il.,
252.
Hants, Address of, to I teorge 111., in 1775, I
P i'. meaning of the term, il . 645, Practiced in
■
Long, I ol I. at Fort Anne, i., 1 II, 142.
n • Mountain, i., 719.
I ■: ind, Evacuation of, bj the Americans in 1776, II , 607
Tryon*a troops on, in 17?'.'. i , 128
Long Point, Lake Georgi . Picture and description of, l . 114.
i ■ see Smith, Mrs. ; Wright, Sukby, ana 3
CISl 0.
i r low, Henry Wadswori h, quoted, i., 155, 752; IL,
186 His pencil-sketch ofthe Riedesel House al l ami i
I., 557,
Longueil, Carleton repulsed at, I., 171
Loring, British Commissars "i Prisoners
L :rg, Hessian officer, at the Battle of Quaker n.n in
ITT!-, i ■
Benson J . Ins " 1776" cited, I., 468, 647.
i ." i i . < olonel, and ins negroes captured bj Captain Qylei n
1770, ii , 545,
Lottery, <■ u ■'■■. in 1776, Account, of the, il., 671. Lot-
tery to build the Bteeple of Christ < hurch, Philadelphia
ii , ii
Loudon's l< rry across the Mohawk, Arnold's army at, L, 41.51,
Lot doi s. Lord, < ommander-in-chiel of the British fortes in
North Imerica in 175" succeeds I more an (Jnvcmoi
Virginia in 1758; l>r. Franklin's anecdote of, I., 110; li.,273.
I. in doi s, Samuel, prints the Constitution of the state of
Ni u '\ ork in 1777. i . 693
Louis \i\ revokes the edicl ol Nantes, i,, 386.
Louis XVI, favors the cause ol American liberty and Inde-
pendence m 1777. ii. oi7.ois Furnishes materia] aid to
the United States, Ii., 303 Hia extraordinary Inter to
Charles IV. of Spain, i.. 87; ii., 649 His duplicitj In rela-
tion to the claim made by Beaumarchais, il . 649, Presents
a gold-mounted sword to Paul JoneB, ii., 642. Appoints
Washington Lieutenant General of the armies ol Prance and
Vice-admiral of its fleets, i., 654. Portrait and Biographical
Sketch of, M , 648, I I I
Lot is Philippe, Duke of Orleans, il., 120.
Louisburgh, Siege and capture of, in 1758, I., 119
Louisville, Kentucky, 11., 295 ; earl) history of; origin of the
name, n , 289,
Love, William IF, picture of ins house ; associai om ol ii
site, ii., 177.
i .i Govt nior of New Vork, it., 578.
Lovi lace, i in ■■: i l apt u I ext cution of; picture ol 'ii1,
place "i his i >.- cution, I . 92, 93,
Li : i i , i i .■ i .i he n I thi I ommitti e ol i ongn on
i \ii.i r- La Fayette's communication with him, ii.,
i 'i < in the Committee of Congress to prepan an i*
to the t Canadians in 1777, il I
Fo\ ell, Solomon, Gent ral, signs the protest sent lo D*Es
taing, t.. 650. in the expt ■ ot In 177'.»,
i . 594
i .,i New Fork, delcgatt to the Aral Continental
< ongress, i . 363 . II . 59, 587.
//.."v,, Philadelphia, Pictun and associationa of, IL,
95.
or Ligonier, ii., 274.
■ ■. in the Etei olution. i., 522 ; II., 661 sen of,
ii.. 687. ' nr|is of ii . 668 i lalms of, II . 852, 61 B
ol A asocial* d it Llo NocK In 1780, 1781, II I II
lence of, I., 833. Cipher-writing of, I., 320. Execution of
several, at Kingston, N< ^v Vork, i , 380 Allegorical picture
ofthe receptj American loyalists in England, il . 667
LOYD !')■■■'. .I'm idl 111 . ad ll itl r | l'> mi's gO\ I i hhi. nl m
' nee ii.. 19
Lui *YA8, or Huhama Iwlnnds. the first seen of the Ml w World
i . 25
Luddington, I oIoth 1. at Tarn'town in 1777, his retreat, i
7.?.t.
Ludlow, Deputy Governor, i., 416
Ludw ell, Philip, membi r oi the King's council ; Governor
ol Worth l arotina, il., '-'l". 355.
LiMstnnn, Quarter'master-sergesnt, hin exploit near needy
Fork, ii., 400.
M.;
INDEX.
Lint, Georoe, quoted, i., 595.
LtriiEii, Martin, Favorite hymn of, sung by Schell, i., 299.
Latz'n, Battle of, Gustavus Adolphus loses his life ut the, u.,
Li \. William, of Maryland, ii., 194.
Luzerne, ' Ihevaiier De i.a, i .. 624 ; succeeds Gerard as envoy
from France to the I niled States, L, 311, 374 ; ii., 650. Vis-
its Washington at Morris town, i., 311. His interview with
Arnold, i , 712. Governor Clinton's entertainment given to,
in 1763, n . 633. lutograph of, ii., 033.
l.uzt rnt I 'ounly formed in 1786, i., 374, 376.
Lyman, General, i . 95, 90, directs the Battle of Lake George,
i . 109
Lyman's Diplomacy of the United States, cited, ii., 650.
Lyni h, Anne C., quoted, i.. 691.
Lynch, Thomas, Jun., of South Carolina, disputes with Gover-
nor Itoone on the electh e franchise, ii., 541. Delegate to the
Stamp Act Congress, i., 465. and to the first Continental
Congress, ii., 60, 543. At Washington's head-quarters at
Boston in 1775. L, 575. Portrait of, ii., frontispiece. Auto-
graph of, ii ,81. Signer of the Declaration of Independence ;
Biographical Sketch of, ii.. 666.
Lyni h. colonel, at the Battle of Guilford in 1781, n., 402, 403.
Lynde, Judge, Trial of Captain Preston before, i., 491.
Lynn Haven Bay, Virginia, it., 306, 309, 332.
Lyttle, Lieutenant-colonel, ii., 507.
Lyttleton, Lieutenant (British), at the Mischianza. ii., 99.
Lyttleton, Governor (Lord Westcoit), his war with the
Cherokees, ii., 439.
M'Aden, Hugh, Reverend, his church occupied hy Cornwal-
lis's troops ; destruction of his library and papers, ii., 385.
M'Ance, Mr.. The author at the house of, ii., 502.
M' Arthur, Major (British), his forces and his conduct at the
Battle of Cow pens, ii., -134, 435.
M'C ibe, John C., his poems quoted, ii., 336.
Mi i f fekty, William, guide to Cornwallis, ii., 418.
M'Call, Lieutenant-colonel, with his mounted Georgia militia
at the Battle of Cowpens, ii., 434, 435. At Augusta, ii., 509.
Death of, u. ,510.
Af'CaU'i History of Georgia, ii., 506, 507. 509, 514, 519, 521,
526.
M'Caule, Thomas, Reverend, with Colonel William Polk at
the Battle of Cowan's Ford, H., 393.
M'Cauley, Gideon, of Maryland, ii., 194.
M'Claghrj.v, Colonel, at Fort Montgomery and Fort Clin-
ton j captured, i.. 735, 736.
MM Ilanahan, Colonel, at Gwvn's Island in 1776, ii.. 332.
UPC lung's Sketches of Western Adventure, ii., 293, 295.
Mi i.i it e.. In MX, Captain, opposes Houseman at Rocky Mount,
ii.. 452, 453, 454. His expedition against Huck, ii., 453.
Killed in the battle at Hanging Rock ; Biographical Notice
of, ii., 457.
M'Cll're, Matthew, member of the Mecklenburg Committee,
ii., 412.
Mir ire, Ensign, wounded in the Battle of Hanging Rock in
1780, ii., 457.
M'Conkey's Ferry, or Taylorsville, Great Bridge at, ii., 14.
M'Cormick, Lieutenant, i., 375.
M'Cracken, Captain, in the expedition to the Scioto in 1782;
mortally wounded, ii., 295.
M'Cracken, James M., of South Carolina, ii., 485, 486.
M'Crea, Jane, Murder of. at Fort Edward, i., 48, 96,99. Resi-
dence of; Biographical Sketch of. i., 98, 99. Grave of, i.,
101. Picture of the Jane M'Crea Tree, i.. 97.
M'Culloch. Major, at the siege of Fort Henry in 1777; his
desperate leap, ii., 293.
M'Culloch, Daniel, his cotton mills, ii., 451.
M'C i. l loch, Captain ( British ). killed at Hanging Rock. ii.. 457.
M'Do.nald, Allan, husband of Flora, ii., 378. Captuml at
Moore's Creek, ii., 382.
M'Do.nald, Donald, Captain, his loyalty, ii., 359. Scotch
refugees from Johnstown; with Brant and Sir John John-
son in 1779, i., 274, 275. Leads Indians and Tories at Shell's
Bush ; captured, i., 299. His tomahawk ; his death, i., 299.
M'Donald, Donald, General, his appeal to the Scotch-Irish
of North Carolina, ii., 359. Sets up the royal ensign at Cross
Creek; distributes proclamations in 1776, ii . 377. At the
Battle of Moore's Creek ; captured, ii., 379, 382.
M'Donald, Flora, Romantic incidents in the history of. ii..
358, 377. 378.:
MIIin ild, John, Colonel, bis remains interred with those of
General Brock; account of the monument erected t<> their
in' morj . i . 226.
M'Donald, Sergeant, one of Marion's men, killed at Fort
Motte, ii., 480.
M*Donald, murderer of Mrs. Caldwell, i., 325.
M'Donowgh, Commodore, at Pittsburgh in 1HI2. i., 160.
M'Doi gall, Alexander, one of the sons of Liberty, ii., 581,
586. Colonel of a patriot regiment at New York in 1775. ii..
General, imprisoned al New fork, II . 586. In the
Battle of Long Island in 1776, ii.,606; of White Plains in
1776, ii., 616 ; and of Germantown in 1777, ii., 110. Visits
Fort Montgomery in 1777, 1., 732. At PeekskUl In 1777, i.,
741, 742. In command at Wesl Poinl in 1778, i . Tin. "44
On the Army's Memorial l ommittee in 1782, i., 673, Sec-
retary of Marine in 1781, ii., C38. Treasurer General of the
Cincinnati Society, i., 694. Biographical sketch of; Auto-
graph of, i., 740.
M'Douuall, Lieutenant, in the United States navy in 1775, ii.,
638.
M'Dowell, Charles, Colonel, at the battle on King's Mount-
ain in 1780, u.. 425, 426. At the Battle of Cowpens in 1761,
ii., 431, 434. His mother and brothers, ii., 425.
M'Dow ell, Ellen, Mrs., her family ; her energy and patriot-
ism, ii . 425.
M'1>m\\ ell, Joseph, brother of Colonel Charles ; at the battle
on King's Mountain, ii., 425.
M'Dowell, William, with his brothers Charles and Joseph
at the battle on King's Mountain, ii., 425.
M'Dowell, Captain, in the battle at Ramsour's Mills, ii., 391.
M'Lluees, William, one of Sumter's men, The author's in-
views with, ii., 421, 429, 454.
M'Evers, James, Stamp Distributor at New York, n , 581.
M'EverSj a Scotchman, his log house; anecdote of him and
his servant Mike, L, 682.
M'Farlane's Pictorial History of England quoted or cited, i..
:>(.. 7nx
M*Fingal, a poem by John Trumbull, quoted, i., 374, 401, 742
li , 145, 15H.
M'Gary, Major, his impetuosity and imprudence, ii., 295.
M'Gehee, John C, of Florida, ii., 485.
M'Girth, Lieutenant-colonel (British), ii., 505.
M'Gregor, quoted. 11., 143.
MID im, Joseph, of Maryland, Son of Liberty, ii., 194.
M'Ilraith, Major, his chivalrous proposition to Marion, ii..
566.
M'Intosh, John, Lieutenant-colonel, brother of General, ii.,
524.
M'Intosh, Lachlin, Colonel, ii., 521. General, ii., 522. In
the Ohio country, i., 264 ; ii., 293. Erects forts on Beaver
Creek, ii., 294. 'At Valley Forge, ii., 128. At the siege of
Savannah, ii., 529, 532. His duel with Gwinnett, ii., 522.
His character vindicated by the Legislature of Georgia, n .
504. Dwelling of, ii., 535. Portrait, Autograph, and Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ii.. 522.
M'K \v. Lieutenant (British), at Quintan's Bridge in 177H, ii
138. At Fort Watson, ii., 501.
MKi: \n, Robert, Captain, his letter to Brant, i.,266. Chal-
lenges Brant. i.,27Q. At the Battle of K lock's Field, i . 281
At Currytown, i., 294. His death at Fort Plain, i., 295.
M'Kean, Thomas, of Delaware, Colonel of City Associators.
ii., 79. Delegate to the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, i.. 465.
Delegate to the first Continental Congress, ii., 59, President
of the Continental Congress in 1781, ii., 321. Colonel Tilgh-
IH3I1 announces to him the tidings of the capture of Corn-
wallis, ii., 321. Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, i., 375.
Signer of the Declaration of Independence, ii., 79. On the
Committee of Congress on Articles of Confederation in 1776,
ii., 653. Issues a warrant for the arrest of John Franklin,
i., 375. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 665. Autograph of, n .
81. Portrait of, ii., frontispiece,
M'Kee. Tory, ii,, 283; aids Colonel Hamilton at Detroit, i.,
264, 291.
M'Kim, Captain, Death of, i.. 295;
M'Kini.ey, Governor, A party of British attempt to seize, at
Wilmington, ii., 179.
M'Knitt, J., his account of the Mecklenburg Declaration of
Independence, ii., 416.
M'Kov, Colonel Brown's inhuman treatment of, ii., 510.
M'Koy's brother attempts to kill Brown, ii., 513.
M'Lane, Allen, Colonel, his stratagem to break up the fes-
tivities of title Mischianza, ii., 105.
M'Lane, Captain, with La Fayette at Barren Hill in 1778, ii.,
1 22.
M'Lean, in command of the Royal Irish at Quebec; sum-
moned by Arnold to surrender, i., 196.
M'Lellan, J., Jun.. Ins poems quoted, i., 195 ; ii., 450.
M'Lellan, Lieutenant, in the expedition against Oswegatehic
in 1779. i.. 271.
M'Leod, Captain (Scotch i, killed in the battle at Moore's Creek
Bridge in 1776, ii.. 382.
M'Leod, Captain (British), his attempt to capture Governor
Jefferson in 1781, ii.. 343. With Cornwallis at Camden in
1780, ii. , 465. In the Battle of Guilford in 1781, ii.,403, 104
M*Malio7i\i History of Maryland, quoted, ii., 195.
M'Neil, Hector, Captain in the United States navy in 1776.
ii.,638. Associate of Fanning in abduct ins Governor Rurk-
ii.. 571. His exploits; is dismissed from the service, his
Autograph, ii., 640.
M'Neil, Mrs., cousin of General Frascr, Abduction of, and ol
.lane M'Crea, by Indians, i . 97-99.
M'Neil, Neil, Settlement of Highlanders under, ii., 360.
M'Neile, Hugh, Reverend, of Liverpool, bis lecture on th<
Lift ofFranklin, iL, 202.
M'PHEHSoN,one of General Montgomery's aids.)., 108. Killed
at the siege of Qui bee, i . 198, 201. Burial of, i.. 201.
M'I'im RSON, JAMES, translator of Ossimi's ['onus, goes in
Florida, n . 1 13.
M'Pherson, Major, at the battles of Spencer's Ordinary and
Jamestown Island; thrown iVom his horse, bv Sergeant
Wright, at Spencer's Ordinary, ii., 258, 2fi0.
1 >. I > E X .
737
M Pherson, Captain (British), in command at Fort Motto, U.,
479, IG I
i v. Captain, of Maryland, i
M'Sherry's History of Maryland, n . 187.
M'Whortbr, The Reverend Dr., ol Newark, I., 327.
M'WlLLlAMS, M: ! Stirling, ii., 13'J.
iy*a History of England, cited, i., 71.
i -. A party or young men at, capture the British
i irgaretia, II . I
Machin, Thomas, Captain, engineer, eonstrucu
il< in-..- across the Hudson River In 1778, i . 682
e river, i-, 705. Governor i Linton's
letter to, I , 368
M m r, Reverend Mr . Moravian Missionary, i„ 342.
Mackav, Captain, in the < tpedition to Fort Duquesne in 1754,
i. 271.
MacKellar, Thomas, his poems
Mackelwraith, Mr., directs Hareourt to General Lee's tjuar-
lera, ii . 15, 16.
Maclean, Professor, of Princeton College,
Mai omb, General, at Plattsburg in 1812, I., 166.
seised at Boston in 1767, i .. 478.
Madison, James, Memb r of Congress in 1780 . his report on
the territory weal of the Allegh i i Member of
the Constitutional Convention at Richmond in 1788; Presi-
dent of the United Stati s, ii., 232. Advocate «<f the Federal
Constitution, i., 384. Author ol ion on t Iil- ped-
estal of Washington's statue at Richmond, ii . 230
Maoji iman l at Fort Wash-
ington, Ii., 615. Reftuw s to surrender the Ibrt, ii., 610 , sur-
1
Magellan, Navigator, enters the Pan fie Ocean and -
its name, i
\ lie, Variations of the, in Columbus's voj
1492, I., 24.
Maooon, quoted, i
Mahan, HLezbkiah, Colonel, at th ■ ■-■ Watson, ii.,
501. i It Bridge, ii., 568. Monument to;
Biographical Sketch of, ii
Marew, Jonathan. Reverend: s -• M whew.
Mahon, Lord, his Blstorj of England, ii., 347.
Maid iai at Niagara I 228
M ait: ed in Hi BatUi in 1781 .
ii , i mo Ferry, Ii., 555 Al
n:ih in 1779, ii-. 530, 532 Death of, ii.. 533.
:!i army in 1776, Rank of, I
in i be lm ri isn armj in IT!
a inks, Major I British ,atUi B ittli f Ei
ii.. 495-497.
Malays m the service of the United States, il . 641.
i m, Donald, in the expedition againsl the Regulators
in i7?i . 'i : ruce . shot at, i 370.
Males he rbes, Counselor of State in France, ii ,649.
Mallort, Edward, Inscription by, at Wyomin
Malhbdy, Colonel, of North Carolina, at the Battle ofEntaw
Sprinj ih of, ii., 494.
Maltby, Jonathan, l.ii atenant in the United States navy in
1776,
Malt ha us, J. J., Bessian Major, captured at
ph of, ii., 23.
Manr!t i In at. in 1777. i., 394. >ns at, by
Phillips and Arnold, Ii.,
Mamdeville, ins :i ithay ami Ztpango, i., 19.
Manduit, Di Plessis. 11., 84, 66. Engineer and offi
tiller) with ChasteUux at Red Bank, ii., 88. At the Battle
of Red Bank, ii.,88.
Manh ■ : of the name . Verrazani lands at,
if , ;<7fi. Dutch trading-post on, i
■ i, :> r*s, al Fori Schuyl x, I . 242.
Mamtou. the Great Spirit worshiped by Indians, i., 251.
Mam.kv. John, Captain in the I nited States navy in l TTfi, ii.,
acquit it'd , Autograph of,
Mam.kv. William, Captain in the United States navy in
177H.
Manning, Captain, anecdote of him and Captain Barro, U.,
497.
Manning, Diah, Drum-major of Washington's Lift Guard,
-
Honor, the Livingston; Houses at. hurnrd In 1777. i.
Mansfi I Justice, opposes American Endepen
IL, 2
Mansfield, Lieutenant-colonel, in the Council of War held
ii ral Ward In 1775, i '■'■ I
Mante, Thon tns History cited, i . 212.
Manteo, Indian Chief, accompanies Amidas and Barlow to
England, ii., '213. Baptism of; Lord <>; 244
:. American, before the Revolution, i., 470, 586.
Restrictions upon, In 1731; il . 357 Strong imnulsi I
fore I77n, i . |92 Pram urns for, in North Carolina, in 1775,
ii., 376. Cotton, in North '-'~~ and in South
Carolina, n . l">! Iron, in North Carolina, ii . -137.
Marbols, M. Dr. French Charge d'Aflaires, hie :»\-
(bundland fisheries, ii . 652 His arrount
of Washington's manner of reprimanding Arnold, i . Til
and h s account of Arnold and Luzerne, I., 712. I!
II. 3
to Mrs Reed, iL, 106 lis , ntertainmi nt to La Fayi tte and
1
Mabrurv, Colonel, ut Brier > i
Marchena, Fray Juan Pi favors Columbus, i . 21,
M lbi o Polo, hi and i ithay, i , 19.
M lri \ . Est nezi r, Mrs., I
. t lorps of, ii .
Marcarttia, British 0 I r, Captured by Almr,
637.
Maroeson, Edward, signer of the Tiler.- . 137
Maria \ i i lustrla marrii b Louis XV] of Fi
ii., 649.
Maria. Qubbn Henrietta, The State of Maryland i
after, ii . 169
of, ii., 638
Maruu i ngress In 1773 . their
■
or Torpedo, invented by Bushnell, i
Manner'. -
Marion, Fbani is. General, Ii., 452. In the expedition i
the Chcrokees in 1760, ii., 4 10, l "Tb ■ ■ Fox, '
ii . 145, .'►<"'!. Grotesque nppearan d bis nun. II ,
■17'.'. Mis bui ■ ■ - at Nel ion*a
session <'t Fori Johnson in 1775, LJ . 545 Al I
177j , his "ragged regiment;" hfc expedition against the
Mis exploits in Soul i
Hia camp d< stroyi d in 1781, ii., -11 1 I
near » harleston, II., it Parker's Ferrj
With! Watson, ii., 474. At Eutaw Sprint
i uth Carolina Assembly In 1782, ii.,
ate of him and a young British ofll i
Lift of, bj Weems, ii.,214, 440, 441. His character and in-
fluence , Portrait. Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of,
ii., 477, 478. Picture of his residen b, , 50S
Market-wagons, Virginia, Picture i
MarkbaNjWilliah, a kinsman and deputy-of William l< this
Martboroug h. Massachusetts, burnt by Indians li
Marquette, Father, religious missionary,
Marriage, Romantic Falls, 1., 228. Of Mmi-inns-
u r's daughter, i . 149, Quaker, in North I arolina, it , 407,
408. Parties united in North Carolina without tfa
license In 1767, ii., 365 Queen Elizabeth imprisons Raleigh
fur marrying without hi r consent, II . 245.
Marriner, Captain, ■■' sea, ii., 645, 646.
Marsh lli I tptain, Death of, i.. 478.
Marshall, Colonel, al the Battle of Stillwater, i . 54,
Marshall, English engraver, Hist on and late of, Ii . 101
[all, John, Chief Justice, Lieutenant at the Battle of
Great Bridge, ii., 329 Member of the Virginia Constitu-
tional Convention in i"-s. ii., 232. Portrail of, in tfe
itol nt Richm Biographer of Washington, it.,
232. Cited orquoti i Dfl ii., 2< I, 105, 474, I
Marshall, Samuel, of Saratoga, proprietor ><i the R
House, [., 89
Marshall, Thomas [father of Chief Jusi at the
Battle of Great Bridge In 1775 ; ins successful Btratagern, ii .
■
Martel ribed, 1., 168.
Martha's Vineyard plundered by Gem ral Gn y In I TT1-, i ., 652
Martial lair proclaim' ton in 1782, II . 539.
Martin. Captain, of South ■ arolina, artillerist, killed at An
gusta,
i, Christopher, signer "i the Pilgrim < ovenant, i..
137
Martin, Henry I., M D., of Roxbury, Massachusetts, ii..
113.
Martin. John, Trea rgia, II., 535.
Martin, ' im Pryon in North I arolina
in 1771. ii., 372. His proclamation, il., 373 Denouni
Con ress al issue w Ih the people . asks aid
from the Regulators in 1775; his letter to Gage; flees Ibr
■■. to Fort Johnson his thi ro lamations, ii.,
374, 375, 417. 1.377. Kin
i wis Hcnrj De Rosset, il., 375. Autograph and
Biographical Sketch of, il
Martin, Judge, his Bistorj ol North Carolina, II. , 365, 383,
410.
Martin, Samuel, brother of Governor, il , 3^3.
Martin, Samuel, member <>t the Mecklenburg Committee,
H.t412.
Martin's Misrrllant/. qUOtl
Martin's .station captared bj Colonel Byrd, il . 091
Martlihoh, Loyallsl
hums General Delanceyja bouse, I., 762.
Martyrs at New York. Petition i i ■ ■ ng the
N noes of the Brat, In the cause "i American l.b-
erty, i . 532
Marvel, Andrew, printer o( the " ' onstitutlonaJ Courant,"
I., 466
Marvin. Mrs and Miss, convert into bullets the Icadi n statue
o) '.< orgs IH . ii . 595.
Marutawf. Early bistorj of its name its first i h irti r,
189 Toleration its chlel glory, II ■ 190 lis iir-i scttli
1633 the asvium for persecuted English Puritans, li
A
r38
INDEX.
Tirst Legislative Assemhlv, in 1035, at St Mary's; Repre-
ss iiiahve i.Dvernun'iit ot, m 1639 . civil war in, under Clay-
borne, in 1644 . religious animosilj between Proti stanta and
Roman Catholii - in 1649 , civil war in 1655, ii., 192. Gov-
ernora of, ii., 193. I pper Souse of the Assembly of, dissolved
in 1G5S. a., 192. Votes a statue to the King and a portrait
of Lord Camdi n in 1766, ii., 194. Us Constitution adopted
in 1776, ii , 76, B3, 196. Us instructions to Us delegates re-
specting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, ii., 70,
196. Delegates of, eign the Articles of Confederation, 1781,
ii., 655. is called upon by Congress iu 1760 for funds to
carry on the war, L, 655.
ftfashapaug, or Alexander's Lake, Legion of, i., 595.
M lson, Eunice, Mrs., occupies the Trumbull House in 1849,
i , 602.
Mason, George, friend and associate of Washington ; mem-
ber oi the Committee of Safety in 1776; author of the Decla-
ration of Rights and the Plan of Govemmenl for Virginia in
1776. ii., 299. Member of the Virginia Constitutional Con-
vention in 1788, ii., 232. Anecdote of him and Washington
as to the site of Pohick Church ; Autograph of, ii., 215.
Mason, John, Captain, his expedition against the Pequots in
1637 ; his Brn-l History of the Pequot War, L, 615, 010.
Mason, » laptain, at the siege of Fort Henry in 1777, ii., 292.
Masonic Sign : see Free-masonry.
MassackusettensiSt signature of a Tory writer, i., 513.
Massachusetts, Services rendered to, by Roger Williams; in-
gratitude of, to him, i., 023. Sufferings of colonists of, in
1676, i., 663. New charter of, in 1692, i., 451. Circular of,
to other colonies, proposing a General Congress in 1765, i.,
464, 477 ; ii., 277. Convention of town delrgat» > m I ;t'.\ i ,
479. Early patriotism of, i., 304, 455, 479. Circular or,
against taxation, ii., 54. Petition Governor Bernard to re-
move the British troops from Boston, i.. 463. Protest against
a standing army in the colony, and petition for the removal
of Bernard, i., 483. First of' the Colonies to suggest Com-
mittees of Correspondence, ii., 279. Proceedings of the As-
sembly of, on account of the Port Bill in 1774, i., 500, 509.
Gage's attempt to dissolve the Assembly ; its " League and
Covenant," i., 510. Last adjournment of the Assembly of,
under royalty, i., 511. Prepares for war, on the eve of the
Revolution, i., 512. Assembly of, resolves itself into a Pro-
vincial Congress in 1774, 1..515. The Bympathj nf the Colo-
nies enlisted in behalf of, ii., 62. Ready tor independence,
ii., 69. Military officers of, appointed, i.. 510. Purchases
ammunition and stores in 1775, i., 521. Effect produced in,
by the Battle of Lexington, i., 531 . Takes measures to raise
an army, i., 533. Circular of, issued in 1775, i., 533. Re-
nounces allegiance to General Gage, i., 534. Benevolence
of the Provincial Congress, i., 536. Organizes a House of
Representatives under the original charter in 1775, i., 568.
Establishes a Board of Admiralty in 1775, ii., 037. Prohib-
its waste of powder in 1775, i., 570. Pays Dr. Franklin for
his services as colonial agent in England, i., 575. Militia
of, organized anew in 1776, i., 578. Sanctions General Lin-
coln's plan of driving the British from Boston Harbor, i.,
583. Instructs its Representatives in Congress on the sub-
ject of American Independence in 1776, ii., 69. Militia of,
join in an expedition against Rhode Island in 177s. j ., 648.
Delegates of, sign the Articles of Confederation, 1778, ii.,
655. Constitution of. in 1779, ii.. 83. Called upon by Con-
gress for funds to carry on the war in 1760, i-, 053. Old
map Ofthe Baj Of, i.,446. Historical Society of, i , 502, 572.
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post Boy, i., 513.
Massachusetts Historical Collections, i., 022. s
Massachusetts Spy, L, 513. 515.
Mass a so it, Indian Sagamore, Chief of the Wampanoags, i.,
444- His hospitality and grant of land to Roger Williams,
i„ 622. Domains of; the friend of white men ; his sons ;
visited by Pilgrim fathers, L, 656
Massev, Lieutenant-colonel, L, 213.
Mather, Cotton, Reverend, his Magnalia quoted, L, 022,
661. The work not reliable, L, 001. Letter and Autograph
of, i.. 562. Death of; tomb of, L, 561.
Mather, Increase, Reverend, Portrait of, i., 562. Death of;
tomb of, i.. 561.
Mather, Moses, Reverend, lie and his Congregation made
prisoners by Tories, i., 414.
M\ [-HER,- Samuel, Reverend, of Boston, i., 557. His library
burned by the British in 1775 ; death of; tomb of, i., 561.
Mathews, Tory, his house, i., 399.
Mats'ni's Ford, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, described, ii.,
122.
M atthews, or Mathews, John. Governor of South Carolina,
ii.. 570. Enters Charleston after its evacuation by the Brit-
ish in 1782, ii., 573.
Matthews, Sami bl, Governor of Virginia in 1656, ii.. 253.
Matthews, Thomas, Colonel, at the Battle of Germantown
in 1777, ii.. 111. Surrenders, ii., 112. Abandons Fort Nel-
Bon and flees to Dismal Swamp in 1779, ii., 332.
hews, General British), at the attack on Fort Wash-
ington, ii., 020. In the marauding expedition to Virginia in
1779, L, 780. Devastates Suffolk; proceeds with Admiral
tier to Stony Point, ii., 332. At Blizabethtown Point in
1780, i . 322 His allusion to Arnold, i-, 713.
Matthews, Captain (British), at the Mischianza, ii., 99.
Matthews, Mrs., her house on the Railway, i . 323.
Mattocks, John, Captain, killed in the Battle vf King*si
Mountain in 1780, ii., 428.
Mattoon, General, of Amherst, Massachusetts, i., 138.
Mai duit, Mr., agent of Massachusetts. i.. 461.
MAUREPAS, Count, Prune Minister of France, i., 654 ; ii., 649.
A n. i dote of him and La Fayette. i., 654. 655.
Maverick, Samuel, mortally wounded in a mob at Boston in
1770, i., 490. Funeral of, i., 491.
Mav/HOOD, Colonel (British), quartered at Princeton, ii.. 27.
In the skirmish at Quintan's Bridge, ii., 138. His expedi-
tion to Hancock's Bridge, ii., 139.
Mawney, John, medical student, in the expedition against the
Gaspee; dresses the wound of Lieutenant Duddington, i.,
630.
Maxhood, Charles, Colonel, his expedition against the mil-
itary posts in New Jersey in 1778, ii., 138.
Maxwell, Major, attacked by Lee at Fort Granliy in 17sl .
surrenders ; anecdote of him and Mr. Friday ; his love of
money, ii., 482.
Maxwell, William, of New Jersey, General, at Valley Forge,
ii., 128. At the Battle of Germantown. ii., 110. in the skirm-
ish at Pencader in 1777, ii., 170. At the Battle of Monmouth,
ii., 150, 152. In pursuit ofthe British in New Jersey m 1778,
ii., 147. In Sullivan's expedition in 1779, L, 274. Autograph
and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 152.
May, Jacobus, Captain, his settlement in New Jersey ; names
< Jape May ; builds Fort Nassau, ii., 45.
"May Martin," heroine ofthe money-diggers, i., 153.
May Flower, Emigrants in the ; first birth in the ; compact of
the emigrants ; fac-simde ofthe hand- writing of Puritans, i.,
437, 438. Account of the, i., 440. Arrival of the. at Cape
Cod Bay, i., 442.
Mayer, Brantz, his discourse before the Maryland Historical
Society, ii., 283, 284.
Mayham : see Maham.
Mayham Tower described, ii., 487, 501.
Mayhew, Jonathan, Reverend, his sermon against the Stamp
Act. i., 467.
MaynarD, Captain, wounded in the Battle of Guilford in 1784,
ii.. 4115.
Muyo's Bridge, over the James River, ii., 227, 232.
Mazeon, descendant of Uncas, Funeral of. i., 598.
Mazzei, an Italian gentleman, Baron Riedesel resides upon
the estate of, in 1781, ii., 345.
Mead. Ebenezer, General, his house at West Greenwich, i..
411,413.
Meade, William, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Virginia,
ii., 231.
Merharncsville, New York, i., 44.
Mecklenberg County, North Carolina, Patriotism of, in 1777,
ii., 411, 412. Convention at Charlotte, li., 411. Declaration
of Independence, ii., 412, 416.
Medal awarded to Andre's captors, i., 773— to Colonel De
Fleury, i., 749— to Dr. Franklin, ii., 82— to General Gales,
i., 83— to General Greene, ii., 498— to Colonel Howard, ii.,
433, 437— to Captain John Paul Jones, ii., 643— to Major Lee,
ii., C23— to General Hugh Mercer, ii., 30— to General Daniel
Morgan, ii., 431. 432. 437— to Lord North, i .. 566- to Major
Stewart, i., 750 — to General Wayne, i.,748 — to Colonel Wash-
ington, ii., 435 — to General Washington, i., 584; ii., 114.
Medals. Vattemere's, destroyed, ii.. 2()d.
Medfield, Massachusetts, burnt by Indians in 1676, i., 662.
Medical Schoot at Philadelphia: see Rush, Benjamin, and
Morgan, John.
Meeker, Major, at the Battle of Minisink in 1779, i., 670.
Meeker, Timothy, at the Battle of Springfield; his family:
his idea of a standing army, i , 324, 325.
M-itniiz-house, The first, in Connecticut, i., 433. Friends', at
New York, used as a hospital, ii., 659.
Meherrin River, fords ofthe, Simcoe sent to the, L, 622.
Meigs, Colonel, in Arnold's expedition to Canada, i., 190, 194.
At the storming of Stony Point, i., 746. His expedition to
Sag Harbor; is presented with a sword by Congress, i., 201 ;
ii., 646.
Mellon, Colonel, at the siege of Fort Schuyler, i., 242.
Mendoza, Cardinal, favors Columbus, i.. 21,
Menonville, Colonel, introduced by Washington to Trum-
bull, i., 606.
Mercer, Charles F., of Virginia. Member of Congress; his
resolution on the slave trade, ii., 71.
Mercer, Colonel, in command of the garrison at Oswego in
1756; killed there, i.. 218.
Mercer, Hugh, General, in command of a flying camp at Am-
boy in 1776, ii., 594. At Fort Washington in 1776, Li
With Washington in New Jersey; his dream, n . 19. "jo
At Worth's Mill, ii., 27. At the Battle of Princeton in 1777,
11.2s. His bravery ; mortally wounded : place of his death,
n.. 29. Congress resulves tu enrt a imuiumeiil in. n . MM,
668. His monument, ii., 30. Portrait of, bj Peal-, ii., 37
Grave of, ii.. 43. His son Hugh, ii., 668. Autograph of, ii..
668 Biographical Sketch of, ii., 30.
Mi, br, H i li i. Colonel, son of General, at the hat lie near
Jamestown island in [781, ii., 260. Educated at the expense
of the United States, ii., 30, 222. Portrait, Autograph, and
Sketch of, ii., 66b.
i n i > E \' .
"39
Mercer. James, member of the Virginia Committee ol
ii.. 2
ill 1739,
i., 461. Ai Boston, \ i' w, lon>importation
ments, i . 488 At Boston, oflcr to pay for tea destroyed
there, L, 513. Ai London, offer to pay the taxes ol America
rather than risk the loss of its trade, i . 483 Rebuked by
. (or favoring the American cause, I., 52]
tion against destroying the New England fisheries, i .. 530.
luceo into the I nit'
Humphreys in 1811, I., 429. In Hoosick Valley, i . 4ou.
Merrill, John, his house attacked by Indians in ITT 7 . ins
wife's heroism, ii., 29
inn, ins reprieve by Tryon ; appeal made by ins
little s.m ; ins execution, U., 371, 37*j.
Me rACOME . L.Iip.
Metastasio composes an ode lo be sung by Miss Davi
Meteorological Phenomenon at Bemis's Heights, i., 69.
Metho ia in 1732. n .
on to, in 1528, i-, 30. City of,
Mi'tmt Indians: see Slog oh, Fran
Mian roitoHOn, Nan
i., 638. His grant or land to Roger Williams in 1636, i.,622.
His gram to < llarke an I « oddington, i . 638 His men join
Captain Mason. I., 615, Captui b, I., 596. His
flesh eaten by LTncas, i . 597. Monument to, i ,
■
Middlebrook, Am- r I S3, 331 . 339, 335.
Middlbton, Arthur, Acting Gm
540. S
ical Sketch of. ii., 066. Autograph of, ii., Bl. Portrait of,
MmoLETON, Colonel, his expedition airainst the Chcrokccs in
1761, il., 440.
Middleton. Henry, of South Carolina, delegate to the Aral
Continental Congress, ii . I
Middleton. Lieutenant, leads the U 776
Mifflin. Thomas. Major-general, ii., 34. Delegate flrom
Pennsylvania to the first Continental Congress, ii., jj. His
.ii urging a resort to arms, ii., 55, 5
by Washington Quarter-master General, i . 566. It
ore ior repelling the British at Dorchester Heights
I In Long island in 1770. ii.. 606. With Putnam erecting de-
a al Philadelphia In 1776, ii., 18. Breaks up the Brit-
ish line of posts at the D kddress of, to
Washington at Annapolis, ii., 635, 030. His alleged oppo-
Forge, ii., 130 Mi I
the Board ol War in 1777, n . i 1 1 iod in 1779, i .
3S1. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii.,
635.
Milbornb, son-in-law ol" ] executed. It., 579.
Miles, Colonel, at Brooklyn, 1771 u the Battle of
Long Island, ii-. 003.
a, at the Battle of Concord, i., 537.
\ l'- nnsylvania, I.,
client, in 1779 ; Battle of; death ol
Campbell, I., 423. Treatment of Dr. Daggett; landing of
Tryon, i . 424. Conduct of the enemy, i., 135. Picture of,
Military Academy at West Point established by Congress in
yor Delafield commandant m
Military honors, Buried with. Meaning ofthe phrase, ii.. 250.
Militia, Massachusetts, in 1776, I., 578. Pennaylva
1775, i . 586. Norwich.
Washington's army, In 1770. ||„ 19.
Mill Creek, or Middle Ravine, i .
MlLLE I if.r. Captain in the 1 navy m
ii . 638 On the Committee on Fortifications at West
Point in 1775, I , i
Mills. i rnnr of North Carolina, ii., 355.
Miller, Captain, murders Lee's bugler; captured, li., 397.
Miller, Jemima, Miss, or White Plains,
Mill; iptured by Indians, i., 294. Scalped, i.. 295.
Miller, the poet, quoted, i., 129, 136.
Mills, Elisha, Sergeant, killed in the Battle of Concord, i..
530
Mills and Hicks, printers of the Massachusetts Gazette, i.,
513.
Millstone River, i., 351.
Milton, John, of Georgia, Secretary of State in 1784, ii., 535.
Mi'ia, the name of one ol the caravels furnished by Isabella for
Columbus, i.. 33.
Miser, Charles, quoted, i.. 340, 341, 353, 357. 360, 301. His
letter to < olonel Stone, i .
Mikgerob-e, Hessian officer, wounded in the Battle of Red
Bank, u . 88.
Minso Indians in Wyoming Valley, i . 342.
3'mumfc, Early settlement of. Indian depredations at, in
1778; Battles of, hi 1669 and 173 ' Monument
to the slain, i . 671
Ministers. British, denounced in Parliament after the evacua-
tion of Boston, i.. 581
Ministers ofthe Gospel* Patriotism of. in 1774, i . 512. Belli-
cose, 1., "396. Preach liberty, at Danvers, Massachusetts,
the minister a lieutenant. 1 , 531 In North Carolina try to
win Highlanders tot)
Mini, Unii Carolina, li., 410.
Mint-'/.
Mim 1 . 11 ol Ni n N- thi rland, I
i\ under* settles on the Delaware In L038
nen in Massachusetts, 1.. 515. In Virginia, II
In North Carolina, li
Mi rase ai . his opinion ol the Declaration of Ann
pendence, ii., 83.
MlRALl ' ' '•' Morns-
town to visit Washingtown ; death and funeral of, 1.. 311.
His wealth , lus daughters, i., 313
Ml It AN
Mirror, HI, a journal, referred to. 1 .
Mtsehianza. a lete at Philadelphia In 1778, described by An-
meaning ofthe word. 1.. 713; ii., 97. Mischianza
ticket, ii., 96. Alarm during the u te, ii
ended by De Sou In 1549, 1.. 31. Mr.
Jay's negotiations with Spain rw right to navi-
1 tween England u 1
united States respecting the navigation
tsippi Valley % explored by it"
Ml rCHBLL, Mr., and his family, mfl
Mitchell, Samuel I, . M.D., his Memorial to Congress in
■ ol the ■■ Martyrs,"
foHN, of Mars ..lie!. s,h:i „i Liberty, 11.. 194. Member
mittet of Corn
Mob at New York in 1765, • Iphia in
1765, ii., 52; and In l77-.t. 1., 331. At Baltimore In leii. ii.,
mse, Skirmish at, ii.. 453.
Moffatt, Tron \-. his letters to What< ly.
- li a.m. Regulator, outlawed by Tryon, ii., 367.
Moffit. Captain, in the Battle of Rocky Mount, ii., 453, 453.
Mohawk River, Retreat of General Schuyler to thi 1 . 10. De-
d ; Difficulties In crossing the, I., 1 1
Mohav 1 I the. 1. 231. 232. Violence
of Loyalists; assai meeting at Cherry
Valley ; baronial hall fortified, 1.. 233. Ktrkland ; the John-
sons; Indian Councils, 1.. 334. Schuyler ordered 1
the military stores, L, 235. Ti
perfidy, (.,336. Brant; Herkimer and Harper, 1 . 31
Grand Com: 'need. I., 339.
dition of the, in 1781, 1 . 283. Description ol the, I., 384.
Last Battle of, i., 391. John Lipe, i., 263. Si 1
Schuyler, L, 40. Reverses ofthe British, I., Is.
.-. 1 . |09, 364 ai the Council ai Johnstown in 1778,
1., 261 616. Little Aaron,
Chief Of th :n and Sir William
Johnson, 1., 106. Dai el i., 356. Little Hendrick ;
Great ilendrick, i., 1"G. 356. Join the Americans [n 1 T 7 T .
'try. i.. 596. Narragansets invade the. in 1645,
1 ■
ni. 1.. 596. Accompany Captain
Mason against t lit- Pequots, i., 615. Battle of, with Narra-
irsues Miauton mioh, and ruptures bin .
Faithful toll i., 663.
Molaho, Indian Chief, 1 . 1 1". 143 ,141.
Molineux, William, on the Committee for remo^
British troops from Boston, L, 491.
W ILLIAH, 1. untenant in the United States iiav\
in 1777. n . ■
Molloy, Captain (British), ii.. 644.
Molly, wife ofa cannon icr, in r character, ii., 155, 156. Fires ■
the lasl ran ai Fort Clinton, 1. 733. Her bravery at the
Battle of Monmouth ; Washington gives her tlu
1 olonel, killed at the Battle of Monmouth in I<i8;
Grave of, 11., 153, 155, 157.
ok. General, lands, with I rs, near Mont-
morenci in 1759, 1 . 185.
MoHCRlEF, Major, at Boston in 1774. 1 . 531 At .N. w York
in 177;.. :i.. 588. At Savannah In I
... .!. .! . tus addn ss ai the dedication ofthe ETasbrottck
House in 1850, I., I
I.. Mrs . quoted, I., 66"
I ,317,318. Far-simile ofthe- Continent-
al bills, i . 317 v ed, found in a ■ i
Old Tower at Newport, I., 633. Tories counterfeit, I., 318.
■i of, i.t319; li., 557. Value of, in 1778, h, 352.
tcoim
states, i.. .118. First coined In New England in 1653, I .
449. First paper, In New England, I., I
sued by Dinwiddie, In 1754. In Noi I
per, in Massachusetts in 1775, L, 534. Spurious, in New
York In 1777.
]igging at Mounl Independence, I.. 148 \i Snake
Mountain, i., 153. At Crown Point. [., 153, 153.
BSTRELLO, distinguished navigator; fatber-m-
law ol i 19
Monk. Georoe, General, Duke of Albemarle, li., 353.
Monktun : see MoncETon.
740
INDEX.
Monmouth. Topographs! of. ii , 150. Battle of, it, 147-159.
Monocasy Island, View of, i , 356.
Monongakela, Battle of, Washington's remarkable escape from
death at, ii . 273
Monnngahela River, ii ,271, passed by IJraddock in 1755, ii.,
*J- -J
Monroe. Colonel, takes command of Fort William Henry;
surrenders, i . 1 !", 111.
M,, sroe, James, Lieutenant (afterward President of the Unit-
ed M:ih s . born in \Vcstiiior<-lancl County, Virginia, n . 'JIT.
\\ oundi 'l at the Battle of Trenton, ii., 20. Mi mber of the
Constitutional Convention at Richmond in 1788, ii., 232.
\ indole ol him and Samuel Hardy, ii , 233.
Monroe, Robert, Ensign, killed at Lexington in 1775, i., 553.
Montaone, Abraham, his public house and garden at New
York, ii . 581
Montagnie, Commissary, his letter to the Dutch Governor of
New Amsterdam, i., 301.
Montagnie, Reverend Mr, an ardent Whig, his capture and
imprisonment, i., 781.
Montague, Admiral, his letter to Governor Wanton, i.. 629.
Anecdote of, i., 499. In command at Boston in 1773, i., 497.
Montague, Lady: see Inoculation.
Montcalm, Marquis De, successor to Dieskau, i.. 110 ; at Os-
wego, i , 21$. 219. His attempt to capture Fort William
Henry, returns to Ticonderoga, i., 110. Second attack on
the fort . perfidy of the French and Indians, i.. 111. Position
of the army at Quebec, i., 185. Death and grave of, i., 188.
Monument to, i., 205 Biographical Sketch of, i., 188.
Montezuma, Notice of, i., 16.
Montfaucon, his description of the triumphal procession of
Antiochus Epiphanes, ii., 201.
Montgomery, British soldier at Boston, i., 490.
Montgomery, Captain (British), wounded at the Battle of
Fort Anne, i., 14-2.
Montgomery, Captain, a Regulator, Death of, ii., 370.
Montgomery, Colonel (Earl of Eglinton), his expedition
against the Cherokees in 1760, ii., 439, 440.
Montgomery, Major, killed at Fort Griswold, i., 612.
Montgomery, Mrs., Carleton's courtesy to, i., 200. Resides
at Rlimebeck Flats, i., 388.
Montgomery, Richard, General, i., 190. At the Battle of
St. John's, i., 102, 168, 170. Captures Fort St. John and
Fort Chambly, i., 162. His march upon .Montreal, i., 181.
His junction with Arnold, i., 197. Approaches Cape Dia-
mond ; attacks the British, i., 198. Death of, i., 162, 198.
Recovery and burial of the body of, i., 200. Tomb of; his
sword, i., 201. Biographical Sketch of, i., 200. Portrait
and Autograph of. i., 200. His letter to Schuyler respecting
Brown and Arnold, i., 197.
Montgomery, William, Commissioner to Wyoming, i., 375.
Montirelh. the residence of Jefferson ; Picture and description
of, ii., 341.
Montluissant, Hessian Lieutenant, at the Mischianza, ii.,
99.
Montmolin, Reverend Mr., performs the funeral service at
the burial of General Montgomery, i., 201.
Montmohenci, Duke De Laval, at the siege of Yorktown,
ii., 309. Portrait of, ii., 310. First Bishop of Canada, i.,
204.
Montmorenci, i , 202. Battle of, i., 186. Falls of, i., 153. 1^4,
203. Picture of the Falls, i., 203.
Montour, Catharine, Captivity of; goes to Philadelphia
with delegates of the Six Nations ; Biographical Sketch of,
i., 357.
Montreal, First settlement of, i., 177, 178. Captured by the
English in 1700 ; Allen's proposed attack of, i., 179. Mont-
gomery's march upon, i., 181. Capture of, i., 189. Battle
of, i., 180-182. View of, i., 179.
Montressor, Colonel, i.,191 ; ii., 6i 7. Chief engineer, ii., 97.
His Journal used by Arnold, i., 191. Manager of the Mis-
chianza, u., 97. His fireworks at the fete, ii., 101.
Montressor's Island, Skirmish at, in 1776, ii., 614.
M-murnent of Andre, i., 767. Brock and M'Donald, L, 226.
Bunker Hill, i., 558. Caldwell's, at Elizabethtown, i., 326.
Major Campbell, near Milford Hill, i., 423. Chatham, u., 142.
De Witt Clinton, i.. 259. Concord, in memory of the slain,
i-, 531, 552, 553. Governor Cooke, i.,625. Danvers, i., 531.
De Kalb, ii., 462. Colonel Dixwell, at New Haven, i., 420.
< olonel Greene, at Red Bank, ii., 88, 89. Greene and Pulas
ki, at Savannah, ii., 514. Groton, i., 614. Stephen Hopkins,
i.,824. Hopper, i , 762. Colonel David Humphreys, al New
Haven, i., 429. King's Mountain, ii., 428. Kosciuszko, i.,
7H5 La Fayette, ii., 120. Lexington, i., 531, 553. Philip
Livingston, u., 133. M'Donald. i.,226. Colonel Maham.ii.,
501. General Mercer, ii., 30. Miantonomoh, j.. 597. Min-
isink, in memory of the slain, i., 671. General Nash, at
Kulpsville, ii., 469. Naval, at the Capitol at Washington,
ii., 205. Paoh, ii , 164, 160. Penn's Treaty, ii., 48. Perry.
i . <'.:>'.. Bishop sratmrv. i.. 618. General Edward Stevens,
ii . 329. Trumbull, L, 604. Uncas, i., 598. Van Wart, i.,
760. Dr. Joseph Warren, on Breed's Ildl, i., 549. Wash-
ington, ii . 1*4, 218, 231. Mother of Washington, ii.. 217,
221,222. William Williams, L, 603. W i. ai Weal Point,
t . 699 Woo.lhull, ii., 159. 365. Wooster, i., 406. Wyo-
ming, near Troy, i., 365. Yorktown. u . 321.
Mooers, Benjamin, Lieutenant, afterward Major General, i..
165.
Moony Eclipse of the, in 1848, i., 316. And stars, telescopic
view of the, L, 627.
Mooney, Captain, Evidence of, before a Committee of Parlia-
ment, [., 64,
Moore, Alexander, Jun., member of the New Jersey Tea-
party, ii., 54.
Moore, Colonel, in the expedition against the Southern In-
dians in 1713, it., 356.
Moore. Sir Henry, Governor of New York, li., 583. Death
of, ii., 5h5.
Moore, Jacob B . his monthly historical work quoted, L, 691
MooRE, James, I aptain (afterward Colonel), of North Caro-
lina, in Tryon's expedition against the Regulators, ii.. 369.
In the expedition against the Highlanders in North Carolina
in 1776, ii., 378. Colonel of a regiment in the North Caro-
lina Provincial troops, ii., 370. Autograph of, ii.. 37S.
Moore, James. Captain, takes prisoners at Nassau Hall.
Princeton, in 1777, ii., 31.
Moore, James, Governor of South Carolina, ii., 438, 539, 540
Moore, John, Colonel (British), in the battle at Ramsour's
Mills, ii., 391.
Moore, Major, killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 545.
Moore, Maurice, Judge ; Autograph of, ii., 366.
Moore, Mrs., of Cherry Valley, captured by Tories and In-
dians ; a hostage ; her daughter marries a British officer.
Powell, i., 269, 278
Moore, Richard Chaining, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of
Virginia, ii., 231. His daughter wife of General Hunting-
ton," i., 600.
Moore, Samuel, proprietor of Mrs. Falls's house, i., 684.
Moore, Thomas, his poems quoted. i., 206; ii., 333.
Moore, William A.. President of the Whitehall Bank, i.,
139.
Moore's Creek Bridge, Battle of, in 1776, ii., 379-382.
Moore's Memoirs of Colonial Cur, mors, L, 437, 443, 621.
Moorhead, John, Reverend, Daughters of Liberty meet at the
house of, i.. 482.
Moors of Africa, John the First's expedition against the, i., 17,
21.
Moravian Missionaries,!., 343 ; ii., 107. Settlements at Beth-
lehem, Pennsylvania, and at Salem, North Carolina ; nuns
at Bethlehem, i., 343 ; ii.,185 — at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, i.,
337 — at Nain, Freidensual, Gnadenthal, and Gnadenhutten,
i., 343— in North Carolina in 1749, ii., 359, 360— at Ebcne-
zer in Georgia in 1733, ii., 516. La Fayette, wounded at
Brandywine, conveyed to Bethlehem, ii., 176. Persecution
of, by Simon Girty, i., 264.
More, Lieutenant, Black Herald at the Mischianza, ii.. 99.
More, U., subscribing witness to the Pennsylvania Charter,
ii., 50.
Morehead: see Moorhead.
Morgan, American^ Spy in Cornwallis's Camp, Anecdote of,
ii., 305.
Morgan, Captain, of Virginia, at the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill,
ii., 472.
Morgan, Daniel, General, joins the camp at Cambridge in
1775, i., 505. With Arnold in his Canada expedition, i., 191,
194. At the Battle of Bemis's Heights, i., 50, 51. His bold
movements at the Battle of Stillwater ; vindicated, i., 61, 62.
At Quebec, i., 199. At Whitemarsh, ii., 115. At Brandy-
wine, ii., 109. In New Jersey in 1778, ii., 147. At Mon-
mouth, ii., 149. With Greene in North Carolina; crosses
the Catawba, ii., 390, 392. At Sherrard's Ford in 1761, ii.,
391. Retreats across the Yadkin, ii.,394. His ill health, ii..
390. At the Battle of Cowpens, ii., 432. Congress votes a
gold medal to, ii., 431, 432, 437. His fame, i., 200. His
powerful frame, and his courage, i., 505. Picture of his
quarters at Bemis's Heights, i., 45. Portrait, Autograph,
and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 431.
Morgan, George, Colonel, of Princeton, his character ii., 41.
Morgan, James, murderer of the Reverend James Caldwell,
i., 327.
Morgan, Jersevman, spy at Yorktown ; La Fayette's recollec-
tion of, ii.. 305, 306.
Morgan, John, M.D., succeeds Dr. Church as surgeon of the
army hospital in 1775, i., 568. Dismissed by Congress ; hon-
orably acquitted by a Court of Inquiry, ii., 33, 34. Autograph
and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 33.
Morgan Lewis, General, at the Battle of Klock's Field, i.,
281. Ordered to Currytown, i., 294. Death of, i.. 295.
Morpeth, Lord, his description of the tomb of Washington,
ii., 211.
Morris, George P., his countrv scat " Vnder-Clifl." i .. 70S
His poems quoted, i.. 382, 480, 702 ; ii., 201, 574. His poet-
ical account of the origin of Yankee Doodle, i., 480.
Morris, Gouvbrneur, author of the Constitution of the
United States, ii., 657. On the Committee to draft the Con-
stitution of New York, i., 386. On the Committee of Con-
gress to visit Valley Forge, ii., 136. Portrait, Autograph,
and Biographical sketch of, ii.. 657, 658.
Morris, Lewis, signer of the Declaration of Independence .
Biographical ski ten of, ii.,604. Portrait of, ii., frontispiece.
Autograph of, ii., 80.
Morris, Lieutenant, al the Battle of Stillwater, i., 52.
INDEX.
741
Morris, Louts Tt., 1'nder Foreien Secretary, u , 658. Mem-
ber ui" Congress . Watson's bccoudI of him corrected, 11.,
10*.
ir, maimed in the skirmish at Whitemarsh, U.,
115. Killed at the Battle of Prino
Morris, Robert, i., 321 ; Li . 500 Bis large fortune,
His pecuniary aid to in army in 177<">. it., 25. On
: Philadelphia io 1776,
ii., is, i ipp ilai ion ol i !'■ ■■■ isions,
i.. 3-Jl Agi nt of Maxim W ith Washing-
ton at the Livingston Mansion in 1781, n.. 503. On til
- ol < longn •
prit . : ntendent of Finance oi the
- : ii of t National Bank, ii., <; '
princely donation io the relief of poor soldiers, n.ic, Sign-
the Declaration of Independence ; Biographical Sketch
of, II .
Morris, Robert H . ■ iovernor ol Pennsylvania, IL, 271.
donel, with Washington at the Battle of
Great Meadows, Washington's
head-quarters in 1776, I. i i Picture of the
ertj of th< uron Uurr. il., 610. Marries Mar)
PhiUipse, i-. ! I
klenbnrg Comi
Autograph of, ii., 412, 413.
Morristown, New Jersey, i., 305. Bounty offered to American
troops at, i., 312. Fort \ i ihington*a bead-quar-
ters encampmenl In 1777, 310. Picture of Wash-
ington's head-quart Mutiny at, iM 312. Room
Washington, L, 315. Small-pox in the army at,
i.. 307. Pulaski at, L, 310.
Morton, Charles f . of New Windsor, i
Mortox, John, of Pennsylvania, delegate to tl
: 1765, i.. 465 . and to the lirst Continental Con-
gress ui 1774, ii . 55, .">,.,- Autograph of, ii., BO
the Declaration ot" Independence ; Biographical Sketcb ot', ii.,
66 1
M IS, Mrs , Lin- - -
Morton, PEREZ, Ins Oration on Warren. L, 549.
Morton's Point, near Huston, i.. X^. 539, 541.
... 35.
Moses's Creek, i., 40. Continental army attacked by Indians
at. |„ 101.
Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, i., 620.
" Mother Bailey ," Inecdote of, L, 617.
Mott, Edward, Deputy Governor of Virginia in I7C5, ii., 203.
Mott, Gbrsham, ofthe New k*ork Committee of Con
■ ng the Stamp Act. n . 581.
Motte, Lieutenant-colonel, takes possession of Fort Johnson
in 1775. ii., bl'\
Motte. Mrs. Jacob (Rebecca Brewton . Patriotism of,
Her plantation and bouse, ii., 177. Portrait, Autograph, and
Biographical Sketch of, ii . 479.
used at the Mischianza, ii
Moii. hia battery at Princeton, ii., 28
Mom. ton, Mrs., extinguis a s of Concord Court-
house, i
Maulton's Point: see Morton's Point.
Moultrie, Alexander, Attorney General of South Carolina,
ii..
rib, William, General, in the expedition against the
in 1760, ii., 440. Takes possession ol the fort on
■ an's bland, ii., 545, 546 His bravery in 177-"., ii., 551.
On Port Royal Island, il., 553. His flag, ii., 545. In com-
mand at (hi
561. I'resnleiit of the court-martial in t t ■ ■
era! '. - - H i Memoirs, ii., 508, 543,551, 560, 573.
Portrait. Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 545.
ime, i.. 192.
Mount Dearborn, pi m nt, ii., 451.
from, i., 131. Pictures
of, i., 127, 131, 1 19 The British on, i., 134.
M >unt Holly, Clinton at, il., 147.
- w x*ork, i . 39, 128, 133, 134, 149.
: seal of King Philip, i
■■.■: lh) Of, I.,
147. 1 18, Retreat of Americans from, i., 135. Battery at. L,
129, 133. Picture of, i., 122,
Mount Ledyard, or Grot on Hill, I., 611, 613, CM.
Mount Taurus, or Bull Hill, i , 702
! Tom, The lofty summit of, I
Mount Vernon described ; Pictures of, IL, 208, ?I2.
Mountain Men, pioneer-* ofthe West, li., i-l
Mow att, Lieutenant, his descent upon Gloucester, Cape Ann.
[ . ;,5 : mouth ami Bristol. i„
Motlah, ' olonel, IL, 31 . al the bombardment of Boston, L,
579.
Mud Creek. View of. i.. 343.
MunoE, Alvah, Kim-tree by the honse of. i , 231.
ord, Captain., captures the British ship Hope; mortally
Wounded ; Ins last wonts. i . 583,
Muhlenberg, Henry Melcbior, D.D., founder of ihe Lu-
theran Church in America, n . 177
Mi hi bnbbrg, John Peter Gabriel. General, IL, 34; re-
ceives ordination from the Bishop of London in 177-2. if . 177
AllheBaUlesofGerniantown.ii.il! ; and Brandywil
178, 1*7. \t ,-
Stonj I ■ '" pursuit of Arnold, il . 334
of, on laying aside his clerical robes; Portrait,
graph, and Blograp 177.
Mute Driving, Specfmi
Mullins, William, algnerofthe Pilgrim i ,437.
M ULOYN B, right, n.. 521.
M umforo, Adjutant, kilted at Plowed 1 I i . 571.
ot Nimrod, King Philip's Chief Captain; his
Bign-m
Mi v Et. Dr., antiquarian, i . 635.
ihe cabin of. i., 60.
Munitions qj H lured in America before tbi H
lution. eized ai < barleston hi 177j, n.
544.
Munoz** History ofthe World, i.. 16
.. Eneas, M.D . his letter on vaccination, i . 307. His
father. L, 308. Inoculates An* rlcai Hie
anecdote of Washington at Vorkiown, ii., 313. i
and Autograph of, I., 430. Biographical Sketch ol his fa-
ther, i
lition ol a, I
MURDOt k. William, of Maryland, delegate to the Stamp Act
Congress In 1765, I
MURFEY, Major, at the Blom
Murphy, John. Ami ' ommander, I
MiBPiii I ■ . Wilis General Fraser, L, 62, 267. The
terror of Indians and Torli Escapes from lm
i.. 276. Hia boldness at
Sketch of, i . 267
Murray, Ai Lleuti nam In tb<
in 17-1 .i . 638
I , BERLAH, Mrs. Martin Hoffman, i., 327.
M URRAY, CHJ
Murray, D. S., editor, i
Murray, Jo nit, Lord, hia Regiment of Scotch Highlanders, I. .
119. See DUNMORE.
Murray, Johh B., procures from London. In 1841, Dr. Frank-
lin's printing']
Murray, Joseph, Commissioner to the Colonial Convention
in 1754, i ., 303.
Murray, Robert, ami his "leathern conveniency," ii., 562.
His house Washington's quarters in l##6, n , < ■
Murray. William, of Maryland, Son «»t Liberty, ii . I11 1
Murray Family, of Virginia, descended from Pocahonl
248
Murray's Un tt ■' State* cited, i., 484
River, Account of; meaning of the name. [.,
335.
; we. Colonel, at Dorchester Neck In 1776, [., 580. At
the Battle of Germantown in 1777, ii., no.
n's Milt, Battle of, In 17'". »., 1 14, 445.
Mutiny among Washington's troops In New Jersey, i . 310,
314. In Colonel \ ter'a regiment, L, 399, 100
In the r:nv in 1781, ii., 499. Ai < barleston in
JTS'J. ii.. 570. i H Pi nni ■■ !■■ ania troops, Ii . 631.
Mutiny Act passed by Parliament, its effect In America, i..
r» . »., 584.
Muzzy, Isaac, killed al Lexington in 1775, i.. 553.
Jai ob, and his tured bj Indians, I
Myers, Mrs . Incidents ol the life ol . her parents escape from
Indians, L, 370. Owner ofthe "Treatj < 19,365.
Myers, settler near Yellow Creek, shoots two Indians. IL, 283.
Mystic River, < Captain John Mason at, in his expedition against
I i. us In 1637, I., 615.
"Nancy, Bishop of, his huge cross on Beloeil Mountain, i., 174.
Napkin used at the christening ol Washington, II
Napoleon Bonaparte see Bonaparte.
Narraganset Bay, The British blockade at, in 1780, L, 656.
Narras. Ci NONCHET.
.\arrar ICCOUM "l I llO, I . f'58.
Narrag to the white
men , (earful di sola) li f, i . 663,
Narroifs, the. Long Point, and Home Island, Account of, l.
114.
Narvaez, Ins expedition to Florida and Mexico in 152* , pi r
ishea in a storm ai sea, L, 30.
Nash, Abnbr, of North i arolina, member of the Proi
Council, ii.. 376. His reception ol General Greene, IL, 390.
Governor . Autograph and Biographical Sketch nt. [|
Nash, I ol North l arojina, II . :<i At the
Battle of Brandywine, IL, 169 . and of Germantown in 1777.
II., |10. Killed" in hat He , Biographical Sketch of, II , 114.
Nassau Halt, College ol New Jersey IL, 1,31 H tor;
ii., 3G. skirmish mar, ii.. 30. Picture of, II , 31
i the library of, to France, ii., 30.
id Bi
Natanis, Nonidgewock Indian Chief, i . 194.
Nation, CHRISTOPHER, Regulator, outlawed by Trvon, ii..
367
National Honk: nee Bank.
Naval Operations. American : see Nary.
Navigation Act, British, prohibiting foreign commerce with
British settlements, ri., *j.'>(
.Vary, American, Committee of ihe i.'miiincntal Congress on
;\-2
INDEX.
the in 1775 ii., 637. Members ofthe first NavaTConunittee,
ii ,637. Firs! organization of, in 1775, i., 569, 575. i ode
of' adopted; augmented in 1776, i., 576. List of Command-
era ni the: Middle department, ii., 638. Paj ol officers in
the ii 637 Rank ofOfficers in 1776, ii., 638. Revolution
ary command! I i and seamen, i., 656. Naval Unities, at
Marinas, the Orel of the Revolution, n., 637. On Lake
Champlain in 1776, la 162, 1,63, 164 Operations against
Ni urara in 1755, i . 217. Expedition htted out at Elizabeth-
town Point in 1776, i., 328. Operations of the British on
the coast after the Battle of Bunker Hill, L, 569. Engage-
ment off Cape Ann ill 1775, i., 570; and off Newport in
1778, i., 649. See Admiralty.
Navy Board, Continental, created in 17,5, u., 63,.
Boards ofthe Colonies, i., 569, 575.
Yard at Gosport, Virginia, ii., 334.
Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Moravian settlement at, l.. .13,.
NEiL, Captain, in the skirmish at Worth's Mill, n„ 27. Killed
in the Battle of Princeton, ii., 30.
Neal, John, his poems quoted, i., 539.
Neale, Christopher, Captain (British), in the expedition
against the Regulators in 1771, ii., 369.
Necotowance, Indian Chief, succeeds Opechancanoiigh ; ac-
knowledges the sovereignty of England : cedes Ins lands be-
tween Pemunkey and James rivers, ii., 253.
Negro Plot at New York in 1741, ii., 5S0.
\Vtom. at the Battle of Great Bridge, ii., 329. A negro sol-
dier shoots Pltcairn, i.. 540. A negro soldier kills Major
Montgomery, i., 612. Anecdote of a negro hostler and a
goat, ii., 335. Sir John Johnson's, i.,289. Captain Lamb's
negro, Pompey. guides Wayne at Stony Point, i., 744.
Neil, Colonel, killed in the Battle at Rocky Mount in 1,80, n.,
453 454.
Neilson, Charles, cited and quoted, i., 40, 52, 58, 64, 93.
His house at Bemis's Heights, l., 44. 45. Picture ot it, I.,
46. His " Account of Burgoyne's Campaign," i., 44. Rev-
olutionary relics in his possession, i., 64.
Nellis, Mr., of Whitesborough, i„ 253.
Nelson, Robert and William, brothers of General Nelson,
captured by Tarleton in 1781, ii., 343
Nelson, Thomas, Jun., Governor ot Virginia, ll., 289, 343.
General, ii., 341. Signer ofthe Declaration of Independence.
n 006 On the Committee on Articles of Contederation in
1770 ii., 653. Washington's letter to, in 1778, i„ Go3. Pur-
sues Arnold in 1781. ii., 230, 334. At the siege of \ orktown
in ITS! , n . 311, 314, 315. His patriotism, ii., 31o. Com-
mended by Washington for his conduct at Yorktown, ii., 320.
Jefferson named him as a proper person to be Governor ot
Yiroinia, ii., 341. Notices of, ii., 237, 324. Biographical
Sketches of, ii., 302, 600. His mansion, ii., 315. Grave ot,
ii , 302. Autograph of. ii„ 81. Portrait of, \\.,frontispw
Nelson, Thomas, son of Hugo, called "Scotch Tom. ac-
count of him and his house, u . 324. His grave, at ^ ork-
town. ii., 302. „ ,_.„
Nelson. William, President, Governor of \ lrginia in 1,,0,
ii., 267. His grave, ii., 302.
Nelson, William, grandson of Governor Thomas Nelson, ll.,
301
Nelson's Ferry, Historical associations of; View at. ii., 499.
Nelkville. John, seizes dispatches to Governors at Charles-
ton in 1775. ii., 543.
Neutral Ground on the Hudson River, i., ,53.
Neutrality, the armed, Account of, ii., 468, 651.
Neversink Valley, Scenery ofthe, i., 381.
New Amsterdam founded by the Dutch, ii.. 45, 5,,.
JVew Bedford plundered by the British in 1778, l., 652.
.Veic Bridewell, New York, ii., 659.
New Castle, Delaware, The Dutch at, in 1651 ; William Penn
arrives at, in 1682, ii., 46, 47.
Y, I,. Castle, Virginia, n . 225.
.Vetc Dorlach (Sharon Springs), Battle of, i., 294.
V, m England, Origin of the name of; Union of the Colonics
of, i., 433. Associations of, l., 432. Bounds and extent of
the original territory of, i.. 434. Churches of, denounced bv
Ro«erWiiliamsasnnti-Clinstian,i.,621. People of, aroused
to arms in 1774, i, 514. Fisheries of, i„ 520. Flag ol. at
the Batile of Bunker Hill, i., 541. Civil government of. dur-
ing Ihe Revolution, i . 568. The coast of, the chief theatre
of "naval operations during the Revolution, ii., 638. I Cms of,
i 140. People from, settle in North Carolina in 1661, ii.,
353
New France, or Canada, iL, 267.
New Harden, Delaware, Knyphausen at. in 1770, ii., 170.
\,< Garden Meeting-house, Engagement between Tarleton
and Greene at, ii., nil. Picture and description of. n I".
Y,ie Hampshire. Brants, I , 131, 16* Measures lor .lelendllrg.
, '. Constitution of, adopted before the year 1770. n ,s:i-
Delegates of, sign the Articles of Confederation, 1778, ii.,
655. Approves oi makings Declare i of Independence in
1776. ii.. 70. Called upon by Congress for funds to carry on
thl war in I7N0, i,, 655. '
Neu Haven, Settlement of, i., 417,418, 434. Organic law ql
olony . the regicides, i., 419. opposes the Stamp let,
i . iso Patriotism of, i . 421 Residence of Arnold at. i..
421. Elm-trees at, i., 428 Cemetery, I.. 42*. 120, Land-
ing ol'Trvon's troops at, ill 1779, l., 422. See Colonic*.
New Jail in New York city, ii„ 658, 659.
New Jersey, oetllcd bv Swedes in 163S ; opposition to the
Dutch, ii., 40. Early history of, ii., 578. English settle.
ments in, m 1005, H., 46. Divided into East and West Jer-
sey ; separated from New Y'ork in 1738, ii., 57s. I onBtitu-
tion of. before 1776, ii., 83. Measures of, relative to the
Declaration of Independence in 1776, ii., 70. Provincial
Congress of, meet at Trenton ; Constitution of, adopted in
1776, ii., 10, 83. Delegates of, sign the Articles of Confed-
eration in 1778, ii., 655. General Clinton's operations in, in
1778 i 332. Expedition against military posts in, ii., 138.
Mutiny of the New Jersey hue. i.. 314. Called upon by Con-
gress lor money to carry on the war in 1780, i.. 655.
New London. Connecticut, settled in 1058, i., 597, 609. To.
pographv of. i.. 609-611. Fortifications ; harbor of. resorted
to by Captain Kidd and bv British fleets; patriotism of. in
1774, i., 609. Vessels of war and privateers sent irom .
prize's ; British fleet under Arnold arrives at. in 1781. l., 610.
Destruction of, i., 611. Cruelties at Fort Griswold ; block-
liesirueiion oi, i, oi i . viutiuto u, . ". - ..-■. .
aded by the British fleet in 1813, i., 613. Printing-press at,
in 1709, i., 618.
New London, Maryland, ii., 181.
Veil Wilford, Connecticut, L, 400. . •
V, is V, ih, Hands, Giant of the, by Charles II. to the Duke of
York, ii., 577, 578. See New York.
Neiv Providence, Island of, ii., 638.
New Rochelle, Howe's head-quarters at, ii., 014.
New Sweden, Settlement of, ii., 46.
New Testament, translated by Eliot into the language of the
Indians at Natick, i., 659.
New Windsor, New York, i., 680; Washington s head-quar-
* ters at. in 1779. i„ 681 ; and in 1780, i., 672. The Temple
near; view ofthe camp-ground, i., 665.
New York Bay, Governor Argall enters, and compels tile Dutch
to acknowledge the supremacy ofEngland, ii„ 251.
New York City, Early history of, ii., 46, 576. Account of an-
cient buildings in, ii., 659. Government established in 102. .
ii 577 Dutv ofthe Dutch Mayor at, in 1073, ii.. 576. Pa-
Iroons, ii., 577. Seized by the British in 1604, n„ 46, 578.
Name changed from New Amsterdam, ii., 578. Negro Plot
in 1741 ii., 580. Arrival of Stamps in 1765, ii„ 582. Tumult
in n 582,583. General Congress at. in 1705. ii.. 259, 2,,.
Statue in honor ol William Pitt in 1770. ii.. 583. Murmurs
against the Mutiny Act ; the Liberty Pole, n.,584, 58o. Po-
liiical coalition in, ii., 5S5. M'Dougall imprisoned ; tea-snip
Nancy arrives in 1773; tea destroyed, ii., 586. The "Pa-
trician" party and the " Tribune" party in 1774 ; meeting of
the Provincial Congress; independent Post-office, ii., 58,.
Armiii" of ihe people; Custom-house closed; arms seized
by the"" Sons of Liberty;" fortifications, ii., 588. British
stores captured ; Committee of one hundred, ii., 589. Can-
nops removed from the Battery : cannonade from the Asia.
ii , 590. Rivington's printing materials destroyed, ii., 591.
Tories disarmed : Lee's encampment, ii„ 592. Preparation
for defense in 1776, ii., 594. Tryon's plot for destroying
Washin«ton ; the Declaration of Independence read to the
American army ; the statue of George HI. destroyed, ii., 79,
595 Effect of the Declaration of Independence, ii., 79, 596.
Governor's Island, ii., 596. Arrival of the British at Long
Island and the consequent alarm, ii., 599. Washington's
arrangements for evacuating the city ; condition ofthe Amer-
ican army, ii., 607. Attempt to destroy the British ship
Eagle, ii., 008. Evacuation of the city, ii., 009. 611. The
British prepare to invade it; fortifications, ii., 010, Great
fire at, in 1776 ; Trinity Church burnt, ii., 613. The British
occupy the city ; prisons and hospitals, ii., 629. Great fire-
in 1778; powder magazine exploded by lightning, ii., 630, 631.
Evacuated by the British in 1783, ii., 032. The Americans
occupy the city . Washington's parting with his officers, ii .
633 Washington's departure from, for Annapolis, ii., 634
The British fleet arrives at, in 1778. i.. 652. Arnold's head-
quarters in 1780, i., 777. First seat of the Federal Govern-
ment, ii., 658.
yew York State. Measures of the Legislature to strengthen
Crown Point in 1700, L, 152. The Provincial Assembly sug-
gests the fortifying of the Hudson River in 1775 ; and ap-
I i„ a i "ion ■ loi tin- purpose in 1. ,6, , , ,03 I on
vention of, its proposed modes of issuing paper money. i„
316. Proceedings of ihe Assembly at White Plains, i . 381
The "Provincial Congress" of the colony chances its title to
that of " Convention of the Representatives of the State ol
New York" in 1770, i., 3s6 ; ii., 596. Measures relative to
National Independence in 1776, i., 386; ii., 69. Committi
on the Constitution of, l., 386. Constitution ol, first printed
at Fishkill. i.. 693; and adopted in 1777, l., 3*. ll ■ Bd
State organized in 1777 , election of members ol the legisla-
ture names of slate officers elerted. I., 386, 38, Subse-
quent Constitutions, i., 387. Anti-rentism, i., ,391 " j
•■•lies of sign the Articles of Confederation in 1778, n OM
Called upon by Congress for funds to carry on the war m
1780, i ,655. '
Neirark New .!, rsev, Associations of. I., 305.
Newbern, (bunded riv Baron Dc Graffenrcidt ; first printing-
press in \.,rlh Carolina set up at. in 1749. n . 301]
Newberry, his inhumanity, i., 269. Captured and executed,
i., 273.
INDEX.
743
rrtuburxk New York. I., 586. Washington"! head q
' M, i.. «"■"• '■"- >'"l"'"-'" "''■ ' ■""- \ni.ruan uriny can-
toned at, In 1780, i . 671, 878.
' ' AuUM» '" ,!"' ' •'',,■ „„, ,„!,„.
\ c munication signed by, aent to box
^•,dlacoveredbyCabotlnl498,l.,27. Fiaberles
. ,,.
NEWHOOSE, TiiuV. ™ , , ,, ,„,
N . aim and Masons, i.,394
,845. Bia visit to Powhatan
Klirn to England. "••*«• R«7'»lta ViI#™ L'
toads hla vessel with worthless earth, *gold,
and returns to England, .... 249 Ret"™"" ,,r: "m> '8
stranded .... BemuSa; proceeds ,,, i..,,,,s.o v ,. .... -
,nd, founded ... 1639, .,638. A
place of resort belbre the Revolution | la harbor, ■., 639.
' , quarters, , 635. „To,n°nl>
111 llnv " ' "rof; Brl,lsh,
trade of ... 1769, - . 839 Hostil ties it, In 1 . • 841.
',, 648 Naval battle or, n 1778.1 .,
in 1779 ..'. MS. Town Records of, s ai Hell Gate bj
Sir Henry Clinton; recovered and sen] back, , ,653. sea-
men of. in the navy durine the Revolution,!,
,,on of the inhabitants o?, during he Kevo
Amount of property then destroyed at, I., 651 Encamp
mental in 1780, i., 655. Blockaded bj the British in 1,80;
Fk mc hi leel .... ... 135. Don*
toRevoluiion: ... 170. Picture and ; i I the Old
Tower at. I., 632, 633. Cemetery at, i., 635.
i., 507, 508. Poetry or, quoted, i., 50ft .
'Anderson's Consi 59°-
Boston Gazette and Country Journal, ... 4N<, au.
Intelligencer, i . 639.
, lo.in.al of the •l.i.i.-s, i . 1-" I '•
Boston Newa Letter, ... 513.
i PoBt, ... 513.
Brother Jonathan, ii., 320. _
Fear Mercury. .... 3..0. 375, .1.
Connecticut Gazetteer, ... 599, 018.
Connecticut Journal. ... 6i:i ; ... 20.
1 'Urant, i . 168.
Constitutional Gazette. ... 513; n., .6, jJU.
D, „ui Idverliser, I . 677.
. 466.
E»s,\ Gaz. tte, . . 167, 569
Esses Register (Massachusetts), it, 410.
ralist, . . 384.
! . . ilany, ii ■ 56.
SStS NeTYo^JourL, u . 206, 228, 580, 581, 585, 5S6,
Knickerbocker Magazine, .... 5U5.
Loyal Am. rican Gazette, ii., 590.
md Gazette, ii . 194
ttSSSSoSS^oiSS^ia Boston Post Boy and Advcr-
ser, i , 513.
ttusetts Spy, ... 513. 515; .1., II..
The, .... 52.
\ ttional intelligencer, ii . 201
New ! I r [III. 11., 43.
New s irk Gazetti . ii . 541, 580, 581.
New Vork Gazette and Post Boy, ....328.
New York Magazine, i., 704.
New V ork Mercury, i., U 0, 170 . .... 581.590. 595.630.
\, n ■. ork Mercnrj Advertiser, 11., j'-w.
New York Mirror, i., 668.
New tforkWeekl) Gazette, ii., 581.
New York Weeklj 580,581,590,595.
,ri Mercury, i
, Registi r. ii., 188,
North Carolina Gazette and Weeklj Post Boy, .... 380.
North Carolina Magazine, ..r Universal Intelligencer, ....
North Carolina Weekly Times. 11.. 333.
p, ,. . I , nine Post, ii., 55.
Pennsylvania Gazette, ii., 140.
Pennsylvania Journal. ... 505 : .... 52. 53. 64, 125. 194.
Princeton Whig, .... 26.
Public Ledger (Philadelphia), .... 101.
Kale.uh Register, ii . 116, 117-
Kivington's PoUtical Register, . 159.
Rjvington's B 3, 513,684 166, I , ii.,
137, 586 672.
South Carolina American I tle.i,4S0.
South Carolina Ga/.ti ournal, n.,417.
Southern Literary Messengl r. [L, 3J9.
True American, ii., 52. „ ...
\ ,r .nun Gazette, in 1736, .... 2-4 ; in 1,68, n., 263, JJU,
331.
tie, ii . 169.
Wilmingtoi 376.
Mar-
,1 scellany, 11,265. North Briton, I.. 520, ,
.. Thomas, Jun.,Virglnia Cm rol Admiralty
in 1771
I ng Island, General Howe's quarters at, .. ., ,« '■■
Vtagara, New tfork, Shirley's expedition against, ... 21. . ...
271. The author's visit to, I., 21
.\,«:«r, I
Events at, in the wat ol 1812, I., l
at i
Niagara River, Description of, i., 226. ,...„,.
, ,„i. Lieutenant of Wash" I Guard,
(en
. on the Vii
1773, ,,-. ST'.i. n«wi
. "' Nassau, Now lrow-
„ oo-
Nichols, Colonel, at the BatU ■ nn
I mo, ol Nevi 1 I. and
ol Maryland, ii., 193 Deput] Go
,.,T„i, in 1698 - th si it ol government to w
Surg; his . hem, I i ,'"/'",
niesi bismemorialio th, Queen ' "1 '
overnor
ol Soutl i 540.
iral. builds Fort Anne in 1757, I, 139.
Ncholson James, Captain in the I I Stales
,. . 638 i
tain Coulthard in 1780, Ii ,644
and Biographical Sketch of, .... 644.
th. I l States navy in
1776- Captain in 1779, ii., 638.
, , .„. and Joseph, .Tun., ol Maryland, sons of
Captain in the United States i
1-9, | | exploits, ii.,644. Autograph ....
graphical Sketch of, ii., 644.
Colonel, Ins letter ... Waahington proposing a King
for America; Autograph of, i., 672, 6,3 ,„i,„„„.
em bj James. Duk. ol VJork lotak.
session of New Netherlands in 1664, ii., o,o
, ,„„„. Polish noblemani .names the widow
el rohn Kc an, I., 329
Register, ii., 188 . .. .c- .c,
ort, origin or the nam
a ■ Eosciuszko begins the siege, ii . 185 Raw-
don'a approach to, ii.,486. Vss
of the Blockade; raising of the sieg. . u . i-..4t>ti.
(oravian Bishop, ... 337.
N ,„s oh» General, reads to the people the Declaration of
lndenendence n 1776, ii., 66 M t ol th,
cSnPm"tt™rf Congress in 1776, II., 637 Wounded at th,
BaWeof Bunker Hill, i., 545. M the BalUe or SUllwater, t.,
N^,,'i ! C llofW adhyGe^
'aanghterortheDukeDetwireo,
rrvi«ountDE8,FrenchenvoytoiheBritUl , Court;
imissioner at th. ■ Oder irnwal-
lis , Autograi " ol ii 316. ... rR,
.eGridley in 1775,1., 583.
II. S., his poems quoted, II . 1M, u^-
own, i., 327.
■ Vo Hint • " * > '■'•' '•• ,. • ,rf, ,. 9<n
hedrrom Virginia in 1645,11,253.
ilia's Si ttlemi nt, n . 220 .
portal Agr, nation., I., 469, 1.0
- ,i 62, 2H0, 373. 543, 583.
e, [foil's printing materials, Ii 32
130 Taken by the British, 11..3S2
v,r Great Bndgt ', Ckur ■■ ... in.
„ ,„,„,.,,,„. „l;,al,sa..,..191.
!„,„ Works ,. „ I. .
I .1 Guilford, bis i r\ reimiv.
as the receiving or the petil in,,,, New
YoVkmM83 Mis,,. sitionretslning the duty on tea only.
i .... ii,s Bills for coercing America a lacing the ( ol-
ande Stal law in 1775, ",s «■'"■'"'
Jishlng Boston. .. 5 of, In reati th,
II,!.. II.s.mIIs ,, I, .-.„.. 140
, rejected bj the Americans, ii . 1 13 Hie agitation on
tearing1 i surrender ol ComwaUui, ii., S2S. Feteaand
INDEX.
711
Medal ill lienor of, i . 586. Resigns, ii., 571. Anecdote of,
i 521, Portrait and Biographical Sketch of, L, 483.
Sortk, W., General, Steuben's Aid ; Steuben gives a tenth
- ,rl J, Us |M<1 to; Speaker of the New ifork A^f«nWy;
United Stati a Senator . Utograph and Biographical sketch
VoTtkCwlina, Early history of, ii., 243, 244,352. First char-
,, . of .ranted to Heath in 1630, n . 353. Fundamental con-
stitutions ol Shaftesburj and Locke in 1669; extent oi the
province ii 354 Constitution of, abrogated ; Government
Officers imprisoned ; Sothcl banished In 355.
Separated from South I larolina in 1' 29. n., 540 First Leg-
islative Assembly meets at Edenton hi 1731, n., 35, Meas-
ures of for repelling the French in 1755 ; opposes the Stamp
\, ,n 1765; Enfield riot, ii., 361. Tryon's career in, n..
301-37-2. His palace, ii., 364.
General Convention in, m 177 1 ; appoints delegates t.. the
Continental Congress ; Provincial Congress summoned by
Harvey at Newbern in 1775, ii., 373, 374 ; and at Hdlsbor-
ou«h n 375. Emission of Bills of Credit, ii., 3,6. End ol
Royal Government in 1776, ii., 415. Republican Constitu-
tion names of officers ; seal, ii., 383. State Legislature
meets at Hillsborough, u.,415. Mecklenburg Convention in
1775, ii 383.412. Movement toward national independence
in 1776, ii., 60. Patriotism of, ii.. 371. 372, 373, 374, 376.
Historical Society of; old Bible brought to America by Du-
rant in 1662, ii., 353 Moravian settlements in, m 1749, n.,
359,360. Gold region of. ii. 421.
North Castle, Andre at, alter Ins arr, St,!., r56.
North Point, Maryland, Battle ot, in 1814; monument to the
slain, ii.. 182, 183. ,, „ , . ,.„. onn
2Vortt River, New York, explored by Hudson in 1009, 1., 300 .
see Hudson Ru-cr. . Ti„.;r
Northmen, Early voyages of to America, l., 1,, 031. llu.r
character and iulluence, i., 17.
\arlhirest Passage lo the East Indies, The London Company s
instructions respecting the discovery ot a, n 24, .
Norton, Colonel (British), at the Battle of Guillord in 1,81,
Ii., 403.
Norton, Dr., of Fort Edward, i., 103.
Norwalk, Connecticut, described, i., 413. Destroyed by the
Xor'nrh Connecticut, Indian history of, i., 596, 597. Settle-
' menl of in 1659, i., 597, 598. Mohegan Cemetery: iiion'i-
rnent ofUncas ; patriotism of, i., 598. Celebration under the
Liberty Tree ; honors to John Wilkes ; benevolence ; sends
relief to Boston in 1774. i., 599. Militia of, march to Boston
in 1774 i , 600. Arnold's birth-place, i., 604. ( emetery of,
i 007. Residence of Governor Huntington, i., 606; his fam-
ily vault; tomb of General Jabez. Huntington, i., 00,. Old
men of, i.. 608.
Hose, The: see Anthony's Nose. ,,-«,,, ,,,,
Notlev, Thomas. Governor ol Maryland in 10,8. n., 19J.
Nottoway River, ii., 348. Fords of, Simcoe sent to the, i.,
022
•fova Scotia, or Acadia, i.. 120.
Numantines, History of the, citejLi., 158. ...
Gunnery, Grey, at Montreal, i., 17,, 1,8. At Quebec, i., 204.
Moravian, at Bethlehem. Pennsylvania, present a ban-
" ne'r'to Pulaski, ii., 185. Longfellow's hymn on the consecra-
tion of the banner, ii., 186,
Xut Bush Post-office, ii., 350.
O'BRIEN, Jeremiah, Captain, of Machias. Maine; in the first
naval engagement in the Revolution ; captures two British
laghan, liis Documentary History of New York, ii.,
O'Connor, Charles, detected in stealing tea from tea-ships,
I iTl'ui^Gener'al'tBritish), at the battles of Cowan's Ford, ii.,
392 and Guilford, ii., 403, 404. Managerol the Mtschiania,
ii., 97. Surrenders Cornwallis's sword at Yorktown, 11.,
O'Haba, Lieutenant, brother of General, killed at the Battle
of Guilford in 1781, ii., 405. .. „,„„,.„
O'Keefe, Sergeant, Cunningham's deputy; John Pmtard s
anecdote of, ii.. 659. . • ..
O'Neil, John. Regulator, outlawed by Tryon, u., 367.
i I'NEIL, William, Colonel, effects of his avarice, n., 386.
Oak, i harter, at Hartford, Connecticut, i., 434, 435.
0 Hill, Peekskill. i., 738.
,,„,,,, 0| Allegiance ol the officers in the American army at \ al-
ley For",- ii , 1 10. Of allegiance to the American cause by
,hc people „1 fahokia ... 177*, ii., 290. Of founders of Rhode
i land, i . 638 in Suprei -5 defined, 11., 189. Ofvcngeance
■ Dunmore in 1775, ii., 298.
Obicn K01 ir, Rwers's, near Valley Forge, Picture and desenp-
li, f. ii., 127.
0 ■'■■ , Haw-mills, ii., 213. A
ikastota, Cherokee Chief, it., 439.
,,„. Pni.ee W.lham county. Virginia; Lord Dunmore s
repulse at, in 1776, it-, 213. ... ~
, rREE.Si »i in, member of the Mecklenburg Committee,
II.. 412, 418 „ . ,.- .
Qffl as, American, under Washington, near Boston, in 1773,
ID
i , 566. Relative rank of naval and military, determined by
Congress in 1770, ii., 638. Salaries of, 111 1775. [., 964
Washington urges the subject of their halt-pay lor lit. . 11 .
136. 1 11 w ashington's Life Guard, 1.. 688. The British re-
fuse to call them by their military titles, i., 684. General,
Names of ... 1777, ii., 34. Disposition of, in 1777, 11., 91
Boldness of, at Philadelphia. 111 1778, 1. . 105'. Dissatisfac-
tion of, in 1783 , hold private meetings al Newburgh, 1 . 6i5
Anonymous addresses of, to the army. I., 675, 676, 677.
After Washington's address to them, they unanimously re-
ject the addresses, i., 678. Medical, 111 the American army
in 1777, ii., 33. Naval : see Navy.
Officers, British, Insolence of, i., 474. Names of, al the Battle
of Bunker Hill, 1., 512. Excite Indians against while people
after the Battle of Bunker Hill, ii., 291
Officers, French, cantoned at Lebanon in 1,80, 1., 600. At
Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1781, ii., 307.
Ogden, Aaron. Colonel, succeeds General Thomas Pinckney
as President General ofthe Cincinnati Society, 1.. 097. His
embassy to Sir Henry Clinton at Paulus's Hook, i.. 708
Surprises Lawrence and Barton in 1777, ii., 030. At the
Battle Of Monmouth, ii., 156. At the siege of 1 orktown in
1781, ii., 313. On the Army's Memorial Committee in 1,82.
i., 673. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, i..
Ogden, Amos, Captain, in Wyoming Valley; attacked by
Y'ankees ; treatment of, i., 344-346.
Ogden, Isaac, Loyalist, his letter to Galloway, 1., 82.
Ogden, Jonathan, Captain, of Westchester, New \ ork
Bradstreet's expedition, i„ 215.
Ogden, Jonathan, of Newark, New Jersey, father of Mrs
Hannah Caldwell, i.. 326. ,..,,.„
Ogden, Moses, young American officer, killed at Connecticut
Farms, i., 326.
Ogden, Nathan, brother of Captain Amos, killed by \\ illiani
Speddy, i., 346.
Ogden, Robert, of New Jersey, member of the Colonial Ion
gress at New Y'ork in 1765 ; defection of; dismissed, by the
Assembly of New Jersey, from the Speaker's chair, i., 465.
Ogden, Tory, of New Jersey, i., 313.
0"denshurgh, i., 210. Old French fort at ; attacked by the
"British in 1812, i, 212. 213.
Ozlik-ica<ra, Indians at. in 1777. i.. 23,.
Ooilvie, Mrs . widow of Captain, i.. 703.
Ogle, Samuel, Proprietary Governor of Maryland. 11.. 193.
Oglethorpe, James Edward, General, founds" Augusta.
Georgia, in 1735, ii., 504. Commands in South Carolina
and Georgia in 1739 ; in the expedition against St. Augus-
tine in 1740, ii., 517. Founder of Georgia, i., 573 ; ii., 514
Repulsed Spaniards in 1742. ii., 517. Appointed to succeed
Gage; declines, i., 573. Portrait and Biographical Sketch
of, u..'515.
Ohio Company, formed in 1749, 11 . 200 Incursions of the
French on tile territory of the, ii., 207. Erect a lorl at 1 ilts-
burg, ii., 208. Fire lands in Ohio. 1., 011.
Ojeda, his voyage to the New World 111 MOO. i., 28
Old Dominion, ii., 254. Origin of the term, as applied to v. ir-
ginia, ii., 244. „ ^ . . , .,
Old Pomt Comfort, Virginia, Early history of; Origin of the
name, ii., 325.
Old South Church, Boston, i.. 490, 49,, 5,4.
Old Taiwan, Massacre of Colonel Baylor's corps at, 1.. ,64^
Oldham, Colonel, in the expedition to the Haw and the Dan
111 1781, ii., 385.
Oldmixon, his description of Germanlown, it., 107.
Oliver, Andrew, stamp distributor, i., 460, 467. Lieutenant-
Governor, i., 494. 557. His letters to Whalely, 1., 494.
Oliver, Peter. Chief Justice of Massachusetts; impeached
by the Massachusetts Assembly, i., 506. Autograph of. 1
630. Biographical Sketch of, i., 500.
Olnev Jusi en. Lieutenant 111 the 1 nitcd States navy in 1775
Captain 111 the navy 111 1776, ii., 638. His ship captured by
the British, ii., 640.
Onderdonk. Henry, Jun., his Revolutionary Incidents, 11.,
600, 603. 007, 0O9, 027, 028, 661.
Oneida Indians, i.. 264. Join the Americans in 1777, 1. 59.
In Wyoming Valley, i„ 342. One ofthe six Nations, 1 . 109,
264 " \t I uadilla.i.,256. Alarm of. ill 1779. i. 271 . Driven
from their homes by the Tories, i., 278. Kill Walter N. But-
ler, i.. 270. Their principal chief. Louis Atyataronghta ,_at
Block's Field, i.. 281. At the Council at Johnstown in 175 8,
. 265 \ remnant ofthe, at Rome, New York, i . 278.
Onondaga Indians, I., 229. Expedition against iliem. i., 270
Join the Americans in 1777, ... 59. Ol i the Sij Ni n
i.. 109, 204. At the Council at Johnstown in 1 , ,8, i., 205.
dagaLake, Salt manufacture near, 1., 231-
in, ii >... am, i on. Indian chief, captures John Smith in
10.17 ii., 247. Uncle of Pocahontas ; gives her to Rolle in
marriage, ii.. 251. Succeeds Powhatan. n„ 252. A prison-
er in 1646 ; dies in captivity, ii., 253.
Oppression, British, ofthe Colonies, i . 154,
Orange, Prince of, lavors America, 1., 85.
Orange County, New York. First settlement of. in 1669, I
oos. 669 Monument to the slam m the Battle ol Minislnfe
erected in 1822, 1., 671. Described, I., 381.
Orangeburg, south Carolina, Rawdon's army at, in 1,81, |1„
I N DE \.
745
4S9. History of, Li., 400. Picture of the Court-house at, ii..
Ordnance at West Point, Official return of, Ml 1780, L, 722.
i/, Description and view oftbebaiUe-groundat, i.,243,
245,
Orkney, Earl of, sue >tson as Goveri ■
in i: tties, Mutt, Jennings, and Mr Alexander
SjmttsV.
Orkney fries, Runic Inscription on the, i., 035.
Orleans Island, I., 185
lunded in the battle at Fori Dnqnesne In
I'M, 273.
Goner il, on the * lommittec of Safety in I
530. Appointed bj Washington Major General in 1776, L,
■ west Cambridge, I . 523.
Ubr, Nathan, President Polk born on the lands owned by, LL,
■ill.
-. . Sir Daw brs, Governor of New York, commits sol-
: 111 1753, ii., '"
Osborn, Lbvi, (bunder of the Osbornites, I . 105
■' 1MB, James, of Tennessee, 11., 411.
Osborne, James W . superintendent o( the Branch Mint at
Charlotte, ii . HO, 113.
OsBoitNK. Major, of Massa dings ai
White Plains, ii . 617.
Osborne's, skirmish at, in 1781 , sketch of the action, ii., 339.
Osborne's //■'.■'. Vssociations of, ii., 108, 175.
i lommander, Li., 45.
Ostler, his Lift >>i Exmouth, i.. 165.
Oswali i i t, of Massachusetts, Colonel, I •
the Battle <»i" Monn i. ii-, lit*. 151, 154. Chal-
lenges General Hamilton to fight a duel; Autograph and
Biographical Sketch of, ii., 151.
British i Eoramissioner to treat with the
United States in 178
captured bj the British In 1760, I,, 212.
dition against it in 1779, L, 271.
. described, i., 212.
graph) or, i . 2J5, 216, 217,220, 221. Described,
I., 219. w i n n to capture ii in 1783, U, 2( I
ii was in 1798, i . 220, As il is at the present I me, i
221. Grand Council at, summoned bj Guj Johnson, I . 239
Montcalm's approach to, 1., 218 Surrender of, to Mom
calm, i , 219 Battle of, in 1755, L, 218, 219. Battle of, in
1814, i . --"-''i. 221. Indians at, i , 241, 287.
oris, James, Jun., his patriotism, i., 459. His libei i
■I7t His boldness, i-. 477. His pamphlet on the Rights of
the Colonists, i , 161 Recommends a Colonial I'oniiress, i ,
104 Delegate to the Stamp \<c\ Congress In 1785; authoi
ofihe Stamp lei Congress's Memorial to Parliament,
On the Committee at Boston to oppose the quartering of Brit-
ish troops there, i., 478, 479. Contributor to the " Massa-
chusetts Spy" and the "Boston Gazette,*1 L, 513.
and insulted by Ruhnis.ui, i., 187, iss. His insanity, i., 192
Anecdote of ki li d bj lig! Portrail of, i ;486.
Biographical '- 493.
i lamming of, i., 273.
■ River, remarkable faci respecting its wati i . I 201
.,, Quakes^ General Prescott quartered at the house of,
Ow LNEKO, SOD Ol I DCBS , Miss CaulklnS'S account of, i., 597,
OxBiisTiBBtf, eminent Swedish statesman, II., 45,
.. North Carolina, II., 351.
Medal struck by, in honor of Lord North,
in 1775, i., 586.
PABODIE, W J . Ins pn, ins- <|UMted, il , 0.
Paca, 1 Governor of Mai ',;7. Oneofthe
Marylan I - I '• D legate to the tirsi
I . Congress in 1774, ii., 60. Signer of the D< b
ration ol In I ii .. 196. Full length portrail of, al
Annapolis. U., 197. Longer itj of hia grandmother.
Portrait of, il., frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 80. Bio-
graphical Sh ■ ■. 665
Paca, Mr . of Jamestown, forewarned by a friendly Indian of
ttn massacre there in 1622, II., 252.
Paetfic Ocean first reached by Magellan fourteen years after
the death of < olumbua . named b; i., 26
Pj ,, Lin, "i Connecticut, Treatment of, at New-
port,
Page, Benjamin, in I eGa pee, 1., 630
Page, John, member of th
1776, n , 299. counselor of .State, |] . 300. Governor of
Virginia, II . 248
Page, Mann, Mrs . of Virginia, her residen the site ofWero-
wocomoko, in the history of Captain John mm.Hi. ii., 248
Paine, Robert Tri ■ Massachusetts, conducts the
prosecution of Preston tu 1770. i . vvi Del te to the first
Continental Congress, i . 511 . ii., 59. Signer ofthi
ration of Independence, ii., so. 663. Portrail of. \\.tfrontis-
piece. Autograph of, ii., 80. Biographical .Ski u i.
663.
Paine, Robert Treat, Jun.. son of Judge, author of the
poem "Adams and Liberty," I.. 186
Paine. Thomas, a spectator of the surrender of Fort Wash-
ington, ii., 621. Secretary of the Committee of Foreign
i- tal Bcrel Li., 647, 649 His
writings, ii., I Lccouni "t bis pamphlet " Com-
■ I n ashington'a opinion ol it . th<
a n burned neat V
■ r Hall by the coi ■■ ■ pre
vent the execution of the oi ice ol
I , , . i a toLoi Howe
.', ii., 69. His control ersj with Dean< 65
His i Quoted. I., 1 I iveya to Washing'
ton La Fayette's present or the key ol the BaatUe, I
210. His monument bj v ■ B Portrait, Autograph,
etch of, il - B \'
Paine, Mr., brother of Mrs, Lee, ii., 159
I fryon's, at N< ■■■ i a, North i arolina, ii., 364.
Palatini, on the Mohawk, L, 271 see Ki s, >
Palatum ■ ■ ttlt nn m of, -ii Sooth > arolina lh 17 18-
1755, ii., 540.
Ii s on the Hudson River, i.,
Palmer, Anthony. Governor, his wife the mother of twenty-
Lildren, ii., 1 1.
Palmer, Edmund, Lieutenant, spy, Place ol the execution of.
i., 740.
Palmer. Joseph, on the Massachusetts Coim
In 177J, i., 536.
Palmer, William Pitt, b it d, I , *J98.
■ ■ :
■ re from . view of, i . 23.
ets. Quaint titles of, in Rogt r VI ilUams's < ontroversy
v. .ill the Quakers, L, 523.
'■ i R . \ [n i. described, li., 333.
flvania, Massacre ol Americans at, li., 163-107.
Monument to the memorj ol the slain at, il., 164.
Pooh Tarrrn, Pennsylvania, ii., 163.
Paper money, Continental, i . 317 bo Money.
Parallel, Muitar] ■ lined, li., 31 1.
Paramv ■ 83, 783.
I olonel, al the siege of Tort Schuyler, i., 243. At
Oris'. .
Pans, France, American Commissioners at, in 1776 and 1777.
i.. 85, 56
Parke Aid to the I Mike of] Marlborough at Blenheim, Portral!
of, ii ,206.
PARKER, Hyde, Admiral, i., ft 16. Rudeness oi. to Miss Hry-
an, ii . 526.
ParkBB, James, printer, at New York m 1765, IL, 328
, . .1,. n ls, i aptain, killed ut the Battle of Lexington, i .
524, 525,553.
Parker, Sir Petes, Admiral, commands the British squad-
ron at Newport in 1776, i.,641. W I api F< ti River, il.,
383. At Charleston, il., 547. Portrail of, ii., 548
i a, one of Lieutenant Boyd's men. In 17#9, beheaded by
in lians, i-. 276.
Parker's Ferry^ Skirmish at. IL, 560
i , John, of Elizabethtown, Maryland, compelled to burn
his tea in 1774, IL, 196
Pi . . William, editor of the Virginia Gazette, II . 284.
p .■■'-... ',:./, ■ srr G ■-' U Britoi n.
runt, frwft, votes four thousand troops t«> enter the Brit-
ish Ben ice in the Revolutionary « ar, i . 588
i . i nike of, marries the Archduchess ol lv rrla, il., 104
and countersign explained, IL, 470, 471. Paroles ol
honor of Burgoyne'a armj . I . 593 . ii., 844. Paroles i
si;nis Blgned at Newtown, ii., 22.
Parr, Major, in Sullivan's expedition, I., 274.
,i: member of the i
I., 123 ' '■< the I mitb i ol i
, bi N''.\ London, i.,610. Directs Colom
ag Harbor, 11., 546 with
Ins brigade al Kip's Hay in 177*;. ii., 597 . flight ol h a troops.
ii, ii 1 1 . Takes possession of Peekskill in 1777. L, 742 Mem-
ber of the Court ol Inquirj respecting Andre, I . 765 His
I test of Bushnell's torpedo ii., 60S Autograph and iinniraph-
i jcal Sketch of, U, 742.
Parsons, Captain, at the Battle of Concord, I . 525, 527
Pahtridoi Oi BR, of Massachusetts, I., 303. Member of
the i olonial Congress in i ■■ 5 I i1 5
Parviw, Clareni e, membi ( ofthe N- w Jem > T« a p.irty, U .
Passes given by Arnold tg Andri and others, L, 719. Ol Ne-
groes, ii . 181
near Paris, Residence of Franklin at, 11., 648
Pastok: D el, founds Germantown, IL, 107.
Put, ut "/// • "i thi i nlted States, IL, 200.
Patbrson, William, of New Jersey, bis plan of a Federal
Constitution
on, Colonel, afterward General, IL, 34. At Prospect
Hill in 1775, i.. 537. Al the Battle ol Hunk- r II n. i . M5
.\t the Battle ol Bemts'fl H the < onn
i r\ respeeting Andre in 1780, 1 ,765 Al \ all< j I i
ii . 128.
Patricians, apolitical party in 1771 opposed to the Tribunes.
■
Patriots at Boston. Boldness of. iii 1774, L, 510 Industry of.
in 17*' American, their principles, i . 179 i on
vey arms and ammunition out of Boston in 1775, i , 522.
746
INDEX.
Slain and wounded at the Battle of Lexington and Concord,
i.. 532
7i in New York in 1629, ii .. 577.
Patton. Benjamin, member ot the Mecklenburg Committee;
Autograph of, ii., 412, 413.
Pal ldino, James Kirke, his poems quoted, ii., 242.
PAULDINO, iOHN, captor of Andre; medal and annuity to,
,! ■, Congress, i., 755, 773. Applies to Congress for
an increase of the annuity in 1817, i ., 774. Monument to,
i . 739.
Paulding, William. Mayor of New A ork, i.. 739.
Patdus's Hook, Map of military works at, ii., 622.
Paw, Michael, Dutch Patroon ; purchases lands in New Jer-
sr\ . II., 577.
Paxton, Marshal of the Court of Admiralty, i., 467. His let-
ters to Whately, i., 494.
Payne, William, Regulator, outlawed by Tryon, ii., 367.
Payne, Mr , Anecdote of Washington and, ii., 207.
Peabody. his biography of Putnam, i., 141. Corrected, i.,142.
Peale, Charles Wilson, painter, his portraits of Washing-
ton and Mercer, ii., 37; of Peyton Randolph; ol" Charles
Thomson, ii.. 61 ; of William Pitt ; of Washington, La Fay-
ette, and Colonel Tilghman, ii., 197; of Washington; of
himself; his variety of pursuits ; Autograph and Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii., 203.
P-eari e, Daniel, Notice and invitation given by, at Provi-
dence, respecting the destruction of the schooner Gaspee, i.,
629.
Pearson, Captain (British), captured bv Paul Jones in 1770,
ii., 641.642.
Peck, Belah. son of the proprietor of Peck's Tavern, i., 599-
Pel-k, Mrs., wife of the Reverend Dr.. i., 370.
Peckham, Simeon, occupant of the Williams House, i., 603.
Pedagogue, New England, The author's interview with a, ii.,
491
Peddler, Yankee, hires himself as a Southern overseer, ii., 349.
Trick of a, i , 292.
Peek-skill, Early settlement of, i., 737. Washington's head-
quarters at, m 1781. i.. 681. View from Peekskill Landing,
i., 734. Derives its name from John Peek, early Dutch navi-
gator, i.. 737.
P> ggy, Tea-ship, burned at Annapolis in 1774. ii.. 193.
Pellew, Edward, afterward Admiral Viscount Exmouth, i.,
163, 165.
Pemberton. James, Clerk of the Quaker Yearly Meeting; puts
forth its testimony as to the Provincial Convention of Penn-
sylvania, ii., 55. Banished to Virginia by order of Congress ;
his journal ; portrait of, ii., 56.
Pemberton, John, Quaker, proprietor of the London Coffee-
house at Philadelphia in 1780, ii., 53. Banished to Virginia
by order of Congress, ii., 56.
Pemberton, Mary, Mrs., General Howe appropriates to his
own use her coach and horses, ii.. 103.
Pemberton. Samuel, on the Committee for removing British
troops from Boston, i . 491.
Pencader, Delaware, Skirmish at, in 1777, ii., 170.
Pendleton, Captain, at the Battle of Eutaw Springs, ii., 498.
Pendleton, Edmund, opposes in the Virginia House of Bur-
gesses Patrick Henry's five resolutions, ii., 273. On the
Virginia t'ommittee of Vigilance in 1773, ii., 279; and of
Safetv in 1776 . President of the General Convention at Will-
iamsburg in 1776, ii., 299. Delegate to the first Continental
Congress in 1774, ii., 60, 280. President of the Virginia Con-
stitutional Convention in I78S, ii., 232.
Penn. John, born at Philadelphia; called "The American."
ii., 94 ; son of Richard and grandson of William, i., 156 ; ii.,
51. Commissioner in 1754^ i., 303. Governor of Pennsyl-
vania, stirs up a rebellious spirit in the Colonies; at war
with Indians ; offers a bounty for scalps in 1764, ii.,51. Re-
fits S to treat with the Susquehanna Company in 1769, i.,
345. Calls for troops from New York in 1769, i., 346. Re-
turns to England in 1771. ii., 54. Protests a«ainst the Can-
ada Bdl in 1774, i.. 156. Arrest of; and his removal to Vir-
ginia in 1777, ii., 56.
Penn, John, of North Carolina, sjcner of th<^ Declaration (if
independence; Biographical Sketch of, ii-, 6G6. Autograph
of, ii.. BO
Penn, Richard, Governor of Pennsylvania, i., 347; ii., 54.
Lays before George III. a petition of the Continental Con-
gress in 1775 ; examined before the House of Lords, i., 585.
Refuses to negotiate with Connecticut, i.. 347.
Penn. Thdm a-, son of William, protests against the Canada
Bill, i , 156. Death of, ii., 47.
Penn. William. Admiral, father of the founder of Pennsyl-
vania, ii.. 46, 47.
Penn, William, Governor of Pennsylvania, his grant of land
from i hnrU's II in tt;-l ; proceeds to Newcastle, Delaware,
in 1682 . the Act of Union, ii . 47. His treaty with Indians,
ii., 18. Basso relievo representation of the treaty in the ro-
tunda oi the Capitol at Washington City, n . 204. Treaty
Monument; Treaty Tree, n., 4*.~ His character of the In-
diana, if., m.
Founds Pennsylvania and Philadelphia; imprisoned; de-
prived of his government in 1692 ; his rights restored in 1694 :
his heirs . his seal ; visits his colony in 1699, ii., 50. His
plan of n union of the colonics in 1700, i „ 303. His parting
message to the Provincial Assembly in 1708, ii., 50, 51. One
of the proprietors of New Jersey, ii., 57S Hie remark on
Perth Amboy. n., 10 His three sons ; death of, ii , 50.
Peon's House, i., 710 ; ii., 95. His country-seat, ii , 94.
Portrait of, ii., 47. Portrait of, by In man, ii.. 65. Seal and
signature of. ii., 50. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 47.
Pennsylvania founded by William Penn in 1682, it., 49. Origin
of the name, ii., 17. Provincial Assembly of, meets at Phila-
delphia in 1683, it., 50. Patriotism of, in resisting oppression,
ii., 54. Appoints delegates to the Continental Congress in
1774. ii..55. Takes no effective measures as to the Declara-
tion of Independence, ii., 70. Constitution of, in 1776, ii.,83.
Delegates of, sign the Articles of Confederation, !77s, n.,
655 i ailed upon by Congress for funds to carry on the war
in 1780, i.. 655. Application of. to Congress respecting the
Wyoming disputes in 1782, i., 371, 375. Stale debt of, n .
51.
Pennsylvania Farmer, Letters of a, i., 476.
Pennsylvania Journal, quoted, ii., 64.
Penny mites. Civil commotion of, with Yankees in Wvoming
Valley in 1770, i., 345, 346.' Expelled from the valley, i., 346.
Penobscot, Expedition against, by Massachusetts in 1779, 1 ,
594.
Pensil, Mr., murdered by his Tory brother, i., 356, 357.
Pepperidge log, Cannon made of a, i.. 347.
Pequot Harbor, Winthrop's settlement at, in 1645, i., 597.
Pequot Hill, Battle of, i., 615: see Pequots.
Peqwt s, i.. 416, 417, 615, 616. Country of the; expedition
against them by Captain Mason ; terrible destruction of; flee
tn Sasco Swamp; escape to Sassacus ; extinction of, i., 615,
616.
Periival, James G., his poems quoted, i., 292, 531, 702 ; ii.,
167, -234.
Pebct, Earl, General, in command at Boston in 1774, i , 521,
580. Anecdote of, on Boston Common in 1775, i., 523. At
White Plains in 1776, ii., 616. Attacks Fort Washington,
ii., 620. In command at New York in 1776, ii., 598, 613.
With Sir Peter Parker at New York in 1776, i., 641. Anec-
dote of, while marching toward Lexington, i., 528, 529. Er-
ror concerning his death corrected, ii., 176. Ancestors of,
i., 128. Portrait of, ii., 613.
Percy, Reverend Mr., of Charleston, his address at Liberty
Tree in 1776, ii., 550.
Percy, George, President of Jamestown Colony, ii., 250,251.
Perez, Juan : see Mabchena.
Perkins. Benjamin, his house at Roxbury. i., 592.
Perkins, Erastls, Captain, at the Battle of Bunker Hill;
remarkable circumstance respecting births in his family, i.,
607, 608.
Perkins, Colonel, at the Battle of Brier Creek, ii., 507.
Perkins's History of the War. ii., 326.
Perot f ami hi. Washington occupies the mansion of the, at
Germantown, ii., 108.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, Commodore, Monument to, i., 635,
636.
Perry, Sergeant-major, his exploit near Reedy Fork, ii., 400.
Persho, sculptor, his group of Columbus and the Indian girl,
ii., 205.
Person. Thomas, of Hillsborough, ii.. 283. Member of the
North Carolina Provincial Council ; General; Autograph of,
ii.. 376, 363.
Perth Amboy. New Jersey, origin of the name ; early history
of, ii., 10.
Peter, Indian, Anecdote of. i.. 237.
Peter, Captain, wounded at the Battle of Guilford in 1781, ii.,
406.
Peter's Point, or Petersburg, ii.. 336.
Peters, High, Cromwell's secretary, i., 448.
Peters, Hugh, his poems quoted, i., 619.
Peters, Richard, of Pennsylvania, i., 303. Secretary of the
Board of War, ii., 133, 303, 662. Anecdote of Washington
and, ii., 303. Autograph of, ii., 662.
Peters, Captain (British), at the Mischianza. ii., 99.
Petersburg, Virginia. Earlv history of, ii., 336. Topography
of, ii., 338.339. Head-quarters of Arnold and Phillips at, in
1781, ii., 334. Colonel Abercrombie with Simcoe and Byrd
at, ii.. 338. Skirmish near, in 1761. ii., 338. 339.
Petersham, Captain Lord, at the Battle of Stillwater, i., 80.
Petrie, Dr., medical adviser of General Herkimer, i., 260.
Phei ps, Mr., visits Fort Ticonderoga in disguise, i., 125.
Phiper, John, member of the Mecklenburg Committee; his
irramlson Martin, ii., 410, 411. Grave of, ii., 411. Auto-
graph of, ii., 102.
Phifbr, Martin, Carolina Cotton Planter, ii., 409.
Philadelphia, founded bv Penn in 16S*>. ii.. 49. Topography
of, ii., 183, Map of, ii., 102. Charter of, ii.. 51. Opposes
the Stamp Act ; resolves to import no British goods, and to
abstain from mutton and diminish funeral expenses . mullles
hells and hoists colors half-mast on occasion of the arrival
of Stamps, ii.. 52. Rejoices at the repeal of the Stamp Act,
ii., 259. Public excitement on account of the Declaration of
Independence, ii., 53. Non-importation league; destroys
t. :i. ii. , 54 Continental Congress at. i.. 125, 126: ii., 59.
Declaration of independence, ii.. 67. Removal of Congress
from, ii.. 631. Congress resolves to defend to the last. ii..
lv British plunder the neighborhood; Queen's Rangers;
INDEX.
advertisements for recruits, U . 13? !'■ the Brit-
Lsb in 1778, li. 147 Riot at. In 1779, I-, 391. Ancient
buildings ; slate-roof house, n.. 94 . Christ Church, it ,43, 13 ,
Penn's house, Loxley's house; Mrs. Dsrreh, U.,95. Swed-
ish Church; Wharton's Mansion-house, li., 9? Provost
prison, ii . '■'" W i in . < Hllce ol I oi
i, 102 British (brtfflcations ; Howe's encan ■
and residence; public buildings in 1779,11., 103. Andre's
residence, ii., 104 Grave ol Franklin, ii., 43. Frigate Dela-
[., 104, The Mischi-
Patriotism or thi women of, ii., 100, 107.
Proceedings at, on the surrendi r ol Cornwallls, h., 331.
Philip, King see Kino Philip.
Philippa, Queen of Portugal, sister of Henry [V, of England,
I., 17
Philippine Islands reached by Magellan's vi ssels, i-. 26.
Phillips, James, American Naval Commander, i i 56
Phillips, William, General [British), al Tlconderoga, i.
134. At tti--' Hanir ol Bi mis's Hi I thts, i - 0, 51, 53. 73. His
tariff for an exchange of prisoners In I I il Mfl Joins
■ .1 at Portsmouth In 1781 . proceeds to Citj Point, IL,
337. His bead-quarters al Petersburg, n.. :'.
Militarj operations between Cilj Point and W
il., 337. Bums barracks and flour at Chea I Court-
house . destroys prop rtj on James River, ii., 340. in com-
mand o£ Burgoyne's captive troops, '3; li., 345, Hia
character, I., 593 . ii., 339, 340 His harsh letter to G
at CharlotteviHe, li., 345.
Death of; Autogra
ii., 337, 340
Phillips, William, of Boston, on the Committee for remoi
Ins British troops, I., 491. On the Boston Committee of
Correspondence, I., 513.
Phillipse, Frederick, l, 708. Manor of, I., 759 II . 626
Phillipse, Mary, Miss, sister of Mrs. Beverly Robinson;
\\ ashlngton's addn sses to , marries Roger Morris, i . 709
Portrait of, II
Phillis, negro slave of Mr. John Wheatley, of Boston , Wash-
ington's letter to; her po Biographical Sketch
of, L, 550. 557. Her contribution to the relief of poor sol-
diers, ii . 106.
Phipps. David, Lieutenant m the United Slates navy in 1 776,
[| . 538
Phipps, Sir William, his attempt to tw in 1789,
I., 45] His wife Buspected of witchcraft, I., 447.
i aptain, Honorable, his voyage toward the North
. 540
Pickaway Plants, Ohio. Topography Of, ii . 282.
Pickens. Andrew . < lolonel, In expeditions against the t Ihero-
i in 1700, il., 640, 642. On the Haw ami the Dan in
1781, u.. 384, 385. Captures Forts CornwalliH and Grier-
aon, n. 485. At the Battle of Cowpens In 1781, ii., 434.
i ongress votes a sword to, ii., 437. \t Bntavt Springs,
li.,494 At the siege of Augusta, ii., 384 -
Joins Green al Friday's Ferry, ii., 491. Chastises the i n
Indians, ii., 535. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical
Sk-teh of. ii.. 511.
Pickering, Timothy, General, II., 34 ; al the skirmish at
Wi il Cambridge, I., 529. Succeeds General Reed In
ii . 34. Membi r ol the Board ol War In 1777, li., I
Commissioner to Wyoming Valley in 1787, L, 371. 375
Abduction of, i ., 376. " Portrait. Autograph, andBio-t i
Sketch of, i . 374 371.
Pie!.. Hessian 1. untenant, captured at Trenton; Auti
of. ii., 23.
Pierce, Reverend Mr . of Brook] Massachusetts, i., l in.
il mi British), captured by Paul Jones, ii., 641,
642
PlBftsoit, Davis and Stephen, members or the New Jersey
Tea-party, li., 54.
bemiah H., of Ramapo, i . ' I
Pigeon, John, on the Boston < ommlttee of Safety in I<<3,
i . 536
Pixeon Quarter, Yorktown. li., 321
Sir Robert. General, at Boston in 1774, i., 520. In
command al Charleston in 1775, 1., 530. At the Battle of
Bunker Mill, I., 541, Commands troops In Rhode Island In
1778, i., 649 Supersedes General Prescoti at Newport in
1778, i l >:■
Pigot Galley captured and taken to Stonfngton in 1778, i . 664
meter] of, at Paris, The tomb ol La Fayette at;
picture of his tomb, l! . 120.
P&nms of New Kndand, Names of, i . 137. Weir's picture
of the embarkation of the, It, 205. Their first "Sabbath" In
New England, I., 143. Basso relievo representation ol tlii
landing ol the, ii , 204. ■ ovenanl ol th i hair of;
Autographs of, i . 438.
Pillars of Hercules described, I., 20.
Pillory at Oxford, North Carolina, li., 351.
Pin'kney, Charles Coteswobth, disputes with Governor
Boone on the elective franchise, it., mi Takes possession
of Fort Johnson m 1775, ii ,545. In eommand at Fori Moul
trie. ii.. 557, Pr^ident of the Provincial Congress of South
Carolina >n 1775, li . 543 In Howe's i xpeditlon to Florida,
ii.. 5'i3. The seeond of Howe in a duel with Qads I
523. Succeeds Hamilton as President General of th I
cinnatl Society In 1605, I., 607. Portrait, lutograph, and
. iphical Sketch of, II .
i . m is, Lincoln a I Ihii f Aid, I I
Bucceeds General Charles C as Presideni General of the
nnati Society In 1826, I., 097 His wife daughter of
Mrs Molt, . I Portrait. Autograph, and Bio-
graphical Sk< ti h of, li
Pink, printer. Portrait of Haron Steuben by, burin,!, il
/■ | niaraudii I orii b, i , 339 . U . [63, 248
ton, n . 162.
Ptne-tre ribed, I., 570, 576. Pine-tree Shilling, i .
149
Pint i, the natuc of one of the caravels furnished by [as
. i . 23.
PlNTABD, JO! ■ ' 659.
Pirzon, Martin a i.<
in-i roj ige to the New World, I., 23-25. Thinks i>< was
the firs! who discoi en d land, 1 . 24.
Pinzoh, Vihcbni Si a Columbus's
. mm \<-u \\ orld, i . -
Pinzon ramify, wealthy and enterprising, aid l olumbus; pic-
■ i heir mansion, i . 23.
Pipe, Captain, Indian Sachi m, fhvors the British . his plans
frustrated by \Ylllle-e\ es, n.,-11. Rival Chil fOl Whll< ' -
Pirates on the coast of New England In 1700, it., .r.T'.> On the
>6, Court lor ii
of, ii.. 357. Captain I
Pitcairk, Major, in the expedition to < :ordin 1 775, I., 523,
5*24. Shot al Breed's Bill bj a negro soldier; ins widow
pensioned b> the British government, I
i ■ \ ni.\.\. Lieutenant In the United £ l
r-
Pitkin, V ■ ticut, I., 303.
i History ofth I I cited, i., 84, B5, 87, 126
316, 321.
Pitt, William, Karl of Chatham, commences his ministry In
1757 . his plan tor a campaign against the French and in
dians in 1758, ii., 273 Cool treatment of, by G< orge ill.. In
1760, 1., 457. Resigns his ministry, I . 158. His con
with Franklin, i., 462 His speech In Parliament in 1766, i ,
471. Created Earl of Chatham in L766, i . 175, 176. speech
in Parliament, in 1775, on Lmerican affairs, I., 518. His
tribute to the General Congress at Philadelphia, i.. 550.
His speech against emplo) ing mercenary troops in 1777, i.,
B4 His opposition to American Indent ndi nee, ii., 141, 1 12
Death of; Funeral of; Monument to. in WestminsU i I
ii.. 1 13, ! i.'t Peale's full length portrait of, at Annapolis, II .
197 Statue of, in New York city, i., 472 muti-
lated by the British En 1776, ii., 584, Picture and account ol
the mutilated statue, i . 473 . ii., .r's:t Statue In honor of. in
Charleston, ii., 542. Caricatured In Lo I Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ii ., 1 12, l 13. Lord Brougham's ace I
of the disposition of, ii., 1 13.
Pitt. Wii.i.iam. the younger, Ins remarks in Parliament on
Che news respecting Cornwallis In 1781, ii., 322, 106 His
forged assignats, issued with a view to depreciate the cur-
rency of France, ii . 630
r Lbndall, leader of the "Tea-party," i. 198 Inei
I and Admiral Montague, [., 1 ■
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, Washington at, In 11 >3, li . 208.
Rock, called Washington's Rock, i ., 334.
see Abraham, Plm
■man of Hitteuliouse, at Nassau Hall, College of New
Jerse] . ii., 36.
Plantations. Providence and Rhode Island, els m
.Mitii and Massachusetts En 1643; muted In 1644, i., 638
Separated; governed '■ Coddinglon in 1651 . re-united, I
632 I am. ron's 11., 351 Coke's, 11., 341. Gee's, li., 349
Green Spring, li., 240. Holt's, at the battle-ground on the
Haw, ii . 38Z Howe's, al Brunswick, ravaged by Cornwal-
lis in 1776, n- 383. Mrs. Motto's, II., 477. O'NeD
386 ^ ahab's, Skirmish at, In 1780, ii . 119
Plato, the philosopher, Ins accounl ol Atlantis, I., 19.
PLATT, I SMITH, seizes powder al Savannah; cap-
tured by Torn s. and w lit to Pudand, u , 5 'JO.
Plm i. '/l'IMIAmah. Judgj
Pi.att. Mr. on the New York Committee of Pat. ly, I I 91
Platto. an Englishman, he and Gort, Tories, occupj Garni
Putnam's bousi scalped by his own part] . L, 288.
■ i . 106.
i bl, Quaker, banished to Virginia, II., 56.
Form of, to sustain the I ontim ntal I ongress In 1775,
] . 384,
. his opinion on the breadth of the Atlantic Oo
20
ii,H, Mount Benedict, roriiflcatmnB on, I . 5, l
Piwkrmm, Washington's army at, I., 333; ii., 32. t'ek-bra*
Hon at, in 1779, I 134 ( • n* U r% at, [., 332.
Plum island, or Plum Point, Topography of. i.,081. Redoubt
i ii. Alderman, Unostentatious burial of, If., 52.
i i i i, bribing witness to the Pennsylvania
Charter, 11., 50.
748
INDEX.
his expedition to Wyoming in 1*75,
PLl'NKETT, Colonel.
I'n n'kett, Lieutenant, In the United States navy in 1781, ii.,
Pfe/meuf A, Massachusetts, Landing of Pilgrims i at ; iRock; [first
"Sabbath,"! ■<'■'■ Founded in 1620, i., 444. Indian Cem-
ctsrv nt i 'i*)H.
Plymouth Company, Formation of, in 1606 , its members, u,
Pocahontas, daughter of the Indian Chief Powhatan, ii.,240.
Saves the life of Captain John Smith, ii., 248. Basso relievo
representation ofthe scene in the Rotunda of the Capitol at
Washington City, li., 204 Warns Captain Smilli ol an In-
dian conspiracy to destroy the settlers ; is kept as a hostage
uv Captain Argall ; is released, is baptized , marries a young
Englishman, John Rolfe , goes with bun to England; her
death ; her name in England, " Lady Rebecca," ii., 248. Her
son and descendants, ii., 248, 249. 339. Portrait oft n., 454,
455 Chapman's picture of her baptism, u , 205. 248. Her
wash-basin at Petersburg, li , 347. Portrait and Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii., 248. _
Pocahontas Village, or Pocanhunta, n„ 34i.
Pocasset, Account or Witamo the Squaw Sachem of, l., buJ.
Clarke's settlement at, in 1638, i , 638.
Pocano Mountains, i., 339, 360. Great swamp on, known as
the Shades of Death, i., 300.
Poe, Edgar A., his poems quoted, ii., 183.
Poe, Mr. and Mrs., of Baltimore, their patriotism ; interview
between La Fayette and Mrs. Poe in 1824, ii., 188.
Pohick Church, Picture and associations of, ii., 213.
Point Am Trembles, Arnold at, i., 196. Montgomery at, I.,
197
Point Levi, i., 185, 194, 195, 203. American army at, i., 195.
View of, i., 185.
Point Pleasant, Battle of, in 1774, ii., 281, 282.
Pole, Captain, at the Battle of Concord, i., 525.
Polk, Ezekiel, grandfather of President Polk, ii., 411.
Polk, James K., President ofthe United States; Ancestors
of, ii., 411. The author's interview with, ii., 200.
Polk, Leonidas. Right Reverend, ii., 494.
Polk Thomas, Colonel, great uncle of President, n„ 411, 420.
Character of, ii., 411. Member of the Mecklenburg Commit-
tee ii , 412, 415; suspected, ii., 418. In the expedition
against the Tories, n , 444. Biographical Sketch of, ii.,411,
418.
Polk, Thomas G., son of Colonel William, ii., 494.
Polk William, Colonel, at the battles of Cowan's Ford in
1781, ii., 393; and Eutaw Springs, ii., 494, 496. Portrait,
Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 494.
Pollard, Asa, killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill, l.. 541.
I'm -.in. Captain, in the expedition to Fort Duquesne in 1,54,
ii "70
Pomeboy, Seth, General, i„ 190. At the Battle of Lake
George in 1755 ; shoots Baron Dieskau, i., 109, 190. Anec-
dote of, by Dr. Dwight, i., 107. Appointed by the Massa-
chusetts Provincial Congress in 1774, i., 516. A volunteer
at the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 542. Declines the office of
Brigadier General, i., 190, 566.
Pometacum: see King Philip.
Pomfev, negro spy at Stony Point, i., 744.
Pompeii, French colony at; sepulchral stone exhumed near
Pompey Hill ; picture ofthe stone, i., 230.
Pompton, New Jersey, Mutiny at; General Robert is ordered
to, by Washington, in 17M, i., 314.
Ponce de Leon, his voyage to the Bahamas in 1512; reaches
Florida ; is killed by Indians, i., 29, 30.
I'uml, Pyle's, described, ii., 387.
Ponkhocken Point, Account of, i., 390. ,
Poor, Enoch, General, ii., 34 ; at the Battle of Bemis's Heights
in 1777, i., 49, 51. At Barren Hill under La Fayette in L.8,
li 122 In Sullivan's expedition to Wyoming in 1779. i .
274 At Valley Forge, ii., 128. At Monmouth, ii., 157. His
crave, ii., 123. Picture of his head-quarters nt Bemis's
Heights, i'., 40. Autograph and Biographical Sketch of, ii.,
122, 123.
PorE, Alexander, quoted, i., 619. -...,, ,
Pofham, Major, succeeds General Lewis as President General
of the Cincinnati Society in 1844, i., 697.
PoniAM, Sir John, Lord Chief Justice of England, ii., 245.
Population of North Carolina in 1629, ii., 356. Of Baltimore
in 1850, ii., 184.
Pokey, Secretary of Virginia, ii., 352.
Port Bill, Boston, i., 6(13, ii., 280. Passage of. In 1 < 1 4, 1.,
504, 506. Chatham's motion to repeal the, i., 018.
Port Jems, New York, described, i., 381.
p„rt Royal Island, Battle of, in 1779, ii.,553.
B, 'SAHEL. killed at Lexington in 1775, i., 553.
Pon 1 1 n, James, oi Maryland, son of Liberty, it., 194.
Porfi r'.v Rocks on the Mystic River, i., 615.
Portland, Maine : see Falmouth.
Portsmouth, Virginia, Early history of, ii.. 334. Arnold s
head quarters at, ii., 230, 334. Cornwallia at, in 1781, u .
262 Evacuated by the British in 1779, li., 332 ; and in 1780,
Il„ 333. , ,
Portugal, Aid for the subjugation of, ofTcrcd to Spain by ibe
United Slates, 11., 648.
Portuguese, Maritime discoveries ofthe, i , 20
POSEY Colonel, joins Greene in South Carolina, u , 535.
Pomei.le, Captain, and his brother. Minor Postelle, take part
in the exploits of General Marion in 1780, u., 566.
Post-office established by Congress in 1775, i., 568. At New
York in 1775, John Holt, postmaster, ii., 587.
Potomac River, Calvert's Roman Catholic settlement on the.
in 1634, ii., 191. , „ .. „„
Potter, Colonel, killed at the Baltic of Princeton, n., 30
Potts Isaac, Quaker, his house the head-quarters ol w ash.
ington ; his forge, ii., 126. Sees Washington at prayer in a
thicket at Valley Forge, ii., 130.
Potts, John, his letter to Galloway, ii., 57.
Potts, Jonathan, M.D., Deputy Director General, ii., 33.
Potts, Joseph C, of Trenton, ii., 22, 24.
Potts; Stacey, Quaker, his house the quarters ot Colonel
Hall, ii-, 21. „, t , ,
Potts, Stacey G., grandson of Stacey, The author's inter-
view with, ii.. 39.
Poughkeepsie, New York, origin of the name ; meeting ot the
New York Legislature at, in 1778 , Slate Convention at, l.,
382, 384. Fugitives from Wyoming at. i.. 361.
Powder, Use of, known to Roger Bacon and the ancient Chi-
nese, i., 566, 634. Captain Smith induces the Indians lo
sow it ii , 248. Manufacture of, in America before 1776.
ii 376. Dunmore's design to blow up the magazine at
Williamsburg in 1775, ii., 298. Seized by Royalists in Caro-
lina in 1776, ii., 443. In Georgia in 1774, ii., 520. Seized by
Americans at St Augustine in 1775, ii.. 545. Scarcity of,
at the Battle of Bunker Hill ; private vessels sent to the
West Indies for a supply of, i., 570. Private manufacture
of ii 425 Supply of, from Africa, i„ 571. Waste of, in
sliooting birds, or in sports, prohibited by the Provincial
Congress of Massachusetts, i., 570. Picture ofthe Old I ow
der Magazine at Williamsburg, Virginia, ii., 264.
PowVi.L,0G7neral. at the BalthTof Bemis's Heights, i., 50
t,~ I-.,;.,., ei,mf ii oofi - father of Pocahontas , vis-
Con-
,252.
Powhatan, Indian Chief, li., 226 ;
ited by Captains Newport and Smith in 160,, n., 240.
demns Smith to death, it., 248. Death of, in 1621,
Powhatan, Virginia, Settlement of. in 1609, ii., 226.
Powhatan River, or James River, ii., 246.
Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts, i.,482. Member ofthe
British House of Commons ; opposes harsh measures to-
ward America, i., 482, 483, 505. Remarks of, in the House
of Commons on the spirit of American patriots, i., 483. His
remarks on taxes and expenses m Ainmea. i., 4s4. Op-
poses the Boston Port Bill, i., 504. His travels on the Lan-
caster and Harnsburg roads, ii., 163.
Pratt, Charles, Earl of Camden, Chief Justice: see Cam-
Pratt, Major, killed at the Battle of Hubbardton, i., 140.
Frailer, The first, in Congress, said by the Reverend Dr. Duche
John Adams's account of it. ii.,01, 62. Of General Morgan,
ii, 432. Of Washington at Valley Forge, ii., 160.
Preble Jedediah, General, appointed by the Massachusetts
Provincial Congress in 1774 , did not accept the appoint-
ment, i., 516. . ,.
Premiums for manufactures in North Carolina in I775,H.,3/0.
Presbyterians from the north of Ireland settle in Maryland, ii .
193. Immigration of, in 1745 ; its influence, ii., 358.
Prescott, Lieutenant, nephew of Colonel, at the Battle of
Bunker Hill, i., 546.
Prescott. British General, his character, 1..642, 643. At the
Battle of Montreal in 1775; his brutal treatment ol Ethan
Allen, and his harshness toward American prisoners, i . 180,
645 His flight and capture in 1775, i., 181. Exchanged lor
General Sullivan, ii.. 608. Encamps at Newport in 1777. i .
635 642 Pictures of his head quarters, i., 635. 644. Cap-
tured by Colonel Barton, i., 643-045. Conveyed to the Hud-
son ; exchanged for General Lee, i . 645; n., 146. Horse-
whipped by Alden ; anecdote of him and Folger. i.. 0113.
Commands British forces in Rhode Island in 1777; his
predatory excursions to Warren, Bristol, and Tiverton, i.,
045
Prescott, James, Colonel, in the Council of War at Boston
called by General Ward, i., 534.
Prescott, Samuel, M.D., at the Battle of Lexington, i.. 525.
Prescott. William. Colonel, in the I ouncil ol War held by
General Ward in 1775. i., 534. Fortifies Bunker Hill, i„ 538.
At the Battle of Bunker Hill ; his bravery ; anecdote ol, i .
541 540, 547. Aids General Hand in repelling II""' at
Pell's Neck in 1776 ; Autograph of, ii., 614. Biographical
Sketch of, i., 539. , _ , ,
Pbescott, William II.. the historian, grandson of Colonel
William Prescott; his marriage , the family swords, i., 539.
Quoted, i.. 20, 21.
Prescott, Insurgents at, in 1838, i., 211.
Prrsi/ue Isle. French settlement and fort nt, ii., 26,
Press, American Newspaper: see Newspapers and Printing.
Preston, Captain, arrested at Boston and imprisoned, i . 169,
490. Trial of. for killing rioters, l., 491, 492.
Preston, Dr., of Billerica, i., 554.
Preston, Major (British), at Fort St. Jqhn's in 1775; sur-
renders, i.. 171.
Preston, Senator, anecdole of him and an old lady, n ,
426.
I K D E \
749
Pbestwick, Sib John, suggests to John
a coat of anus for the Ann rican Slates,
1 neral, marches (from St Auga
captures the fort at sunbury. ii.,505. Im .Hi 523.
Al Sunbury, ti., 527 Marches toward* harleston, ii »553 At-
tacks Port Royal [aland in 177'.'. U . 554. His retreat, ii.,555,
Prevost, Mark, Lieutenant-colonel, ii ,534.
Pbidbai \. General. at Crown Point in 1758, L, 190 At Fort
l, i . IfO, 224
Pries ol the Pilgrim Covenant, i . 437.
Prima Vista, the pan of the New World first seen by Sebas-
tian < 'abot, i . 27.
Pbihcb, Thomas, Reverend, Destruction of tin- t
manuscripts of, by the British, at Boston, in 1771
Cited
Pbihi b, Thomas, pilgrim. Autograph of, L, 438. Names the
»| Massage I . I
Princt I irrendered by the French to the Brit-
ish in 1758, i . 120.
Prince of il esss~< 'assbl. Letter of, ii., t '
I ■ j of, ii . 28 Nassau Hall,
M., 31. Con
General Mercer at, II . 30. Battle of, in IT?:, n ,
Plan of the battle, ii., 28. View of the battle-ground, ii., 29.
Evacuation ol New Jersey by the British, ii., 33.
Pbino, navigator. Bails t<> America, ii., 245.
Pringj i i Lake Champlain in I77j. [., 163.
Printing. The first printing-press established at
;ii 1636, i . 555. Establish
[70 1 618 Est ■ n 1749, ii.. 360.
Franklin's printing-]
ion of Berkeley and of Napoleon, ii., 254. Governor Berke-
ley would not allow a printing-press in Virginia, IL, 256.
Print/. John, Governor, succeeds Minn ii., 46.
Prior, the port, quoted, I., 44.
Prisoners, Ai m taken by the British in 1781 ; brutal
treatment of, at Port Griswoldj Fanny Ledyard's kindness
to, i.. 612,613: treatment of, at Philadelphia, ii., l"l . and
at the Rattle of Brandywine, ii., IT'.i Arnold's oarsmen. I.,
"07. At Augusta, ii., 513. At Brandywine, American, ii.,
British, ii . 170 \t Brier I n i k, il , 508 British.
taken ins, ii . IT". 31, 170, 230. At Brooklyn, ii-,
60*. Governor Brown exchanged i<>r Lord Stirling, i
Near Camden, it, 468. Canonchet, i.,662. 11 i
I.. 209. At Charles City Court Bouse, ii,, 238, At Charles-
ton, il , 561 Li l harlottesville. ii., 345. To the Cherokees,
ii., 4 in At I i , ii.,428 It Fort Granny, ii.,482
Ai Fori Griswold, L, 612, 613. At Fort Motte, ii., 48
Fort H 270. At Fort Washington, ii., 621,
At Fort Watson, ii., 501. At BaddrelTs Point," ii., 502. At
Hanging Bock, ii., 457. Hessian, taken at the Battle of
Trenton, ii., 21 At Hickory Hill, ii., 528. Indian, cap-
tured by colonel Moore in 1713, ii . 356. \i Ketlli i
Tories, ii., 506 At King's Mountain in 1780, ii., 128 King
Philip, ins wife and son, in 1676, I., 663. Miantonomoh, i.,
596. At Moore's Creek Bridge, ii . 382. Ai Nassau Hall,
ii., 31. At Nelson's Ferry, ii . 5oo. At New York, their
sufferings, ii., 658-661. Ai Osborne's in 1781, ii., 339 Gen
eral Prescott, 1 . 181, 644,645 . ii.,608 At Prisoner's Island,
General Prescott's brutal treatment of, L, 180. At Ru
n., 460 \t SI Augustine in it-", ii .. 562. \t Savannah,
■ r s i irdinary, Li . 259. Lord Stirling, ii ,
608. General Sullivan. li.,608. Major Tallmadge*s, ii.,627
By Tryon m 1771. ii.. 372. At Torktown, ii., 313. Tariff
for ei I 1779, ii., 646 See Prisons and P
shtpS
Prisoner's Island, Lake Champlain. Escape of prisoners from,
i , 116, n ;.
British, at New '. 660. Provost prison
at Philadelphia, n . 100, l"l
Prison-ships, British, at New fork, ii., 660, 661 Jersey pris-
on-s . f>60.
Pritchabd, Edward, subscribing witness to the Pennsyl-
vania ' Charter, ii . 50.
Privateers, lilted out hv Robert Morris. H-, 688 In 1775 i ,
iWe to the British m 1775,
Sent from Newport in 1775, i.,641. Sent flrom New London
and Norwich in 1777, i , 010 British, captured in
peake ita\ in 1781, ii . 230
Privy Council, i-, 494. I>r Franklin summoned before the,
i., 403
Prizes, American, taken into Newport by the British in 1775,
recaptured, i.,641 ai New Bedford in 1778, i.,
652. Galley Pigol British frigate Homulus ami
two prii iteers, ii., 230, 331. Washington's rule for the
division of, u . 837.
Proclamation of Clinton, at * harleston, in 1780, ii., 561.
Proctor, Thomas, ins artillery in Sullivan's expedition, i ,
274 At Brandywine tutograph of, ii
Profanity forbidden at the "London Coffee-house," Philadel-
phia, in 17^0. ii.. 53.
Proprietaries of Pennsylvania, Popular feeling against the, 11.,
51
Prospect lltll, i . 112. 113: Skirmish at. i . 520.
Protestant Colony m Florida, destroyed by Spaniards in 1564.
i .. 32
Protestants, l rem ii and German Run lies, settle in thi
Unas in 1707, 1709, ii
■ i uiada in 1774, I
ded by Rogi r Will-
i 22. Burnt bj Indians in 1676, I
Old Tavern. |
Bonfire of tea at. in 1 Frero h troops arrive at,
in 1782; their camp-ground, I., 624. Burial-ground at. La
■ tie s head-quarters, L, l Patriotism of the wo
men of, i.. 821
Provutt
and by Paine, ii I
Provin iture and account of, l.»474
Province Island, The British take possession of, in 1777. ii.,
British Bnlti riea on, ii , 91.
. , David, of Nt w \ ork, ii . 602
Provost Prison, at Philadelphia, n., lul At New York, ii.,
! 659.
. Prvden, Mr . Notice of, i., 418.
Prussia. King of, Arthur I a to the, In 1777, ii..
648. ■■ led to Baron Steuben b) the King
of, I., 333 Maritime poliej
the B4th, quoted, il., 215.
James, Regulator; hung, by Tryon, in 1771, u , 370,
371. 368.
Pulaski, Casihir, Count, at the Ban]' twn in
1777, n. 112. Exploit ui" his cavalry at Prankfbrd, ii., 42
At Brandywine, ii., I tlnental army
In 1777 . Visits La Fayette at the MoTfl lit at
Bethlehem, il., lw5. Re© riei from ihe Moravian
nuns, ii-. 16 ■ I description ol the banner,
il., 1-7 At Charleston in l T 7 r.i . [1., 554 li Mlnislnk in
IT'-, i . 669 With ins cavalry at Morriston n
hip, 1., 310. At Savannah in 1779, ii„ 520 Mor-
tally wo 186, 532 Monunu i I I
;»14" Portrait, Autograph, Seal, and Biographical M»ctch of,
ii., 529.
Pv lci, his Morgante Magglore quoted, i , 20.
Pulpit, Curious, at German Plats, i 254
Puritans of New England. I trigin ol the. I., 440 Hooper and
Rogers . Henry \ Rl . Elizabeth . Boldnt ^ ol the, i . 440
Position ol Elizabeth . Si paratists . Puritans in Pari ami nt
tea 1. ; Puritan minisiera exiled, i 441, Character <>i
the; sail for America. i., 142. Explore the coasl attacked
by Indians . first " New England . Landing of,
at Plymouth Rock in 1620, i., 443. Basso-relievo represenl
at ion of the landing of the, u . ,204 Pounding of Plymouth .
want and si< I ! ::""' ■ defy
Indians, i ,444. Condition of the colony . newi migrants .
Winslow; old colony seal ; Standish; Weymouth settled in
Shawmut, L, 445. Endicoti settles at Salt m , arrival
ofWinthrop tided in 1630; progress of fro
: meter witchcrafl I
law ;el ' l '7. Narrow
views of, I., 621 Religious character of; mild laws , repre-
sentative system; immigrants, i . 417. 448. I
colony, first coined irrisgeofthe Mint-mi
daughter . conduct of Quakers, and their punishment, i . I4'.t
1 1] me the Quakers, I., 450. Narrow views ofthe Puritans
at Salem in 1634, i ! them as
3 Religious condition of, in Virginia, ii., 253
.: no of, ii., 31 ■ I 71 ; and Pilg ■ ■
Pubviani b, Samuel, Jun . one ol the Baltimore < omi
ol Correspondence, ii . iw,; His narral ■ i^7
Pubt, John, founder oi a Svi iss - tll< dm nl in South I arolina,
Purysburg, South Carolina, Setl ii., 540
i. Garret, an active Whig, rents bis house to the
Tories, Gorl and Platto, i . 288
i, Israel, G< icral, i . 190 At Fori Edward In 1757,
i.. 111. At Ticond - ,118 Dai ag li at or ai
Fort Willi r, i , 94. Near Fori Anne i his [H rilous situation .
captured by French and Indians. i., 140. Humanlt) Of his
captor, i. ill. On Lake Champlain; attacks French and
: is ti. ar Fort Anne. i„ 143. Daril I Hi Ed-
ward, i.. 90. His feats at Fort Oswegstchie in 1760, i . 212.
At Cai Bsioned m 1774. I.,
522. At the Battle of Bunker Ildl. I . 539, 541, 546 His
Hag, I., 509 U i ol ! la HU1 In 1775 I ffd 1 1 thi I om
bardment of Boston, i . 578 At Boston after Ihe < vacuation
by the British in 1776, i .. 582. In command al New York
Hum Philadelphia in 1776,11,594
In command at Brooklyn, U . 599 In i ommand ai Philadel
phia in 177''.. li., 18 Controls cantonmi nts between Prince-
i m md thi Hudson River in 177_. i . 307. Plan of, fur al
tacking the British on Staten and Long islands, Paulue'a
Hook, ami New York In 1777 dei Ucnr) Clln-
733 . and by Waterbory, > .735. i
ine troops sent to reinforce Washington, il . |J1 His I
letter to Sir Henry Clinton respecting a spy, I. ,740 ' irdered
to King's Ferry, il . 91. His letter to Washington, on the
privations of the soldiers, in 1778, i . 705 In command of
thi armyal Smith's Clove iti 1779. i 744 Hia bead-quar-
ten al Readinz, Connecticut, in 1779; ins- speech . his en-
campment al West Greenwich, I., 41 1 Peate of, i
213 His escape at Horsenech, i . 412. His tavern sign, i ,
7oO
INDEX.
439. His latter on public houses, i , 439, Portraits of, L,
|40 ii . 600 lutograp , ij • 600 Biographical Sketch
ni' ii., 599. Anecdote of, i., 547.
Putbam, Hi n s, Lieutenant-colonel, engineer, Military works
;,l ii„ .iciii constructed h>. i . 593.
Putnam, Reverend Dr., ol Roibury, >•. 659;
Putnam's r/itf, Picture and description m, i., 412-414.
Putnam^* Ledge, or Rock, i., 137. View at, i., 142
pYlB ci LTorj officer, ii., 370. Ensnared, wounded, and
defeated in the battle on the Haw, ii , 3S4, 387.
Pulc'i Pond, Picture of, ii., 387.
I on Huston Common erected by the Sons of Liberty in
1786, i., 473.
Topography of,
Hill, Battle of, in 1778, I., 651, 652
i., 632, 648, 051,657.
,. Origin, character, and sufferings of, in America, '-,
447 ill 450 Settle in Rhode Island in 1647, l., 639. Roger
Williams'* , lis,, me will,, at Newport. ... f.23. Settle on the
Delaware between the vears 1676 and 16s0. 11., 46. Settle
at Crosswicksin 1681 ; meeting-house at, n., 11, 12. Found
Trenton in 1679, ii., 13. Meeting-house at Princeton, n , 2,
Thirteen hundred, released from prison in England by V\ ih-
lam Penn ; an association of, emigrates to America, ii., 4,.
Character and influence or, ii-, 49. Favor the taxing of pro-
prietary estates ni 1701. ii.. 51. Tetition of. against destroy-
ing Hie New England fisheries, i.. 520. Testimony of, in
1775 ii 55. Favor the royal cause ; at Philadelphia in 1775
and 1776 ; loyalists, ii., 18. 55, 56. Eleven leading Quakers
at Philadelphia apprehended, ii., 56. Execution ol Roberts
and Carlisle in 1778, ii.. 57. Fines imposed on. in \ lrginia,
ii 254. Settle in North Carolina, lit, 354 ; and New Jersey,
n 57S Week-dav meeting of, at Sconnel Town duringthe
Untile of Brandywine, ii., 168. Quaker marriage, n., 407,
408 Centenarian preacher ; boarding-school, ii., 4118. At
Jamestown, North Carolina, ii., 406. Take up arms m the
American cause in 1775, ii., 380.
Quamino, Dollv, old negro guide at Savannah, n., 520.
Quartering Arts. Chatham's motion to repeal the, l., 518.
Ql IRT1ER, JaQUES : see Cartier.
QueaRY, John, member of the Mecklenburg Committee, n.,
412.
Quebec, Early settlement of; topography of. i., 632. 648, 651,
657. Description of, i., 201. Picture of St. John's Gate ;
fortifications, i., 198. Historical localities, i„ 205. Capitu-
lation of. Levi's attempt to recapture; Ins retreat, i., 189.
MT.ean summoned by Arnold to surrender, i., 196. Royal
Highland regiment at. i.. 150. Quebec Act in 1774, i., 505,
506. Despotic spirit of the times, i., 156, 157, 506. Bishop
of, resists Carleton's attempt to ,seduce him, l., 158. Arnold's
expedition to ; Battle of, i., 187-201.
Quebec Act: see Canada.
Queen Anne Maryland, ii., 198.
Qui en Anne's Chapel in Fort Hunter, l.. 280.
Queen Esther, half-breed Indian woman, her inhuman cru-
elties ; Biographical Sketch of, i., 357. 358.
Queen Esther's Rock, Picture of, i., 357.
Quern's Museum, or Liberty Hall Academy, at Charlotte, North
Carolina, ii., 393, 411. „„, „
Qui i u's Rangers, ii., 137. At King's Bridge, ii., 625 : Oyster
Hay, ii., 027 ; Spencer's Ordinary, ii., 258.
Queenston, Battle of, i., 226.
(}uibbtetnun, or New Market. New Jersey, i., 331.
Quwnby's I 'reek Bridge, Battle of. in 1781, ii., 507, 568.
Quincy, Dorothy-, afterward Mrs. John Hancock, l., 553.
Quincv, Josiah, defends Captain Preston, L, 402. Patriotic
character of. i.. 103. His speech at Boston in 1773, i„ 40,.
Contributor to Whig Journals; on the Huston Committee of
Correspondence, i., 513. His opinion of Cornelius Harnett,
ii , 376. Biographical Sketch of, i., 408.
Qvinebaug River described, i., 595.
QuinijHOC, Indian name of New Haven, i., 418.
Quintan's Bridge, on Alloway's leek, Skirmish at, ll., 138.
Quinze Chiens, Prisoners at, i„ 208.
Quit-rents required of the Colonies in 1737, ii., 35,.
Quo Warranto defined, i . 434. Writs of James I. against the
London Company in 1024, li., 252.
Race-course on Governor's Island, New York, ii., 500,
Races, Good effects of a mixture of, in America, i., 38/.
Radiere : see La Radiere.
Rafn, Charles C, Secretary of the Royal Society of Copen-
hagen. i.. G34. .
Rail-roads at Boston. Number of passengers on the. i., 500.
Rainbow, solar, at noon, and lunar, at midnight, seen by the
author, ii., 199.
Rainsford Island, stone cemetery on. i., 634.
Rai.eii.ii. Sir Walter, sails for America in 1579; equips a
squadron in 1583. ii., 242. His patent to colonize \ trginia
in 1584 ; sends two vessels to Carolina ; Member ol Parlia-
ment; kni»hted; his |iateiit confirmed; sends another fleet
to Roanoke in 1585 under Grenville; form orhis ships, n„
243 His agricultural expedition in 15*7 ; founds the city
of Raleigh i Halteras Indians; uses tobacco; anecdote of
In,,, and Ins servant, ii . 244. Assigns Ins rights to a Lon-
don Company ; committcil to the Tower for marrying with-
out the Queen's consent; beheaded; his History or the
World. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 245. Host of, ii., 280,
Raleigh, North Carolina, founded in 1687, li., 244.
Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, ii., 280.,
Rall, Colonel, at the Battle of White Plains in 1776, li., 616.
\t Fort Washington in 1770. ii., 620. At the Battle of Tren-
ton, n , 20. His head-quarters, ii . 21.24 Mortally wound-
ed ii 21 Washington's visit to him in Ins last moments ,
the room in winch he died, ii.. 22, 21. His farousal, u., 23.
Orthography of his name, ii.. 20.
Ralle, Father, killed by Indians, i , 101
Ramapaugh Indians, Ancient iniie of, their domain trans-
formed by civilization, i., 778.
Ramapo Pass described, i., 780, 781. Arrival of Washington s
troops at, in 1770, i., 780.
Ramapo V alley ; works described, i., 778. 780.
Ramapo Village, i.. 778, 779. The American army encamps
near, in 1777, i., 779.
Rambo, Mairitz. famous hunter. Ins exploits, m. 1'24
Ramsay, David, M.D., quoted or cited, i., 86; ii., 19, 541,
543.
Ramsay's Mills, on the Deep River, ii.. 406, 40,,
Ramsey, J. G. M., M.D., historian of Tennessee, quoted, n.,
412.
Ramsmir's Mills, Battle of, in 1780, li., 391.
Randolph, Edmund. Attorney General of Virginia in 1,,6.
ii 300 Member of Congress ; Ins Resolution to return
thanks to God after the surrenderor Cornwallis, ii., 321.
Governor of Virginia; member of the y irginiu tonslilu-
tional Convention in 1788, ii., 232.
Randolph, John, of Roanoke, descendant of Pocahontas, it.,
249
Randolph, Peyton, of Virginia, opposes Patrick Henry's five
resolutions ii , 277. His zeal in the cause of Massachusetts
in 1773; oil the Virginia Committee of Vigilance, n„ 270.
His proposed new Constitution of the United Stales, ii., 65,.
President of the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia
in 1774, ii., 60, 281. A free-mason, ii., 60. Portrait, Auto-
graph, and Biographical Sketch of, n . 61.
RIndolph. Lieutenant, assaults President Jackson , dismiss
ed from the navy, ii., 221.
Randolpk Family, orVirginia, descended from Pocahontas, li.,
249.
Rangers. Butler's, i„ 267. 268.
Rank, Relative, of naval and military Officers, determined by
Congress in 1770. ii., 638.
Ransom, Captain, at Wyoming in 1770. I., 3-0. At the SKir-
mish on Millstone River in 1777, L, 351.
Rapelje, Sarah, first white child horn at Brooklyn, n.. 5,,.
Rapelye, Mrs., detention of the messenger sent by her to the
British army in 1776. ii., 607.
Rappahannock Hirer described, ii.. 217
R w,T iffe. President of Jamestown Colony, ii.. 246.
Rathburne, Captain, in the United States navy. Ins e.xplo.ls,
ii. 610, 011
Rattans ofthe Continental soldiers in 1775, l„ 5,6.
Rattlesnake Hill: see Prospect Hill.
Rawdon, Francis, Lord. La Fayette at the bouse or, in Lon-
don, ii„ 117. At Camden, ii., 407, 404, 405. At Ilobkirk's
Hill ii , 474. At Fort Montgomery, i., 736. Retreats lo
Charleston, ii., 481. At Fort Ninety-six ; pursues Greene .
returns to Fort Ninety-six, ii.. 488. Retreats to Orangeburg,
ii„ 489. Proceeds to Charleston ; embarks lor Europe, ii.,
490. Portrait and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 471.
Rawlings, Colonel, at Fort Washington, ii., 020.
Ray. Nicholas, of London,. correspondent of the New \ork
Sons orLiberty, ii.. 581.
Raymond, Nathaniel, of Connecticut, Ins account ol Iryons
landing at Norwalk, i„ 415. 416. -•.-.,
Raynal. Abbe, his opinion of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence ; his eulogy on Hancock, Franklin, and
John and Samuel Adams, ii., 82.
Rayneval, M., his secret mission to London, ll.. 652.
Read, Captain, of North Carolina, killed in the Battle ol
Hanging Rock in 1780. ii., 457.
Read George, of Delaware, delegate to the first Continental
Congress, ii., 59. Member ortlie first Naval Committee ol
Congress in 1775, ii., 637. Signer of the Declaration ol In-
dependence; Riographical Sketch of. ii., 605. Portrait of,
ii., frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 81.
Read, John, Colonel, one of the settlers of Reading, Connec-
ticut, i., 411. .
Read, Oliver, American Naval Commander, 1., 656.
Reap. Thomas, Captain in the lulled States navy in 1778,
ii., 638. . _ ,
Rending, Connecticut, head-quarters ol Putnam in 1,,9 j col-
onel John Read's monument at. 1,411.
Rear-admiral in the American navy in I77n. Rank ol. u.,638.
Rebecca, Lady, the assumed name of Pocahontns. u„ 248.
Rebellion among the early settlers of South Carolina, i
Bacon's, in Virginia, ii., 255. In Scotland in 1.45, It., 358.
Faith with rebels not to be kept. u.. 344.
Red Bank, New Jersey, Topography of, grave of Colonel
Dnnop , ancient residence of Wlnlall. n.. 83, 81 Hallle ol,
in 1777.11.201-299.
Red Clay Neck, Delaware, Encampment on. In I i., i,u.
I N DE X.
751
R<<! House, at Wilkesbnrre, 1'
Red Jacket. Indian cbief, ai the Battle of Chemung ides
• by Brant; supplants » om-planter, i . 279.
i n 1542, i . 31.
given by the Dutch to New Haven.
Reed. Estheb, Mrs., wife o Dsepb, affords n
Com - in 1780; Portrait, Autograph, and Bio-
Rsbo, George W., sun of General Joseph, Commander of
the Vixen, ii . 1 15
Reed. James. General, at the Baltic of Bunker Hill,
Appointed by Congress t" conduct the Middle Departi
-
Reed, Joseph, or Pennsylvania, G
ingio i Washington's intimacy with, dial
ii., 13. Washington's letter to, on the I nion Hag, i . 57"
flag proposed by, i.,576. At the Battle of Germanlown
in 1777, ii-. ill Governor Johnstone's attempt t" i r
145. Resigns his office in 1777, ii., 34. nut -
ofCongiess! i., 136. President of Penn-
tnis hi 1778, it., 145. Marries Esther de Iter.lt. Life
and Corresponden I modyon;
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of. ii., 145.
Re eh. William ii.. bis eulogium -hi General Merci r.
nova, New York, a clerk of Robert Mor-
ris's, ii . 107
Reesi nberofthe Mecklenburg committee; Au-
tograph of. ii., 41-j. -113.
- i . Notice ofthe, i.. 419.
tiers of North Carolina, ii., 363; arrested in II
the, in 1771, uiiibr Tryon inter-
cept Trvon's convo) with ammunition, and destro) the pow-
der, ii ,369 Battli "i tin . U , 370, 388 Bxi 111 on of, il .
371,372. Turn loyalists in 1775, ii., 374 01 North Caro-
Reid, Captain, his conduct at Newport.
Indian, at Uriskany, i., 246. (nd in i belong-
ing to i1. im's treaty
tree, ii., is. In ihc collection of the Connecticut n
Relies is
Governor Carver's.
Chair, Governor Window's, I., 562.
* ha r. New Haven, i.. 438.
Chest from the May Flower, i.. 437.
pping-knife, i., 138.
Cup, Silver, ai Norwich, i., 601.
Key from the May Flower, i.. 437.
hi \ in Port Royal Gate, I.. 562.
Pol from the May Flower, i . Ii "
Sword of Miles Standish, i., 5t'.2.
Relies ofthe Revolution :
Andre, Sketch of, i.. 771.
Arms. British, in the Church at St. John's, New Bruns-
wiek. I
Banner, Pulaski's crimson, n., 185, 187.
Bell, Liberty.
Bier. Washington's, ii.. 208.
Bill ' I, found in the Old Tower at Newport, i .
633.
ticut, i.. 416
Bu: 'in Clinton to
Burgoyne, I
Camp Chest, Washinj 0, 201.
.'. Dr. Franklin's, ii., 201, 202.
Cannon, French, i . 700.
Cannon at i New York, ii., 590.
mi at Princeton, ii., 31.
Cannon ai Red Bank, ii., 85
Cannons at West Point, i.. 700.
i-hall in llraitle Street Church, Boston, i., 563.
Cannon-ball at Ridgefield, i . ill.
Carp Ford's, Morristown, I., 315.
at Wist pomt. i , i
Chairs in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, n..65.
at PeekskiU,
Clothes. Washington's, ii., 202.
i . 103,
Commission, Washington's. l„ 564 . ii., 202.
' i fable in Polin-k church, ii., 214.
it Sleepy Moiiow. i . ;
Declaration of Independence, IL, 202. Twice saved from
Hie flames, ii ,200, 202.
Desk of the Speaker of the Massachusetts Colonial As-
sembly, i .
Drum Trom Bennington, i
Flat:. Hessian, taken b] Washington, il., 207.
Flag, Royal, surrendered to Washington by Cornwallis,
ii . on:,"
Flag of Washington's Life Guard, ii., 208.
Grave-stone of Abraham De Witt at Kingston, i.. 3*9.
Halbert, i.. IT.
Hand-bill in Massachusetts Historical Society, i . 572
K. » "i tin B igtonbyLa Fayette.
1I..20LI.
Letter. Autograph
Mortars. Brass, at Wi si ' 700.
Musket, American, from - d of Hubliardton. i .
Musket from Bennington, I
Napkin used at the baptism of Washington, II
Ouomon, Mrs Washington's, I
Pipe, earthi n, at I 246
p. i-i ol Fi ilium's, at Washin
Pouch. Washington's, I .
Printing-press. Franklin's, n.. 203.
ton's, i . 166
Sarcophagus, Washington's, ii., 211,212,
tavern, Putnam's, i
it Princeton, ii., 35.
Skull.
Skull of Colonel Donop, ii., 84
Spectacli - "i Washington,
Spoon, Silver, presented to I., 314.
tss, Washington's, K., 210.
inklin, ii„ 201
Standard. British, surrendered to Washington at York-
town.
Statue ol WUliam Pitt, I., 172. il . S84
Stockton rein-s at Princeton, ii.,
Stone on which the Declaration of Independence was first
Stove, Franklin, at Elizabethport,
Sword irom Bennington, i-. 395.
Swor.l. war. Washington's, i , 690: ii., 201, 202.
Table. Treaty, at Wyoming, L, 359.
Tankard at Fishkill, ii., 124.
Tavern at EUzabetbport,
Tent. *"i i 202.
church at Sleepy Hollow, I
\\ , 200, '.'HI. 202,207.
Watch, Gold, trom the battle-ground at Eutaw Spring
Writing-case, Washington's, ii.. 202.
tolerai of, in Rhode 1 I., 63ff.
By Washington, i., 315. Public religious worship on the
Sunday alter the capitulation of Yorktown, ii., 321. Sec
Thanksgiving; Intolerant i
ration see Toll ration.
it. Clerk of Foreign Secretary of the 1 nited
states ii.. 102, dab. President ofthe Manhattan Hank. N, «
York. ii.. 102
Rensselaer Manor, or Rciiss, lainvyck, I., 390.
Rente, Land, ri wn by the Colonies
in 1757, 11., 357.
. lima to the right of, i., 454. In
I . ress, 1 ii' bj -'' m of, discussed, Ii., 655.
Representative* in t i er of, 11., 804.
tiers in the Massachusetts Assembly in 1768, i 4T7,
tavern at Ridgi Held, i., 410.
Restraining Act, i.. 520.
bj Washington al Boston, i.. 575. Proc-
lamation of, by Congress, in 1776, i 584.
1762, . 460.
Rbvbri Pj ). ' ip| graver, I., :il7 Artistic de-
by, i., 507. '•' fork and Philadelphia
respecting the Boston Port BiU, I., 507 and to Hancock and
Samuel Adams at Lexington in 177.".. i., 523. Usls
laying the corner-stone of the State-hoti i i., 561.
lion, American, Events preceding the, i., 349. Fil
of oppress. mi. i . 454. Last How of, ii., 573. First naval
ement ofthe. ii
119.
n England in 1688, i . 451.
Rbtmell, Lii in. nam, killed in the Until. ofStillwau i
Reynolds, John, first Royal Governor of Georgia in 1754. ii.,
517.
Rhinebeclc Flats. The British at. in 1777 . '.■ciinl of, i . 388
Rhmtlaader's Sugar-house, New York, used as a prison, ii.,
659.
Island, Historical Soi
Rhode Island (Isle), "nem of the nan* settlement of, In
1637 . conveyed to i lark and < oddington ns and
.... • ■..'■-
pear . Antiquities of. I., 634. First wh
tl.r. i.. 622. Condition ol. in 1777. I., 642. Evacuated by
the Americans in 1778, i . 652.
Rhodt Island, state. First Constitution of: Royal I barter
first General Assembl) nl64< - Religious toleration ;
separation End re-union or the Plantal o red in
description of, by W
f.-riiiL lists in King Philip's War In 1676, i . 663.
spun of liberty In, i . 639 In* it. d b) Mass u busetts to fol-
low h.r example In 177 1. i., 516. Authorizes an army of
rvation previous to the Battle of Hunker Hill. I., 536.
Convention of. in I77f.. relative to the Declaration ol Indt
pen.leiice, a., 69. Delcgati Articles of Confed-
752
I N D E X .
era t Ion in 1778, ii.,655. Is called upon by Congress for funds
to carry on the war m ITKt; complimentary addresses of,
10 Rochambeau and Ternay, i., 655. Naval commanders
ami suiiurs of, in the Revolutionary war, i., 656.
Rhodes, Samuel, delegate irmti Pennsylvania io the first Con-
tinental congress m 1774, ii., 55, 59.
Rice, Isaac, at Ticonderoga, L, 121, 122. Portrait and Auto-
grapb of, i.. 122.
id, i , Lieutenant, challenged by Major Church at Ticonderoga,
i , [30
Richards, Ensign, bears the Union flag on the American
army's entering Boston in 1770, L, 582.
Richards, Civ, on the New Loudon Committee of Corre-
spondence, L, 610.
Km iukds, J. Addison, landscape-painter, ii., 476.
Rn hardson, found guilty of the murder of Christopher Snyder
in 17?i] ; pardoned by the King, i., 469.
.Ii' hardson, Richard, Colonel, Biographical Sketch of, ii.,
444.
Richardson, Sergeant in the Guard, charges Stephen Sayre
with high treason in 1770, i., 5S6.
Richboo, Colonel (Tory), at Wiboo Swamp, ii., 566.
R u River : see Sorel.
Richmond, Colonel, in the naval battle at Newport in 1776, i.,
640.
Richmond, Duke of. procures the examination of Pcnn before
the House of Lords in 1775, i., 585. Notice of, i., 84. His
reply to Chatham, ii., 142.
Ric/nnond, Virginia. Early history of, ii., 220. Topography
of; map of the skirmish at ; seat of government ; head-quar-
ters of Arnold and Simcoe in 1781, ii., 227, 229. La Fayette
at, in 1781, ii.. 340. Destruction of property at ; statue of
Washington at ; Monumental Church at, ii., 230. The the-
atre of, burned in 1*1 1 ; Si John's Church, ii., 231.
Ridge Road in the Carolmas, ii., 406.
Ridgedale, John, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, i.. 437.
Ridgefield, Connecticut, i., 407, 409. Situation of, i., 410,
Arnold at, i., 408. Picture of the barricade at, i., 409.
Ridgelev, his Annals of Annapolis, ii., 194, 197.
Riedesel, Baron, General, i.,593; ii., 345. At Ticonderoga,
i., 135. At Hubbard ton, L, 1 !3. At the Battle of Bemis'a
Heights, i., 50. 51. Captured at Saratoga, ii., 084. Furnishes
garden-seeds for the captive troops of Burgoyne in 1779. ii.,
346. His quarters at Charlottesville, ii., 345. Resides at
Beekman's Mansion in 1780, ii., 611.
Riedesel, Baroness, i., 55, 89. Her narrative, i., 69. Visits
the Moravians at Bethlehem, ii., 186. Her reception by Gen-
eral Schuyler, i.,91. Her letters relative to the captive troops
o( Burgoyne, ii., 345. Quoted, i., 55, 65, 73, 89, 90. 01. 557,
558; ii., 345. Riedesel House, Saratoga; and family resi-
dence at Cambridge, L, 89, 557. Autograph of, L, 558.
Rifts in the Mohawk River described, i.. 2h0.
Rind, Mr., editor of the Virginia Gazette, ii., 284.
Ring, John, his tombstone, i., 254.
Rinoijold, Thomas, and Thomas, Jun., of Maryland. Sons of
Liberty, ii., 194. Thomas a delegate to the Stamp Art t ,.u-
ureas in 1705, i., 465.
Ringgold, William, of Maryland, Son of Liberty, ii., 194.
Rio de la Plata discovered by Cahot, i.. 28.
Rmt at Boston in 1705, i., 467, 468; and in 1770, i., 490. At
Enfield in 1759, ii., 361. At Hillsborough in 1770, ii., 367.
At New York, the Doctors' Mob, in 1787, i., 384. At Phila-
delphia in 1779, i., 321. See Mob.
Rip Raps, in James River, ii., 325.
Ripley, Reverend Dr.. Chaplain in the American army ; his
residence, i., 527. Gives the ground for the Monument at
Concord, i., 552.
Rising, or Rtsingh, John Claudius, succeeds Governor
Printz in 1652, ii., 46.
Rispess, Thomas, of Beaufort, his discover; of the negro plot
in 1775; Autograph of, ii.. 375
Rittenhouse, David, his planetarium, ii., 36. His ob-
servatory at Philadelphia, it., 79, 81. Biographical Sketch
of, ii., 36.
Ritter's Tavern. Germantown, ii.. 125.
RlTZEMA, Colonel, at New York in 1775, ii., 588. At (he
Battle of White Plains, ii., 616. Turns Loyalist, ii., 588.
Autograph of, ii., 616.
Rivington, James, King's printer at New York, i.. 508. His
Royal Gazette, i., 513. Destruction of his printing mate-
rials by Sears in 1775; his perfidy, ii., 591. His Political
Register, 1., 459. Anecdote of himand Ethan Allen, i., 508.
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii.,, 590,
591.
Roads, Corduroy, ii.. 225. In North Carolina, ii., 408.
Roanoke Is/and, Early history and present condition of, ii.,
243, 244.
Roanoke River described, ii., 349,
Robd. William, killed in the Battle of King's Mountain in
1780, ii .. 428.
Rodbins, Thomas, Reverend Dr., librarian ofthe Connecticut
Historical Society ; his library, i., 436, 137.
Roberts, i nlum I, with Howe in defense of Savannah, ii.,
526.
Roberts, John, Quaker, executed for treason in 1778, if . :'.
Robertson, General, at the evacuation of Boston, i., 581.
Confers with General Greene relative to Andre's proposed
release, i., 700. Succeeds Governor Trvon, ii., 302. Takts
possession Of New York in 1776, ii., Oil'. 613, 629.
Roberval, The Lord of, his voyage to the New World, i., 32.
Robin, Abbe, Chaplain to the French army in America, n..
318. His description of Charles Thomson,- Secretary <>i Con-
gress, ii., 61 ; and of the British army at the surrender of
Cornwallis, ii., 318.
Robinson, Beverly, son of Major John, i., 708. Colonel in
the British army in 1776; declines selling Constitution Isl-
and, i., 703. His residence near West Point, i., 7iih, His
letters to Arnold and Putnam, i., 717. On board of the ship
Vulture, i., 719. Accompanies the deputation respecting
Andre, i., 760. His letter to Washington respecting An-
dre's proposed release, i., 729. His tract of land ; endows
St. Peter's and St. Philip's parishes, i., 739. One of the
witnesses in the trial of Andre, ii., 201. His will the daugh-
ter of Frederick Phillipse, i., 708. Portrait, Autograph, ami
Biographical Sketch of, i., 709.
Robinson, Colonel, at the Battle of Concord ; his narrow es-
cape, i., 527.
Robinson, Commissioner, his assault on Olis, i., 488.
Robinson, Sir Frederick Phillipse. i., 7oy ; ii., 275.
Robinson, " Horse Shoe," Kenn< dy's Sketches of, ii., 429.
Robinson, Isaiah, Captain in the United States navy; his
exploits, ii.. 638, 639.
Robinson, James, Captain in the United States navy in 1776 .
his explo:ts. ii., 639.
Robinson, John. Reverend, pastor of the Pilgrims ; his sword,
i., 438, 441.
Robinson, John, Major, President of the Council of Virgin a
in 1734, i., 708. Chairman of the House of Burgesses in
1758; anecdote of him and Washington, ii., 274, 275. His
dislike of Patrick Henry, ii., 277.
Robinson, Mrs., Hospitality of, ii., 188.
Robinson, William, hanged by the Puritans, i., 449.
Robinson, William, taken prisoner by Logan in 1774 ; makes
ink of gunpowder and water, ii., 283.
Robinson House, Breakfast-room of Arnold at the, i., 726.
Picture ofthe, i., 708.
Rochambeau, Count de, General, Arrival of, in 1780, at New-
port, ii., 468, 644. At Lebanon, i., 603. Commands French
troops in America in 1780, i., 054, 655. His conferences
with Washington, i., 435, 656 ; ii., 334. With Washington
at Dobbs's Ferry ; loans money to the United Slates, ii., 31)3.
Accompanies Washington in his first interview with He
Grasse, ii., 308. Encamps at French Hill, ii., 625. At the
siege of Yorktown, ii . 307 . and at the surrender, ii., 318.
Commended by Washington, ii., 320. His head-quarters ai
Williamsburg in 1782, it., 323. Departure from Annapolis
in 1782, ii., 197. Receives a deputalion of Quakers in I7S2 ;
his encampment at Providence, i., 023. His memoirs, ii.,
313. Portrait and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 321.
Rocheblave, Philip. Commander of the garrison at Kas-
kaskia ; surprised by General Clarke, ii., 2N9.
Rochefontatn, Captain, engineer at the siege of Yorktown ,
promoted, ii., 320.
Rochford, Lord, prosecuted by Sayre, i., 586.
Rock.
Porter's, i., 615.
Prospect, i., 370.
Putnam's, i., 1 12.
Queen Esther's, i., 357.
Rogers's, i., 1 10.
Savin's, at Orange, Connec-
ticut, ii., 210.
Split, i., 159.
Thunder-struck, i., 743.
Torn, i.. 780.
Washington's, i.. 333.
Williams's, i., 106, 620.
Anvil, ii., 455.
Bloodv, i., 370.
Brant's, i., 297.
Campbell's, i., 353.
Dial, i.. 353.
Dighton, i., 634.
East, New Haven, i.. 417.
Flat, ii., 459.
Forefathers', at Plymouth,
i., 443.
Hansing, ii., 456.
Plainfield, i., 334.
Rockctt's, Virginia, below Richmond, ii., 220, 328
Rockingham. Charles, Marquis of, i., 470; ii., 651. Por-
trait of, i., 470.
Rockland County, New York, i., 381.
Rocku Hilly near Princeton, Washington's residence at, in
1783, ii., 631.
Rocky Mount, Associations of, ii., 451. View at; Battle ol,
ii.. 453, 454.
Rocky Mount Firry, View ofthe road at, ii,, 455.
Rodeg. John, Lieutenant in the United States navy in 1777.
ii., 638.
Raderiauc Hortalcs and Co., feigned name of Beaumarchais,
ii., 647.
Rodney, Admiral, commands the British fleet in the West
Indies in 1780, [., 658; n.. 306.
Rodnev, C.f.sar, of Delaware, delegate to the Stamp Act Con-
gress in 1705, i., 465; and to the first Continental Congress,
ii , 59. At Brandywlne, ii., 109. Signer ofthe Declaration
of Independence , Biographical Sketch of, ii., 605. Auto-
graph of, ii.. 81.
Roebuck, Dr., of Birmingham, opposes Franklin among the
manufacturing population of England, i., 517.
RooSRS, Charles II., of Valley Forge, his observatory, ii.,
127.
Rogers, John, Reverend. Protestant martyr, i.. 440.
IMiEX.
ro3
Rogers, Nathaniel, his Inters to Whately, i .
Rogers, Tbeophilds, M.D., one of the Norwich committee
ol ( !om spondence, i , 599.
RouKKs Thomas, hia (arm the spot where Buxgoyne encamped
in 1777, I.. 50
Rogers Thomas, signer ofthe Pilgrim Covenant, I., 437,
Rogers. Major, afterward Colonel, leader of the Rangers, i ,
115. 11'-. 140, 143; n . 137. Bur] atonal Haslet in
1776, 11., 615. Biographical Sketch of, I.. 116.
Rogers. Captain, m the British navy, I
Rogers, Captain, in the expedition against the Western forts
in 1779, u., 290.
Rogers. Mrs . of Plymouth, i , 360.
i. tnd, a camp-ground in the Indian wars b"
the English ami French, i ,96, 109 Relica lound on, i., 103.
i ofory, Picture of, U . 127.
Rogers's Slid* on Lake George, [., 116.
Rolpb, John, marries Pocahontas, U., 948, 251.
RoLfrK. Thomas, son ol Pocahontas; progenitor of leading
families hi Virginia, ii., 248.
Rollo. Northman chief, Normandy ceded to, hy Charles the
Simple, . 16
i/xe: see Catholic, Roman.
Romans, Bernard, engineer at West Point in 1775; his ap-
plication to Congress for a Colon raph of, i., 7U3.
Romavne, Thomas, Reverend, i . 233.
■ I korge. Loyalist, ins letters to Whately, i., 491.
Rome, New York, on the Mohawk River, . 38, 119, 331.
Romer, James, one of the companions of the captors of An-
dre, i., 755.
Romnby, the painter, his portrait of Brant, i., 257.
Romnuj. British ship of war, i., 478.
Rondout (reek: Onirin ofthe name, i., 355. Village, i.. 3S9.
Scener\. i . : -
Ronev. Lieutenant (British), his gallant conduct at th
of Fort Ninety-six in 1781 . mortall) wounded, ii , 465.
Roscommon Tavern, Account of, i , 36
Rose, Rebe< i a, Mrs., The author's interview with, near Fort
Montgomery, i., 730.
Rose island, British ships at, in 1775 ; naval engagement near,
i.. 641
RosBNKBANS, Abraham, Reverend, Pastor of the old stone
church at German Plata, I . 2S I
Ross, Arthur a . Reverend, his poems quoted, i., 632. ^Ilis
Historical Discourse, L, 639, 642, 650, 653. His account of
Gen 's tyranny, i . 042.
Ross. George, of Pennsylvania, delegate to the first Conti-
nental roncri'ss in 1771. n.. .'>.'». .V.I. Signer of the I>
lion of Independence ; Biographical Sketch of, ii., 6G5. Por-
trait of. u., frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 81.
Ross, BTbhry, one of the Sons ofLiberty, i ,466.
Ross, Genera] (British), at the Battle of North Point, Mary-
land. U., 182.
Ross, Colonel, at the Battle of Brandywine, ii., 174.
Ross, Major i British), Commissioner at the surrender of Corn-
wailia in 1781, ii.,316. His incursion into the Mohawk Val-
ley, I.. 290.
Ross, Lieutenant, at the Flattie of Wyoming, i., 355.
Ros>, Mr., Ins iron-foundry ai El tab thtow a, I., 233, 328.
Mrs, her ferry at Broad Riv.r. ii
Lewis db, Governor Martin's letter to, ii., 375.
Rosset. Moses John de. Mayor of Wilmington ; Autograph
of, n , 362.
RotARtE. Marquis de la : sec Armand.
RouSc's Point, and military works at, L, 167.
Rouville, Major, lus expedition against New England, i.,
210.
Rowan. MatthBW, Governor of North Carolina, ii., 361.
; l \vm. of Connecticut, del-gate to the Stamp Act
< longress m 1765, i., 465.
Row LET, Colonel, at the Battle of Johnstown in 1781, i-, 290.
■ Fort. Plan and picture of. I
iBERT, Reverend, Grave of, at Freehold, n , 153.
/,■,,. G Rivington's, The last canto of the*' tow Chase"
published in. on the daj when Andrd waa raptured, ii., 684.
Royoi Grant, The, procured by Sir William Johnson, L, 291.
Royal Highland Regiment, L, 59.
Royston. American soldier. Inhuman treatment of, by Sim-
coe's Rangers, ii., 238.
RuooBLL, Captain, surrenders to Colonel Byrd in 1760, ii.,
291.
Rrnfi.ru. Captain, at the Battle of Guilford. II., 401. At the
capture of Fort Granbv, n . 483, 184 . and the siege ft Fort
Ninety-six, ii., 484, 487. At Eutaw springs, Ii., 496; and
Augusta, ii., 313. Autograph ui. I
RuDYARD, George, subscribing witness to the Pennsylvania
Charter, ii . 5 I
RtloEi.EY, Colonel, commands Tories in South Carolina in
1780; captured bv Washington. Ii
Rugeley's Undue and Mill, Viewa Of, ii., 151, 460.
Ruggles. Timothy, of Massachusetts, member ofthe Stamp
Act Congress in 1760, I., 4f>5. President of this Congress .
hw •' Associated Loyalists,*1 i.. 522. Heads a corps of Loyal-
ists against the Americans, L, 465. His military corps at
Boston, i . .r'3.5.
Rum, Importation of, prohibited in Georgia in 1732, ii.. 5lfi.
II 3
Sent from Newport. Rhode Island, in 1775. to British (bits
on thi coast ol Ifrica, and exchanged fbi gunpowder, L, 571.
Ei Ua of, nil ■■ ■ the Indians, Ii., i-*
Disposal of, at New York, by the Sons of Liberty, li . 588.
RuHPoi rhor
from General Howe In 177:> . u- Letch of, I., 591.
littmr inscriptions at Dig ti ton Rock. L, 634. On the Orkney
Isles, l . 635.
Rush, Benjamin, M.D., Surgeon General, i, 332;
With Genera] Mercer when he died. II.. 30
him and * aptaln Leslie, L, 332. His opinion ol Wayne's as
sauli at Stonj Point, I., 749, At Branoyv< Ine, II , 179. Sue-
Di lohn Mi II tsoi in the Medical School
at Philadelphia, 11., 33. His letter to Wayne, i , 749 S ■ " i
Declaration of Independence . Bii ; ten of,
■ 1, Portrait of, \\.%Jrtmtispieee Autograph, of, U., Bl.
Rossell, Lieutenant-colon* I, at Fort Mifflin, II., ''I
Rus8BLL,Jason, killed in the skirmish at West Cambn<
531.
Russell's n* of the Pilgrims f* \ , 138
Russia, Catharine of, confers honors on Paul Jones, U . 649
Francis Puna Minister from the i mill! States i" R i!
I Her doctrine of armed unit rainy, ii . 651.
Ri rusRFORD, Griffith, ( B3 In the exw
■ Bt the Cherokeea In 1776. U., 391, i IS ani
in 1780, II., 444. At Mathews Bluff, ii., 507. In the
army under Lincoln in 1779. 11., 552. 553. U thi batth b ol
Camden, ii., 468 ; and Ramsonr'a Mill in 1780, ii., 391, 421.
Autograph and Bfogi 391.
Edw uto, of Sooth Carolina, delegate to the Ural
Unental Congress In 1774, II., 60, 548. On the Com-
mittee to draft Washington's commission, i . 563; on the
■ alttee on Articles ol I onfederation In 1776, II
and on the Committee to confer with Howe, il ,604 Mem
)>■ r ofthe Doard of War in 1776. .i ,661 Signet of thi B*
laration of Independence ; Biographical Sketch of, i
Portrait of, il^/ronluptec*. Autograph of, IL, Bl.
RUTLBDOB, Hi OH, J nil;:.' ol Admiralty, n . 541
Ri rxBDGB, John, Governor of south Carolina. IL, 546. Dele-
i imp \.'i I onj resa n i <
lirst Continental Congress in 1774, ii., 60, 543. On the l
nutter of Congress to prim Continental Bills, i. 317. His
ii m asurea to stn ngthen I naiieaton In 1760, ii., -r>.r>7 , and to
re establish cii il government in 1782, li., 570. Portrait, Au-
tograph, and Biographical Sketch of, If., 546, 517.
n York. Tryon at. In 1779, 1., 413.
SabatiSj Norridgewock Indian Chief, brother of Natams, i..
194.
see Sunday.
kirmisb at, in 1756 ; and In 1776. i,, 115.
116. Summer residence of Ccneral Abercrombh In 175
picture oi, i.. 115.
Sabine, Hannah, Biographical Sketch of, I
!, t., 7 -j 7 . a., 63, 493, 668.
in near Norwich, i onnecticut, I., 5'.t7.
Saceett, Captain, captured in 1781, II., 62fl
Sacrament, the name given to Lake George by the French, i.,
i -
tore ofthe Wampanoags, I., 658.
Bt, Lot is DE, favors Columbus, i., 22.
St. Anns R M
a Huff Bl a narrow pari nf tiie Mol
92 A promontory opposite to Fori Montgomery
ofthe name. I., 731,737. A promontory opposite to Rogers's
Slide at Lake George, L, 1 16.
St. Athenaise, Jon< s's Bridgi
ustine, Florida, General Oglethorpe in the expedition
DSt, n.. 517.
ir-general, If., 34. At Ticonderoga,
i., 133, 131. His retreat from Tic lerogaia i 17;
by the British, I., 3'.'. At the Battle of Brandywlni . I
ember of the Court of Inquiry respecting li
Dislodges the British at Wilmington, North Carolina, in
1781, ii., 323. Unjust suspicions of, I., 759 Acquitted ol
blame, i., 136. Quartered at the Square In 1782, i . 672,
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, I., 132.
St. Clair, Sib John, wounded in the battle at Port lJuqucsnc
in 1755, ii.. 273
■
St. Germain, Count De, persuades Baron Steuben to go to
Amer ca, II . 135.
St Helen's Island, belonged to the Barons of Longueuil, i„
179
St. John, Peter, member of the congregation at Darlen ; cap-
tured hi 1779 ; verses by, quoted, L, 114, 415,
. 39. Expedition of AUi n and Arnold against, in
1775. i.. 154. Captured by Montgomery, i . 162, 170. it' n-
dexvous for British troops in the Revolutionary War. i [68,
173. M i tarj n mania at, i . 169. Anecdote of a Jew at. I.,
|6k. Battle of, m 1775, i . I6d-I73. Rendezvous for Bur-
L'o\ He's artnv. i . 173 Picture of, L, 172
: Prince Edward's, i., 120.
x Lawrence, Gull of, discovered by Cartier in 1523, L, 32.
Mamed by him, I., 176
SI Lawrenci River, Vovagc down the, I., 183. Storm on th«
B
754
INDEX.
i., 195. Junction of the Ottawa Rivet with the, i., 207.
Cairn on the, i., 209. Islands of the, i., 214. Rapids, i.,
210.
St. Leger, Barrv, Colonel, his expedition up the St. Law-
rence ami Lake Ontario, with his Rangers, in 1777, i., 38,
At Fort Ontario, i., 219. In Mohawk Valley, i., 40, 41. Ap-
proaches Oneida Lake, i., 241. His pompous manifesto, i.,
242. His letters to Burgoyne, i., 247, 250, 252. His mes-
sengers to Gansevoort, i., 248, 249. His retreat from Ons-
kany, i., 252. His character descr.bed by Arnold, i.. 251.
St. Mary's, Maryland, Settlement of Roman Catholics a., in
[634, under Leonard Calvert, n., 191.
St. Memin, engraver, n., 89.
St. Peter, the Apostle, Canadian houses dedicated to ; pVrtn
Saint of rural French Canadians, i., 173.
St. Pierre, M. De, Knight of the Order of St. Louis ; at Vrt
Le Gu-ufin 1753; his hospitalities to Washington; receives
and answers Dinwiddie'j IjUj.' delivered by Washington,
ii., 268.
St. Regie, village on the 3f-. Lawr:nc2 ; its ancient church, i.,
210.
St. Simon, Marquis De, in command Df the Trench land forces
under De Grasse in 1781, ii., 305. Atlhesie^ ~>i Vorktown,
ii., 309. Portrait of, ii., 30-i
St. Tammany, or Tamene, DiLv.var? Indian Chief-, crigin of
the name of; grave of, ii., 4'l See Tammany
St. Veran : see Montcalm.
Salamanca, The Council of, condemn h3 theory of Columbus,
i., 21.
Salaries of American military and naval officers, i., 564. Sal-
ary of Washington, i., 563.
Salem, Massachusetts, Settlement of, in 1628, i., 446. Revo-
lutionary town-meetings at, in 1774, i., 515. Gage's troops
at, repelled by Pickering, i., 522. Disturbance a',, caused
by Roger Williams, in 1634, i., 621.
Salem, North Carolina. Moravian settlement at, ii , 185.
Salisbury, North Carolina, Associations of; ancient ston
wall at. u.. 409.
^alle, De, French officer, at the mouth of the Niagara River
in 1679, i., 224.
*almon Falls, New Hampshire, desolated by the French ami
Indians, i., 451.
^alstonstall, Dudley, Captain in the United States navy,
ii.. 638 ; his exploits, ii., 640. His expedition against Pe-
nobscot in 1779, i., 594 ; ii., 643.
Salstonstall, G urdon, on the Committee of Correspondence
for New London, i., 010.
Salt, Manufacture of, near Onondaga Lake, i., 231. Scarcity
of, in Washington's army in 1777. ii., 170. Salt wells at
Salina, i., 229. Manufacture of, by Daniel Boone, at the
Blue Lick, ii., 285.
Sammons, Frederick, Adventures of. i., 290.
Sammons, Jacob, his adventures, i., 290, 291. Assault upon,
in Mohawk Valley, i., 233. His dream, i„ 290.
Sammons, Sampson ; his family captured, and his house burned,
i., 288, 289.
Sammons, Thomas, youngest son of Sampson; Member of
Congress, i., 289.
Sammons House, Account of the, i., 292.
Samoset, Indian Chief, his salutation to the Pilgrims, i., 444.
Sancoik's, Sancoix, Saintcoik, or St. Coych, i., 391, 392, 399.
Sandeman, Robert, Notice of, and of his sect, i., 405.
Sanderson, his Biography of the Signers of the Declaration
of Independence, ii., 25.
Sanders's Creek, described, ii., 460. View at, ii., 461. Battle
at, in 1780, ii., 466. 467.
Sands, Robert C, his poems quoted, i., 658.
Sandtown, New Jersey, ii., 27.
Sandusky towns. Expedition against the, ii., 294.
Sandwich, Earl of, opposes Chatham's conciliatory proposi-
tion, i., 519.
Sandy Hill, New York, i., 43. Associations of, in the story of
Jane M'Crea, i., 98, 99.
Sandy Hook, New Jersey, its topography; geological changes
Of, i., 647.
Sanford's "Aborigines" cited, i., 230.
San Salvador, Discovery of. by Columbus, in 1492; picture
of Columbus's landing at ; called Guanahana,or Cat Island,
i., 25.
Santa Maria, name of Columbus's vessel in his first voyage
to America, i., 23.
Santee, High hills of, ii.,476. General Greene on the, in 1781,
ii., 489.
Saratoga, American ship, i., 143.
Saratoga, New York, i., 3 1 Heightsof, i.,C9,72. Burgoyne's
march to, in 1777, i., 50 ; and surrender at, i.,81. See Still-
water.
Sargent. Epes. his poems quoted, ii., 124.
Sargent, Colonel, garrisons the fort at Dobbs's Ferry, i., 762.
Sartine, M., directs the marine affairs of France, ii., 649.
Sasco Swamp, The Pequots at, in 1637. i., 616.
Sassacus, Pequot Sachem, i., 615, 616; escapes to the Mo-
hawks, i., 415, 416.
S.vssamon. John, " Praying Indian," educated at Harvard Col-
lege ; Secretary to King Philip; accuses him of treason;
slain by savages, i., 660.
Saunders, Admiral, at Louisburg, supplied with Massachu-
setts seamen, i., 455.
Saunders, Captain, in the skirmish at Quintan's Bridge, ii.,
138. In the expedition to Hancock's Bridge, ii., 139.
Savage, Nathan, of Marion's brigade, ai Fort Mottc, ii., 480.
Savage, Samuel Phillips, presides at the meeting at Bos-
ton respecting tea-ships in 1773, L, 497.
Savage, Captain, at the battle near Jamestown Island in 1781,
ii., 261.
Savage, Captain (British), his conduct toward Mrs. Tripp,
i., 643.
Savage's Life of Winthrop, i., 621.
Savannah., Georgia, described ; early history of, ii., 514.
Founded in 1732, ii., 516 Revolutionary remains at. ii.,
536. Revolutionary movements at, ii., 518, 519. The Brit-
ish menace and are repulsed, ii., 521. Battle of Brewton's
Hill, ii., 525, 526. Siege of. in 1779 ; plan of the siege, ii.,
530. Bombarded, ii., 531. Evacuated by the British in
1.82, ii., 535.
Savannah River, Naval engagement in the, in 1779, ii., 528.
oaville, Sir George, one of the pall-bearers at Chatham's
funeral, ii., 143.
Savin's Rock, Picture of, i., 422.
Sawbridge, Alderman, his speech in Parliament against
harsh measures toward America, i., 505.
Sawkill River. Falls of the, i., 380.
S ax by, George, stamp distributor at Charleston, ii., 541.
Saxony sheep: see Sheep.
Saybrook, Connecticut, Captain John Mason at, in 1037, i..
616. Fort at, i., 596.
Saybrook Platform, Notice of the, i., C18.
Sayle, Sir William, plantJ a colony at Beaufort in 1670, ii..
537.
Sayre, Joshua, of Newport, Rhode Island, i., 635.
Sayre. Stephen, London banker, arrested for high treason
in 1775 : acquitted ; prosecutes Lord Rochford, i., 586.
Scalping, Indian method of, i., 293. Bounty offered by Gov-
ernor John Penn for Indian scalps in 1764, ii., 51 . Story of,
at the Battle of Lexington, i., 527. Scalps found by Major
Rogers, i., 293.
S< \mmel, Alexander, Colonel, at the Battle of Bemis's
Heights in 1777, i., 50, 51. At the execution of Andre, i.,
772. At the siege of Yorktown in 1781, ii., 309. Shot by a
ILssian cavalry officer, i., 430; ii., 309. Epitaph by Colo-
nel Humphreys, i., 430, 431. Autograph and Biographical
Sketch of, ii.. 309.
Scajidinavtan skeletons on Rainsford Island, i., 634.
Schaats, Gideon, Reverend, of Albany, i.. 301.
Scheffer, Lieutenant, succeeds Colonel Rail in command at
Trenton, ii., 21. Captured; Autograph of. ii., 23
Schell, John Christian, his block-house at Schell'^ Bush,
1.. 298, 299. Death of. i., 300. His wife's heroism, i., 29:,
Schenectady, New York, formerly .the principal seat of th:
Mohawkj ; burned by Canadians and Indians in 1C91, L,
302, 451.
SchlegePs History of Literature, i., 635.
Schoharie, New York, sands relief to Boston in 1774, i , 511.
Battle of, in 1778, i., 2f:7. Attacked by Indians in 1780, i.,
279.
Schoharie Valley, Guy Carleton a spy in, in 1778, i., 265.
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, his poems quoted, ii., 450.
Schui/ere, near Cayuga Lake, destroyed by Colonel Harper in
1779. i., 275.
Suhroeder, Hessian ensi~n, captured atTrmun ; Autograph
of, ii., 23.
Schroeder, Hessian surgeon, captured a Scjaloga, ii., 686.
Schultz, Captain, wounded in the Battle )i Guilford, ii., 405.
Schute, Sven, Swedish warrior, ii., 46.
Schuyler, Brant, Notice of, i., 698.
Schuyler, Catharine, daughter of Genera! Philip. Mrs.
Cochrane, i , 39. Portrait. Autograph, and Nut ire of. i.,223.
Schuyler, Elizabeth, daughter of General Philip. Mrs.
Alexander Hamilton, i.. 39, 315 ; ii., 200.
Schuyler, Hon-Yost, i., 251. Death of. i.. 252.
Schuyler, John, father of General Philip, marries Cornelia
Van Cortlandt, i., 38.
Schuyler, Margaret, third daughter of General Philip ; her
energy and her presence of mind ; marries General Van
Rensselaer, i., 222.
Schuyler, Peter, Mayor of Albany, grandfather of General
Philip, i., 38.
Schuyler, Peter, Colonel, of New Jersey, ii., 592. A pris-
oner in Canada, i., 141, 215.
Schuyler, Philip, General, i., 190. His early history, i.,
38. 39. Commands a company under Sir William Johnson
in 1755; attracts the attention of Lord Howe; member of
the Colonial Assembly of New York and of the Continental
Congress, i., 39. At Tironderoga preparing to invade Can-
ada, i., 155. Receives directions from Washington at New
York in 1775, i.. 564. At St. John's, i . 162. Ordered by
Congress to seize military stores in Mohawk Valley, i.. 235.
Ordered to Old Fort Stanwix, i.. 230. In command of the
Northern Division of the Continental army in 1777, i., 38.
Returns home, i., 39. His retreat to the Mohawk, i., 40.
Volunteers for relief of Fort Schuyler ; position of his forces
at Cohops ; his preparations to oppose Burgoyne ; his appeal
INDEX.
755
to the Eastern States, i., 40, 41. Anecdote of him and Ar-
nold, i., 41. Is superseded by Gates . Ins noble conduct on
the occasion, i.. 42. His treaty with Indiana at German
Flats in I*::, i , 238 His forces m Fort Edward, I., 47,
147 Destruction oi bis mills and mansion, i., 7:t. Picture
of his nulls, i., 73. Acquitted \>\ ;i gi neral court-martial in
177s, i , 136, Commissioner to attend the Indian council at
Johnstown, i., 265. Attempted abduction of, bj John Wal-
lermeyer, i., 229. Robbery of Ins house, i., 92, 223. His
ki idness to the Baroness Riedesel and to British officers, i ,
90, 91, 92. His sympathy for Arnold, I., 712. His death, i ,
223, Pictures of his mansions, i . 74, :w4 ; and of his head-
quarters al Morristowu, i . 315 His letters to Washington
and to Covernor Trumbull, i , 41. 4'2. With Washington mi
his tour to the Northern battle-fields, 1 . '',s<>. Portrait, Au-
tograph, and Biographical sketch of. I . 38
7v. m vi.ku, Mrs , wile of General Philip, i.. 41. Family of,
1.. 39, 222, 223, 315, 558; ii , •:<«>
, 59, 71. 73, 93. Scenery of. I., 72.
Scioto River, chief rendezvous of hostile Indians in 1774, ii.,
281. Allen's expedition to the. m 177 1. Ii . 282.
Scollay, John, the communication u Washington sent by
him and others in 1776, i . 581.
I Town, Associations of, ii., 168.
Scotch Presbyterians, Immigration of, to America in 1745, ii.,
358, 540.
■ Rebellion of 17 1.'), ii., 358.
" S-'ot'-ii Tom :" see Nel>on.
Scotch-Irish in Carolina, their origin and principles, ii., 359,
360. Emigrate to South Carolina in 1730-1740, ii., 540.
nan at Hell C;tte, Vneedore of a. i., 682.
Scott, Charles, of Virgin i, ,34. At the Battle
of Germanlown in 1777, ii.. 111. At Monmouth in 1778, ii.,
150. 15*2. At Valentine's Hill, li., 625. Pursues the British
in New Jersey, ii., 147. At Valley Forge, ii., 12b. Auto-
graph and Biographical Sketch of. ii., 147.
Scott, Joh\ Morin, General, harangues the Sons of Liberty
at New York in 1775, ii., 588. Commands the New York
troops in 1776, ii , 594, 623. On the Committee to draft the
Constitution of New York, i., 386. His daughter's letter
written in 1776 ; Autograph and Biographical Sketch of, ii.,
599.
Scorr, Joseph Warren, Colonel, of New Jersey, i., 697.
Scott, Robert G., his oration at the laying of the corner-
stone of the Washington Monument at Richmond in 1S50, ii.,
231.
Scott, Winfield, General, a Colonel in the Canada war of
1812, i., 226. Present at the dedication of the Hashrouck
House, i., 667.
Scott, Captain (British), at the Mischianza. ii., 99.
Scout, Bloody, Tory hand under Bill Cunningham, ii., 447,448.
Si o\ ill, Colonel, his rigorous measures in South Carolina, ii.,
412.
Scrivener, Mr., Commissioner to rebuild Jamestown and
the church there, ii.. 241.
Scrope, Sir E.. father of Lord George Howe, i.. 119.
Scruggs, Robert, his plantation, ii., 430.
Seabury, Benjamin. Lieutenant in the United States navy in
177;.. ii . 638
Seaburv, Samuel, Reverend (afterward Bishop), supporter
of Episcopacy in America, i., 460. Seized by Sears in 1775,
and carried to New Haven, ii., 591. Monument to, i., 616.
Biosraphieal Sketch of, ii., 591.
- < (efterson's, ii., 342. North Carolina, ii., 383. Plymouth
Old Colony, i . 145. Pulaski's, ii., 529. United States, ii..
656. Virginia, ii., 266.
Seamen. American naval, of the Revolution, i., 656. SurTcr-
ings of, in British prison-ships, ii., 660, 661
Sears, David, his sketch of Liberty Tree. [., 466.
Sears, Isaac, Captain, one of the Sons of Liberty; on the
New York Committee of Correspondence respecting the
Stamp Act, ii., 581. Member of the New York Provincial
Congress, ii . >v \rrsted for treason, ii.. 5s7. Destroys
Rivington's printing materials ; serr.es the Reverend Samuel
Seaburv in 1775, ii., 591. Adjutant to General Charles Lee
nt New- York, ii., 592. Autograph and Biographical sV.< tch
of, ii., 591.
Sears, •• Kintr Sears," member of the Assembly of New York.
nd of Ethan Allen, i., 155
Secker. Archbishop, proposes to send bishops to America in
1748 ■ . 159
Sedgwick's Life of Livingston quoted, i.. 330.
Seekonk River, i.\ 620. Roger Williams lands at, in 1631, i.,
619,621.
Seelev, Josiah, member of the New Jersey Tea-party, ii.,
54.
Seely, Ebenezer, Captain, i.. 215.
Segur, Count, accompanies Bonaparte to Moscow in 1812,
ii.. 117.
Selden. John A., his house the former residence of Colonel
Bvrd. ii.,235.
Selden, Lieutenant, at the siege of Fort Ninety-six, ii., 487.
Selleck, John, Associations with the farm of. i., 144.
Selwyn. Oeoroe A., his lands in Mecklenburg County, North
Carolina, ii.. 361.
Senate of the United States, General character of the, ii., 204.
Seneca Indiana at war with the successors of William Penn,
U.,51. In Wyoming valley, 1., 342. One of the Six Nations,
i.. 109,264. Refuse to attend the Council al Johnstown in
177b, i . 265. l lii« Is Of th | see CORN-PLAS ilk , GlBN )■
\\ a i ah . and Great Tree.
Separatists, Independents, their leader and their princl
441.
tn, French settlement rty at, In 1775, i., 193.
Governor of Rhode Island, i., 628
oi Anne \ model County, Maryland, II,, 191.
Sevier, John, Cok>n< t, in the Southern t ampafgn In 17ft
425. Elected Governor of Frankland ; Biographical Skei b
of, ii.. 427.
Sew vi i . ii . ... (oundi r oi V wbury, L, 449
■ i . Judge, Attorn j General of Massachusetts, i . 523
d, Anna, Miss, her poems quoted, I., 766, 767.
!. i . John, Governor of Maryland, li., 193.
latriot soldier in the battli - ol Sullivan's
Island and Brandy wine ; M. QUUard d'Auberteuil'a Btorj of
him and his bridge, ii., 178.
i ord, Josiah, Lieutenant in the United States navj In
1776, ii I
of !<■ ;'.'.'. Dismal Swamp, Pocono Mountains, suffer-
oj women and children there In 1778, i .
. hi by, Earl, Anthony A. Cooper; see Coon R, An-
thony Ashley.
»' Society founded in America by Ann Lee in I"
383.
Shank, Captain, in the battle at Spencer's Ordinary, ii 258
Shantock Point, Battle of, between the Mohegana and Narra-
gansets, i . 596, 597 see Miahtonomoh.
Sharon Springs, Battle of, in 1781, I., 294.
! . Horatio, Proprietary Governor of Maryland I ;
194. Attends the meeting of i olonlal Governors in 1775, ii .
271.
I n. author of the constitution of the Cincinnati
Society, i.,695.
Shaw, Nathaniel, .Tun., on the Committee of ( orrcspond-
ence of New London. :., 610.
Shai a i ■.' u ' I Mountains, U, 381.
Shau-tnut. hid. an name of Boston ; meaning of the word, i .
11.-.
sium-nee Indians, i.. 264, 34*2, 343. At war with tni succ<
sors Of William Penn. ii.. 51.
Sh rwnt i towns, Map ol the, ii . 282,
Sheep, Saxony, Introduced into Hoosick in IS20; increase of.
in 1845, i.,400.
Sheffield, Joseph, American naval command r. i , I '■<'
Shelburne, Lord, bis warnings to tho British Ministry re-
specting America, i., 476, 505. Secretary of Stat< In 1783
ii., 651. La Fayette breakfasts with, in London, ii . 1 17
Shelby. 1 aw. colour!. Governor of Kentucky, al the Battle
of Point Pleasant in 1774, ii., 282 ; and of King's Mountaii
ii.. 282. 407. in the Southern Campaign in 1780, ii., 125
At the Cattle of Musgrove's Mill, ii., 444. At the siege ol
Augusta, ii., 511. Autograph of. ii., 428. Portrait and Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ii., 425.
Shelby, Lieutenant, in the expedition to the Scioto in 1774.
ii., 282.
Sheldon, Elisha, Colonel, M., 34; on the east side of the
Hudson in 1780 ; lus letter from Andre ; his head-quart) rs
at North Salem, i . 715, 757 Andre at the lieud-quarters of.
i.. 757. Autograph of, i., 715.
Sheldon House, Picture ol the, !., 2!0.
Shell: see Schell.
Shelley, bis poems Quoted, i., 34, 240.
Ho, !:, L.'il.r ( .rorL'e, i.. 111.
Sheppard, Colonel, ai the aiegi ol Fori Henry in 1777. ii . 292
Sherbrook, Major, captured by Captain Mfarriner, , . 646
Shehbrooke, Sir John, Govt rnoi of l 'anada, i 01
Sherburne, Henry, Major, massacre of his troops ;n Cedar
Itapids in 1776, i , 208. Killed at the Hut tie ofGermanlown
in 1777, U., 114. Commissioner at the Colonial < onventii n
m 1754. i.. 303.
Sheridan, Major (British), at the Battle of Eutaw Springs, ii -
497.
Sherman, Roger, of Connecticut, delegate to the first Con-
tinental Congress, ii., 59. On the I ommittee to prepare a
Declaration of Independence, U . 70 I in the < ommittee on
Articles of I onfl d\ ration, li . 653. Member of the Board of
War ni |77i.. ii 661 Colonel Butler's letter to, i. 350
Signer of the Declaration of Independence] Bfogra
Sketch of, ii.. 663. Portrait of. n.. frontispiece. Autograph
of. ii.. BO
Sherry i . quoted, I., 661.
Sherwood. ( teptain, leader of a partv of Indians and Toi •
i . 144.
jim. Quern Esther's plantation, i ., 358.
I . 595.
Shikellimus, Cayuga Chief, a christian. II , 107,
Shippen, Edward, first Mayor of Philadelphia, ii., 51.
Shipper, Edward, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania . ins daugh-
ter marries Arnold, I., 710, 712.
Shipi in. William, M D., ii., 33. 34. One of the founders or
the Medical School at Philadelphia- li., rtrt.
Shipper, i Captain, killed at the Battle of Princeton, ii.. 30.
756
INDEX.
, N-. Miss, daughter of Chief Justice, at the Mischianza,
ii.,99 Marries General Ar .1, i. ,lo, , 12.
Shibley, William. General, Governor ol Mass aehusetta , a -
tenrta the meetine ol I o lal Goveraora ral755, ii., |71
expedii against Niagara in 1755, i., 217, ii., Si 1. His
urenaratu'iis 1" rcinlorce Oswego in 1.56, i., -218.
Shibley, Secretary, ahol in the battle at Fort Duquesne in
■ ■■'. '.,' « lki a! Lieutenant, murdered by Windecker, i.. 357.
:/„„;/«..,-. or Chlpman-a Point, i., 144. Scenery of,
'•I I*9 ~- A ■ 109
,71, opposite to Ticonderoga, I., 12J.
Y.r. Lieutenant in the United States navy in
.''. Thomas, first printer in the province of Connecticut ;;
the "Saybrook Platform" in 1710 i Biographical
h "'■ ' • 61S- .,,„ ,M
Hills. N('« Jersey. I., 322. 323.
, Men," Virginia Riflemen, ii., 329
. e, Colonel, at the Battle of Springfield, t., 323.
.. , aptain, at the Battle of Eutaw Springs, ii., 498.
..[„,. Admiral, alarmed at the fortifications on Dorches-
ter Eeights, i .. J*'1
.lures: see Autographs.
rs of the Declaration of Independence, Autographs of,
r, T'l 60 61 ; Biographical Sketches of, 662-66,. Portraits
o£ ii., frontispiece. Their high moral character ii... 9 602.
Siool BNEY, L. H., Mrs., her poems quoted, i., 443,619; it.,
Silli'manJ Benjamin, Professor, his visit to Wyoming, i..
365. H's Journal cited, i., 591.
Silliman, General, at Danbury, i., 402. At the destruction
of Fairfield,!., 427. Captured by Tories, u., 616
Simi OB I Gruh. Major, afterward Lieutenant-colonel and
"" Governor of Canada, ii., 42. Commands the Queen's Ran-
gers ii 109, 137. Captures Colonel Thomas at V\ hite
Plains. ii„ 626. His fortified camp at Oyster Bay, it., 62..
In Lower West Chester in 1778, ii., 625. In the skirmish
at Quintan's Bridge, ii., 138. Massacres the inmates of
Hancock's house, ii., 139. In the engagement at Indian
Field in 1778, ii.. 623. In Arnold's expedition to V irginia. ii.,
228 229 257 It the Battle of Spencer's Ordinary, ii., 257,
258' It Richmond Hill ; at Wesham ; takes possession ol
Richmond, ii., 229. In the expedition to Petersburg, u.,
337 Sent by Arnold to take the fords on the Nottaway and
theMeherrin, ii.. 341. In the expedition against Steuben at
Fluvanna, ii.. 342. Protects the Treaty Elm n., 48. At
Charles City Court House, ii., 237. Autograph of, i, 646.
His Military Journal cited or quoted, n., 42, 139, 140, 228,
258, 359, 337, 349,623.
Simmons, J. W., his poems quoted, ii., 452.
Simmons, Remembrance, American naval commander, i.,
Simms Jephthah R„ his History of Schoharie County, i., 62,
107, 233. 236. 239. 265. 268, 292. . .
SIMMS John, Colonel, member of the Legislature of \ lrginia,
raptured by Tarleton in 1781, ii., 343
SIMMS W. Gilmore. his poems quoted, n., 248, 249, us.
is's History of South Carolina, ii., 437, 475, 538.
S imms's Life of ilarion, ii., 480, 5133. „„,.!„
on, W i lliam, Reverend, his house destroyed by Captain
Simpson, Master of the sloop Viper, kills Whitechurst in a
Sim'1. Major (British), in the skirmish at Quintan's Bridge,
Sinolet'on, Captain, at the Battle of Guilford in 1781, ii., 402,
Sinkler, William, his plantation described, ii., 492.
S iniinnk. Lake. Picture and description of. i., 731.
. I ick, negro, in Barton's expedition to capture Pres-
! ■ •**> M5- ,. ,- „ ■ „
SiT2 Peter, bearer of dispatches to Cherry Galley; is cap-
;!,„.^.'Snfrf- Infl:. ,09, 216, 232, 234, 264, 302,
303,351. Treaty with the. i.. 303.
ton, Mabtha, Mrs-, daughter of John Wayles, and
ih of Ilathurst Skelton, married to Thomas Jefferson,
iE, Philip K.. Major, i., 138, 139; his royal patent;
founds Skenesborough ; Lieutenant Governor of Crown
Point and Ticondernga ; keeps his wife's dead body " above
ground" to secure an annuity, i.. 137. Anecdote ol him
and Burgoyne, i., 74. Captured at Saratoga with Burgoyni s
troops calls himself "a poor follower of the British army,"
ii., 684
n . Major, son of Ph lip K . i.. 123. Captured. [., 117.
i thorough, i., 39, 40, 142. Historical notice of, i., 13,.
Destruction of American vessels at. in 1777, i., 138.
II, .,;,. i aptain in tile United Slates navy in 1779,
ii . 636 . _ ,
»ER, St. John B. L., General, volunteer under General
imh in 1814, I . 166
Mr . his escape at Little Falls, I., 259.
s irowr»" an^ " ■ .,,.' Boys" i.. 502.
t Creek, The American army at. ii.. 114.
Enor-
Skull, Remarkable, exhumed at Fort Edward, i., 103.
mous, found near Bloody Defile, i .. 111.
Slack. Vriah, his activity in ferrying \\ ashington s army
over the Delaware in 1776, 11., 20.
Slade, his State Papers quoted, L, 168.
Slashes, Virginia, described, ii., 225. 239.
Slave, Captain Broadwater's, ii., 215. Old, at Hanging Rock,
n.,456. At Orangeburg, u., 461. _...„_.„
Slavery, Gustavus Adolphus's idea of, n., 45. Dr. Samuel
Johnson's opinion of. ii., 375. Supposed allusion to. in the
original draft of the Declaration of Independence ; Resolu-
tion of ( ongress on the slave trade, ii., 73. Mr. Jetlerson s
denunciation of the slave trade, ii., 71.
Stares. Indian, sold to the Portuguese by Caspar ( orte-
real, i., 29. Indian, sent to Bermuda by Puritans, l.. 663.
First cargo of, arrive at Virginia in a Dutch man-ol-w ar m
1620, ii.. 251. Number of. lost by capture or by death dur-
ing the British invasion of Virginia in 1781, ii., 344. In
Lower Virginia, ii., 348. Preparations for an insurrection
of in Norfh Carolina, in 1775, ii., 374, 375. Trial of, in
South Carolina; passes or, ii., 461. Importation of, pro-
hibited in Georgia in 1734, ii.. 516; permitted in 1,43, ii.,
517 The slave svstem introduced into South Carolina in
107" il 537 Sent to the West Indies in 1762 ; number ot,
lost by South Carolina during the Revolutionary war. n.,
573 Number of, lost by Georgia between the years 1..5
ami 1763, ii., 535. Slave market at Hamburg, Georgia, n.,
513
Slerjiy Hollow, Account of; picture of the bridge over Sleepy
Hollow Creek, 1., 759. .
Sleight, John, octogenarian ; his house, l., 390.
Slocum, Frances, Romantic story of; names of her chil-
dren ; CongTess grants a tract of land to ; Portrait ol, l., JbB,
369
Slocum, Jonathan, Murder of. at Wyoming, i., 363. Abduc-
tion of his daughter Frances, i., 367.
Slocum, Joseph, brother of Frances, i., 36,.
Slocum, Lieutenant, of the patriot army, remarkable feat or
his wife in 1776, ii., 382.
Slocum, Mrs., widow of Jonathan, her opinion as to the death
of her daughter Frances, i., 368. Anecdote of, i., 376.
Sloop "Liberty" seized at Boston in 1767, i., 478.
Sloper. Lieutenant, at the Mischianza. ii., 99.
Sloughter, Governor or New York, ii., 599.
Small, Major, at Boston in 1774, i., 521. At the Battle or
Bunker Hill. l.. 544. .
Small-pox at Boston, in the British army, in 1, ,6, i., 5,6. At
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1757, ii., 439. In the Amer-
ican camp at Quebec in 1776, i., 202, 307. At Morristowri,
in the American camp, in 1777 ; the army not vaccinated, l.,
307. See Inoculation. . ..
Smallwood, William, General, at New York in 1776,11.,
596 At the Battle of Long Island in 1776. 11., 601 ; and ot
White Plains, ii., 616. His encampment near Paoli in 1
ii 164 At the Battle of Germantown, ii., 110, 111. With
Gates at Camden, ii., 465. Drives Arnold's boats out or the
Appomattox, ii., 337. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 467.
Smith, Abraham, his name in the handwriting of Edmund
Fanning, i., 367. ,.„»,-
Smith, Adam, author of the "Wealth ol Nations.' writes
against the cause of America; Portrait and Biographical
Sketch or, i., 517. , ..
Smith. Claudius, freebooter ofRamapo, Biographical Notice
Smith. Ebenezer. or Connecticut, i., 402, 415.
Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, Mrs., cited or quoted, i„ ,,9, ,62;
ii 42, 94, 217.
Smith, George W., Governor of Virginia, lost his lift; at the
burning or the Richmond theatre in 1811, ii., 231.
Smith James, or Pennsylvania, signer or the Declaration or
Independence ; Biographical Sketch of, ii., 664. Portrait ol,
ii., frontispiece. Autograph of. n, 81.
Smith. John. Captain, his early life ; his adventures, u., 24. .
Sails for Virginia, under Newport, in 1606, ii„ 245, 216. His
first landing-place, ii., 531. His imprisonment; appointed
one or the Council or the colony ; principal manager or ar-
fairs ; his ability and energy, ii., 246, 247. Sails up the
Chickahominy ; captured by Indians; conveyed in triumph
to Indian villages, ii., 247. Carried before Powhatan ^con-
demned to death ; outwitted tile Indians; rescued by 1 ow-
haiiiu's daughter, Pocal tas, ii . 249 Base relief repre-
s, iiiation of the scene in the Rotunda of the Capitol at \\ ash-
ington City, ii., 204. His friendly intercourse with Pow-
hatan . leaves Jamestown ; explores the countr) : is made
President of the colony ; encourages agriculture in lboi . ii„
249. Injured by the explosion or a bag of gunpowder . dele-
gates his authoritv to George Pi rcj . returns to England, in
1608 lor surgical" aid, ii., 250. Establishes a si III mental
Powhatan in" 1609, ii., 226. Rebuilds Jamestown and the
church there, ii. 211. oilers Ins services to the Pilgrims,
i 443, Hia adventures in Europe, ii., 247. Is the author
of the nam, of New England, i.. 433. Portrait and B.o-
grai'liieal sketch of, ii., 247.
Smith. John, General, or Smith's Point. It., 62..
SMITH, John, or Boston, Son or Liberty, i., 41,6.
INDEX.
. i
SMITH, J. B.. member of the Boanl of War, li., 133.
Smith, J- C., Captain, oTSouth Carolina, u . 515
- ■ t,Dr.J C. v., bis account of the stone cemetery on Rains-
. 834.
Smith, Joshua Hbtt, brother of Tory Chief Justice William
Smith, L, 752. Host of Arnold. Tory, L, T i*"». Employed
to bring Andrei from the ship Vulture, L, 718; refuses to
tak< 723 Bis letters i" his brother Thomas
and to Governor Clinton, i., 724. His journey with Andre1 .
his return to PishkUl, L, 754. Mis "Narrative,"
ture of Ins lions.-, i., 730. Autograph of, i., 724, Bio-
graphical Sketch of, i.. 752.
Smith, Mi ham.. Colonel, of New York, il
BL, Lieutenaiu-coloinl. al the battles of Brandy-
wine, Fort Mitlhn. ami Monmouth, h .. -7. BO, 91
votes a sword to, U., 90. Major General in the war o
Mayor of Baltimore . Memfa i ol i ongn ss I nited States
Senator ; Biographical Sketch of, n., t*9. Portrait and Au-
tograph of, ki . oo.
Shith, Thomas, ins letter to Governor Clinton, i . 724.
Smith. \Y , of Maryland, Son of Liberty, li., 194.
Smith. William, Commissioner of the Colonial Convention
in 1754, i., 303.
Smith, William, Chief Justice of New York, i .. 724.
Smith, William, on >l i Lttontl CUnlon to Wash-
ington respecting An. ire, i., 709.
Smi rM, William, his Slstorj of New Vork, i., 217.
Smith, General, of Baltimore, *on of Lieutenant-colonel Sam-
uel, ii . 185
Smith, General (British), at the Raul.- of Quaker Hill In 17 7- ,
oji|ni i i Henry B, Livingston, L, 651.
Smith, Colonel British), In the expedition to Concord in 1775,
i.. j-J3, 525, 527. Severely wounded near Lexington, i.,528.
Smith, Captain, of the artillery under Laurens; killed in a
skirmish on the Combahee in 1782, li., 572: see Quintan's
Bridge; Stoabt, Colonel
Smith^ Captain, Tory, kill l in 1778, I., 267.
Smith. Lieutenant, of Virginia, killed at the Batti of German-
town m 1777, n.. 111.
Smith. Mrs., grandmother of Governor William l\i> a : In r
longevity, i
Smith's < love, Washington's army at, in 1770, l, 714, 760.
Smith's House, Picture <>f. 1., 720. View from, i., 753.
Smith's Point, Long Isl
Smithbrs, Mr , of Phdadelpbia, copper-plate engraver, i.. 317.
1 isrick, Chief Justice of New Jersey; on the
Commission of Inquiry resi>ectnig the Gaspcc ; Autograph
of. i , I
Smyth, G. W., Honorable, ofBelvidere, New Jersey, ii., 11
Smyth, J F. I.*., English traveler, his notice of George Wce-
don, ii., 17fi.
H, Dr. John, companion of Connolly, li., 201.
Smvtm. Thomas, Reverend Dr., of Charleston, ii., 417.
Smy i'h, Thoh \s, of Maryland, Son of Liberty, li., 194
. bead-piece of the Constitutional * lourant, i., 168, 508.
Mountain, Money-digging at, i-. 153.
Shbad, Major, at the Battle ofEulaw Springs, li., 104.
Sneed< i or Paramus Landing, I .. 763, 764
SifKVD, Homora, cousin of Miss Seward, Andre enamored of,
I . 76'"..
[>r., of Currytown, i.. 293.
Snow, a kind of vessel with three masts, much used n the mer-
chant service at the time of the Revolution, ii., f*40.
from four to s, , the winter of 177U-1780, i.,
310. In Wyoming Valley, i . 372.
Snow's Histor 101 .
Snow's Island described, n . 565.
Snowdos. Lieutenant, wounded, ii., 401.
Snyder, Oikistopher, boy, lirst martyr in the cause of
American liberty ; funeral of. i . 180, 101
Society of the dncmnai innatL
Society of Fort St. David present an address to John Dickin-
son ■■ fn a ho\ of heart of oak," I., 177.
Soldier's Spring, near PeekskiH, L, 742.
Somrbs, sir George, II . 245. Commissioner to Virginia in
company with Sir Thomas Gates, li., 250.
Somavilte, New Jersey, i . 335.
Somerville. William, Captain, Cambray'a tetter to, IL,S94.
Sons of Liberty. Origin of tin- name, i . 463. Meet under Lib-
erty Tree, i , 466. Celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Ad in
1766, i.. 473. Their private pi ice ol meeting, i . 178. Mi 1 1
fogs of. In 1770, 1., 400; and In 1773, I., 400. Meetings of,
at the Old Tavern In Providence, I., 036 Of Maryland, il .
l"i oTGeoTgia, ii..518; of South Carolina, it. ,542; of New
York, ii . 581, 583, 584, 588.
Son ■'. or William Henry, al the mouth of the Sorcl River, i.,
[83, 1S3.
Sorel River, or Richelieu River, i . ISO, 167, 1S3. Described,
i.. 174.
SOTHBL, Reth. Governor of Albem srt< II
Soto. Fernando de, his expedition t<> Florida In 1538, L, 30.
His expedition up the Mississippi in 1540 . portrait of; death
of, i., 31.
George, signer of the Pilsnm Covenant, 133
Sounding-board of the pulpit of Christ Church, Philadelphia.
II . 13
Sour-krout, Burke's account of the cost of, in the war ag„.iiM
Imerica, I . 501.
South Carolina, Early history of, II , 637, 538, Fh I !
lure of, in 1674, ii., 530. Boldness of, on the arrival
Stamps In 17i rory I 1775.
11., 443,443 Royal Government i stablisned in In 1717; the
d, ii , 540 Separated from North i
Una m 1730, li., 540. Opposition i tb<
tea in 1771. Provincial Convention and Congri
The people declare their independence In 1775, and
Cbarli 14, 545 S3 mpaihj of, for Boston, U
I), legates of, left [ree In voting on the Di el iral on ol
pendence, U . 70 Proi In
< institution of, in 1778, il., 83 D thi Artl-
■■ deration In 1778,11., 655. » ondition of, li
fl British in. :n 1780, li., 158 Civil Gov< r nmi
established m 1763 . ws a of British powei
uuitv granted by,to Peter Harris, a » stawba Indian, In 1633
IL. 450.
South River and Wood Creek described, 1 . 137.
South Sea, Instructions of the London < ompanj respi
the dlscoi Bry of a passagi to the, il., S 17.
South worth. Constant, King Philip's mortgs
Autograph of,
Soqthworth, Thomas, Pilgrim, Autogra]
. 106
bt, Richard Dobbs, Governor of North I
■ ii Caswell,
Spain at war with England ; ' Re-
fuses i<) Issue an order prohibiting her si
America in 1775, 1.. 587. John loams s views <>; a n
alliance with, In 1776, li., 648 Letter ol Louis XVI to
Charles IV., King of, In 1778, I., 87; il., 640 Refusi - 1 1
1 nter Into an aUlance with the 1 nito d States, I
France against England In 1770, 11., 650 idopts< ath
maritime doctrine, il., 168 Favorable to the -
ica in 1780, if., 557 Accession of, 10 thi
cell orated by the American armj 1 aims the terri-
torj west ui iiic Alleghany Mountains, 11., 650.
Spalding, 1 aptain, al Wyoming, i .
Spaniards In Florida. [., 32; 11 . 916, 530, 545, 557. Enemlt -
of the < larolinians, ii., 138, Destroj the colony of the
Huguenots in Florida In 1564, L, 32. Their early mai
discoveries, 1 . Is Repelled bj Governor ^ ean
Sparks, Jabi d, quoted or cited, i., 56, 63, 87, 110, 19
16-1, 300,551.. . - 501, 606, I 13, B53, 655, I 73, 670,60
711,713,717, 730.740, 750, 755,758,760,771 . IL. 11,18,
10, 104, II". 117, 133, 135, 111. 154, 176, 270, 372, '^73, 303.
344, 505, 635.
Sparks, an octogenarian of Revolutionary times, The author''
nit t\ n'u with, 1 . 7:;-. 753
Spadldino, Captain, at Wyoming in 1778, i., 353, 2^1.
>ino, Cuables, of Norwich, occupant 01 the Trun
Rouse,
Spauldiho, Lieutenant-colonel, in the Council of War h< Id
a General Ward in 1775. i.. 534.
Spear, Major, at the Battle of Brandyw ne, II . 174.
General, al the Battle ol Bemls's Heights, L, 50, 60.
' ured at Saratoga, I . 66 1
The, i-. 730
Speddy, Willi ah, tried i«»r the murder of Capti n Og n
brother Nathan m 1771. L, 346.
love, Major. Rilled at the Battle of Bunher Hill, 1
1 ■ ' ■•in nil. 1 . 100 .1' <: 1 ■■
1775, L, 522. His kind treatment ol Prescott, I., 645. En-
camiw d al New fork In 1776, ii ' Opposed 10 evac-
uating the city in 1776, IL, 609 On Long Island In I77':.
li., 606. His expedition against Rhode I 6 . U10-
graphical - k< tehee of, L, 566, 6 16
Spencer, Captain, captures < olonel > ruger, ii., 538.
1 ■ otenant, at Middle Port, t S
Spezn br, Sami ii.. member of the North Carolina Provincial
Council, ii.. 376.
Sperm br, Thomas, Oneida half I n ed Sachem, sent to Canada
as a spv in 1777. L, 241.
ii.( 257, Battle of, in 1781, IL, 258, 259.
a, John P., IN verend, «»i German 1 284
., Picture and description of, i.. 15
Spottswood, Sir Ai 1 ovcrnor of Virginia In 1710,
1 ■ ■ 1 .-m 1733 . Kn
by Gi org* L ; his character . hia official
i poem "ii the death of lim son, II., 265, II n 1 1
Hrenton "liureh, IL, 0fi3.
Spottswood, Albxahdbr, Major, ii.. 290; his letter to Colo-
net Washington, IL, 175
Spraqub, Char] bs, bis po^-rns quoted, ii., 503.
Spring, Roger Williams's, at 1 625.
11 1 ai) r.. subscribing witness to the Pennsylvania
irter, IL, 50.
Sprinafietd, at the head of Oswego Lake, destroyed by llrant
in 1778,
\. n Jersey, 1 . 301 Ratile of, in 17«0, i., 322-
334. P in ol thi battle, L, 322.
spring*. Salt, near Onondaga Lake, I., 331.
Si-roat. British n.i^v nner of Prisoners, ii,, *
Sprouts of the Mohawk, 1 , H.
758
INDEX.
•■ Spy Unmasked," Aulliorship ofthe, i., 690, 691.
S?», Sir Henry Clinton's. i., 389, 6M.
St"ts ABRAHAM, his house the head-quarters of Daron
Sx^Coiondfat the Battle of Cherry Valley in IJ78, 1., 268.
and description on 1^671. Proposeamt^ ^
nial Congress • t Alban , . PfM^Vs produced by, in 1765,
"t- !' Y, 52 194 476* 350. 361 MlV Burnt at New
v Vsi Stamns arrive, i., 466; at Charleston, u.,
^ 'and M New york, " 582, 583. Stamp-masters. I.,
,A\Tr fi to 193- at Annapolis, ii., 193; at Charleston.
„ 541 a New YOTk,U.7s81. Sffl at Philadelphia ii.,52;
.iiK^Sr carolina
reriment by Mrs. Elliott in 1776, u., 532, 550.
Graphical Sketch of, l., 445. ... .. on.
Stanhope Earl of, his improved printing-press, u„ 263-
1ta™buRY, Lieutenant, in the United states navy in 1775,
Stanwh General, builds a fort on the Mohawk, i., 119.
Sta^V William R-, his History of the destruction of the
ST?RSKPeeioHN63General, a Lieutenant at the Battle of Lake
George in 1755, i., .,19. Example of his v,g, lance u 1 10
At slbbath-day Point with Abererombie i . 115. At Boston
with New Hampshire volunteers in 1775, i.. 534. At me
, e of BunkerVll. i.. 541, 547. Refuses to «mw
Lincoln; is censured by Congress; proceeds to the battle
at Benn neton, i., 394. Presents trophies of the battle to
Mafsachufetts i 395. His laconic speech at the Battle ol
Be^m"; 397. His popularity promoted byCongres
in consideration of his valiant deeds, i.. 398. vyittinoias
aid from Galiscvoort, i 400 At the Battle of tan*
Heights i., 49, 93 ; and of Springfield, 1., 324. 1 ortrait.
Autliraoh and Biographical Sketch of, i., 394.
STARKf Lieutenant, his 'vigilance at Fort William Henry, .
Starkbt, Edward, North Carolina, Counselor of State, ii.,
Storks, Henry, member ofthe New Jersey Tea-party, ii.,54.
Starr, Major, of Danbury, l.. 404.
Jars. Telescopic view of; Bryant's Song to the n, 627
State House, Philadelphia, 11., 65, 66, 82. 1 iclure 01, n., o
«t?.BpSi n'uf forth by the first Continental Congress in
17 74 TSlEm Address to the people of Great Britain,
written 'l v John Jay, ii., 671-671',. Address to the inhabit-
William Livingston, of New Jersey, n., 6,6-6,9. Adaress
to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, written by
iVnVickinson .i 679-681. Petition of Congress to the
King drawn up' by John Adams, corrected by John Dickin-
b££1 MS*- of Lord Stirling to, in 1780, i„ 311.
Expedition of Sullivan to, ii, 56, 1,1
Statu, of the United States, Organization of the, 11., 70, 84,
653 Number of soldiers furnished by each State, u., 631.
Statri Genera/ of Holland see Holland.
Statu or George III., at New York, pul ed down ii., 595 Of
p a Charleston .... 542; and at New York, i., 583,584.
Of Washington, in the Capitol at Washington City, i,., 204 ;
and in the Capitol at Richmond. 11., 2-W-
M?, ,,, ". V,rg, ma. The meeting ofthe Legislature at, in 1781 .
■':;;;;;,':";,, ,,,,",!,,,,. respec,,,,gt-uloi.elBrookes's message Irom
«SSSJS?r «£;• Unison i, », irrv,r Steamer
den It, I., 35. Steamer Maid of the Mist, 1., 228.
STKilB.NS, SAMl EL, of Ridge Held, ... 409, 410.
Stedino, A. C, Hessian Captain, captured at Trenton , Au
sSlS:"^, British officer under Pere^i., BJ* and
, :;rrl.,,;'d!',i , 6i9 Goveriior Johnstone resides at the house
of, ii., 144. , , .. «0n
STEELE, ELIZABETH, Mrs , Patriotism of l. , 392
Stffif Iohn, settles in I'onnerticut in IMS, i. I."-
Iteele uSmU •" Ar„,.ld's,,ped,n,,, ..,; -l» . . .. »»■
Steele, Sib Rii hard, Ins pamphlet, The Crisis, expeueu
m the House of Commons, ii., 69.
Stfphen Adam, Captain, afterward Major-general, ii., H .
bJSeSSj. W levels in Greece, c.ed, ii., 595.
Stephens, the agriculturalist, L, 627.
Stephenson, Marmaduke, hanged by the Purttans, i., «».
Stfphfnson William, of Maryland, Son ot Liberty, ii., 194.
'Stephen-son', Captain, in S.mcoe's expedition against Steuben
in 1781, ii., 343.
Stereotype-: see Colden, Governor.
Strri ino Colonel, at Red Bank in 1777, u., 86.
Iteuben,' Frederick William Auci-stus Baron De . ,
311. Sails for America. 1., 86 Arrival of, in 1 ,78, Insp. I
or General of the Continental army, n., 135. His A. is, ii„
136 Member of the Court of Inquiry respecting ^ndre, .,
765 At Valley Forge; at the Battle ol Monmouth i 135.
36 A Fishkill Landing in 1782 anecdote of, 1., 6,2, 693.
His encampment at Green Spring Plantation in 1 .81, in. 240,
"l Ml A Middlebrook, i., 332. His head quarters
skill i 311; ii.. 337. His benevolence, .,693. PresWent
of the Cincinnati Society, i., 694. Receives a gold medal
ft'on, the Km of Prussia ,., 333. «***«*£ "^JSE
499. Lieutenant in 1,i5.ii.,.J1U u™.»f"
Aulo.r mil and Biographical Sketch of, 11., ■""■
Stevens Edward, General, member ofthe Connecticut Pro-
vincial Assembly U 123. With Washington at the Bailie
ifTrenfon8,™, 20, 21. AI .the Battle i of .Great Bridge.,
1-iq His courage at Norfolk in l,/6, 11., ,ui- > onumi a
Mor.au 's orisraers to Charlottesville, ii., 391. W ounded at
Character and Biographical Sketch of, 11.. 329, 330.
ste 'ens Hfnrv. his sketch of the siege of Boston, i,. 538
ItIvens! John! Lieutenant in the United States navy ,n 1,81,
Stevens', Governor, successor of Drummond, ii., 355.
Stewart Andrew, his newspaper, n., .lc.ii.
Stem art', Xntiiony, bums his tea-ship at Annapolis in 1,74,
STiwA5T, Charles, Colonel, ii., 629 ; in the encampment at
StMewISThab™' hi's3!r3ading-hor in Wyoming VaUey
Stew^t ^rM^at'^^ing^'stony Point i.,
-4h Awarded a midal by Congress, lor Ins conduct at the
forming ™ ,749? 7M In the engagement at Indian Field in
1778, ii., 623. His death, i., 750. .
STEwYnrColonel'fBritish), ii., 488. Marches from Charles-
ton Man™ iby Marion and Colonel Washington, ...,489.
*%££?&£&•& B^fortaWon, i 397;
IriLEsEzat Reverend, President of Vale College, i., 424.
Cited, i.,420. _ *-_oi Rurcovne surrenders
■assfiiaiiiS-ftSft.'P*"-'-'
,n 1756, 1., 218. Seizes warlike stores of the British ml , IB,
592 captures a British transport in 1,,6, t,», •,
645 At the Baltic of Long Island in 1776 i "ftlSS** i'
601,602. His skirmish with Grant, i... " '■ His *«0»«J
'-'-''^^^TS'r^^'Memi^'onr'c"::;::!
150. At Tappan ir i 1 , 80 ,., , 13. Me'.iiir in ^
inquiry respecting Andre^.. 765. lis gs^J.^ ,,_,. M r.
Stalen Island in 1,80. I.. Jii . ''••.''„ ..(.^..h.of ii
|,„. Works, 1., 706. Portrait of, il.,603. Autographs ol, 11.,
1.10.003. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 601.
!=:c=b^^
Fort Washington in 177.',. Ins exploits there, 1L, B20, oai.
Stotktok Ahnis, wife of Richard Stockton.her poetic tribute
ST'oc^r/.c^tof'SeJW.h^^
the British and Hessians m 1776, ll., 35. Signer ol tile ue
[NDEX.
laration of Independence ; Biographical Sketch of,
Portrait of,
I Richard, his realdence at
i tLL, Li< utcnant, at the siege of Fort Schuyler in 177n.
i.,40
Stoddakd, M. Richabdson,' Mount Indepen
I., ! 18.
■ "■ ■
irv in 1781, 11-, 103, 656.
Stoni . I I Maryland, on the Coo
i of 111'1
tralion of Independence . Biographical sketch of, Li., 196,
Full length portrait o die, U., 187. 1'orir.in
of, ii.. frontispiece. Autograph of, s
, William, Governor of Maryland in 1649; givi
to Parliamentary Commissioners; ia n
renders his warrant ; organises an armed body ol Roman
il Records ; captured ; four
of ln~ n it, il. ii.. 193.
Stoxe, William I.. Colonel, Anecdote of, respecting sVni-
[., 239. His , rror in relation to llrant. i., 338 n,-
letter respecting Wyoming, 1., 350. Quoted or cited, I., 308,
233, ■:;<:,, 336, u:i-. 33 I, -JI-. 261, 362, 370, 271, 'J77, 279, 281,
363.
Stone, Captain, in the skirmish al Worth's Mill.
hi monumental, exhumed near Pompe) Hill, i.,
trail's, Montgomery Countv, New York, i., 263, 271,
384, 391.
' ry on Ramsfonl Island, i.. 634.
i nt of, in Ibis , bombarded by the British
in 1813, i-. til9.
I'trru, Battle of, .n 1779, ii., 555.
Brook Bridge, Picture and account of, ii., 31.
rraphy of, i.. 744-746. Rear view
711. View of, from the southwest, i., 746 Capluredbj Sir
Henry Clinton in 1779, i., 743. Retaken bj Wayne, 1., 744,
71
lips, llniish. captured at Boston, i , 583.
Hi ighta in 1848, i . 70. \t night on the
Hudson, i . :u. Thunder-shower at Washington in I
her, ii., 216. i>n I .113. At Kennet, il., 161.
Off Newport in 1778, i.,649. On the St. Lawrence, i . 195.
On the SehuylkiU, ii . 109. u ?orktown, ii., 311.
, . Thom \-. i laptain, Notice of, i
Story, Registrar ofthe Admiralty, I., 467.
lniel, British spy. Execution of, i., 738.
StratJ nt. i . -117.
Street, Alfred IS., his poems quoted, i., 33, 104, 240, 380,
Strickland, William, architect, designs the sarcoph
Wasb 11,212. His account ofthe placing ofthe
remains in it. ii., 21*2.
Strickland, the executioner of Andre, i . "1
Striker, General, at the Ifattlc of North Point, ii., 182.
her-, John, sculptor, The sarcop .-lungton
ami Mr- Was nteo by, il., 211,212.
Stuabt, Gilbert, painter, paints a sign for the King of Prus-
ivern, Ii., 135. Portrait of Rivington by, II
Stivrt. John. Indian agent, Biographical sketch of. il . 111.
it, Lieutenant-i eeds Rawdon at Oran|
ii., 190, 491, Encamps on thai
i 11 Al tie- Battle of Butaw Springs, i
■ barleston, 11., 498. Killed ai the Battle
of Guilford In 17-1. Ii., 404, 105.
sti mi, Lieutenant, of Maryland, ii.,
-',- /if. rnotrj of Indian Wart, ii., 281.
bly, William, of Maryland ay. ii . 104.
Stubois, Captain, at the destruction of Fairfield, i., 427.
it, Petri-. I., 386. Succeeds Kleft us Governor
of New Netherlands in 1625,11., 577. His expedition against
the - :: I1'" house
end csini.' . his pear-tree, Ii., 578. Portrait, Autograph, ami
Biographical Sketch of. U., .177. 57fi
Suffolk. Lord, Secretary of State, his defense of thi
itry for employing Indians m war,
V, Virginia, Devastation of. by the Liriush in 1779, II .
532.
Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Convention of delegates from
ihc towns in. in 1774, i.. 514.
Sugar i'.ir'iiiiic ut . Chatham's motion to r. j- il
in-, i . .Ms.
Sugar-house at New York used as a prison, Picture ofthe. n..
mce.
Sullivan, J ihn, General", i
egate to Hi- first Continental i ongrest
General Thomas at Quebec, I., 202, Hie fortificationa on
Plow [ton's orders to, respi
lallatlon, 1., 575. At the bombardment of Boston, I.,
Proceeds to New York, after the il Boston by the
British . i . 583 M Brooklyn in 1776,
the Battle of Long Island, ii.. 603. At Wi stebest- r
At Tieonderoga and Crown Point. L, 163. So
Veal Town in 1776. ii., 10 . and joins Washington. II., 16, 19.
m ii., i' ml i . 111.20. 01. Surpriai
n in 1777, "'is Spencer in tin •
dition againsl
i rmantown, II
llu. At Bufflngton's, II., 173 His expodil
■ - papt rs and race
i - ,,i Men Ji i i. n . 56. I i
iiiiiini in Rhode Inland In 1778, i . 645, I 17. 048 Hi-
to lit arcastle orders, 1., 650. Rendezvous of,
in 177s.! . 3S5. Evai !
thi Indiana In Western New York In 1779, 1
a to the Amcr-
i Burke . d< ■
by Washington ; his dissension wli
tured on Long Island . exchangt d foi Pi
Member ol * ongn -- In 1780 . mi the tm r- spt
le Alleghanies, II . 650. Portrait, Auio-
eal ski !c!i oi
ias, paintt r. ins porti La 3
Hi- inn length portraits of Charles Carroll and Thomas
. 197.
r, Indian, in the United States, Account of, I . i
Sl'MM!
Sumneb, Jetiii palgn under
ae in 17-n. || , us, (91 ai the D
Springs in 1781, ii., 494. Autograph and Biographical Si
- us a warfare on the :
in 1780, ii., ii."' ai Pishing Creek -.
Mount, u. . 454. Ai Hanging Roi I
Ford . pursued by Tarleton ; at Blaekato
\\ . .imii. ,1 nt the Battle of B
447. At Tort Granny, II . 182. I ak. s Orangeburg, ii., 462,
490. Incenaedai Leo respecting the capture ol FortGranby,
Balfour's letter to Rawdon and m nds it
to Genera] Greene, 11., 488. via. k- British posts mar
i nt the Battli ol • reek Bridge In n-i
ii.. 567. Styled the "Carolina Garni
thanks ol Congress for ii 147. Portrait, Auto-
graph, and Him. ra etch of, U., 445.
Sunburn, Georgia, taken bj the British In 1778, ii., 527.
, The London i oflei bouse at Philadelphia closed on,
in 17-n. ii.. oil. Publ c worsbii by the American army.
aficr the capitulation at Iforktown, 11., 321,
Sunny! ■ of \'i aahington in Ii g. Pi< lure i
,761, Suspension Bridge at the lulls ol
228.
Susquehanna l Ibrmed In 1753, Account of the, 1., 843.
Susquehanna Indians. Hostilities ol. in Virginia and Maryland
in I' *
Susquehanna R amenta at the mouth of, n., 192
View of. I., 356.
i laptain of the ship Vulture at the time of Ar-
m, i . 7 is. 7 19.
Sutherland, Nicholas, I olonel [British), captured at Sara-
i - 1
I, William T . Noun ol. |i„ 161.
Cbabli
Swain, David L., Governor of North Carolina. Pr< eidenl ol
u„. i niversit; Hill, il., 372, 379, 380, 392, 411,413,
-117. ;
Swansob I si e
. Derrick, General Schuyler ai c 40
.in mi am. Captain, at the siege ol I "it Schuy-
ler. I., 242
Swearing, Pmi fanity.
i. in the so ■:■■ "i Fort II' nrj In 1777. II
I 293.
i adopts Queen Catharine's new maritime doctrine, il.,
Swbdbnboro, Baron, cited, I . M I
. i, s. tile on Ho- In laware In 1623
New Jersey in 1638. ii., 46, Theli eh al Philadcb
I'lna. n . lit. '.'7. Settle in South • . 540.
Norn-town, ii., 122, 124.
Oera, 1'elin purchases Iroln lie to thi
I . 111.
under John Pury. In South
•
Sword, Pilgrim I » Present-
ed to I -: - - 646 I rem Bt nnini
1
120 Montgomery's L,20l Colonel Tilgbman's, i
Paul Jones's, ii., 642, Washington's war-sword, I
ii.. 202.
Svmonds, Colonel, at I licinnngton, 1., 396.
Symonds, Thomas, Autograph of, in. 317.
Syracuse, New York, Early hisi.o
1655; hostility of In. loins at. i . 229. Settle nts al. by
I'r- ii.h and Spaniards In I* tin colon) .
pulchral stone
mpey Hill, i., 230.
Tabb, John, member of the Virginia Committee of Safety in
177f..
Tabliy described. Ii., 516.
TOO
INDEX.
Talbot, Silas, of Rhode Island, i., 656. Captain, and after-
ward Colonel in the United States army, L, 665. I aptain
m the Untied States navy in 1779, i., 649 , ii., 93, 638, 6-13.
Captures the Pigot, i-, 664. Wounded al Fort Mitllin, ii.,
93. In the expedition against Rhode Island in 177s, i., 6-19.
His exploits , his sufferings, ii.,611, 643. Superintends the
building ofthe frigate Conatitution, ii., 643. Portrait, Au-
tograph, and Biographical sketch of. ii., 6-13.
Talbot, Lieutenant (British), at the Misrhianza, ii., 09.
TaLLMadge, Benjamin, Major (afterward Colonel), ai Lloyd's
Neck attacks Tory marauders, ii., 627. Captures Fort George,
ii., 62S. At Fairlield, i., 427. His head-quarters al New
Castle, t., 715. Arnold's letter to, i., 717. Escorts Andre
to North Salem, i.. 757. Andre makes disclosures to; his
communication to Mr. Sparks, i.. 758. Opposes Paulding's
petition to Congress in 1617, L, 774. Portrait, Autograph,
and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 627.
Tali.madge, James, General, in possession of the spy Tay-
lor's silver bullet, i., 684.
Tammany Society, Account of the, ii., 41 : see St. Tammany.
Tanacharison, Half-king, accompanies Washington to Fort
Le Bcruf in 1753 ; extract from a speech of. ii., 268. In the
expedition against Fort Duquesnc in 1754, ii., 269.
Tappan, the "76 Stone House." where Andre was confined;
the place of Andre's execution; topography of; An
encampment at, in 1777 ; Washington's head-quarters at, i.,
763, 764.
Tappan Sea, Hudson River, Account of, i., 761.
Tar River described, ii., 351.
Tariff for exchange of Prisoners in 1779, ii., 646.
Tarleton. Banastre, Lieutenant-colonel in the expedition
to capture Governor Jefferson, ii., 342. Pursues Sumter in
1780, ii., 446; and Mar:on in 1780, ii., 564. At the battle
near Camden, ii., 465. At the siege of Charleston, ii., 557,
559 ; and the Battle of Cowpens, ii., 432. His wound in the
hand, ii., 436. At the Battle of Guilford, ii.. 401. His mas-
sacre of Buford's regiment, ii., 458. Sent to New London,
Virginia, by Cornwallis. ii.,262. In the expedition to North
Carolina in 1781, ii., 386, 367. In the skirmish near Reedy
Fork, ii., 399. At the siege of Yorktown, ii., 308. His per-
sonal appearance, ii., 103. Present at the Mischianza, ii.,
00. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii.,
401.
Tarrytown, New York, Origin of the name ; place where An-
dre was captured, i., 753. Cemetery at, i., 759. Colonel
Luddington at, in 1771, i., 733.
Tasker, Benjamin, Governor of Maryland, i., 303 ; ii., 193.
Tate, Captain, at the Battle of Cowpens in 1781, ii., 431.
Wounded at Guilford, ii., 401.
Tavern, Old, at Elizabethport, i., 328. Old taverns on the
Lancaster road, ii., 163.
Taxation, Voluntary, i., 455. New scheme of, by Townshr-nd,
in 1767, i., 475, and by North in 1773, i., 495. Opposed by
the Colonies, i., 462.
Taylor, Bayard, his poems quoted, i., COO.
Taylor, Christopher, subscribing witness to the Pennsyl-
vania Charter, ii., 50.
Taylor, Daniel, sergeant. British spy, detected with a dis-
patch in a silver bullet ; executed, i., 389, 664.
Taylor. George, of Pennsylvania, signer of the Declaration
of Independence; Biographical Sketch of, ii., 6G4. Auto-
graph of, ii., Bl.
Taylor, John. Reverend, Missionary, his drawing of Steu-
ben's log-house, ii.. 136.
Taylor, John, of Virginia, Counselor of State in 1776, ii.,
300.
Taylor, John, General Fraser dies at the house of; picture
of the house, i., 64. Governor of New York ; buys Sir Will-
iam Johnson's Bible, i., 236.
Taylor, Samuel, Major, at Augusta, ii., 509.
Taylor, Zachary, President of the United States; at the
laving of the corner-stone of the Washington Monument at
Richmond in 1850, ii., 231. .
Taylor, Colonel, with Sumter at Fish Dam Ford, ii., 445.
At the siege of Fort Granby, ii., 490.
Tavlor, Major, of Hillsborough, Revolutionary octogenarian.
n . 384
Taylarsmlle, M'Conkey's Ferry at. the place where Wash-
ington crossed the Delaware ; picture of the Great Bridge.
ii.. 14.
Tazewell, John, clerk of the General Convention at Will-
iamsburg, Virginia, in 1770. ii., 200.
Te Deum laudamus chanted by Columbus and his crew on
first landing in tin- New World, i., 25.
Tea, Destruction of, at Annapolis in 1774. ii., 105 ; in Boston
Harbor in 1773, i., 498; at Greenwich, n . M ; at New York,
ii.. 5h6 ; at Providence in 1773. i.. 626. Refused at Charles-
ton, ii., 543. Proscribed by common consent at Boston in
1770. i., 488. Merchants of Boston, Charleston, New York.
and Philadelphia agree, in 1770, to import no tea. i . 492.
K\|torts of, from England to America in 1768 and 1760, con-
trastni. i,. ]•»!. Proceedings in relation to consignees of,
in 1773. I., 406.
Teach, Famous pirate, " Black Branl." ii., 356.
•if, Boston, i . 400. New Jersey, [!., 260.
Tea-ships, i„ 406, 107 , ii., 51, 401, 586.
Teasdale, Thomas, Reverend, proprietor of the Washington
Residence in Virginia, ii., 220.
Teedyuscung, Indian diplomatist, i., 336; ii., 44. Death of,
i„ 344.
Teknharaiva River, Account of, i., 297.
Tiller's Pant, Violation of the flag of truce at, in 1780, i.,7I8.
British soldiers capturt-d at, i., 692.
Temperance, Indian lecturer on, i., 277 ; see Rum ; and Vest.
Temperance Cross, near Quebec; picture of. i., 203.
Temple, Earl, Lord Chatham's brother-in-law, ii'., 142. His
views of American affairs, i., 84.
Temple, The, near Windsor, used by Washington and his
army, i., 685.
Ten Eyck, Mr., ferrvman at Stony Point, i., 711. Portrait
of, i., 751.
Ten Hills Farm, Cannon planted on. in 1775. i.. 571.
Tenbroeck, General, with his brigade, at the Battle of Bo-
nus's Heights in 1777, i., 50, 62.
Tennent, GiLBERT^Reverend, his sermons used for cartridge
paper, ii., 159. Preaches at Freehold, ii., 153.
Tennent, William. Reverend, Remarkable case cf, ii., 159-
161. 443. Preaches at Freebold, ii., 153.
Tenochtitlan, or Mexico, Origin of, i., 16.
Ternay, Admiral De, arrives with a French fleet at Newport
in 1780, i., 435. 655. His proposed relief of Lincoln at
Charleston, ii., 561. Death of, i., 656. Succeeded by D'Es-
touches in 178!, ii., 334.
Territory, American, claimed by England and France, ii., 266 ;
and by Spain, ii., 652. Territorial line between the I'nited
States and the Canadas, L, 167. Territorial system of the
United States, ii., 655.
Tetard, Reverend Mr., translator to the Foreign Secretary of
the United States, ii., 656.
Teyendagages, i., 256 : see IIendriok.
Thacher, James, M.D., at the Hudson Highlands, i., 307.
Inoculates American soldiers at Phillipstown, i.. 307, 702.
His account of inoculation in the American army, i., 30.
His account of the execution of Andre, ii., 771. Quoted or
cited, i., 40, 81. 133, 247, 252. 302, 307, 308, 310. 311, 312,
314, 332, 302, 574, 603, 655, 694, 700, 771, 773; ii., 120, 130,
311, 313, 315, 328, 321.
Thacher, Peter, Reverend, his oration at Watertown in
1770, at the commemoration of the Boston massacre, i., 580.
Thames, River, Connecticut, American frigate built on the, in
1777, i., 610. Naval engagement on the, in 1761, i., 610-
613.
Thanksgiving, Public religious, recommended by Congress in
1777, ii., 127 ; and in 1781, ii., 321. 322. A special day for,
appointed by Washington, ii., 140.
Thatcher; see Thacher.
Thayendanegea; see Brant.
Thayer, Major, at the attack on Fort Mifflin, ii., 91-93.
Theatre, at Richmond, destroyed by fire, ii., 231. At Boston
in 1776, i„ 579.
Thellcr's Canada, cited, i., 211.
Theobald, Hessian chaplain, captured at Saratoga, ii., 6S4.
Tlurkctty Mountain, ii., 43D.
Thinae, City of, in Asia, i., 20*.
Thomas, Sir George, Governor of Pennsylvania, i., 323.
Thomas, Isaiah, printer of the Massachusetts Spy, i.. 513.
Thomas, John, General, i., 162, 190, 516. 530, 500. At Rox-
bury, i., 537. At the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 543. Takes
possession of Dorchester Heights, i., 579. Death of, i., 202,
307. Biographical Sketch of, i., 202.
Thomas, William H., business chief of the Cherokees, ii.,
412.
Thomas, Colonel, of Spartenburg District, his courageous
wife, ii., 457.
Thomas's History of Printing, i., 513 ; ii., 284, 328, 500.
Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford, attacks and defeats
Marion's brigade, ii., 570. Biographical Sketch of, :., 591.
Thompson, B. F., his History of Long Island, ii., 628.
Thompson, James, Mr., of Quebec, pngmeer. i., 201.
Thompson, Robert, Regulator, shot by Trvou in a fit of an-
ger, ii., 370.
Thompson, Thomas, Captain in the United States navy in
1776, ii., 638. His exploits; censured by Congress; dis-
missed, ii., 640.
Thompson, William, Tory, of Augusta, Georgia, ii., 504.
Thompstm's Gazetteer of Vermont, i., 144.
Thomson, Charles, of Pennsylvania. Secretary of the first
Continental Congress, ii., 60. Franklin's letter to. in 1765;
his reply, i., 464. Reads to Congress Washington^ letter
on the capitulation of Cornwallis, ii., 321. Portrait, Auto-
graph, and Biographical sketch of. ii , 60, 61.
Thomson, Charles, of South Carolina, ii., 481.
Thomson, William, relative of Charles, ii., 443, 444 ; in the
expedition against the Regulators in 1771. ii., 369 ; and with
General Richardson in his expedition against the Tories in
177."., ii.. 452. Biographical Sketch of, ii.. 414.
THORLACK, Bishop, of Iceland, compiles the voyages of the
Northmen, i . 635.
Thornton, J. Wingate, of Boston, i.. 593. 684.
Thornton, Matthew. MP. of New Hampshire, signer of
the Declaration of Independence, ii., 79. Autograph of, ii.,
80. Biographical Sketch of, ii., 662.
INDEX.
761
Thornton, Timothy, his signature io the first American pa-
per men. v, i . 914.
ildsen, Beetel, sculptor, ins ancestry,
Thousand Islands, in the si. Lawrence River, i . 184, 214
Throe k* Neck, Origin of the name of; landing Of the llnlish
at, in 1T76, I
Thid'. or Iceland, Voyage ofColumboa to. I., SI.
Thunder-strucli
Lord, his answer to < ,m\v .\ , i , 590. I I
Lord Nort i'- lie isiires In 1775, 1
THURW1TZ, Mr., marries Ltiulv Gelger, II 189.
aasool 11 s, L., 191. Indian origin ol
name; lopograpby of. i . 115, 118. Invested b) tbercrom-
li- Capiorerj In 1758, i . ! 19, 120. Ethan I
expedition to, I., 193. Surprise of the garrison, i . i .
uiterviev, between Allen ami Delaplai I., 125 Invested
by Burgoyne, i.. 139, 134. Picture of the rums or, I., 127,
128 Battli .'i, in 1758, i., II*, anil in 1777, 1., 133, 134-
136
Treatment of Kirkc. the tidesrnan, in I767,i.,47ft
Tilqhm vs. Bdward, oi" Maryland, delegate to the Stan
ass in 1755, i . I'
Tni.iniiN. Matthew, of Maryland, delegate to the tirst Con-
tinental ' ongress, 11
Tiloiim i\. Lieutenant-colonel, Aid to Washington i bearerof
dispatches to Congress on tie- Burrender oi Cornwallis at
Yorktown, U., 391. II Mrs Sord's with Washington and
HamUi in, i., 310 Pea - portrait of, U-, 197.
TiLLEv. I H:. Admiral of the French fleet at Newport in 1781,
ji 334 Detached Irom Newport fbi the Uhesapeako; suc-
cess of in- expedii on, II 230 334
Tillf.v, Edwaru and John, sign, i rim Covenant,
i.. 437.
Tillinohast, Jons. Captain, in the expedition against the
Timothy rrass, DriL-iii iil'the name. n.. 353.
I i Brnor Print/'- re no Rt, II., 46.
Tinkbr, Thomas, Bigner ol the Pilgrim ' "ovt nant, i . 137.
Tip}" U II 'iits at. in 1777. o , 023,
latto, attacks Captain Huddy's house, ii., 160.
Memorable, given t>> La Fayette, at \ork, Pennsyl-
vania, ii . 133.
mi of. into England; used tor smot
Raleigh, ii., 211. Cultivated bj Governor Yeardly, U
Monopolized in Virginia, by i Ihorles 1 . in 1625, ii . 252. De-
stroyed by Arnold and Phillips at Warwick In 1781, i
i mi . ii Mo of, in Virginia, 11., 348; and in Norih Carolina,
ii.. 350. Tobacco-plant on the ancient seal of Virginia, li.,
266.
\ ie\v near, i., 313.
Toon, wiih Daniel Boone and Trigg at the Battle of Blue
I :.-. ii., 295.
Toleration, religious, Washington's, i., 315 In Maryland in
1649, n . 190, 191. In Rhode Island in 1747, i., 039.
i lid, :o Jamestown, Ii., 212.
Tomahawks, Drawings of, 1 . 84
Tomlinson, Jabk/ I. . receives from Andre ins pen-and-ink
sketch of himself, 1 . 771.
ro Chief of the Vomaeraws. II
i Samuel, Captain in the United Mutes navy in
111.
Picture and description of, 1., 636, 637, 648
Tonyn, Governor, ins cruel treatment of Governor G
ii., 51
Took! I ir, Imprisoned for libel ; Ins letter to Dun-
ning . his ■ Diversions of Parley," 1 . 585,
inre and account of, 1 , 780,
■ . Rushneira, II., 104, 608
Tim Benedict, i . MB, i' I . 3-6. Dibble
Ell ol 2 'I Florida Rang! r-, n . 521 i.iriv. Ii.,
89] Gort, i ,288 Mill. I . 608 larvis, i . 102, 107, M'Kce,
U , 29) i igdi n. i . 313. Pine Robbers, i . 332. Platto, I .
2— loshua H. Smith, 1., 716, Strickland, I., 771. i.e..
aetive and passive, 12 olena of, in Mohawk
in 1773 Disarming of, ai Johnson Hall. I
i' ant of, upon Sehell's Bush, I., 299, Tories and Indians
idi W j ig, I., 330 Execution of. al
3- 1 of, at Bunker Hill. I., 511. Ol Rb
and arrested by General Lee In 1775, i ,640. With Brant
at Minislnk In 1779, ii., 669, 670 Near Valley I a
177*. ii . 129 Uniform of. In 1778, 11., 138. Barbar
Tore to a dying wing : hanged before in- owi
Giuh Mountain In 1 780, II , 124 Exe-
cution of, ii., 129 Faithlessness of. In Carol n 1776 II .
■Ill Captured at Rugeley's Mill in 178 Of South
Cam!' Dispersion ol Of I rgla take
r luge in Florida In 1776; organize, II., 521. In Chai
li . 560. Disarmed at New York. II . 593 Tore and Will".
Origin and revival of the terms. I., 71, 488 Costume of To-
nes to distinguish them fre.ni British regulars. II
7'.rr, Hill it NorW ch, I., 608
ol London. Henry Laurens eonflned In the, II., 651. One
of Denning's wrought-iron eannnns in the. Ii., 148. Stone
Tower in Providence River. I., 628. Tower at Newport, i.,
633. B'.ddle's, i., 227.
Town- Ion account of the Battle of Braiuhw uie,
. 175.
Tov, ksei Commll ... nstltu-
tion ol \, w York in 1770,
Townshend, Charles, in Psrllamenl in 171.',, 1 .112 1
eellor 01 the 1 tchi r^ui i Ills \ lew of tl tax III
hi colonies,
Town8ii . constracts the chain at West Point, 1 .
705.
send, Thomas, denounces tin Canada Hill. 1 , 156.
rem al 1 batham'a luncral, II., 143.
Trade, Be I onfusion In, m 17-0. , , 319,
1 mils, lnllueuie of tile, in t ohmil.iis's In-l \ovage, i.,
24.
Trading Ford, Picture and d<
1 b Tasrbr,
Trai i-. Lieutenant, at the D .'<. it.,
329.
Travis, Champion, Yirgmia Conn 1 \.lm. rally in
177,.. I
poeal to try, under statute of Henry VflL,
M ilachi, MH. Physlcl in '■. rti ml, II., 34.
1 nam 'i 1 on Miillm. 11., 91.
Treaty. Between Colonel Denizen ami tin- 1 ontinentalfl at
\\\ Ing in 177s, 1, 358. Between Dunmore and Corn-
sia'ik in 1771.11 1 amp Charlotte, II., 263. Of Penn with In-
dians, It., -17. Betwi 1 n Picki tie 1 'he ' a. •
In 1782, II., .'35. in Frani b and m
Ol General Schuylei with Indians al German flat-. 1., 238.
1 11 in. 1 n Stab ■ '■■■ :in 1 rano pro] I In 1 1
witb France in 1778, 1 64 649 with Hi id 1 1789, II.,
651; with Great Britain In 1762,11., 652; with Greal Britain
111 1783, 11-. 631 . in 1784, II
n Forty Fort, I . 359, 365.
I iple, a' Springfield, New Jersey,
tie-field of the Haw, 11., 387. Bain l*G id, al 1 --rt Ed-
ward. 1. o.-,, iiej Charter Oak, at rTarttbrd I., 134 Ci
at Brunswick, North Carolina, II ,362 " hestnut, al GaUowa
Mill. 1 . 7111. Chestnut-oak "Council Tree," II.; 941,
w ashlngton, al ' an Ifl . i ■ 58, 564 Elms al Washing-
ton's aead-quartera al Cambridge, I., 551 Bin 11 New
Haven, I., 428 Al Danbury ami Rtdgefleld, 1. lin film,
I'eini's Treaty, u . iH Picture of, In 1 1 Hall,
Philadelphia, ii., fie Kim. at Home, New Vork, 1. 2:11.
Iliekorv. al linl Hank, 11., 84. I. an r. I. 11 . 111.. Liberty, al
Boston, 1 . 466, 167, 583 At Charleston, li . 542, 551. Lin-
den, Imported Irom Scotland h> Lord Dunmore in 1772
263. At the Riedescl House, Magnolia, near Charles-
ton, under whicb Lincoln held .1 1 ouni II In 1 B0, II., 573, 574.
d'Crea, 1 . 97. Norwich, I 5! ik al the Van
1 .,1 iiaiult House,!., 739. Palmetto, described, II
Stuj resan 576 Pei mon 1 r, , - on the Haw, Li.,
: -: I'm, Dead, In \ Irg nia and North ' arolina, II , 348.
Prideoflnd 1 turg, South Carolina, li., 490. sbb-
safras.on the grav. di <t Charlotte, II ,410 Syca-
more, Indent, on Rhode Island, i., 653 U 1 bnrj
Ridgefield, I., 410. Tulip, near Knm's M loin, upon which
m were hanged, 11 . 493, 1211 Tulip poplars al \ ork-
towai. II., 324. Walnut, Aged I la 1 Haverstraw
and Stony Point, 1 . 752. 753. White Wood, under which
Andr. 753,754. Willow, mar si John's
roh ii. h ,1 '. 1 239 91 Hows, Arnold's, ni u u est
Point, I , 7"- Montgomery's, 1 . 20| Trees ID North faro-
. itniction Of, bj a worm. II., 348,
Trent, William. I olonel, m Phtledi Iphla, founder of Trrn-
ton, II . in. 94, 121
Trent, Captain, in the expedition in Ion Du «ne In 1751,
■' 1 - li 1 nreoosur,
N, .., I, r-i i . s. 111. ■ ' "I the name,
ii., |3 ■■• of, II . 21, 31 Ral
ii.. 21. Battle of, In 1776, li., 21-25 G 1 pfiects
battle, 11. 24 Washington's proposal 11 1., 25
Picture of Trenton Bridge, II . 96 Washington's palnotio
. , ■ 1 at, 11 38, 39 Deer a of, I., 371.
.nnes Fort Slongo; Autograph of. li.,
. 1 r. Mr- , 1*01 1
Tribim,*. a pol Bl pari', n Nl « 1 Ork hi I ■ l/ll.i X
Todd.
Trimm. the doctrine of the, A denial of, punishable In Mary-
with death, II
Trinity British roai-of-
11. removed i" Ni n Brunswlok, Nova Scotia, 1 , 5'.»5.
Iluriil m 177f.. 11 . 613.
True, Ira. shot and Bcalped bv indl 1
Triplet, Major, ut the Battle of Cowpcns In 1781, II., 431.
433.
:„ni at the Capitol, Washington City, ii., 203,
Tripp, William, Prescolt's treatment of; n i.rsfrom
Ud to General Gatt s, ii., 132.
, a York. 1 . 35, 100.
Trueitlen, Ions Adam, first Governor of Georgia under the
new Constitution, II., 504.
INDEX.
762
TROBBU1L, BBKJAMIS, D.D, his History of Connecticut, i.,
ill' ",i,: ',„„.,;„. (bi iluniureys, ... 429. Biogiaptacal
Tl««BSLtjoH"'colonel.8onoTGovernor,i.,604 Hta-d-
T^,:,::;,'l;rw^^
Jaliartoni 575, 004. Reinforces Ticonderoga and row,,
S«i 155 Washington's (Wend and contidential adi « r
Tn P. hv Cb wteUux i . 600, 601. His character, sen ices,
SSSng his War Onto, i., 002. Oilers to mediate between
General Gage and the Bostonians in 1775, >•• f\ S^ST
ler's letter to. i.. 41. Picture ot the house of, i, 60. His
wife adescenoam of the Pilgrim John Robinson i ...0 ,604
Portrait and Autograph of, i., 601. Biographical Sketch of,
T'™ m'4Jonathan, G. W., grandson of Governor, i 600.
Trunibi . l ioseph, Jun, Captain, afterward Colonel, son of
Governor'; member of the Norwich Committee of Corre-
™ndence i 599. Appointed Commissary Genera by
Washing™ , ,599, 604; resigns, ii., 34. Member oi the
Boar f War > . 777, .... 133, hi. Tomb of. i.. 004.
Thtos Will .am. Governor of North Carolina, successor of
Arthur Dohhs in 1766, ii., 361. His great unpopularity, i...
302, 303. Builds his palace in North Oarolraa in 1767, u.,
364 Is styled by the Cherokees the " Great V oil ; »
his proclamation against the R*^«« m " ^'' Ito 2£
His expedition to the AUamance ... 1,71, ii, 309 His era
elty ; exhibits his prisoners ... chains, n . 3, 2 3, 3. Is called
to New York, as Governor, in 17,1, u., 372, 586. His house
destroyed bv lire in 1773, ii., 587. Is made Doctor of Laws
by King's College, New York, in 1774 ; goes to England n
1774 i 587. Returns to New ^ ork in 1,75, 1., 564, 1,
589 Burns Continental Village, i., 741. His feelings to-
ward the Republicans, ... 741. His plot to murder or cap-
tureWashington in 1770. .... 595. Expedition to Danbury
in 1-77 i 401 402. Incloses to Washington copies of
North's' Conciliators Bill in 1778, ... 143 His .expedition
to Horseneck Landing, ...111.412. Lands at Norwalk ,,,
1779 1 414.410. His expedition to New Hayen in 1779, i,
40'. l-'t His head-quarters at Fa.rf.eld. i., 427 His con-
du'c't toward Mrs. Buckley, ... 427. Picture and account of
Ws palace, ii., 364. His seal ; Autograph and Biographical
Sketch of, ii., 361. ..
Tryon, Lady, and her sister. Esther Wake, "-.364.
Troon Counts, New York, in 1778, 1, 204. Extent of, 1., 232.
Armed se tiers of. 1.. 206. Governor Clinton's expedition to.
U 280 The name of, changed to Montgomery County in
Tryon Hall, the residence of Judge Jones, ii., 646.
Tube* John, Notice of, i., 223.
Tdoker JosiVh, Reverend Dr., Dean of Gloucester, his prop-
ositi to separate the American colonies Irom the parent
T?c™;,u^; Capiat ,£ United States navy in 1777,
TucKE3*.' President of the New Jersey Convention ; abandons
the Republican cause, ii., 17.
Tucker, Sergeant, at Brandywine in 1, ,7, 11., l«.
Tucker's Light of Nature Pursued, 1 . 519.
Tucker's Life of Jefferson, il., 22s, 299
Tuckerman, Henry T., his poems quoted, 11, ,205.
TuckermanS Life of Talbot. ... 649, 065 .1 611, 643.
Tuckesege Ford, or Great Catawba Ford \ , lew at, 11., 4.1.
Tumulus. Ancient, on Scott's Lake. 11., 500.
TuprER Colonel, at the Battle of Stillwater, 1., 76.
Turcot: M Controller-general ofthe Finances ^France, »,
649. Favors the cause of America. 11.. 648. Author 01 the
motto in the exergue of the Paris medal in honor of Frank-
lin, ii., 82. .
Turk, traveling to Augusta. 11.. ^03.
Turkey Hill, Topography of, 1., 648, 651, 657.
Turkey Point, Landing of the British at. -»>'•" "■■ 168'
Turks capture William Bowen 111 1.24, 1., 659.
Turlork: see Xev Uorlach.
Turvii. 111, Colonel (British), at Rocky Mount in 1,80, 11.,
.ItjI
Turner. Israel, Lieutenant in the United States navy in
1776, 11 . 638 „ , . ,,„
Turner, John, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant 1., 432.
Turner Philip, MD. Surgeon General. 11, dJ.
Turner. Captain, ol North i arolraa, killed at the Battle of
Gennantown ; his grave, ii., 114.
Turtle Bay, Wew I description or, ll., »»J.
Turtle. Marine. Bushnell's. it., 608. «_it„. in
riMcorora Indians, hostile to white spttl.rsm Carolina in
rn attacked hv (Ii. rokees, ' reeks, and Latawbas in 1,1-,
on ih? Six Nations Z 0B 284 ; 1,.. 356. Join the Amer-
ican, '„ 1777 , 59. Faithful to their pledge of neutrality
in 1778, i., 264. At the Council at Johnstown in 1..S, I.,
205.
Tusten, Benjamin, Dr., Colonel of Militia at the Battle of
Minisink, ... 669, 170. Slain by Indians in 1 9. 1.. 6,0.
Tun;, ,s, Colonel, with Sumter at Blackstock s, 11., 446, 44..
At Brier Creek, ii., 505.
Twightwi • s Indians, or Tuigtius, Account of the, 11., 26,.
Twiss, Lieutenant, at Ticonderoga. 1., 134.
Twistleton, Colonel (Lord Say and Selei. 11., 42.
Tyke, Malachi. Regulator, outlawed by Tryon, 11., 367.
Tyler, Bazaleel, Captain at the Battle ol Mmisink, 1.,
Tyi fii Benjamin Ov, en, teacher of penmanship, injury done
by him to the manuscript of the Declaration ol Independ-
TieLER,"j'oH°N,' father of President, ii., 230. His advice to
Colonel Dudley, ii., 238. Governor of % irginia ; Autograph
Tyler" fas, President of the United States; his personal
srrs&s8- HS'icco^^oionef m;: s
TyS! R-AU^tl^tomm^tce .0 remove British troops
from Boston, i.. 491.
Tyne, Colonel, defeated by Marion in 1,80. il, 564.
Tyng Stephen H, Reverend Dr., Notice of, 11, 188.
Tynte, Edward, Governor of South Carolina, it, 540.
Unadilla, New York, Incursion of the Oneida Indians into. I,
Uncas Mohegan Chief, accompanies Captain John Mason in
his expedition against the Pequots, I, 015. Captures Kira-
tonomoh 596, 597. Eats the flesh of Ins captive; the
NarCansets drive him to his fort at Shantock he is sup-
„.?L with nrovisions by Captain Mason ; sells lands to Lef-
l^-wd, and his associates ? signatures of h,m and his sons.
i, 597. Monument to, i, 598.
Underhill. Mrs. Sarah, i.. ,j4.
Underwood, Lieutenant, at the Mischiama, il, 99.
Union Flag: see Flag.
1'nita* Fratrum : see Moravians.
":!, g£d£ Relative position of the. to European govern-
, ts 1 . 86. Declaration of Independence of, in 776, 11,
' 76 Signing of this Declaralion. 11, 79. Articles ol
Con cderacon in 1777 ; the organic law of the land ml J
adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1787, n,83. Wnno.
aries of in 1782, ii, 052. Foreign and domestic debt of. 111
1777-178 1 ii.. 113. Independence of the. acknowledged by
Prance in 1778, i, 87 1 bv Holland in 1782. ii, 651 ; and by
Great Britain .1 17-3. L, 652. Seal ofthe, ii. 656.- Trea S
SftSSSW^ 640 = with Houand in 1782,..,
051 ■ with Great Britain in I i 82, 1 ,83. 11 . DM.
University, Harvard, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Endow-
ry^or'ViSster, W»l,am Penn's Assembly at, in 1682,
Urn, Monumental, at Richmond, ii.. 231.
Urquhart, James. Town Major at Boston. I, 572.
( >,n/;, ir Convent at Quebec, 1.. 204.
UssTlinx, Will.am. wealthy Netherlander, 11, 4o
Utica, New Y'ork, i., 253.
l.na Committee of Correspondence 11, J, J.
Valeour's Island, View of, 1, 102. 103.
Vaientine, Elijah and Elizabeth. 11, 625.
Valentine's Hill, West Chester, 1... Oil. ... i(
Valentine's Manual ofthe Common Councd of New York, 11 ,(
Forge, Pennsylvania. Village of. ii 125 Topography
Yv,; Mr? hls'vlolim 'language in Parliament in relation to
V ^'vvtwerp" 1°nna, The author's interview with, ii.. 594.
vSbEK. M.. pens.onar, of A,,,s„r.h,,„. negotial, > ;.
trpntv with the United States in 1. -h, »■- "^l.
vlsll""'!' Corneiu., wife of John Schuyler and
vrS^A^Jon'I-r.. s„n of Stephana ; his daughter
v::r^,^<Uo;1^',r:^':;,V.,,i^,:ordof,he Manor.
vScSESSS, PhIup, Genera,, at the battles of SUllwater,
51 73s On the court-martial m Arnold's case at Phila-
j", ' ' ,--i -il His account of John Pallidums
dephia in 1779, I. (11. BM .1">J""' rrr.lirirkl.iwn
I 737 738 1 First President of the Senate ol Ni w York;
V^l^^MvVS^ Virplanck's Point
in 1083, i, 742.
IN DEX.
:
i <',.rl-
landt's boose; the family vault,
^t!. unit's Sue/or-souse, in the cit) of Now JToi
as a prison , pictun
v»\ Dam, Rip, acting Governor of New York
Democratic party, ii., 570, 580.
Var oeb Dos prinelplM [nl
Netherlands, Ii., 577.
Van Horn. Abraham. Reverend, I
Fan Kletk li'just, Poughkeepsie, Picture and account of the
•
Van N IRDBH, I'nl.l.v. M«.,
Reverend, 1., 833.
r. Grave and tombstone of, I., 386.
Van Rensselaer, Henri K . nd, insurrection in the
nl of, In 17-1.
nsselabb, John, Colonel, '
Van Rensselaer, Killian, Dutch Patroon, i., 3'.M ; his do-
main, i . 301 . ii., 45,
Van Rensselaer, Robert, Genei lition to Tryon
County in 1780, i., 360. Pursui
pursuit . dispatches a messenger to Captain Vrooman at Fort
Van Ri - • olonel, I., 226.
Van Renssei n, General, I
Van Schaick, G el, in Bradstreet's expedition in
1758, i .. 815 Mai !37. In
the ■ (70, 271.
Pursues Sir John Johnson to
, MM, i.. 301. Island, I., 36, II. Gen ral Caies
ai. I., 42.
Van - 211.
Van 5lyk, i iptain, killed at the slego of Fort Schuyler, I.,
Van Sweabingen, Captain, at the battles of Stillv
1777, i., 58.
Van t*-sei.. Jacob, aecount ofhnn and
I
Van Twillbb, Governor of New Netherlai
Van \ bchtbn, Colonel, Ol f General nate-'s staff; at \I-
bany at the time of the first ball)
house ai Do-vo-gat; the bouse burned, .7]
Van Vs b.ten, Lieutenant, killed by Indians, i . 1 1 • l .
Van Wart, Isaac, captor a -ives n
ss, i.. 773. Monument to, i., 760.
Van v. . ii FishkiU, i . I "
Vanbbaam, i Interpreter, Wash-
ington to French Creek in 1753, ii., 267. Led by Washing-
at i on Necessit] In 1754
. 270.
Vandbput, Captain, of the Hniish man-of-war
Vanperbi'Ro, Colonel, Washington at the house of, in 17sJ.
^urg Family, their burial-place, i.. 4'J.
Van: ■ . painter, ins picture of the Landing of
Vandikb, IIinuv. of Maryland, Son of LI
nts, painter, his portrait of Governor Wit
Vasdtke, Colonel, with ins regiment at Crosswicks in 177*.
n . 11.
Vane. Sir IIenbt, son of Charles I.'s Chief Secretary, i . I Is.
637.
of the ancient Dutch cliutvh ai
Hollow, i
Vabick, RfinRii. Colonel, at the battles of Stillwater in 1777 .
h i rupture with Arnold; '"s letter in Schuyler respi
';ie of Arnold's Aide . Wasb
cording Secretary; Mayor ol New i irk; Pi
tin. : ! tpfa and Biogi i
of. l.. 785.
Varni m. Jambs Mitchell, of Massachasetts, Colonel f after-
ward I B6 At the Battle of Bunker
Hill in 177".. I., '.71 At Red Hank in 1777, n.. 66. At Val-
\,\ I - ■lib, ll.. 130. Autograph and
VaBNUM,J03SPH Bit AI'I.E V, of Massacln rof Con-
mr. n . s7
:.i: Gama, Portugese navigator, reachea India by way
ofthe Cape of Good Hope,
Vasqvez D'Aillon, Li see Lillon.
:. hit medals destroyed, II .
! I I
Vaudbeuil he Cavagnal, Governor of Canada, i . 17s, i-i
itN. Daniel. Lieutenant in the United states naw in
1775. ii
\ i ' man. John, General, nt Livingston's Mills, i.. 3-0. His
marauding expedition up the Hudson, i . 736. With Sir
II. dry Clinton in lus expedition to Verplanck'a Point, i., 743.
VaI QHAN, Thomas, Lieutenant in tin I navv in
I77ti.
V An; tiN. Samuel, of London, lus gifl to Washington, II., 210.
Veeder, Volxbrt, Colonel, at Currytown in I7s).
Buvs a slave of Sir John Johnson's, i . 236.
Velasqi be, Governor of Cuba, fits out an expedition under
s Narvaex to arrest Cortt i
Venango, French outpost.
Ml !.\ Min i . II'.11.
Verbri upanl of the old' stone build!
Tappan, i .
KNRS, i "lint DB, Ministl r ■■'
i in iVt.ll.llll
■"■' "
with I oisslonera In
wtiii i ■ ss. Portrali i
648.
Verjer, Captain I'e, at the Battle "t Qei lee. I
...i Ir.nii the I ni"ii , is di
nl iii 1777. iiikii r the name ol N. v.
neettcul , apparenti] tr. asonable acts ofi In 17(
Vebplani k, Gulian C, ins aecounl "t tin room n itii -, ven
iirst printed
Consi lotion
Vbbplanck, Philip, marries Gertrude Van Cortland!, 1., 742.
Vebplance, Philip a . lus estate on Plum Island, i . 661
-., nn .1
by him to the Dutch ehurcb at Ftsbkill, I.. M
of, in 17-2. I., 672, 603. Picture of
the house "i.
i Point, Skirmish at, in 1600 Sti pb-
anus Van Coruandl in 1683, L, 742 N;r Hcnr) Clii
in 1777. i, 733. Captured bj E ilon in 1770;
tphy of, 1.711
iNt, John, Florentine navigator, bis expedition lo
North America in 1583; explores North i arollna; pnrira.t
"I. i . 31. 32.
account ot
name, . . 88, - 1.
'11.1. 1 . Vs. 'J'l
thorized bj gross In 177.'.,
-■nn. . of, nrst constructed lor the ' ontl
nental navj . ■ . 575 Imi ri :an, 6tted "in by Wash
in New England, II iamea of, In
British, captured b) Am. i in
eruis.rs during !!■■ i trj War. n , Ml . captured
by ll
Maehlas, 11. ,637; destroyed at Newport mi
the North and List rivers. U 607
I. \ inn' - "I.
' 10, 550
Active,
Alert, n .
Alliance, i.,61
648, I'll. 645, ' I
Amen.
knu ri. in, i . 610, 624.
Amphitrite, ii., 640.
Andrea Doria, ii., •
Annadona, i .
Argo,
Ariadne.
Ariel, ii.. 613. 615.
Arnold, Ii., '7
Asia, HI, 592.
Beaver,
Blue Mountain Valley, ii..
Bonnot 11., 641,
648, •
Bonrbon, i . '
B
Brandywine, Ll., 120.
liristoi, II., 36
Cabot, i., 640; n., I
645.
Camilla.
1,610.
I., 641,645.
cliaiitas. ii . 1"
i Ins Molly, II., 644.
311.
Cherokei
Columbus, i., 640; 11., 63S.
racy, i ,610
inee, i . 143.
■ i", 840.
i longn i . 611.
Congress (Galley
■ . in
Cornwallis, II., 0
.
i ii
I nne.
I rn.s. r. ii . 375.
■ 14,645.
Delight, II., 848.
Diligent, ii . 61.'..
Dolphin, I .61"
Drake, II I 10, 641
linn. I. ,
Inn' ,le lluras. ii . 611.
Duchess ni Gordon, II
Duff. n. 613
Dunmore, II., 33n. 332.
Eagli 604,1
Edward,
Effingham
Experiment, ii . '.'2. 548, ril.
Falmoui
Fame, II
Fanny,
Fly, n . 104
"13.
18,800, 325.
Franklin, I .
Fury, ii . 08
Monk, n . fil. 61.'.
Glasgow, i . i
Good H
Greyhound, I., 760; ii., 51.
Guadaloupc. n 311.
764
INDEX.
Vessels of War. ami athfr vessels. Names of.
637
Guilford, i., 610.
Half Moon, i.. 742, ii., 576
Halifax, ii., 590.
Hampden, ii., 641, 645.
Hancock, i. 576; ii.,
640, 044, 645.
Hannah, L, 575, 689.
Harrison, i., 575, 576.
Hawk, i., 664.
Hazard, ii., 643.
Hind. ii.. 242, 243.
Hope, i., 583.
Hornet, ii., 645.
Hunter, ii.. 660.
Hvder All, ii.. 645.
Hynde, ii., 583.
Independence, ii., 645.
Inflexible, i., 164.
Intrepid, ii., 644.
Iris, ii., 92, 644, 645.
Jersey prison-ship, ii., 643.
Joseph, ii., 639.
Juno, i., 649.
Hum George, ii., 643.
Kingfisher, ii., 325.
Lady Gage, ii., 5*7.
Lady Washington, i., 583.
Lancaster, i., 4*0.
Languedoc, i., 646 ; ii., 619.
Lark, i., 649.
Lee. i., 575 ; ii„ 639.
Lexington, ii., 638, 639, 642
645.
Liberty, i., 639.
Lively, i., 539 ; ii., 643.
Liverpool, ii., 330, 638.
Lynch, i., 575, 576.
Magdalen, ii., 297.
Magnifique, i., 624.
Margaretta, ii., 637.
Maria, i., 164.
Marquis de La Fayette, ii.
640. 644.
Martin, i., 480.
Mav Flower, i
442.
Mellish. ii., 639.
Mercunus, ii., 46.
Mercury, l., 578, 733; ii., 325,
649.
Merlin, ii., 89, 90, 92.
Mermaid, i., 480.
Mifflin, i., 610.
Milford. ii., 639, 645.
Minerva, L, 610.
Montgomery, ii., 104, 637,
645.
Nancy, ii., 586, 640.
New Defense, i., 610.
Oliver Cromwell, i., 610.
Orpheus, i., 649.
Otter, ii., 325.
Pallas, ii., 383, 641,642,645.
Pearl, ii., 92, 638.
Peggy, ii., 195.
Pennsylvania, ii., 331.
Phoenix, i.. 610; ii., 596, 598,
626.
Pigot, i.. 664 ; ii., 643.
Polly, n., 54.
Preston, ii.. 643.
Prince of Orange, ii.. 639.
Prince of Wales, ii., 660.
Protector, ii., 643.
Providence, i., 640, 641 ; ii.,
637,638,639,640.641, 643,
645.
Putnam, i.. 610 ; ii., 87
Queen Charlotte, ii., 308.
Queen of France, ii., 640, 641 ,
645.
598, 640, 644,
437, 440,
Rainbow
645.
Raleigh, ii., 242, 637,640, 641,
645.
Randolph, ii., 637, 639, 640,
645.
Ranger, ii., 548, 639, 640, 64 1 ,
645.
Reprisal, ii., 639. 645.
Resistance, i., 610.
Revenge, i. ,010, ii.. 639, 645.
Roebuck, ii., 86, 89, 90, 92,
179, 603.
Romney, i., 478, 484.
Romulus, ii., 230. 334.
Rose, ii„ 596, 59*. I 16.
Roval Savage. I., 103.
Sachem, ii., 639, 645.
Sandwich, ii.. 562.
Saratoga, i., 143 ; ii., 640, 644,
645.
Savage, ii.. 644.
Scarborough, i., 578, 641 ; ii.,
520.
Schuvler, i., 610.
Scorpion, i., 422; ii., 638, 659,
660.
Seymetar, i., 641.
Sebastian Cabot, ii., 638 ; see
Cabot.
Seine, ii.. 649.
Senegal, i., 480.
Serapis. ii., 641, 642.
Shark, i., 6ftl ; ii., 639.
Silliman, i., 610.
Solebay, ii., 548, 550, 639.
Somerset, i.. 539 ; ii., 92.
Sphynx, ii„ 548, 549.
Spitfire, i., 641.
Spy, i., 610.
Squirrel, ii., 242, 243.
stark. i„ 610.
Stromboli, ii., 660.
Surprise, ii., 639. 645.
Surveiilante, ii., 830.
Swallow, ii., 242, 513.
Swan, ii., 46.
Symmetry, i., 539.
Syren, ii., 548, 549.
Tamar, ii., 545, 546.
Tartar, i., 733.
Terrible, ii.. 307.
Thunderbolt, ii., 548.
Tiger, i., 610.
Trepassy. ii., 644.
Trident, ii.. 143.
Truite, ii., 531.
Trumbull, i„ 610; ii., 637,
640, 641, 644, 645.
Unicorn, ii., 641, 645.
United States, ii.. 641.
Vengeance, ii., 641, 645.
Victor, ii., 645.
Vigilant, ii., 92, 98.
ViUe de Pans, ii., 308, 323.
Viper, ii., 363.
Virginia, ii.. 637, 640.
Vixen, ii., 145.
Vulture, i., 717, 720,71s, 753
ii., 535.
Warner, i.. 576.
Warren, i., 041 j ii., 637, 643,
645.
Washington, i., 575, 641 ; ii.
637, 045.
Wasp, ii., 529, 545.
Welcome, ii.. 47.
Whitby, ii., 660.
Whiting, U 610.
Yarmouth, ii.. 639, 645.
Young Cromwell, i., 610.
Zebra, ii.. 535.
Viomexil, Baron Dc, i., 623, 624 ; and Viscount De at the siege
of Yorktown in 1781, ii., 309, 312. Portraits of, ii.. 310. 313.
Virginia, Early history of, ii., 226, 243. Coasts of, explored
by Amidas and Barlow in 1584 : origin of the name of, ii.,
243. Modern settlement of, ii., 245. Governor, Council, and
Burgesses of; first Colonial Assembly of, meets at James-
town in 1619; new Constitution in 1620; representative
government in 1619, ii., 251. Royal Government in 1624, ii.,
252. Prosperous condition of, in 1648, ii.,253.
An independent Slate in the time of Cromwell ; refuses to
acknowledge the authority of Richard Cromwell ; invites
Charles II. to become King ; acknowledged by him as an
independent member of the empire, under the name of the
" Old Dominion ;" resists the claims of Cromwell ; conces-
sions to ; elect their own governor, ii.. 253, 254.
Sessions of the Assembly of, in 1765 ; dissolution of the
Assembly, ii., 277. Rejoices at the repeal of the Stamp
Act in 1766; votes a statue to the King ; meeting of the As-
sembly at the Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, in 1769 ; rec-
ommends lo the people Articles of Association against the
use of British merchandise, ii., 278. Concurs with Massa-
chusetts in 1773, and appoints a Committee of Vigilance and
Correspondence ; Dunmore dissolves the Assembly in 1773,
ii., 279. Recommends a Continental Congress in 1774 ; ap-
points a fast-day ; resolves not to import slaves, British
merchandise, nor tea, and to export to England no more to-
bacco; recommends an improvement of the breed of sheep;
chooses delegates to Congress, ii.. 280. The Assembly of,
roused to arms by Patrick Henry in 1775, ii., 296 ; and dis-
solves forever ; adopts a Declaration of Rights ; Great Seal
of, described, ii.. 299.
New and independent government in 1776, ii., 69, 299, 300.
Delegates of, in Congress, sign the Articles of Confederation
in 1778, ii., 655. Called upon by Congress for funds to carry
on the war in 1780, i., 655; and in 1781, ii., 309. Stale of
husbandry in, ii., 348.
Race Horse, ii., 639.
Vice-admiral in the American navy, Rank of, ii., 638.
Vice-admiralty, Courts of, i.. 453.
Viceroy, Governor Nicholson memorializes the Queen to re-
duce ill Hi. American Colonies under a, ii.. 265.
Vienna, Proposed Congress at, in 1781. ii., 651.
\ , Mr., Mayor of Alexandria, Virginia, ii.;207.
Vigilance, Virginia Committee of, in 1773, ii., 279.
i RABCHE, French engineer, his estimate of the forces at
Weal Poit 790, i., 721.
Villiers, M. De. hrother of Jumonville. in command at the
:i Fort Necessity In 1754, ii.. 870.
settli i iv the French; General Clarke captures it
in 1778
Visits of the Author to
Albany, i„ 35, 300.
Alexandria, ii., 207.
Allamance River, ii., 388.
Allen's grave, i., 161.
Andre's place, i., 754.
Annapolis, ii., 188.
Apollo Room, ii., 278.
Archer's Hill, ii., 347.
Arnold's Willow, i., 708.
Augusta, ii., 503.
Bailev, Mrs. Anna, i., 617.
Baltimore, ii., 182.
Barren Hill, ii., 116.
Bemis's Heights, i., 44, 89.
Bennington, i., 399.
Bennington battle-ground, i.,
391 398.
Beverly Dock, i., 708, 729.
"Big Snake," i., 105.
Birmingham, ii., 168.
Blandford, ii.. 336.
Bollingbrook, ii., 347.
Bordentown, ii., 12.
Boston, i., 439, 561, 595.
Bowling Green, ii., 223.
Bozrah, i., 601.
Brandywine, ii., 180.
Brenton Church, ii., 263.
Brown University, i., 627.
Buck's County, ii., 41.
Bunker Hill Monument, i.,
558.
Burlington, Vermont, i . 161.
Buttermilk Falls, i. ,7ns, 729.
730.
Butts's Hill, i., 657.
Cairn, Canadian, i.,209.
Caldwell, i., 108.
Cambridge, i., 555.
Camden, ii., 475.
Canadian Cairn, i., 209.
i lanajoharie, i., 292.
Capitol of Virginia, ii., 230,
264.
Capitol. Washington, ii., 204
Carbondale, I., 377.
Carpenters' Hall, ii.. 57.
Catawba Indians, ii., 449.
Falls, ii., 451.
Caughnawaga, i., 285.
i edara Rapids, [., 207.
Chambly, I., 171.
Charles City Court House,
ii., 230.
Charleston, South Carolina,
ii„ 537.
Charleston, Localities near.
ii.. 576.
Charlotte, ii., 410.
Cherokee Ford, ii., 448.
Cherry Valley, i., 296.
Chesapeake, ii., 182.
Chimney Point, i., 150.
City Point, ii., 336.
Clinton. Fort, i., 730.
Cochituate Lake, i., 595.
Cohoes Falls, i., 36.
Coke's Plantation, ii., 241.
Columbia, ii., 483.
Concord, i., 551.
Constitution Island, i., 707.
Cornwallis's Cave, ii.. 302.
Cotton Factory, ii., 388.
Cowpens battle-gTOund, ii.,
430.
Crosswicks. ii., 11.
Crowder's Creek, ii., 422.
Crown Point, i., 151.
Currvtown. i., 292.
Custls, George W., ii., 206.
Danburv, i„ 400.
Deep Creek, ii., 333.
Dinwiddie Court House, ii.,
347.
Dismal Swamp, ii.. 333.
Dobbs's Ferry, i., 762.
Dorchester Heights, i., 560.
Do-veigat. i., 71, 88.
Drummond's Lake, ii., 333.
Dunmore's Palace, ii„ 263.
East Rock, i., 417, 41*.
Easton, Pennsylvania, i.,
335.
Elizahethtown, i., 326.
Elizabethtown Point, i., 327.
Elkton, ii„ 181.
Eutaw Springs, ii., 493.
Fairfield, i., 416.
Falls of the Catawba, ii . . 451 .
Falls of Montmorenci. i., 203.
Fishing Creek, ii,, 450.
Fishkill, i., 688.
Fitchville, i., 601.
Fonda. 1..284.
Fort Anne, i., 139.
Fort Clinton, i., 730.
Fort Cornwallis. ii., 513.
Fort Edward, i.. 94.
Fort George, i., 112.
Fort Granny, ii., 482.
Fort Montgomery, i., 730.
Fort Motte, ii., 477.
Fort Plain, i., 261.
Fort Stanwix. Rome, i., 231.
Fort Watson, ii.. 500.
Forty Fort, I., 361.
Four-hole Swamp, ii., 491.
Frankfdrl, ii., 41.
INDEX.
765
' the Author to
. urg, 11 . 817.
Fullonville, i., 884
Gasp. . Point, i., 627.
Gee's Bridge, li., 3lii.
Genesee River, i . 224,
German Flats, [., 853.
Gennantown, ii., 107.
G an's Falls, L, 104.
Gosport, ii., 334.
i in Allen,!., 161.
Great Bridge, n . 327.
a spring Plantation, "..
Greenbnrgb, I., 760.
tead-quartors, i.,
688
Greenfield Hill. i.. 417.
Greensborough, ii., 368.
I
I . ,>r\'s Point, i.. 41 1.
Grotou Monuni int, i., 6] 1.
Gmmmon'a Hill, I., 414
Goillbrd baitlc-gruuiiil. ii-.
Hamburg, ii., 5|!3.
Hamilton, Mr*., ii., 200.
Hampton, Virginia, ii., 325.
Hanging Rock, ii., '
ii mover Court Ho
223,
Hertford, i.. 432.
Hillsborough. 11., 332. 383.
170.
Hoosick Vail. >. i . .
9
Ilu irdton battle-ground, I.,
i River. [,, 31.
Hall, ii.,65.
Indian Cave, i., 1»5.
lmng's residence, i., 760.
[ate n u x Noix, i., 167.
itown, ii., 408.
Jamestown Island. 11., 210.
r's Spring, ii., 536.
.1, fferls's Ford, ii., 168.
itow 11, 1 , 385
Kennel Square, il., 131.
Kensington, II 12.
Kiiil' 01 Prussia Tavern, ii.,
B ng'a 1 Ireek, ii., 148.
Mountain battle-
ground, ii., 123-
KiiiL-stini, New York,!., 364,
:i-;i
Kingston, Vpner Canada, i.,
211
Knox's head-quarters, 1,688.
Lachine, 1 . 806.
Lake Champlaln, i.. 147.
Lake CocMtuate, 1 .595.
Lake George, i.. 108.
i , hi.'. 1., 595.
Lebanon, i., 601.
1 gum, 1 ■ 552; ii., 408.
Libert; Mill, ii., 513.
LitUe Falls. 1.. 853.
Livingston Mansion, I., 763.
1 : ueuil. i.. 175, 182.
I.onl Dumnore's Palace, ii.,
...
5 I.
M 11 ) ra1 Mi
Maryland Historical Society
11.'. 1-:.
Massachusetts HlstortcalSo-
1 , 561.
Middlebrook,i.,331,333,333
Mllfbrd, I., 380.
MUford Hill. I., 483,
Mohawk V«
Monmouth battle-ground, i:.
168. .
Montgomery Fort, i., '30-
737.
Montmorenci Falls, i-, 203.
Montreal, i., 177.
M011umentalCh11rrh.il.. 230.
Moore's House, ii.. 323.
Morristown. i.. 305.
Mount Independence, i.. 14/.
Mount Vernon.
-. , on 1 ■ tituti W ashing-
i.mi City, 11., 400.
Nelson's Perrj ,11.,
New Garden Meeting-house,
li.,407.
New Haven, 1 . 117, 11s
V w 1. Ion, Connecticut,
1 1 ■ 618
New London, Pennsylvania,
11 . 1-1
New Windsor,
N.u , itionary
localities at, I
Newark, Ne« Jersey, I., 305.
■
N, we istle, \ Irginia, 11., 22o.
1
ml, Vallej . 1 . 3-1.
Niagara Falls, L, 227, 228.
Niagara River, 1 . 221.
Norfolk, 1 ,413, 532.
Norristown, ii., 121.
North Carolina, il., 350.
t alk, i . 413.
Norwich, i . 596, 604.
Nut Hush, ft., 350.
[nam, 11., 213.
Ogdensburgh, I., 210.
i im i i mi 35.
aurchat V orktown, ii .
303.
tild Church at Blandford, ii.,
old Citj Tavern, Richmond,
i ii.i Mai
, i i p ifort, ii,, 325.
old Tavern, li
did Tower, i ,
i irangeburg, li., 489.
Oriskany, L, 213.
, . 815.
Oxford, li., 351.
Paoli Monument, 11., 1G6.
Pan 1 tti • ■ 11.. 200.
Peekskill, i., 737.
Perryfs Monument, i., G35.
Pertil Amboy. 11 . 10.
Petersburg, ft., 337.
Philadelphia, IL, 42.
Plains or Abraham, i., 204.
Plum Point. 1.. 681.
Pocahontas's Basin, ii.. 317.
Pohick 1 hureh, U . 214.
Point Lei I, 1 ""
Pokono Mountain, 1., 339,
370
Polk. President, ii., 206.
Polk's Mil), II., 411.
Port Jervis, 1 . :i-l
Portsmouth, II . ■t:;l.
Potomac 1 hnrch, H..210.
.:, in Polk, ii., 206.
Princeton, li., 14.
Pi .,,,,,, 1 i 1 land, I., 110.
Providence, 1 . 619, 631.
Putnam's Hill, i., 418.
1 ■ , , 1 11:11,1— Rock, 1 . 112.
Pile's Pond, ii., 353.
Quaker wedding, ii., 408.
Ql 1'. 1 . 1-3.
Queen A.nne, II., 198,
Raleigh Tavern, ii.._278.
Ramapo Valley, 1 . 77-.
Ramapo \ illage, i., 779.
Red Ban
Regulator battle-ground. 11 .
388
Rl Island Historical So-
Richmond, Virginia, ii., 220.
Richmond inn. 11.231, 238.
Bid, 1 , 107.412.
Robinson House, 1 - 708,729.
Rocky Mount, il., 452.
Rocky Mount battle-ground,
11 ,452.
Rogers's Island, i., 102.
Rogers's Observatory, li-,
187.
Rogers's Rock, i., 116.
ititi qftki Author io
\, n \ ork. 1.. 231.
. . 107.
St. Ann'- Rap
tin's ' hurch, Riob.
iii.iii.i. 11 . 330,831.
st Lawrence River,
Si Paul's ' 1. 'il li. Norn, Ik.
387.
St. Regis, 1 . 810.
St, 'i .mi. n in- '- n il li ni 1
41.
Salisbury, ii
onville, 1 . 752.
Sanders's Creek, li., 401.
Sir. .111, iitli. ii
Schuyl ■'■ I' ' 71 B8.
Scoti ii Canadian Cairn, i,.
senue 1 lumber, annapolis
11 . 197.
Sharon Springs. I., 295.
Sherwood Forest, II
Shetucki 1 1 all y, i..
Sholes's Landing, 1.. ill.
1 19.
si.. 11, Bborough, I., 137.
I Hollow. ... 758
snee, i, n's Lsndli . 1 . 763.
..ni.'. 1 . 738
Somen. lie. 1 .
Sorel. I . 183
S|„ neer's Ordinary, ii., 257.
Split R I., 159
Springfield, New .1. rs.-;, 1.,
322.
State House, Philadelphia.
Stonj Point, i.. 751.
Sunnyslde, I., 760.
snsp, nsion li. 'i-.', i-, 228.
Siraeils,, i . 829.
Tsppan, i., 763.
Tarrvluwn, i , 7,'.s.
Thlcketty M tain, n.,*l3n.
Ticonderoga, 1., UN 121,
136.
Tobacco Plantations, li., 350
: . 343.
•Tonouiv Hill, 1 . 03o.
Torj Hi I, I
Trading Ford, 11., II B
Trillion. 11 . 13.
Troy, 1.. 35
ord, n . 421.
1 tea. 1 . 853.
1 orgs, IL, 135
.Hell's 11, , I1SO, I.,
\ in Set laland, t.,3
\ im Wart's grave, I
i . 66 1
\ , i;i 111, I. - I',' 1,1. 1 . 712.
Valley, i..
: -
ii. II . i1"
ii.Ual-
tmiore, il., 1-1
I... 217.
u ■ ihington's bead-quar-
t, rs, in ni Newburgh, I ,
666.
Wash. 11
1, rs ai \ alls] Forge, IL,
186
1., 333.
\\ at< rford, i>, 13
West Point. I . . 98
Wi itbrldge, I . '23. 428.
Westchester, II., 107.
Westmoreland, ft., 217.
Westover, II., 441. 235.
Wharton House, 1 . 693.
Whitehall, I., 137, 112.
\\ biti ni trsh.U., 114
Whitesborough, 1.. 253.
Wilkesbarre, 1 . 340, 370.
\\ .1 mi and Mary's! ollege,
11.. 203.
Williamaborough, II., 351.
Williamsburg, ft., 363.
Wilmington, li., 574.
Woodhull'a Monumi nt, U .
1 M'
Wyoming Martyrs' MOOT
ne III. I . 365.
\\ 1,., mug Valley., .339, 370.
' 1 . 431.
V orktown. 11 . 301, 324.
gorkvilli . 11 . 149.
Visschbb, Colonel, at ihe Battle of Oriskany, I . 845, SW>
Hessis aplaln, captured at Saratoga, .1 . 684
,;, editor ol a newspaperat Morrlatown, 1 ,306
Voiot. Henbt, i;hi. nil. .use's plancianuui repaired and cx-
Vok^sbnbodt, Hessian < sprain; V 011 Dbich, il bi
EnelOT i, , n . n.iN. Hessian Major. No-, Hi m . Hi
sian Ensign; Von L01 B. in Captain
Von Zenoen, Hessian Ensign, captured at Ircnm, Auto-
VosT.'i'uKt'.'v.es Mivoc.N.nnd Von Pa- 1BH, Hessian Ma-
jors, captured al Saratoga, II., 684
I, 1 ouiit, bis grant of land on Cumberland Bay,
Vbeepeb. John, of Canghnawaga, 1., 833.
V ts 1.1 'i mso" ns, Captain, his wttiei n the
Delaware 1 163 i Fori 0 w Hol-
land ; in- s, ..... Mi.en.-a. h.s colony destroyed b)
VboomTw', Captain, In command of Fort Schuyler, 1.
raptured 1,1 Brant; taken to 1 ",.!,•
t>„„„, murdi r.d. ... ..
•j -2
Waddeli Hooh. General, resists the landing ol Stami
17M,li.,363. in Hie cxpi '
1771 n 369, 371). Routed, li., 370. ,,. • .
tor; Wirt's descrlp-
ii the Battl Irord, " ■ >"- „ ,
Wio'wo,,,.,. II ':m.,. I
n np "o »hlP al Tripoli In 1-01. • - -■-'»
WaMWOBTH, Pi . I O.G' '" «1 . at li" Haiti' "I I-ong l«»A
1, I,, 1 ■ 1. I, . ' . .lim-
ber ..I Congress . B ketch of, 1., 594
Hartfbra*( onnectlcnt, conceals the
mi li "I- ' . '135. ,,
, at the Battle of Brand, ne II .3.
,, the duty of
jgSStEZZ of vSgtnia, Picture and description of II.,
Wah'ib, Captain, with General Davie 11 the skirmish at
■ ni ni ol ins family, IL, 119
kiriinsb at, in 1760, il.. 419.
7GG
INDEX.
Wake, Esther, sister of Lady Tryon ; Wake County named ,
u iJ&fwestmoreland County. Virginia, the birth-
ESRt&SL. mercenary troops ibr George
tTdBeS S%S m —nary soMiers, six thousand of them
arrive at New York in 1776, «., 614.
HWs Hill, Roxbury, Massachusetts, i., 565.
rRfH^afotGoverno8i of Albemarle Colony, ii.,
Walker. John, Captain, captured by Regulators, fed to a
W:;;E^Coffi!'A;d3»' Steuben. Steuben gives a tenth
wKER^pt^of'ciemefprd at the Battle of Banker HiU
in 1775 i 543. Wounded and captured, l., 544. At tlu.
W!S^f|rKera!7&3»s, at the house of, sur-
pnsed by Tarleton, Li., 343.
"^rl m 1775 -plunders «>wns on '^ndson^wan;
ton destruction of property, i., 388, 040, i 3b. Aulo„rapu oi,
J;'.?.6;, William Ross, his poems quoted, ii.. 67 212.
wSSXSiSk, ^WaUoom's'PateS; Orthography of the word,
P/a'taL, A company of, from Holland, settle at Brooklyn,
wS lu^'o? SecuiXat the conference with Wash-
W v! i.ol1. Sir Robert, his views of taxation, .., 4o4, Jo,.
wSKK^MoH^ifatlem'pt-to abduct Schuyler, i., 222 ,
wt"XS" L'^rty, ii., 518. Delegate to the
Ifi'o'^e Declaration' of Independence ; n,o3raph,cal
Sketch of, ii, 667. Portrait of, ii.Jron«MJ«M. Autograph
of, ii., 81. . ft.Q
U'.i mpanoass. Sagamore of the. I., bos.
H-,im?iim shells on strings described, l.,Jua Hisiet.
Wanton, Joseph, Governor of Rhode Island, l., 625. His lei
Vers to Duddington sent to Admiral Mon ague, .., 628, ^629
Montague's blustering letter to ; reply of, i., 629. H is proc
SS respecting the destruction o. the ■ Gaspee; on the
Commission or Inquiry respecting it ; Autograph ol, .., oju.
^S^SS^nSwif^SS: New Board of. in 1778. aP-
" pined by c'ongre^wfhW Washington's consent : names
Wy2$£&«ft22& ™:l ^f ngland France,
and Spain in 1706, ,,., 539. England and France in 17,8,..,
U^of'France and England in 1756, i., 95 France Spain
and England in 1706, ii., 539. France and England in In 8,
Indian,' in Carolina previous »to*™*°%&££
442. On the coast of Carolina in 1711, ll., 356. In the State
of New York, i., 669. . , ,-f
War, Pennymite, in 1769, i., 345; in 1,82, i-. 371-J70.
War. Pequot, i., 615, 616.
War, King Philip's, in 1075, l., 660-663 ; u., 214.
War, Revolutionary: see RewtiOum, American.
War of Spain, France, and England in 1.01, ...53 J.
War of Yankees and Pennymiles, i., 345, 3.1-J'O-
Ward, Aaron, General, of Sing Sing, <■■ 701).
Son bvthc • Uriiisl; in i?76,i.,582,583. Member of Congress ;
W^SSifi?^'*!!* i., 624. Delegate to the Co-
lonial Congress in 1765, i.. 465.
Ward, John, Notice of, i.. 223.
Ward, Joshua John, of Warcamaw ii, 501
Ward! Samuel, ol Rhode Island, delegate to the first Conn
nental Congress, ii., 59. nv« int In
Wabd, Ensign, bearer of intelligence from the Oho Fork in
1754, , j. ,— i i-,o
War i enb Burgoyne to Indians in 1777,. i-, i»
War-word" W« hington'i . Pl< ture iqd description of. Ii., 202.
Warner, Elisha, Captain in the United States navy in 1776,
Warner, Seth, Colonel, in the expedition against Ticon-
derora in 1775 i., 123. At Boston (he day after General
W™rfs Council of War, i . 531. A volunteer at the Battle
■ lt 1 ... 542, 543. At the battles of Hubbardton.
i 144 Bennington, ... 393, 394 397; and Bemitfs
Heights, i.. 49. At the surrender of St. John's,!., 1,1. B.o-
W?ffso1Sta0iri.o!d'3s expedition to Canada, Notice of
WaemI EL.'sHAWLieutenant in the United States navy in
Warren'Ja3mes, of Plymouth, author of the system of Com-
mutes of Correspondence ; Biographical Sketch ol, 1„ 494.
WSS? KS ^MaP Ge\,eral, i., 578. On the Bos-
W,on Comn,°tteeHfor removing British troops t,, 491. On the
Boston Committee of Correspondence,!., 122 153 , and the
Committee of Safety, i., 536. Patriotism of. i., 493. 522.
Presdem of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in
1775 1 531 542 564. At the skirmish at West Cambridge,
529."' At the Battle of Bunker Hill, .., 542 , killed at the
battle i 516 548. Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical
Sketch of U 548 His oration at the Old South Church,
Boston, i., 522. Congress resolves to erect a monument to,
^.r^ ^w ^.^ 3kr :,rthor
of a Historyof the American Revolution, J., 464 Her es-
timit ,1 ' tl, • character of General Lee. il.. 17. Her apology
foTsamu Adams, „.. 131, 132. The popular son, of Liberty
at r hi ted to her. i . 487. Her drama, " The Group. ... 465.
O noted i 82 487 ll., 129. Biographical Sketch of, ... 464
WarS, s'„ri'ETER. his first settlement, 1, 290 ; the seat of.
Warren. Richard, signer ofthe Pilgrim Covenant i 437.
Warren Rhode Island, burnt by Prescot .n I77B, i .. ''«•
Warwick, Earl of, causes Ron.ney to take a portrait of Brant,
Warwick Rhode Island, burnt by Indians in 1676, i., 663.
wZ", ",k, Virginia, Depredations at, by Phillips and Arnold,
Washington Augustine, father of General; son of Law-
race and grandson of Colonel John ; his first .wife, lane
Butler This second wife, Mary Ball, mother of General, 11.,
WASHmoTON, Bailv, of Stafford County, Virginia, father of
Colonel William Augustine, ll., 435. r»_pr„, ;, 030
Washington, Boshrod, Judge, nephew of General, 1 . .J-.
Born in Westmoreland County. \ irgima, 11., 21/. Member
ofthe Virginia Constitutional Convention, 11., at-
Washington" Elizabeth, sister of General, marries Colonel
Fielding Lewis ; mother of Major George Lewis, 11., 30.. .1 ..
221.
Washington, George, General, his ki__,._t.
MUUarv Career before the Revolutian. His midshipman s
war ant n 746, ii.? 219. At the age of nineteen Adjutant
General 0? one of the four military districts of irginia ,,..
OCT His evncdition to Fort Le Ba-uf in 1,53. 11.. au, -01 ,
S , , Fnr 1 1,1 ones e 1.1 1754 ; joins Captain Adam Stephen
at W?l£ Cree77roc eds ,0 Red Stone'creek builds For.
Necessity his skirmish with the French ; sends prisoners
,0 Ens m Virginia; falsely charged with the massacre of
lun.o.i .lie 11 269. In chief command on the death of Fry ,
S I Council of War ; strengthens his position at Fort
< .;, a ,-k'd by the French; capitulates ; promiKes
n reMore orisoners ; plundered by Indians ; returns to VI .11-
Samsburg !<i.r Virginia House of Burgesses vote thanks to
aid 111 the expedition to Fort Duqucsnc in l,5o 11. -.0,
27 1 ." Recovers from an attack of fever ; joins Brad, lock, n.
«L\ Pronoses to adopt the Indian mode of yvartare. de-
;,' ,'he' th admirable appearance of Braddock's troops ii.
i?2 in chief coinniaiid on the death of Braddock in 1.55;
Ss h.'.eraT service at the burial of Braddock; provi-
'E&aSSSm S, home; never wounded : «.on,n;and.; - n-
,'';,'',Z' .l,e '"Burgesses; resigns w™™»J«J
SSM^M.bSW'. f*
r>, ,1, n,-!, PhilliDSe Robinson, 11., «i7S. . Q1
isil%«ai«ss
IN DEX.
disciplines the troops there, l„ 100. His bead-qnarters, 1..
fhs manifesto, I., 194. Sends armed vessels to inter-
cept British trail--; il . 637 Sends (bi
Plowed ihil and Charlestown Road, I., 571. ("barges Con«
m Bunker Hill In !"■
i ' Sound! ol War, i . 573. Retali-
ates the Proclarnatlon of Howe bj seizing
iit> ant, I., 309, 575, His letter respecting the I nlon i
577. Frees to destro] Boston, I .
581. Enters Boston on its evacoatloo bv the British In 1776,
Orders his army to New York in 1776, I., 583; fortifies
lb • city, ii.. 5*j:(. At Norwich with Governor Trumbull, I.,
- wiiii Congress at Phlladelpfa a, il . 594. <>r-
- in- Life Guard, i .
awarded to, bj Congress, i., 584. His bead-quarters ai
Gen-
tetter to him, ii., 596. Hi- ' New
York. ii.. (UM. Ac Fori Putnam, li., 605. Holds a *
■ ingements to i racuate New York.
ii., 607. His bead-quarters od Harlem Heights, 11., 61 I
His mon Bcation and toss of self-command ai the cowardice
Dme of his troops, U., 611. Calls a l nunc I of War . his
quarters at white Plains, ii,, 615. Encamps at North
Casile, 11., 617. His narrow escape at Morns'- Honse, LI .
621. I ;! of War ; reti
h tad-quarters at Ha 19 Blamed Ibi
ing to Hi ■ opinion! ■ . 20. Ri treats a ross New
• , n.. 15. Crosses the Delaware ; his faith In Ins conn-
try's ass, ii.. IT. Resolves to defend Phila-
delphia . puts Putnam in command there ; reorganizes his
arm) . declines to contradict publicly the reporl ol the pro-
posed dispersion of Congress, ii.. Is. Augmentation a
. in rs ;it Ni « tow u. crosses
the Delaware; ins success ai the attach on Trenton, ii . 20,
if Trenton, U., '^1. His visit to tin- dying i
nel Rail; picture ol 22, 24. Congress c
tntes linn i L, 25. Outgenerals «'oni-
wallis; withdraws from Trenton and proceeds t«> Prince-
ton, ii.. 27. His white horse, i.. 633. Bsttle ol" Princeton,
ii , -Js-;t'j. Estimate of his character in Engl
Establishes his bead-quarters at Morristown, ii., 33. His
tlVurts to re-enforce his army in ITTT, Ii., '.<]
brothers Howe, and Washington's
counter proclamation ; opposition to his policy; his inde-
pendence and saga 'it\ . go «\ effect of bis proclamation, i ,
it Ramapo in it::, i . 779.
: - Moniagnie to Morristown with dispatches. Hie
; at Middlebrook in ittt, I., [33. His letter to .-><-hiiy-
I Ilecommends Arnold lor the Northern Department, 1.,
Uattle of Brandywine, ii.. 85. 108, 169-lTv I;
i and encamps at Germantown In ITTT. i
Battle of Germantown, U., 109-113. congress oni.-rs a
d to be struek on the occasion, ii.. Ill- I
■ W ir . n moves to
niarsh, ii.iii His head-quarters, ii.. 115. His de-
Suture from Wruternarsb , 93, 116. His
ead-quarters in ITTT. 1778, u . 136. Al
serves a day of public religious than . 127.
lion and sufferings of h.s troops at Valley Forge, ii.,
139, 13 tforristown, i.. 310, 311. iii pre
j Forge ; cons nst him, ii., 130, 133. i o i-
i bis power, IL, 131; and appoints
a new Board of War without consulting him, il., 13:;.
■■ ni letter to bin
of his officers and - [30. Prepares to n
Britisl : ' of Elk; his head-onarters at Wilming-
, 172 * o
i, ii . 179. His head-onarters near i
. 181.
The Independence of the Colonies is ;i
France ; issues a general order fo rhanksgiving,
ii.. 140, Pursues the enemy across Ni - i: . Ii .
147, I Is Prepares tor battle, ii., 1 1*. Battle of Monmouth,
L, 647 ; ii., 149-159. Conduct of General .La I
His bead-quarters at White i'l mis, |., 331 I
-il \.[son. i., 0.'j3. Appointed Lieutenant General of
... ■ . ;
in 1778 ters al New W
■siiion of his troops on tin- Hudson, i., 744. His letter
■ ■ ran, il., 201. D . i . 333. His
■a wuli Rochamheau, i.. 435
]. i . Til. Hisji)uni'> in Qartfbrd, [., 717. D<
Arnold, i-. 713. Arnold's duplicity, i. 718. Returns
from Hartford . meets Luzerne on bis waj to Rocharn
i., 725. Anecdote of him in relation to .Mrs. Arnold. I., 736,
Discovery of Arnold U -control of. i.,
:-j-*. His [dan for capturing Arnold, L, 135, "l , II
Orders i Court ol Inquiry m the ease of Andri
: the decision of tin- i
exchange Indri for Lrnold, i.~ olds a Council
of War to quell the rebeUio ton, ii.. 107. His let-
ter ol Introduction for <"oloml M'-nonvilIe .
Rocbambeau. i.. 606. His conferences with Kochambcau,
i.. 135, 656, 774 . ii., 334.
His head Quarter '. i . 661 . at
- Ferry, I., 763; II., 303; and at Peekei
njs In 1781, II . 303
i . ' First interview vi
! i ol i'orktown, II., :tnt. False
allegat bim refuted, ii., 313. orders all prii
in ja i I : i reon-
ill conference with D bis visit to John Parki
tis when dying;
to invadi Ni w York In 1781, ii., 635. H letter lo G< neraJ
Greene, I., 687. His bead-quarters al Newburgb puri
ol Ni n \ ork, I., Rel uk< - Colonel
oa to make him King rloi rai, i .
i tcts Hi.' Nev Iddn sees, i , 671
His sddrass to bis officers,
His circular letter to thi i
tndlng the army iii 1783, 1,1 Pii
lure and description of his residi nee al Rock] Hill, I
His farewell address i" the army, i . 670 . Ii., 196, 633. En-
New ^ ork, ii reno w [th ihe arm) of-
ficers, and in- parting with them, ii., 633, 633. His tour lo
the northern haul- I Departs fbr An-
napol ■ • during the it- •■ olu>
lion, ii.. 634. Resigns bis commission at Annapolis, li.,
635. Trumbull's picture
dresses on the ocean First President Gen-
eral of the So
39, 11., <".3j.
His triumphal journey to New Jf<
H - inauguration al New xorit in 1789 - His
lence at Germantown, il., 1 B B retirement to pi
lih', ii.. 635.
Do Personal History. His birth and lnrth-
■ . .i . 317, 318, His ancestors, ii., 217, 218, Augustine,
in- father ; family anus and mi on of
the ancienl I rice in England, Li., 216. Picture
and description of the Virginia lamU) residence; bis early
life, education, mother, and broth nds be-
■ i ord Fairfax, li., 219 i to W ashington
farm il bis mother . accounl of bim ai the .
of hi s carl) military career ; bis agricultural pursuits, U., 230.
i ■■. I i . 709 I I 18 in vrr:.iLT>-. 11..
■ :i Death ol ins mother, li., 331. A 1
i , 199, 131. His | d and noble i baracu r, II ,207.
His ni ■ - character, L, 314, 315, 335,556, 576,
673, 683, 726, 728; il., 33, 24, 33, 130, 140, 214, 215, 231,
2T3, 635. I vestrj man, n., -JIj. Partakt a ol the Lord's snp-
per. L, 315. His death, ii . 635. His tombs, li., 210, 211,
212. Hissar lophagus, ii . 211.
Portraits of, ii. . 3T. 197, 203, 206, 210 Manns of, )., 5M,
ii . 66, 184. 204, 230 tfi q I H I, 203 Me
dallion of, il to, n 184, 231 Engraved
portraits of, ii., 74. Portrait ai
i a i j on the hack of bis portrait al Mount Vernon, li.,210.
i l ' \\ eems, ii.,
214; Marshall, ii., *J3j ; and by Sp i
Washington, Sir Henry, at the Biege ol Worcester, En-
gland, against Parliamentary troops, and at the taking ol
Bristol, u.. 218.
Washington, Jam ren otombing of Washing-
ton's remains in 1837, 11., 212.
Washington, John. < lolom I, son of Lawrence, of Snl
emigrates t<> Virginia about the year 1657; Ins expeditions
against [nd i \ nn Pope, li., 218
roN, John, son of Colonel John,
Wash i » I km, son of Lawn ndsonofCol-
W ashing roN, John, grand-ni . 309.
kg ion. John Ai oi btine, presenl at the r> -in tombing
of Washington i 1631
Washington, Sir Lawrence, ancestor of Central, ii.,
Washington, Lawrence, son of Lav nf Sulgravc,
218
Washih I r * oloncl John, marries Mil-
dred Warner . bis three children, John, Augustine, and Mil-
dred, ii.f 318. His son Augustine lathi father of Gei
li., -Jl\ 219.
Washing row, Lawbbnce, son of '
of Genera] ■ ral Vernon at the i
* aitbagena and in the w i i daughter ol
William Pairfiut, . prletor *>i" Mount Vernon
ilia Gi bis estate t<>
! i. Portrait of, al Mounl Vernon, ii.,
of Genera as the British
with provisions In 1781 . is censured Ibr this bj Ins uncle,
. Martha, Mrs, wil with him at
i . 576. At head-quarters, near Ml
brook, in 1778, l.,332. Al Vallej Forge, li . 1 in Al Plucke-
min, i.. 334, At New Windsor in 1780: her invitation to
Anna Brewster, i., 681, Al Mewburgh in r-
ness for gardening, [., 668. At the hi ad quarters "i
and Knox, i
captur U., 911. Bar-
:g8
INDEX.
rophagus of, ii.,212. Woolaston's portrait of, ii.,206. Por-
trait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 634.
WASHINGTON, Mary, Mrs., mother of General, honored ami
reverenced by him ; Mrs. General Hamilton's anecdote of
her ami Washington, ii., 220. Her last interview with him ;
her death; her monument, ii., 221, 222. Her residence m
Fredericksburg, ii., 220. Her grave, ii., 217, 221.
Washington, Mildred, daughter of Lawrence, and grand-
daughter tit Colonel John, ii., 218.
Washington, William, de Hertburne, ii., 217.
Washington, Sir William, son of Lawrence, of Sulgrave,
marries the half-sister of George Villiers, duke of Bucking-
ham, ii., 218.
Washington, William Augustine, son of Baily, ii., 43:>.
At the Battle of Trenton, ii., 20. At the siege of Charleston
in 1780, ii., 560. At the Battle of Rugeley's Mill, ii.. 460.
In the Southern Campaign in 1781, ii., 396, 399. At the bat-
tles of Cowpens, ii., 431 ; Guilford, ii., 402, 404; and Hob-
kirk's Hill, ii., 473. Joins Lee, ii., 489. In skirmishes on
the Wateree, ii., 491. Wounded and captured at Eutavv
Springs in 1781, ii., 494, 496. Silver medal awarded to;
Portrait, Autograph, and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 435.
Washington City, District of Columbia, History and descrip-
tion of; the Capitol ; library of Congress burned by the
British in 1814, ii., 199. National Institute; memorials of
General Washington ; relics of the Revolution, ii., 200, 201 ,
202. Franklin's printing-press, ii., 203. Greenough's stat-
ue of Washington ; statuary and paintings in the Capitol, ii.,
204-208.
Washington Elm, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Picture of
the, i.. 558, 564
Washington Square, New Windsor, New York, i., 683. At
Philadelphia, ii., 101, 102.
Washington's Rock, New Jersey, Picture of, i., 333, 334.
Water Gap, Pennsylvania, i.. 338.
Waterbery, David. Colonel, afterward General, i., 164, 165.
His regiment of Connecticut troops, i., 402. Autograph of,
ii., 626.
"Waterbury, Governor Clinton's messenger to Putnam; his
treachery, i., 735.
Wateree Ford, Battle of, ii., 454.
Wateree River described ; associations of, ii., 424.
Wateree Swamp, Picture and description of, ii., 476.
Waterford, or Half-moon Point, i., 36, 41, 43.
Water-guards, American, Account of the, i., 762.
Waterhouse, Dr. Benjamin, his account of Rhode Island
as it was before the Revolution, i., 639.
Waterman, Anecdote of a, at Troy, New York, i., 35.
Waters, Daniel, Captain in the United States navy in 1777.
ii., 638.
Waters, Josiah, Captain, engineer, Military works at Bos-
ton constructed by, i., 593.
Watertoirn, Massachusetts, British prisoners at, in 1775, ii.,
637. Massachusetts Provincial Congress meets at, in 1775,
i., 531, 564. Washington at, in 1775, i., 564. Commemo-
ration at, in 1786, of the " Boston Massacre," i., 580.
Watson, Abraham, on the Massachusetts Committee of
Safety, i., 536.
Watson, John F., author of Annals of Philadelphia, quoted or
cited, ii., 44, 49, 52, 61, 66, 95, 97, 96, 100, 102, 107, 125, 656.
Erects, at Germantown, a marble slab to the memory of Gen-
eral Agnew, Colonel Bird, Captain Turner, Major Irvine, and
six American soldiers, ii., 113, 114, 115.
Watson, Colonel (British), ii., 500, 565. Joins Rawdon at
Camden, ii., 474. His conflicts with Marion, ii., 566. At
the Santee and the Congaree in 1781, ii., 472, 475, 479, 501.
Watson, Captain, with Putnam at West Greenwich, i., 412.
Watson. Captain (British), at the Mischianza. ii., 99.
Watt and Bulton, construct the engine of Fulton's first
steamer, i.. 35.
Watts, Major, at the siege of Fort Schuyler in 1777, i., 244.
Wounded, i., 247.
Watts, of London. Dr. Franklin visits the printing-office of.
ii., 203.
Wauqh, Dorothy, imprisoned, whipped, and banished, i.,
44y.
Wawarsinz, New York, i.. 669.
Waxhaw River, Battle at the, in 1780, ii., 458.
Wayles, John, eminent lawyer of Virginia, father of the wife
of Thomas Jefferson, ii., 236.
Wayne, Anthony, General, ii., 34. Visits Fort Montgomery
in 1777, i., 732. His bravery at the Battle of Brandywine,
ii., 178. Encamps near Paoli in 1777. ii., 164. At the Battle
of Monmouth in 1778. ii., 148, 150, 151. At Valley Forge, ii.,
12K. Storms Stony Point in 1779, i., 744, 716; wounded;
his bravery ; his laconic dispatch, i., 747. Gold medal award-
ed to, i., 748. His exploit at Block-house Point, ii., 622.
In coinntand of Pennsylvania troops in 1781 ; his policy and
success, i., 312. Encamps at Green Spring Plantation, ii.,
240. At tin' kitll" near Jamestown Ford. ii.. 200 ; his great
bravery, ii., 201. Acts with La Fayette in 1781, ii., 342. At
Ebenezer in 1782, Ii., 534. Termed " Mad Anthony," Ei., 360.
Desolates the Indian country in Kentucky in 1794, ii, 295,
Picture of Ins residence, II., 167. Portrait and Autograph
of, i., 745, 747. Biographical Sketch of, monument to, ii.,
117.
Weare, Mesheck, President of New Hampshire, i., 303 ; ii.,
112.
Weather-gage, Meaning of the phrase, i., 649.
Weaver, Thomas, Lieutenant in the United States navy in
1775, ii., 638.
Webb, George, Virginia Commissioner of Admiralty in 1776,
ii., 300.
Webb, General, Perfidy and cowardice of, at Fort William
Henry in 1757, i., 110.
Webb, Colonel, at the Battle of Springfield in 1780, i., 324.
Webb, Dr., of the Massachusetts Historical Society, i., 562,
634. His antiquarian correspondence with Rafn, i., 634.
Webb Hoitse, Picture and account of the, i., 436.
Webster, Daniel, his orations at Bunker Hill monument in
1825 and 1843, i., 559. His treaty with Ashburton, i., 167.
Remarks of, on the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 547.
Webster, Noah, the house at Goshen in which he taught
school, i., 671.
Webster, Lieutenant-colonel (British), at Crosswicks in
1778, ii., 11. In command of the garrison at Verplanck'fl
Point in 1779, i., 744, 748. Bombards Fort La Favette, i.,
748. On the Catawba, ii., 392, 394. At the Battle of Guil-
ford, ii., 403, 404. His remarkable escape from death in the
skirmish near Reedy Fork, ii., 399.
Wedderburne, Solicitor General, his charges against Dr.
Franklin, L, 495. His measures to quiet the Dissenters
when excited by Franklin, i., 517.
Weed, David, of Danbury, i., 402.
Weeden, Mr., of Providence, i., 631.
Weedon, George, General, ii., 34. Innkeeper, ii., 176. At
the battles of Brandvwine, Germantown. and Yorktown, ii..
176, 308. At Valley Forge, i., 696. Biographical Sketch of,
ii., 176.
Weekes, Mr., Sufferings of, in Wyoming Valley, L, 362.
Weemes, Mason L., Reverend, pastor and biographer of Wash-
ington ; portrait of, ii., 419, 420.
Weir, Robert W., painter, his picture of the embarkation of
the Pilgrims, ii., 205.
Welch, Nicholas, Major in the battle at Ramsour's Mills in
1780, ii., 391.
Well at Crown Point, Picture and account of the, i., 151, 153.
Welles, Samuel, of Massachusetts, i., 303.
Wells, Charles F., his ode on the Wyoming Monument, i.,
3G5.
Wells, Eleazar, of Johnstown, proprietor of Johnson Hall,
i„ 286.
Wells, Robert, Judge ; his family massacred, i., 268, 269.
Welsh, Elizabeth. Mrs., her stone house ; her anecdote of
Monroe and Hardy, ii.. 233.
Welsh's Tavern, near Kennet Square, ii., 171.
Wemple, Colonel, h:s tardiness at Fort Plain, i., 263.
Wemyss, Major (British), defeated and wounded by Sumter at
Fish Dam Ford, ii., 445, 446. Pursues Marion, ii., 564.
Wentworth, Benning, Governor of New Hampshire, i., 123.
Flees to Boston in 1775, i., 568.
Weroicocomoco, the place where Captain Smith was saved by
Pocahontas, ii., 248.
Wesley, John, Notice of, i., 336; ii.,516. His brother Charles,
ii., 516.
Wesson, Colonel, at the siege of Fort, Schuyler, i., 242. At
the battles of Stillwater, i., 51, 63; and Monmouth; Auto-
graph of, ii., 152.
West, Benjamin, painter. Portrait of Silas Talbot by, ii., 643.
His picture of the Reception of the Loyalists, n , 667,
West, Joseph, Governor of South Carolina, succeeds Yea-
mans in 1674, ii., 539.
West, notorious Pine robber ; executed ; his body hung up to
be devoured by birds, ii., 162.
West, Captain,'his settlement at the Falls of the James River,
ii., 226.
West Bridge and Mel ford Hill, Picture of, i., 423.
West Cambridge, Skirmish at, i., 529.
West Canada Creek, Fight on. in 1781, i., 291.
West Greenwich, Anecdote of Putnam at, i., 411.
West Indies, Aid in making conquest of the, offered by the
United States to France in 1776, ii., 648.
West Point, New York. Scenery of, i., 698, 699. Topographv
of, i., 701, 703, 704, 705, 707, 734. Construction of forts at.
in 1776, 1., 703. Fort Arnold, i., 701 ; Fort Constitution, i.,
703; Fort Putnam, i., 701. 702, 703. Importance of. as a
military station, i., 706. Washington's army at, in 1778, i.,
332. Washington's head-quarters at, in 1783, i., 668. Ap-
pearance of, in 1780, i., 704. Arnold in command of, in 1780,
i., 713. Estimate of forces at, in 1780, by Yillefranche. i..
721. Return of ordnance of the forts ; Arnold's description
of the works, I ., 722, Washington's return from Hartford
to, i„ 727. Andre at, i., 729. Military academy at, proposed
by Washington in 1793, i., 706 ; established at, in 1802 ; Forts
Webb and Willis; Constitution Island, L, 706, 707. Wood's
Monument, i., 699. Kosciusko's Monument and garden, i.,
701, 705. Picture of, in 1780, i., 704.
Westchester, Pennsylvania, ii., 167.
Western Reserve, Ohio, Account of the, i., 611.
Westmoreland County, Virginia, Notable men of; the birth-
place of Washington, ii., 217. Monumental stone at, ii ,218.
Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, I., 348, 349.
I N D E X .
769
,138.
w
Westover, Virginia, ii., 235.
Wbthbrby, Mr., ins bouse at Quintan's Bridge, ii
u I o ut, i., 435, 431
W i i u Ii "•- 335.
I ii. navigator, aaila to America,
ruth, Massacuu ement of, in 1622, i., 445. De-
stroy! d b) indiana In 1678, i . 662.
. Account of, in 1776-1781, 1
i 16
Wh alley, i . concealed al New Haven I 110
Wharton, John, member ol toe Oral Marine Committee ui
ss iii 1TT11. it.. 637.
Wharton, Thomas, Quaker, banished u< \ Irginia, II., 56.
Wharto • ii ' .1 Ishklll, Picture ol the, I . 680
Wharton's Ma N Philadelphia, In 1778, U.,9i Grand
I, le at. in 1778, ii 17, 88
Whah i is, Hutchlnson'a letter to, i., 484.
Wheatlt ifs s/oi ae Phillis.
\\iit. mms. Ki hi; mm. Captain, his commission
Wheaton, Joseph, of New York. Ins exploit al Marinas In
ui of the Ri volution in 1TT5, ii.,
637
Wheeler, John II.. his Historical Sketch! 8 "l North Caro-
lina. Ii., 113.
Wheeler, Judge, of Skenesborough, I., 137.
Whbbloi k. l'r . of Lebanon crank. Connecticut, i.. 057.
Whbelock, Lieutenant-colonel, in the Council of War held
l>\ General Ward in 1TT5. i., 531.
Whbblwrioht, Reverend Mr., adherent >>i Mrs Hutchinson
in iti;t:. i.. 63 Ri ous persecution "t. i., 638
WnK.i.i.w right, John, Lieutenant in the I nited States navy
in 1776, ii . 638
tests of, wnh Loyalists, ii., 3s;t. 51
pree i itl at Rhode Island, i., 631 Meetin
Cherrj Valley, i. -J33. Origin "i the terms "Whig" ami
11 Torj ." i , ti . Revival of the terms, i
Whipping-post at Oxford, North Carolina, Account of the, ii.,
3.il
Whipi im, Captain in the I nited States navy, ii .
638, 638 His exploits, i., 628 ii . 639 541. In thi
si in, Gaspee, i., 628, 630. At Charleston in
1780
Whipple, William, General, of New Hampshire, al the bat-
tles ol Bennington and Stillwater, i., 18,383, Signs the pro-
test Bern m D<£staii ,650 Portrait of, 11., j
Autograph of, ii., 80. Signer of tin' Declaration of liniepeud-
ri,.. B raphii al Sketch of, ii., 662.
Whisky Insurrection. Herman Husband engaged in the ii.,
S7S. '
WhitalFs House, Picture of; anecdote of Mrs. W lma.ll, u.,
84, 85.
WH1TCOMBE, General, al Boston before the Uatllc ol Hunker
Ihll. i.,534
Whi it, Anthony Walton, Colonel, surprised I : Tarleton,
ii., 5 iS
White, Benjamin, on the Committee of Safety in 1775, 1.,
536.
Whiti ' Governor of Virginia, appointed bj Raleigh in
; i86 Ins grandchild one ofthe 6rsl two children "t English
parents born in the New World, ii., 244. See Dare.
i . the iirst En orn in New En-
gland,
u bite, Philip, Tory, Captain Hudily falsely charged with
. 160
Win 1 1.. William, Bigner of the Pilgrim Covenant . father ol
the flrsl English child horn in New England, I., -137.
i . William, Revi n
vnnia, ii , 11. (ir.lnilii.l li> the Itisli,,], of l.nnilnn, ii., ITT.
Chaj to thi Continental Congress In 1776, ii., 61, 187
His remark mi Washington's posture In prayi r, il., I -'
White, Dr., "i Fishkill, his testli ly respecting I ra
White. Major. Aid of General Sullivan, killed al the Battle of
maniown In 1777. Ii., ill. Hi
Win i s, Mrs., General Lee captured at the house of; picture
of ilic houst , II 15
White K
Hi- \tne
264. Biograph
ii .,, it Hall, 1 nton, New .1, rst | P and account of
Used for leirracks
i, \,w- York. Battle ni. in 1776, ii., 616, 617. Plan
ol thi battle, ii., 618. Mr. How Is
dm n i >' retreat, i., 631. Picture <>i He- pl i'
British crossed the Bronx, ii., 616 Picturi inddi
of Chatterton's Hill; anecdote ol the capture "i a British
grenadier by a boy. ii.. 617. Provinc i New
\.,rk m., i ai. in 1777, i. 386 Picture of Washin
head-quarters at, i
White Thundeb, Indian Chief, accompanies Washington to
Fori I.e Bceul in it:.:!. II
Whitecar, sins, member ofthe New Jersey Tea party, 11.,
54.
Whitefield, Geobob, Reverend, acquaints Dr. Langdon
with tie' proposal to establ In America,
459. ai Nazareth, I., 337, One of his] iching
when ■ 15; at 1 1, " , 153. P
where in- preached in tie Bird ill Hon i Eslo
lishes bis Orphan-house at Savannah, il >1< I
Sketch "i. i
i oi ,'M Skenesborough, I., 187, 138, 139, 142, in
i "»i,'/i.
,i.ll I. Pictui
Inglon's neud-quarters near, in 177' rn taut j departui
,,i ni, American arm) from, ii., 115, no.
eh, New koi
' mmissioni i "i Admiralty in
1778, i.
Whiting, Colonel, sui I nel Ephralm Williams j hia
. hit.
Whitman. Sarah Hi I8i
Whitney, Eli, luventoi ol tie cotton mi.
Lieutenant-colonel, in I ofWar heldby
General Ward in itt;>. i
Whiton, Stephen, Notice of, and of bis wift, i
Whittieb, John G., his poems quoted, i . 150, i
wini i ii . \ . Chabi bs, ins Historical Discourse, II . !
Wibird, lew B
Lambi bt, I aptain in the i nited Stati a navy hi
iTTi'., ii.. «is. His exploits; hi» death i>> shipwreck, II .
I ■''
Wilbur's Basin, Burgoyne's arntj at, In 1777,1 ,50, 5,, 58,67.
Wilcox, t iblos, his i is quob i 306.
' . Ihll. near \,iiik,rs. New \ ink
In, hard lltMtv. Ins i ii-- quoted, 11., 182
Wiley, William, on tie- New Xork ' ommittee "i Corre-
spondence i' ■ Stamp Let, Ii., 581.
, ,;,iiiiii. banged G ei lerkeley, II., ''56.
WiLFoan, Lieute t. Lid to Buri 03 ne, 1., BO
Walter, his ballad on the destruction of Schenectadj
1 , :« i--'.
l,,,i,i Mayor of London, 1 . 584. "pi"1
Grenville in 1763,1., 460. Member of Parliament In 1768;
I,, . i', , h ::, I' ,,: .1 8 I iOleM Hil-
, 1 es 1,1 Hie King in 1776, 1 . 584 Ri to i l thi
proclamation tor suppressing rebel i, >. 585. His duel
wnii Samuel Martin, II., 383. Portrail and Biographical
Sketi I., 520.
ii Pi nnsylvanla, i., 340, 348.
tarn Fort, I., 357. 372.
WUkesbarrt Mountains, i 33 I
Wileinson, James, General, in the Battle ol Stillwater, I., 56
ii Bneech m Congress, i, 84. Quarrela with Gatea, Ii:,
133. Biographical Sketch of, I., B4. Ihs Memoirs, I., 55.
80, 81 ; ii., 15.
Whi. Aim. counselor, at the Battle ol Bunker Hill, ani
of him ami Gage, I., 541.
on He' Hudson, Picture ami description
of, 1., 45, 16,47.
Willbt, l>r.. in charge of wounded Americans al the Battle
ut Brandywine, II., 179.
whi, i Marinus, Colonel, Son ol Libi rty, II , 581. In
expedition in 1758, i., 215. His patriotic eflbrta
w York in 1775, 11., 568. At Peekskill n 1777, 1., 741 ;
at Fort Schuyler, i . m. 242, 244, 249, 250, 252 . u-n- Gen
era! Herkimer. 1., 261. In Mohawk Vallej In 1781, 1., 283,
ai lint Plain, I., 294; at Fori H r. al the Battle
of Johnstown, 1., 290 It Oswego, i., 220 Portrait, Into
1 Biographii al 3ki tel :
in IV Engl I. m America, II ,622 . in New York.
'■
.a in. captors of An,'
• ms, Benjami " ral James, 'ins in a
■
i' , iptor of Aiiiln . Biographical Sketch or,
Williams, Edwin, I., 604, 608; authoi ol the Statesman's
His sketch
ol the public hi'- of Judge Lawr
i ha, of i it, i., 31
' 106,
Ii., 15 Wuii.'
Captali Di Chief, last friend ol Williams, Ephraim, Colon stchol
nericans, i., 264 ; li., 44 Captain Pipe the rival of, I., 107.
graph cal Sketch of, il., 44 I hbdebick, brother ol GeneralJ
Williams, I-av . brothel oft
, . .i. .ii.-i. in lie Southern Campaign in li80,
,, \r. Li in, Battle "i Muegrove's Mill, ii., tn
Killed ai the Battle "i King's Mountain in 1780, 11., 128
;.'. ' .'I.''
Willi it ' ' tain in the 1 nlti d ! I \» navy . Ins ex-
, ,,,. i.. ii, ni. Biographical Sketch of, i., 608,
Wifjl i i'.is. Joseph, sr i '.,
Williams, Otho H.. General, 1., 565 In thi -""'i
, ,,, i ampaign In 1780, II . 391, 3 I \t the Battle
,,i i atnden, il . 166. In skirmisl i Di 381
,,|,i ii,, ii ii-. r . i"" Li the Battli ol Go !'""'
1781 d llobklrk's Hill, II., 473. A» the siege of
3C
770
I N D E X.
Augusta, ii., 511. At the R;in]e of Entaw Springs, iL, 494,
495, 496. wounded, n . 497. II is description of" Marion
anil his men, EL, 479. Portrait, Autograpb, and Biograph-
ical Sketch of, ii., 396.
Williams, Roger, Reverend, lands on the Seekonk in 1631 ;
Character or, L, 620, 621. Picture of his landing-place; his
congregation at Salem; discusses points of faith with the
Reverend Thomas Hooker ; arraigned for treason in 1G34 ;
banished , ins letter to Mason ; his new settlement, i., 620,
621, 622. His negotiations with Indians; founds Provi-
dence in 1636 ; Indian grants of land to, in 1636, i., 622, 623.
Obtains an Indian grant of land for friends of Mrs. Hutchin-
son in 1638, i., 638. Visits England in 1643; his Charter,
i.. 623. Sent to England in 1651, on the subject of Codding-
tnii's appointment, i., 639. Autograph and Biographical
Sketch of, i., 623. Roger Williams's Spring, i., 625.
Williams, Thomas, signer of the Pilgrim Covenant, i., 437.
Williams, T. C, and Co., of Annapolis, consignees of the
tea-ship Peggy in 1774, ii., 195.
Williams, William, of Connecticut, signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence; picture of his residence; Biograph-
ical Sketch of, i., 603, 604 ; ii., 663. Portrait of, i\.,fro7itis-
piece. Autograph of, ii., 80.
Williams, Major, killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill, i., 546.
Williams, Major, at the Battle of Stillwater; captured, i.,
60, 61
Williams, Reverend Mr., of Deerfield, i., 210.
Williams, marauding Tory, famous Pine Robber, it., 162.
Williams's College, Origin of, i., 107.
Williams's Rock, Picture and account of Colonel, i., 106. Pic-
ture and account of Roger, i. 620.
Williams's Spring at Newport, i., 625.
Williamsburg, Virginia, Topography and description of, ii.,
264. Seat of government in 1698, ii., 265. Ammunition re-
moved from the magazine at, in 1775, ii., 297. Taken by
Simcoe in 1781, ii., 337. William and Mary College at;
statue of Lord Botetourt, ii., 262. Dunmore's palace ; Bren-
ton Church, ii., 263. Old magazine ; old Capitol, ii., 264.
Apollo Room, ii., 278.
Williamson, Andrew, Colonel, afterward General, of South
Carolina, his skirmish with the Cherokees; desolates their
country, ii., 441, 442. His skirmish with Tories respecting
their seizure of powder, ii., 443. At Brier Creek, ii., 506.
A traitor, ii., 507 ; captured by Colonel Hayne, ii., 568. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, ii., 506.
Williamson, Hugh, M.D., Doctor Ilosack's Memoir of, i.,
494.
Williamson, James, his plantation, now Brattonville, ii., 453.
Willie, Walter, his ballad quoted, i., 302.
Willing, Thomas, of Philadelphia, Chairman of the revolu-
tionary meeting there in 1774, ii., 54.
Willis, Major, at the Battle of Spencer's Ordinary and James-
town Island, ii., 258. 260.
Willis, John, his letter to Colonel Washington, ii., 175.
Willis, Nathaniel P., his poems quoted, i., 113, 770.
Wills, Henrv, one of the Boston Sons of Liberty, i., 466.
Wilmington, Delaware, Topography of. iL, 182. Washing-
ton's head-quarters at, ii., 169. Swedish settlement at, in
1638, ii., 46.
Wilmington, North Carolina, Seat of Government removed to,
ii., 357. Revolutionary proceedings at, in 1765, iL, 362.
Taken hy Major Craig in 1781, ii., 575.
Wilmot, Captain, killed in the ambuscade near John's Island
in 1782, ii ,573.
Wilmot, associate of Richardson at Boston, i., 489.
Wilmouski, Captain ( Hessian), wounded in the Battle of
Guilford, ii., 405.
Wllson, Alexander, Ornithologist, Grave of, iL, 97.
Wilson, J. M., Reverend, ii., 459.
Wilson, James, of Pennsylvania, on the Committee of Con-
gress to print Continental Bills, i., 317 ; and the Committee
on National Treaties, ii.. 648. Member of the Board of War
in 1776. ii., 661. Mobbed at Philadelphia, i.. 321. Portrait
of, ii., frontispiece. Autograph of, ii., 61. Signer of the Dec-
laration of Independence ; Biographical Sketch of, ii., 665.
Wilson, James, Reverend Dr., of Hillsborough, North Caro-
lina, ii., 352. 383, 384.
Wilson, JaMAs Gregg, proprietor of the " Brother Jonathan''
newspaper; son of Ensign Robert, ii.. 320.
Wilson, James R., Reverend, of Newburgh, his oration at the
laying of the corner-stone of the Goshen monument in 1822,
I., 671,
Wilson, John E., owner of Washington's birth-place, ii.,217.
Wilson, Jonathan, Captain, killed at the Battle of Concord,
i., 530.
WiLSOJJ, R'ifikrt, Ensign, at the siege of Vorktown in 1781 ;
Biographical Sketch of. n . 318.
Wilson, Robert, of North Carolina, his patriotic wife and
family ; anecdote of Ins wife and i ornwallis. ii., 412.
Wilson, William, member of the Mecklenburg Committee,
11.412. •
Wilson, Zachfus, Senior, member of the Mecklenburg Com-
mittee, ii.. 412.
Wilson, Lieutenant, in the United States navy in 1776, ii.,
•■'-
Wilson, Mr., of Westmoreland, cruelly treated by Indians in
1776 ; speech of Indian messenger John on the occasion, i.,
319, 350.
Wilson Family, Notice of the, ii.. 412.
Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, Anecdote of an old Indian at, L, 338.
Wind-mill at Newport, Rhode Island, i., 633, 634.
Winrt-7/iill Point, i., 163. Battle at, in 1638, i.,210, 211. Pic-
ture of, i., 211.
Windsor, Connecticut, described, i., 436.
Windt, John de, of Tappan, New York, L, 765.
Wine, Seizure of, at Boston in 1767, i., 478. A pipe of Madeira,
given to the people of Boston by Hancock on occasion of the
repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, i., 473.
WiNiiFiELD, Edward M.. President of Jamestown Colony ii>
1607 ; character of, ii., 245, 246.
Winkoop, Gitty, Signature of, i., 683.
Winn, Richard. Colonel, with Sumter at Blackstock's, ii.
447. W:ounded at the Battle of Hanging Rock, ii.,457. Sur
renders Fort M'lntosh. ii.. 522.
Winnsborough, Cornwallis's head-quarters at. ii., 420, 429.
Winship, Jason, killed in the skirmish at West Cambridge,
L, 531.
Winship, Thomas J., Camp Charlotte on the farm of, ii., 263.
Winslow, Edward, Governor of Plymouth Colony in 1633,
i., 445. Claims Seekonk as part of the Plymouth domain, i.,
622. Signs the Pilgrim Covenant, i., 437. His chair ; Por-
trait of, by Vandyke, i., 562. Autograph of, i.. 436. Bio-
graphical Sketch of, L, 445.
Winslow, Gilbert, signer oflhe Pilgrim Covenant, i., 437.
Winslow, General, with his army at Albany in 1756, L, 218.
Winston, Joseph, Major, at the Battle of King's Mountain in
1760 ; Autograph and Biographical Sketch of, ii., 427.
Winston, Judge, of Virginia, marries the widow of Patrick
Henry, ii., 234.
Winter, Mr., painter, his portrait of Frances Slocum. i., 369.
Winter, Severity of the, in 1779-1780, i., 65, 310,311,653.
Wintermoot Family in Wyoming Valley, i., 350, 351.
WintermooVs Fort, Picture and associations of, i., 351, 353.
Winthrop, Fitz John, General, Governor of Connecticut ;
his expedition to Montreal, i., 451.
Winthrop, John, Governor of Massachusetts. Arrival of, in
New England in 1630, i., 446. Builds his house at Cam-
bridge, i., 555.
Winthrop, Mrs., wife of Dr., her letter to Mrs. Warren, i.,
62, 593.
Wirt, William, eulogizes Patrick Henry, ii., 224, 234. His
account of the case of John Hook, ii., 231. His account of
Henry's prediction, ii., 67. Musings of, at the Old Church,
Jamestown, ii., 241, 242. Quoted or cited, ii., 234. 242, 277,
296, 341,402.
Wise, Captain, brings the good news of the repeal of the Stamp
Act ; gold-laced hat given to him, ii., 53.
Wkner, Henrv, of New York, delegate to the first Conti-
nental Congress in 1774. iL, 59, 5*7. On the Committee to
draft the Constitution of New York in 1776, L, 366. His sur-
vey of the Hudson River. L, 682.
WisTAjt, Dr., of Philadelphia. iL, 34.
Witamo, Squaw Sachem of Pocasset, L, 663.
Witchcraft in New England, i., 447.
With, painter, sails to America with Grenville and Lane in
1584 . Ins Sketches, ii., 243.
Withers's Chronicles of Border Warfare, iL, 281.
Witherspoon, John. Reverend Dr., of New Jersey, Presi-
dent of Nassau Hall, College of New Jersey ; his character
and influence, ii., 37. One of the chief speakers in Con-
gress in favor of national independence, ii., 74. Portrait of.
ii., frontispiece. Autograph of. ii., 60. Signer of the Dec-
laration of Independence ; Biographical Sketch of. ii., 664.
Witherspoon. Major, son of Reverend John, killed at the
Battle of Gennantown, ii., 469.
Wobwrn, Massachusetts, Samuel Adams retires to, for safety,
i., 523.
Wocokcn Island explored by Barlow and Amidas in 1584, H .
213.
Woedtke, Baron De. Biographical Sketch of. ii., 123.
Wolcott, Oliver, of Connecticut, Portrait of, iL, frontis-
piece. Autograph of. ii.. 80. Signer of the Declaration of
Independence ; Biographical Sketch of, ii., 663.
Wolcott, Roger, of Connecticut, i.. 303.
Wolcott, Colonel, at the Battle of Bemis's Heights, L, 50.
Wolfe, James. General, Appointment of, in 1756. i., 120. His
approach to Quebec, i., 184; disheartened, i., 166; bravery
and death of, L. 168. Putnam's tavern-sign of. i., 439. Por-
trait and Biographical Sketch of, L, 188. Monuments to, I.,
189
Wolfe's Cnvr below Sillery, Canada, i., 186.
Wolfe's Ravine, L, 205 , picture and description of, L, 187.
WolferVs Ronst, Associations of. L, 761, 762.
Wolves alarm Lee's lenion near Black River in 1761, ii., 471.
Women, American, Patriotism of, before and during the Rev-
olution, i.. 3:>2. 181, 16-:. 468, 512, 626; ii., 105, 106, 188,
406, 420, 447, 486. Sufferings Of, west of the Broad Riv-
er, ii., 417 ; and at Savannah in 1779, j|., 533. Pledge en-
tered into by the young ladies of Mecklenburg and Rowan,
ii.. 420. American soldiers treat them with great respect,
i..77. In Arnold's expedition to Canada, L, 194. Dr. Clarke's
assertion on the influence of women ; Judge Halliburton's.
I N D i •: x .
771
i.. 366. Fir-'
■ women arrive at Jamestown in 1620, U 2
man. one of Km; Plulip's ohiel captains; his
monument at West Point,
Jambs, Colonel, in command ofthe captive army of
Burgoync in 1781, li
siM!, physician [British), captored at Santo
iabi ii at the Battle of Mlnisink ; saved by
aas ol the mssonic sign, i.. 671.
lescrlbed ; historical errors rcs|>ccltns it correcl-
iiboe. Major. lists m 1782,
u i, Willi im, Gi m rsl, ii.,34.1 ■ 0. Re-
pulses Danmore at Hampton and Norfolk in 1775, ii., 325,
326 32" At the Battle of Great Bridge rakespos-
sen . i.m II the Bull Get ttown,
ii. 110; and Monmouth, ii . 157 It Vaile} Forge, ii . 1--.
At ii. irleston in 176 lutograph and
Sketch of, ii., 157.
bull, John, Reverend Dr. ; ins monument, ii.. 153. 159,
160
Woodholl, j.iiin. Ml)., son ofthe Reverend Dr . ii 159
\\ oodh ' General, President ol the Pro
,, |1 of Nev, fork, ii., 587 In Bradslreet's exp
i,. 215. Mortally wounded on Long Island, i., 215; ii., 600,
605. Death of. 'pi. -lure of the house In which he died , Au-
tograph and Biographical Sketch of, I
Woodruff, Samuel, his visit to Bemis's Height!
a Arnold wounded from the field, I
a villi. Judge Advocate in tile trial of spy Taylor, i.,
685.
Woodwortr, Epiiraim, Captain, Gates's quarters at the
bouse of; .it the Battle of Stillwater, i-. 5s. Picture of Ins
bouse, i . 16
iworth, Solomon. Captain, his Bkirmish with Indians
its . fate ol him and ins Rangers,
i aplain in the war of Isi'J, at CJuecnston,
Canada, i . 226.
[irodurt ofHoosic Valley, i.. 400.
tSTON, painter. Portrait of Mrs. Mary Washington by,
ii,. 206.
Woolset, Major, at Middle Fort, Schoharie, his cowardice,
i aptain in the United sums navy, i . 220.
vl nit. David, General, i.. 102, ion. At "uoiicc, i.. 2ti2.
Membi r of the i onnecticut Pro* ibh In 1775, i.,
123. Commissioned in 1775, i., 522. I Connecti-
cut troops at Hartford . invited by the New N ork Provincial
Council in defend the citj of New \ ork in 1775, ii., 589. In
the expedition to Danbury, I., 402, 108 Death of, i., 408.
Congress votes him a monumi at, i 106. Picture of the
where he fell, i., 410. Portrait, Autograph, and Bio-
graphical Sketi b of, i-. 408.
Wo: atenant, sent to Cherry Valley, I., 297.
Worth, General, i :v on 'he
oshen, at the laying of
the corner-stone ofthe monument there, In 1822, i . 671.
Worth's Mills, skirmish at. ii., 27, 26. Bridge at, Ii., 31.
Won mi NO TON. .lolls. Of Ma-sa.- litis. Ms. i . :tn:!.
Wraxall, Sta N. W . Ins Historical Memoir. Ins anecdote
of Lord North, ii., 325.
' ■ Kiel, Captain in Bradslreet's expedition, I., 215.
Wit i out. Sir James, last Royal Governor of Georgia, ii., 417,
504, 517 Selzi d and imprisoned by Habersham in 1770, ii.,
to
Wright, Sukey, Longevity of. II . 184.
Wrioht, Major, i' ill. n . 530.
Wright, Sergeant, at the Battli is Ordinary in
ITsl.
Writing, Cipher, by Loya
Write, Quo Warranto, i . 434. Writs of Assistance, i
it.esi.v. sir John, Manager ofthe Mlscblanza; like-
ness of, ii,. 97.
Wy Moravian mission to i
Wtatt, sin Fras ; ii.. 053.
Itnu I iwn tin iirst written Constitution ofthe
Colonv. 11 . 'J.'il
Wtatt, Professor, his Memoirs of v -nils, i.,
Wtlib, Dr. Richard E.. of Lancaster, his bulla. I.
Samuel, of Hartford, it, owner ofthe
Charter Oak, L, 43.",.
u i ii i s, Colonel, at the Hudson Hlghla I . 735.
Wtmah, Jabez, killed in the skirmish u ridge, L,
531.
tVTNKOOP, I'oloncl of a patriot regiment at New York in 1775.
ii . 588.
Wyhyard. Lieutenant, at the Misclnan7a. II
un^-, Pennsylvania. Description of, 1., 340, 341. Ancient
tuty and fertility ; first Indian tribes in the valley ; ramp-
bell's'-- Gertrude ofWyoming," I., 311 of, from
Indians, la 1754. i., 344 > war in 1769 to 1771, i., 345.
fjnder the protection of Connecticut In IT71 . bostil I
newed in 1775, i., 348. Action of Congress on the subject,
I., 31-. 349 Minn of, in 177s. patriotic women, I., 352.
Campbell's Injustice to Brant, I peccb of
Butler; attack, i.. 355. Battle ol - re-
treat . sanguinar) scenes tit Monoeasy Island, i., 356, But-
ler and Dentso
fori . I rear) Table . conduct of Tories bad laitb of
Indiana, ' ople over the Poi
Pii mi.- ..I the flighl . bod faith
■ i Their departure . Indian crueli es .
Return of settlers, continued alarm , n cum;
ui's expedition . situation ol the valley, L, 363. Ef-
forts to cr.ct a monument,! '
el Butler, iiisinrv ofthe Slocum Ihmilj . abduction
Her interview with her
white kindred her children, L, 369 Lire ol Mrs. Myers, 1.,
370. Revival of tbe civil war in 1782; thi i'ren-
ton. 1.371. tir.at deluge, i., 372. Renewal of hostilities,
1,372. Armstrong's expedition i lie m on;
Orgs it"1 :
new .i ■ . -i ol John I ranklin, I . 375 Pickering
, ., . to Philadelphia . his return to i
duel cessation ol difficulties , the valley a picture of re-
d prosperity, t.. 376.
Wyoming, Authors on Campbell, i . 341, 364 Chapman, L,
in, I . 376 Million, i . 365 Minor, i . 340, 341,
361 62,363, 365,367, 376. SUliman, I., 305.
stone, i.. 350, 354, 376.
Wyoming Indians, i„ 311. Moravian mi- .341.
ii i •• :' I SeeCAMFBEl I.. Thomas.
Wythe, George, of Virginia. Chancellor, oppo
Henri's five resolutions, ii., 273. Member ol the Virginia
tutiona] Convention, ii . 232 Portrait of. II . ■
piece. Autograph ol of the
Independence . Biographical sketch ot. 11., CG5.
Sansis, Hon Raphael, Treasurer ofthe King of Spain, Co-
ler to
Xebif ai. Edrisi, Arabian author, his .observations on the
Atlantic ocean, i.. 17.
Yadkin Rnrr, ii.. 304. 3'.i5. 4f9. General Waddell crossi - it
r71, ;i.. 370. Cornwallis's passage ofthe, in 17-!. li.,
305
German, I., oil. 612. At West I nester, Nc w York.
in 177s, n . 625. At the battles ol Spi ncer's Ordinary and
Jamestown Island, ii . 258, 21 I
Yale, Ei.hu . ins gifts to rale College, I., 431,
\ ... ii .-.. i. Com Uegee.
. ■ ■ i It cbi, t hiefol tbe, I
:i poem, quoted, II .
Doodle, Vmoiial "Song of the Revoli ." II , 683.
Origin of, 1. 1 81, 480, 683. The air played al tl
of Surgoyne, I., 81 , and in Lord Percy' n al Rox-
l.nrv. i
lumberman, Anecdote of a. I., 3. ..
iter, ii . 349; and ii .
Yankee Peddler, Anecdote of a, I . 292.
Schoolmaster; Ins scl l-house, I
j . / bTosillltiesbi tween, 1., 345, 346, 371.
Destrti on ofthe, I.. 604.
Abraham and Robert, on the : i draft
New Y.ok in I77C. I., 386
Ins antiquarian re-
searches, i . 280.
on, i . 215.
rt, Judge of the Supreme < oun ol New ^ ork,
Governor of South Can
BU,,., , eph West In 1674, U . 537, 539 i auses
! rollL'hl Ire In •
i. ii.. 251. Death of,
in 1627, ii .2.2
i .pe.lition to. in. 2-3
Picture and a tcount ol the I 388
Veers, John, companion ofthe captors of Andre. |., 755
Hah j krv.
i
New York. Associations olt picture of the li.
Manor. house at. II . i 26.
York. Imke of, assents to Peon's < harter In 1681, II., 47.
Territory ol New Nt therlands granted to, by ' barlt a II., in
1664, i . 123; II . 16, 57s.
York, i ■. ii in, 133. Congress holds its sessions at,
in 1777
301.
Y'orke. Lieutenant [British), at the battle on Jamestown [al-
and In 1781, n . 261.
Yorke, Sir Josefh, Hritish Minister ai the Hague, ii . 642
Y'orki er, the terror of Loyalists; ap
Lutograph ol , al Deep
Yorkumm, Virginia, Early history of. II., 3nl. Cornwa
. 11., 302. Topography of, II . 303, 309, 312. 313. Pic-
INDEX.
772
ture of British works at, H- •» Sffi™?,' !',: Mfc
ill; raf.^Sf^iUt^^Capituiktion.ii,
317. Old dumb and «smeter> at, II., ■>«-■
?^5fi!ftC.^S*& ™ted States navy in 1770 ; Ins
507.
Zane Ebenezer, founder of Zanesville, Ohio ; at the siege
Sketch of, ii., 292.
Zane, Silas, brother of Ebene/.er, at the siege of Fort He,.,.
Zane'JvTl "e', Ohio, founded by Ebenezer Zane, 1,., 292.
Zfdwitz. Herman, Major; cashiered, n., oco.
Zenger? John Peter, editor at New York ; opposes the Gov-
z'™ENDoRrN.coE;s'i.EwiS,Conm, first European expio, ,
of the VaUey of Wyoming; adventures of, wuh Indians,
plofurc ofhta canip-grouiKt, Gnadenliulten .destroyed ; Poi-
trail and ISiographical sketch ol, i., 342, 343.
zJpa«/o, or Cipangi, Accounts of, by Marco Polo and Maude-
Zcbl'ey'John Joachim, delegate from Georgia lo the Bret
Continental Congress , a iraitor, u., 52U.
ni7fi?.n07
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